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Biochemistry - PreAP Flashcards

10572423086	Activation Energy	The energy needed to start a chemical reaction.	0
10572423089	Organic Compounds	Compounds that contain mainly the elements carbon and hydrogen. Ex. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and Nucleic Acids.	1
10572423100	Carbohydrate	Ratio - 1 Carbon: 2 Hydrogen: 1 Oxygen Provide energy and structural support. Is broken down (cell respiration), release energy (ATP) & cells use energy for growth, repair & reproduction. Source - Sugars and Starches	2
10572423101	Monosaccharide	Simple sugars. Types - glucose, fructose, and galactose. Source- Fruit, vegetables, and honey.	3
10572423102	Disaccharide	2 Monosaccharides. Ex. Sucrose, maltose, and lactose.	4
10572423103	Polysaccharide	3 Monosaccharides. Ex. Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen.	5
10572423104	Dehydration Synthesis	When water is taken out to form a bond to create a polymer.	6
10572423105	Hydrolysis	When water is added to a macromolecule to separate it.	7
10572423106	Lipids	Made of carbon, hydrogen, and a little bit of oxygen. Sources are meat, butter, nuts, cheese, fats, oils, fish. Three types - Triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids. Functions a) insulation & protects organs b) membranes c) source of energy (2x that of carbs) d) helps body absorb vitamins e) supplies essential fatty acids	8
10572423107	Triglycerides	It is saturated and unsaturated fat. 1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids Saturated The maximum amount of hydrogen. Single Bonds. Solid at room temp. Unsaturated Double Bonds. Liquid at room temp.	9
10572423108	Cholesterol	important for nerve tissue lipid cell membrane used to make steroids	10
10572423109	Phospholipids	Makes up cell membranes. Consists of one glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and 1 phosphate.	11
10572423110	Protein	The most common organic molecule. Sources -meat, fish, poultry, milk, eggs, nuts & beans Functions supply material to make new body parts for growth and repair a) skin, bones, tendons, hair, muscle b) cell energy when carbs & fats gone c) hormones (messengers) d) enzymes	12
10572423111	Amino Acids	About 20 different ones. Essential ones must be ingested and vice versa. Form the basic structure of proteins. Monomers of proteins.	13
10572423112	enzyme-substrate complex	It fits only certain substrates. Enzymes are specific to the substrate they break down or build up.	14
10572423113	Nucleotide	Join together to make DNA & RNA. Made of: 5 carbon sugar unit (ribose or deoxyribose) phosphate group *nitrogen base - adenine, guanine, cytosine or thymine (uracil in RNA)	15
10572423114	DNA Structure	I) Structure of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) A) Nucleotides - units that make up DNA 1) Phosphate Group is the side of the ladder 2) Deoxyribose Group 3) Nitrogen-containing base - rungs of the ladder	16
10572423117	Function of DNA	A) Genes - (sections of DNA) Carry the instructions for the formation of all the proteins that make up and control your body. Ex: pigments for color, enzymes, organelles, neurotransmitters Genes are divided into 3 nucleotide groups called triplet codons that determine the sequence of amino acids for each protein B) DNA is replicated so you can make new cells and pass genetic information to offspring.	17
10572423118	Carboxyl Group	A group found in amino acids. It is slightly acidic and frequently ionizes.	18
10572423121	Catalyst	Lowers the amount of activation energy necessary for a chemical reaction.	19
10572423122	Denaturation	A change in the structure and function of a protein	20
10572423123	Monomers	Form Polymers when combined through dehydration synthesis. Ex.Carbohydrates - monosaccharides. Lipids - glycerol and fatty acids. Nucleic acids - nucleotides. Proteins - amino acids.	21
10572423124	Polymers	Formed by the combination of monomers. Ex.Proteins. Carbohydrates. DNA. RNA. Lipids. Nucleic acids. Peptides. Polysaccharides	22
10572461062	Can cause an enzyme to not work correctly	the wrong pH or wrong temperature	23
10572466204	This lowers the activation energy, which speeds up the rate of reactions	Enzyme purpose	24