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All Terms through Chapter 11 - AP World History Flashcards

500 B.C. - 500 A.D.

8078364075	Second Wave Civilizations	Followed first civilization, Greek, Roman, Persian, Chinese, Indian	0
8078364076	Ahura Mazda	Creator God, the force for good; Persian in origin	1
8078364077	Royal Road	A road in the Persian Empire, stretching over 1,600 miles from Susa in Persia to Sardis in Anatolia.	2
8078364078	satraps	Persian administrators, usually members of the royal family, who governed a satrapy.	3
8078364079	Persian infrastructure	currenency, taxes, built Royal Road, mail system, standardized coinage, predictable taxes	4
8078364080	Indo-Europeans	A group pf semi-nomadic peoples who, around 2000 B.C.E., began to migrate from central Asia to India, Europe, and the Middle East	5
8078364081	Hellenes	Collective name of the ancient Greeks for themselves	6
8078364082	tyrants	A leader in ancient Greece who seized power by force rather than by inheriting it; generally they were benevolent	7
8078364083	helot	In ancient Sparta, captive peoples who were forced to work for their conquerors	8
8078364084	Reforms of Solon	Outlawed debt slavery, opened access to public office to a greater pool of men, all citizens were allowed to take part in the assembly	9
8078364085	Battle of Marathon	(490 B.C.E.) Battle where the Persians who invaded Greece were defeated on the Plain of Marathon by an Athenian army.	10
8078364086	Peloponnesian War	(431-404 BCE) The war between Athens and Sparta that in which Sparta won, but left Greece as a whole weak and ready to fall to its neighbors to the north.	11
8078364087	Hellenistic Era	Alexander the Great created an age that saw the expansion of the Greek language and Greek ideas to the non-Greek world. Creation of Alexandria in Egypt, advancements in the sciences, encouragement of Greek immigration to southwest Asia	12
8078364088	Alexander of Macedon	The son of King Philip who inherited all of his father's army. A very powerful and successful leader. He and his army conquered all of Persia and into India. He neglected to appoint a successor so all his conquered land was split up and distributed.	13
8078364089	Hoplites	Citizen-soldiers of Greek city-states	14
8078364090	Patricians	A member of one of the noble families of the ancient Roman Republic, which before the third century B.C. had exclusive rights to the Senate and the magistracies.	15
8078364091	Plebians	Members of the lower class of Ancient Rome including farmers, merchants, artisans and traders	16
8078364092	tribune	In ancient Rome, an official elected by the plebeians to protect their rights.	17
8078364093	Punic Wars	A series of three wars between Rome and Carthage (264-146 B.C.); resulted in the destruction of Carthage and Rome's dominance over the western Mediterranean.	18
8078364094	Republic	A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting	19
8078364095	Julius Caesar	100-44 BC. Roman general who ended Roman Republic. Conquered Gaul with his powerful army. Made himself Roman dictator in 46 BC. Assassinated by Brutus and others in 44 BC because he was too powerful.	20
8078364096	Caesar Agustus	The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Ceaser who emerged as sole ruler of the roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war	21
8078364097	Shi Huangdi	Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire (r. 221-210 B.C.E.). He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states and standardization. (163)	22
8078364098	Great Wall of China	A huge wall that is over 6000 miles, which was built to keep the Mongolians in the north out of China.	23
8078364099	Legalism	strict conformity to the letter of the law rather than its spirit; Chinese philosophy under the Qin	24
8078364100	Confucianism	A philosophy of ethics, education, and public service based on the writings of Confucius and traditionally thought of as one of the core elements of Chinese culture	25
8078364101	Roman Senate	A council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. Originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic the Senate effectively governed the Roman state and the growing empire.	26
8078364102	First Triumverate	60- 46 B.C. Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey. Formed triumverate because they wanted to get the government back to the way it was, they knew they couldnt rule by themselves, want the republic to be stable again. Failed because Pompey became jealous of Caesar, he ordered him back to Rome but caesar refused, made an irrevirsible decision "crossing the rubicon", Caesar defeated popmpey in egypt	27
8078364103	Second Triumvirate	Made by the Adoptive son of Julius Caesar and included Marc Anthony, Octavian, and a third less important member Lepidus. They split the empire between them with Octavian ruling Rome, Anthony Egypt and Lepidus Africa. Octavian would gain political power in Rome making Anthony seem like a weaker man for being seduced by Cleopatra and made him declare war against Octavian. He eventually won.	28
8078364104	Sassanid Empire	the name of the last pre-Islamic Iranian empire. It was one of the two main powers in Western Asia for a period of more than 400 years.[1] The Sassanid dynasty was founded by Ardashir I after defeating the last Parthian (Arsacid) king, in Persia	29
8078364105	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam.	30
8078364106	Kaaba	(Islam) a black stone building in Mecca that is shaped like a cube and that is the most sacred Muslim pilgrim shrine	31
8078364107	Muhammad Ibn ABdullah	The Prophet of Islam (570-632 CE)	32
8078364108	Quran	Islamic holy book	33
8078364177	umma	The community of all Muslims. A major innovation against the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community.	34
8078364178	Jihad	A term that is popularly understood to mean "holy war" but is preferably translated as "utmost struggle" and refers to a personal struggle to uphold the tenets of Islam.	35
8078364179	Hijra	Muhammad's move to Medina. Start of the Islamic calendar (632 CE)	36
8078364180	Caliph	A supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government	37
8078364181	Sunni	The largest branch of Islam. After the death of Muhammad, Muslims who accepted Abu Bakr as the first Caliph became known as Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jama'ah or "the people of tradition and unification" in order to differentiate them from the Shia, who rejected Abu Bakr's authority in favor of Muhammad's cousin Ali as the next Caliph.	38
8078364182	Shiite	a member of one of the two major Muslim sects; believe that the descendants of Muhammad's daughter and son-in-law, Ali, are the true Muslim leaders	39
8078364183	Umayyad Empire	dynasty of caliphs that ruled the Muslim empire until 750 CE, operated out of Damascus, Syria - this empire spread Islam made Arabic official language, established ONE currency, built postal routes, built roads	40
8078364184	Abbasid	A dynasty that ruled much of the Muslim Empire from 750 to about 1250.The Abbasid dynasty controlled the Muslim caliphate from 750 to 1258. It was the second of the two greatest dynasties, overthrowing the Umayyads to gain control, and destroyed by the invasion of the Mongols	41
8078364185	sufis	a mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life	42
8078364186	hadith	Traditional records of the deeds of Muhammad, and his quotations	43
8078364109	Chinese Examination System	A political feature of Chinese empires, starting with the Han and lasting until the early 1900s, in which young Chinese scholars would take rigorous, state-sponsored exams in order to earn government positions as bureaucrats. This system allowed for some lower-class citizens to rise to political prominence, but this was rare.	44
8078364110	Wu Di	The Chinese emperor who established an imperial academy where potential civil servants were formally trained.	45
8078364111	Yellow Turban Rebellion	A massive Chinese peasant uprising inspired by Daoist teachings that began in 184 C.E. with the goal of establishing a new golden age of equality and harmony.	46
8078364112	Scholar Gentry	Class that controlled much land and provided most candidates for civil service; replaced the old landed aristocracy as the political and economic elite of Chinese Dynasty; Agricultural society	47
8078364113	Varna	(Hinduism) the name for the original social division of Vedic people into four groups (which are subdivided into thousands of jatis)	48
8078364114	Jatis	"sub-castes"; the castes were divided into hundreds of these; usually linked with a certain occupation; unchangeable, you had to be in that group for the rest of your life	49
8078364115	Latifundia	Huge estates operated by slave labor that flourished in parts of the Roman Empire (singular latifundium).	50
8078364116	manumission of slaves	The act of freeing a slave, done at the will of the owner (Greece and eventually Rome)	51
8078364117	Third Servile War	also know as the War of Spartacus, was the last unsuccessful revolt of the Roman slaves	52
8078364118	Bantu speaking peoples	they migrated from the north to the southern tip of Africa to find new places to live and new ways to farm and find food	53
8078364119	Sea Road	The world's largest sea based system before 1500. Took place on the Indian Ocean and was made possible by the push from the predictable monsoons. Sea roads were not only limited to luxury goods like the silk roads, and could carry more bulk.	54
8078364120	Silk Road	A trade route that stretched from China to the Mediterranean Sea	55
8078364121	Sand Road	Introduction of the camel into African commercial life, allowed longer distances to be traveled. Major international trade routes fostered new relationships among distant peoples. , A term used to describe the routes of the trans-Saharan Africa. The Sand Roads linked North Africa and the Mediterranean world with interior West Africa. Along these trade routes, the peoples between the forests and the desert were in the best position to take advantage of the new opportunities to construct a series of city-states that drew upon the wealth of the trans-Saharan trade. slavery found a place in western Africa	56
8078364122	Legalism	A Chinese philosophy that was devoted to strengthen and expand the state through increased agricultural work and military service.	57
8078364123	Confucianism	A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.	58
8078364124	Daoism	Chinese philosophy based on the teachings of Laozi; taught that people should turn to nature and give up their worldly concerns	59
8078364125	Confucius	(551-479 BCE?) Chinese philosopher and writer of The Analects, a collection of moral and social teachings, including the concept of the Five Relationships. Also known as Kong Fu Zi.	60
8078364126	Lao Tzu	4th-century Chinese philosopher on whose teachings Lao-Tzu based Taoism	61
8078364127	Upanishads	A group of writings sacred in Hinduism concerning the relations of humans, God, and the universe.	62
8078364128	Siddhartha Gautama	founder of Buddism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; also know as Buddha	63
8078364129	Buddhism	the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth	64
8078364130	filial piety	In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors	65
8078364131	Tao Te Ching	"Way of the Dao" - short work with chief ideas of Daoism	66
8078364132	Yin Yang	In Daoist belief, complementary factors that help to maintain the equilibrium of the world. One is associated with masculine, light, and active qualities while the other with feminine, dark, and passive qualities.	67
8078364133	Brahmins	Hindu priests	68
8078364134	Vedas	Ancient Sanskrit writings that are the earliest sacred texts of Hinduism.	69
8078364135	Karma	(Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation	70
8078364136	Caste System	A Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life	71
8078364137	Reincarnation	In Hinduism and Buddhism, the process by which a soul is reborn continuously until it achieves perfect understanding	72
8078364138	Nirvana	"blowing out" - the ultimate goal of all Buddhists, the extinction of desire and any sense of individual selfhood, resulting in liberation from samsara and its limiting conditions.	73
8078364139	Eight Fold Path	1- Right Conduct, 2- Right Speech, 3- Right means of livelihood, 4- Right knowledge, 5- Right intention, 6- Right effort, 7- Right mindfulness, 8- Right concentration **Buddhism	74
8078364140	Four Noble Truths	1) All life is full of suffering, pain, and sorrow. 2) The cause of suffering is nonvirtue, or negative deeds and mindsets such as hated and desire. 3) The only cure for suffering is to overcome nonvirture. 4) The way to overcome nonvirtue is to follow the Eightfold Path **Buddhism	75
8078364141	Judaism	..., the monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah and in the Talmud	76
8078364142	Christianity	A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior.	77
8078364143	Greek Rationalism	The thinking and questioning of established ideas that relied not on the gods for reference, claiming that human reason was adequate enough to come up with a rational answer	78
8078364144	Jesus of Nazareth	..., a teacher and prophet born in bethlehem and active in nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for christianity	79
8078364145	Mycenaean Civilization	A more militaristic civilization then Minoans, they traded and raided, turning on their Minoan teachers, helping to destroy Crete.	80
8078364146	Minoan Civilization	a civilization that existed on the Mediterranean island of Crete; became great sailors and were the forerunners of Greek Civilization	81
8078364147	Trojan War	(Greek mythology) a great war fought between Greece and Troy	82
8078364148	Illiad and the Odessey	epic poems from greece; written by Homer	83
8078364149	Greek Myths	Legends that teach moral and explain unexplainable things.	84
8078364150	Discipline and Military Virtue	Things most respected by the Spartans	85
8078364151	Direct Democracy	A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives; This was the type that was in Ancient Greece	86
8078364152	Acropolis	A hilltop location where citizens gathered to talk about city government	87
8078364153	Oligarchy	"Rule By Few"; a Government in which power is held by a few people.	88
8078364154	Monarchy	A government in which a king or queen holds the power	89
8078364155	Persian Wars	5th century B.C.E wars between the Persian empire and Greek city-states; Greek victories allowed Greek civilization to define identity.	90
8078364156	Pelopponesian War	War between Athens and Sparta, lasted 27 years. Sparta became allies with Persia - Sparta won.	91
8078364157	Xerxes	(c. 519-465 BC) King of Persia; his armies invaded Greece but were eventually defeated by the Greeks.	92
8078364158	Greek Tragedy	Characters of high birth or status, experience a series of events that threaten position, suffer a tragic fall of own actions	93
8078364159	Greek Comedy	criticized Greek society as much as modern political cartoons do	94
8078364160	Philosopher	"Lover of wisdom"	95
8078364161	Socrates	(470-399 BCE) An Athenian philosopher who thought that human beings could lead honest lives and that honor was far more important than wealth, fame, or other superficial attributes.	96
8078364162	Aristotle	(384-322 BCE) Believed, unlike his teacher Plato, that philosophers could rely on their senses to provide accurate information about the world. His thoughts are the basis of the scientific method today	97
8078364163	Plato	427-347 BC; Socrates' most famous student; described the ideal form of government in his famous book, The Republic	98
8078364164	Hellenistic culture	Greek culture blended with Egyptian, Persian and Indian ideas, as a result of Alexander the Great's Empire.	99
8078364165	Alexander the Great	His greatest contribution is the expansion of Greek learning and thinking (Hellenism) throughout his empire	100
8078364166	Indo-Aryans	Indo-Aryan tribes who moved in slow waves into India in about 1750 B.C. They created the Caste System	101
8078364167	Caste System	A Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life, a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society; This enforced rules about social behavior	102
8078364168	Hinduism	A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms	103
8078364169	Buddhism	A religion in which Buddha's teachings that life is full of suffering caused by desire and suffering ceases when desire ceases. Enlightenment obtained through right conduct, wisdom, and meditation releases one from desire, suffering, and rebirth (reincarnation).	104
8078364170	Reincarnation	In Hinduism and Buddhism, the process by which a soul is reborn continuously until it achieves perfect understanding	105
8078364171	Karma	(Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation	106
8078364172	Gautama	Founder of Buddhism	107
8078364173	Aegean Sea	A body of water by Mediterranean Sea that touches the borders of Greece & Asia Minor. It also has many islands in it, including Crete.	108
8078364174	Phoenicians	A civilization in the are of present day Lebanon, creators of the first alphabetic writing system; they were great sea travellers	109
8078364175	Monotheism	Belief in one god; began by the Hebrews	110
8078364176	diaspora	Describes forceful or voluntary dispersal of a people from their homeland to a new place	111
8078364187	Sui Dynasty (589-619 A.D.)	Extended Chinese canal system, linking north and south China	112
8078364188	Tang Dynasty	Chinese dynasty lasting from (618-907 A.D.)	113
8078364189	Song Dynasty	Chinese Dynasty lasting from (960-1279 A.D.); resulted in an explosion of scholarship and Neo-Confucianism which tried to combine Confucians teachings along with Buddhism and Daoism	114
8078364190	Chinese economic revolution	Occurred under the Song Dynasty making China one of the "richest, most skilled, and most populous nations on Earth'.	115
8078364191	Foot binding	Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household.	116
8078364192	Yuan Dynasty	(1279-1368 CE) The dynasty with Mongol rule in China; centralized with bureaucracy but structure is different: Mongols on top->Persian bureaucrats->Chinese bureuacrats.	117
8078364193	Chinese Tribute System	a set of practices that required non chinese authorities to acknowledge Chinese superiority. foreigners seeking access to China had to send a delegation to Chinese court and perform kowtow. Emperor would grant permission for reign trade.	118
8078364194	Samurai Class	Japanese warrior class that was treated like knights and with respect	119
8078364195	Daimyo	Japanese local "governor"; above the Samurai in class	120
8078364196	Shogun	Japanese military leader; Supreme military commander	121
8078364197	The Tale of Genji	written by Lady Murasaki; first novel in any languange; relates life history of prominent and amorous son of the Japanese emperor's son; evidence for mannered style of the Japanese society.	122
8078364198	Camels	Animals that faciliated trade along the sand roads of Northern Africa and the Middle East	123
8078364199	Silk	One of the most valuable material goods that was traded by China through the Silk Roads	124
8078364200	Textiles	Anything made of fabric such as rugs, clothing	125
8078364201	Relay Trade	each trader does a leg of journey along silk road. Price raises after each trade; Silk Roads trade	126
8078364202	Christendom	That part of the world where Christianity is generally professed and was dominant	127
8078364203	Black Death	The common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe.	128
8078364204	Silk Roads	the most famous of the trading routes established by pastoral nomads connecting the European, Indian, and Chinese; transmitted goods and ideas among civilizations	129
8078364205	Sea Road	This trade route was the largest oceanic trade system until 1500. Its advantages included: faster trading than by foot, cheaper, ships can carry in bulk, more profitable, and the reliable monsoon winds. Primarily located in the Indian Ocean	130
8078364206	Swahili	A Bantu language with arabic words, spoken along the east african coast; the major trade language developed for Indian Ocean trade	131
8078364207	Sand Road	Sahara trade- linked N. Africa and Mediterranean w/ interior of W. Africa, Sahara traveled in caravans by tuaregs (a nomadic people in North Africa) Arabs used to desert climate w/ camels	132
8078364208	Venice	By 1000 A.D. a major center of commerce that generated wealth from the Indian Ocean trade of spices (primarily)	133
8078364209	Monsoon winds	The seasonal wind of the Indian Ocean and southern Asia, blowing from the southwest in summer and from the northeast in winter. (in India and nearby lands) the season during which the southwest monsoon blows, commonly marked by heavy rains; rainy season. any wind that changes directions with the seasons	134
8078364210	Third Wave Civilizations	Civilizations that emerged between 500-1500 CE and were typified by intensifying trade networks. China (Tang & Song Dynasties), Islam	135
8078364211	Ibn Battuta	(1304-1369) Moroccan Muslim scholar and traveler who wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period and increased trade; he is often compared to Marco Polo	136
8078364212	Srivijaya	A Malay kingdom located in Indian ocean; became an important "toll booth" for trade resulting in a rather wealthy kingdom with Buddhism as it's major religion. Indian influence was rather strong in the region	137

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AP World History: Chapter 9 Flashcards

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11357974180	An Lushan	Foreign-born general who led a major revolt against the Tang dynasty in 755-763, perhaps provoking China's turn to xenophobia.	0
11357978463	bushido	The "way of the warrior," referring to the military virtues of the Japanese samurai, including bravery, loyalty, and an emphasis on death over surrender.	1
11357981095	Chinese Buddhism	China's only large-scale cultural borrowing before the twentieth century; it entered China from India in the first and second centuries C.E. but only became popular in 300-800 C.E. through a series of cultural accommodations. At first supported by the state, it suffered persecution during the ninth century but continued to play a role in Chinese society.	2
11357983671	chu nom	A variation of Chinese writing developed in Vietnam that became the basis for an independent national literature; "southern script."	3
11357987260	foot binding	Chinese practice of tightly wrapping girls' feet to keep them small, begun in the Tang dynasty; an emphasis on small size and delicacy was central to views of female beauty.	4
11357990034	hangul	A phonetic alphabet developed in Korea in the fifteenth century	5
11357993316	Hangzhou	China's capital during the Song dynasty, with a population of more than a million people	6
11357996596	Heian	Japan's second capital city (now known as Kyoto), modeled on the Chinese capital of Chang'an; also used to describe the period of Japanese history from 794 to 1192 C.E.	7
11358001096	Jurchen	A nomadic people who established a state that included parts of northern China (1115-1234).	8
11358003727	kami	Sacred spirits of Japan, whether ancestors or natural phenomena; their worship much later came to be called Shinto.	9
11358009216	Khitan	A nomadic people who established a state that included parts of northern China	10
11358012431	Koryo	Korean dynasty (918-1392).	11
11358015294	Kumsong	The capital of Korea in the medieval era, modeled on the Chinese capital of Chang'an.	12
11358018321	Murasaki Shikibu	Perhaps Japan's greatest author, a woman active at the Heian court who is best known for The Tale of Genji, which she wrote around 1000 C.E.	13
11358020741	Nara	Japan's first capital city, modeled on the Chinese capital of Chang'an.	14
11358023000	Neo-Confucianism	A philosophy that emerged in Song-dynasty China; it revived Confucian thinking while adding in Buddhist and Daoist elements.	15
11358025996	Pure Land Buddhism	a school of Buddhism that proved to be immensely popular in China; emphasized salvation by faith in the Amitabha Buddha.	16
11358030146	samurai	Members of Japan's warrior class, which developed as political power became increasingly decentralized.	17
11358032551	Shotoku Taishi	Japanese statesman (572-622) who launched the drive to make Japan into a centralized bureaucratic state modeled on China; he is best known for the Seventeen Article Constitution, which lays out the principles of this reform	18
11358037889	Silla dynasty	The first ruling dynasty to bring a measure of political unity to the Korean peninsula (688-900).	19
11358040230	Song dynasty economic revolution	A major economic quickening that took place in China under the Song dynasty (960-1279); marked by rapid population growth, urbanization, economic specialization, the development of an immense network of internal waterways, and a great increase in industrial production and innovation.	20
11358042927	Sui dynasty	Ruling dynasty of China (581-618) that effectively reunited the country after several centuries of political fragmentation.	21
11358045510	Tang dynasty	Ruling dynasty of China from 618 to 907; noted for its openness to foreign cultural influences.	22
11358047661	tanka	Highly stylized form of Japanese poetry that has been a favored means of expression for centuries.	23
11358056088	tribute system	Chinese method of dealing with foreign lands and peoples that assumed the subordination of all non-Chinese authorities and required the payment of tribute—produce of value from their countries—to the Chinese emperor (although the Chinese gifts given in return were often much more valuable).	24
11358058905	Trung sisters	Two Vietnamese sisters who launched a major revolt against the Chinese presence in Vietnam in 39 C.E.; the rebellion was crushed and the sisters committed suicide, but they remained symbols of Vietnamese resistance to China for centuries.	25
11358062671	Uighurs	Turkic empire of the steppes; flourished in the eighth century C.E.	26
11358066379	Emperor Wendi	Sui emperor (r. 581-604) who particularly patronized Buddhism	27
11358069689	Xiongnu	Major nomadic confederacy that was established ca. 200 B.C.E. and eventually reached from Manchuria to Central Asia.	28
11358073085	Yi	Korean dynasty (1392-1910).	29
11358109836	political disunity	caused the fall of the Han dynasty	30
11358118844	migration of Chinese to the South	-caused by the migration of the nomads who were creeping down -resulted in 60% of pop. in the south -resulted in the destruction of forestes and land because of agriculture	31
11358134434	Sui dynasty	dynasty that came after the collapse of the Han dynasty, known for the grand canal. The emperors were unpopular and failed to conquer korea which wasted resources. was overthrown	32
11358151653	tang and song dynasty	overthrew the Sui dynasty. Was known for the centralized government, major departments, censorate, and gov. officials were chosen on examination system	33
11358171965	6 major departments	personnel, finance, rites, army, justice, and public works	34
11358175080	censorate	agency that watched over the rest of the government to make sure everything ran smoothly	35
11358179714	golden age	-focus on arts and literature like painting, poetry, and ceramics -revival of Confucianism mixed with Buddhism and Daoism	36
11358192123	economic revolution	advancements in agriculture, adoption of fast ripening and drought resistant strain of rice that resulted in a rapid growth in population	37
11358201174	urbanization in china	people moved to cities, Hangzhou had a population over a million	38
11358207273	Chinese industrial production	iron industry boomed and was used for armor, weapons, and bells	39
11358211989	chinese innovations	woodblock and moveable type that led to the first printed books, large ships, magnetic compass, and gunpowder	40
11358219050	women in the song dynasty	with the revival of confucianism, the women became subordinate and the patriarchal restrictions began tightened	41
11358239437	textiles in china	when chinas economy became more commercial, factories and workshops were built and run by men. The women lost their jobs which they did at home and had to find new jobs	42
11358301660	jobs that women took up after factories jobs were taken away	restaurant owners, sold fish and vegetables, maids, cooks, dressmakers, concubines, courtesans, entertainers, prostitutes	43
11358318536	trends for women in the tang dynasty	property rights expanded, promotion of further education for women	44
11358321397	northern nomads	had an intense interaction with the Chinese and began to trade with them, began raiding, extortion, and trading	45
11358332084	nomads	pastoral and semi-agricultural people in the norther steppe	46
11358336687	nomads point of view	saw chinese as a threat, because of the great wall, military was directed to them, trading was difficult	47
11358343664	reality of nomad and chinese relationship	chinese needed nomads for horses, fur, hides, amber, and the trading routes were nomad territories	48
11358350548	nomads	barbaric and primitive	49
11358353190	chinese	sophisticated and civilized, felt superior to all non-chinese and other cultures	50
11358360659	tribute system	-acknowledgement of chinese superiority by foreigners and non-chinese authorities -foreigners would go to the chinese court and perform rituals and would present a good from their homeland -chinese emperor would grant them permission to trade and would give them gifts	51
11358390910	reality of tribute system in china	large nomadic groups benefitted from china because of the gifts that were given by the emperor	52
11358412906	china and korea	initial outlet for chinese influence=temporary conquest by china during the han dynasty -resistance urged china to withdraw its military presence -tribute system and trading relationship still existed cultural elements adopted -buddhism -confucianism -government set up -chinese models of family life and female behavior	53
11359211110	chinas impact of korean women	couldn't live with parents after marriage, husband not burried with wifes family, cant remarry, females cant own property, cant marry more than one women	54
11359220798	china and vietnam	-part of china for more than 1000 yrs. adopted chinese cultural elements -confucianism -daoism -buddhism -administrative techniques -examination system -artistic and literary styles	55
11359234012	elements forced upon the vietnames	-confucian based schools, chinese is the official language for business, clothing and hairstyles were mandatory, chinese style agriculture	56
11359247168	result of culture on vietnamese	resistance and rebellion (ex. the trung sister rebellion, successful rebellion in the 10th century when the Tang dynasty was weaker)	57
11359258838	vietnamese cultural elements	language, cockfighting, chewing betel nuts, greater role for women in the social and economic life	58
11359262902	china and japan	physically separated from china, never invaded or conquered by china, they got to pick and choose what elements they wanted from the chinese, they still retained a unique and distinct culture	59
11359275799	early japan	organized around family based clans that controlled certain regions, family descended from a common ancestor	60
11359290242	shinto	belief that kamis (spirits) live within all people, animals, and nature	61
11359300411	chinese elements that were adopted by japan	buddhism and confucianism, chinese style court rituals and court rankings, chinese calendar, chinese based taxation systems, chinese style law codes and government departments, chinese style writing system	62
11359315819	heian period	pursuit of beauty, art, literature, calligraphy, poetry. But they neglected responsibilities and the government broke down	63
11359327801	mikado	emperor; very little power; figurehead	64
11359331677	shoguns	generals and powerful lords, most political and military power	65
11359335282	daimyos	local lords, owned estates, had private armies, always fighting each other	66
11359339651	samurai	warriors, loose fitting armor, fought with swords and on horseback with bows and arrows	67
11359345876	seppuku	ritualistic suicide belly slashing	68
11359348273	code of bushido	samurai code of honor	69
11359350874	peasants	worked on the land; paid heavy taxes; received protection in return	70
11359356306	japanese women	escaped the more oppressive features of Chinese confucian culture and could inherit property, live apart from their husbands, get divorced, and remarry	71
11359368649	imapctful innovations of the chinese	printing and books and gunpowder	72
11359372244	effects of printing books	mass literacy, increased education and scholarship, spread of religion, exchange of information	73
11359376553	effects of gunpowder	helped with cannons and firearms	74
11359379849	gunpowder revolution	when gunpowder empires started and grew as a result of their use of firearms, cannons, and other explosives	75

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Chapter 17 AP World History Flashcards

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5905170426	What agricultural breakthrough sustained the Industrial Revolution?	The use of guano excrement as fertilizer	0
5905172700	In the eighteenth century, how did the Industrial Revolution solve an emerging energy crisis?	It introduced the use of coal, oil, and natural gas as sources of fuel.	1
5905174421	How did Britain's geography affect its Industrial Revolution?	Coal and iron ore deposits were abundant and close to each other	2
5905178032	Which of the following was a result of the Industrial Revolution?	An increase in production in mining, manufacturing, and services	3
5905183223	Which of the following explains why industrialization first occurred in Europe?	European rulers fostered unusually close alliances with their merchant classes	4
5905183224	Which of the following groups benefited the most from the Industrial Revolution in nineteenth-century Britain?	The middle classes	5
5905189283	In nineteenth-century Britain, most members of the aristocracy derived their wealth from	landownership	6
5905189284	Which of the following made global migration an appealing option for many Europeans during the nineteenth century?	The demand for labor overseas	7
5905192419	Which of the following describes a feature of Karl Marx's vision of the society he predicted would emerge after the collapse of capitalism?	A society without classes and conflict	8
5905196260	Which of the following was a value associated with middle-class culture in nineteenth-century Britain?	Respectability	9
5905200019	Which of the following was a factor that pushed many Europeans to immigrate in the nineteenth century?	The decline in peasant farming in their homelands	10
5905202578	Which of the following reflects an explanation for Europe's Industrial Revolution that most historians criticize as Eurocentric and deterministic?	Unique features of European society, economy, or history gave it a long-term advantage and head start in industrializing.	11
5905205713	Which of the following arguments serves to counter the notion that European culture is inherently more suited to industry and technology?	Until about 1750, core areas of Europe, India, and China enjoyed similar levels of economic development	12
5905207581	Which of the following has been offered as an explanation for why Britain was the first European country to industrialize?	Britain had a ready supply of coal and iron ore, the resources that fueled industrialization.	13
5905209942	In nineteenth-century Britain, women from the laboring classes found jobs as	factory workers and domestic servants.	14
5905216077	How did the working-class movement in Britain differ from the one in Russia?	It advocated a reformist program and a peaceful transition to socialism	15
5908661686	The economic development of Latin America depended heavily on	foreign capital	16
5908663904	Industrialization was associated with violent social revolution only in	Russia	17
5908665241	Which of the following describes the situation in Latin America after independence?	Internal divisions, regional revolts, and foreign wars created political instability.	18
5908670475	In what way did the Industrial Revolution transform the human relationship to the natural world?	People learned to access energy resources derived from outside the biosphere.	19
5908672153	Which of the following describes how the movement toward industrialization in the nineteenth century affected Latin America?	Latin America provided the food products, raw materials, and markets for industrializing countries	20
5908673964	Which of the following describes how the Industrial Revolution unfolded?	It began independently in only one place, Great Britain	21
5908674030	Which group in the United States in the early twentieth century supported reforms to improve working conditions and called for greater governmental intervention in the economy?	The Progressives	22
5908677542	Most of the European capital invested in Latin America was used to finance which of the following?	Railroads	23
5908681070	Which was the only country in Latin America to experience a nationwide revolution in the early twentieth century?	Mexico	24
5908686629	Which of the following is a phrase that has been used to describe the form of economic growth in Latin America in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?	Dependent Development	25
5928600831	Which of the following was a reason for the failure of socialism to take root in the United States?	The availability of cheap land and high rates of home ownership	26
5928603540	In what parts of the world did industrialization lead to major social transformations?	Britain, the United States, and Japan	27

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AP World History Unit 1 Flashcards

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11100946727	major milestones in human evolution	fire, tools, language, art	0
11101085313	Where did humans originate?	Africa (Ethiopia)	1
11101096374	How did humans come to live all over the world?	food search	2
11101185278	What are the various themes that define the rise of "civilization"?	social structure (class), job specialization, food supply, organized religion, centralized and organized government, writing, culture (art), technology (architecture, infrastructure)	3
11101319864	What geographical factor do ancient civilizations in Egypt, Mesopotamia, China and India have in common?	They are all located on a river	4
11101337167	Neolithic Revolution	the transition (or changing) from hunter and gatherer to agriculture and settlement (farming)	5
11101400412	How is living/farming on the banks of a regularly flooding river related to the development of organized government?	Job development, laws/rules	6
11101418031	How is agriculture related to the growth of social class?	Specialization...they went from being hunters/gatherers to specializing into different jobs like farming, and other jobs that bring about various social status	7
11101503081	Why was writing developed? Purpose and function?	hieroglyphics, pictograms, cuneiform : to communicate and for trading purposes, crops; clay tablets	8
11101639579	Why don't we know much about the Indus Valley Civilization?	Deforestation, erosion, floods and maybe earthquakes ruined civilizations so we don't know much about them.	9
11101763171	Important contribution to the world culture from the Phoenicians	alphabet, trading, ships	10
11101837971	How were ideas about government and leadership similar in ancient Egyptian, Judaic, Mesopotamian and Chinese civilizations?	organized monarchy (king)	11
11102082621	What physical qualities did we see emphasized and appreciated in the pieces of Greek Art that we looked at in class?	athleticism, civilization, artistic, warrior	12
11102334980	What are the features or characteristics of ancient Greek theater that still influence modern comedy?	costumes; masks; musical (chorus); satire (make fun of others)	13
11102396920	What are the parts of the Aristotelian ideal model (speaker-> speech-> occasion-> audience-> effect) for stories in Greek Tragic theater?	A Greek Tragedy depicts the downfall of a basically good person through some fatal error or misjudgment, producing suffering and insight on the part of the protagonist and arousing pity and fear on the part of the audience	14
11102765122	What were some common aspects of "Greco-Roman" (Greek-Roman) culture?	theater; military; religion; language; government; art; literature	15
11102983965	What are the 6 democratic/republican ideals?	term limits, social contract, limited government, separation of powers, spirit of the laws, right of revolution	16
11102991440	Describe term limits	People in power should not be able to serve too long to avoid corruption. President ~ 2 four year terms; VP ~ unlimited four year terms; House of Representatives ~ unlimited two year terms; Senate ~ unlimited six year terms; Supreme Court ~ unlimited, but can be impeached (fired)	17
11102995445	Describe social contract	Governments are created by people and get power from the people. People voluntarily give up some freedoms to a government in order to gain other advantages and protection.	18
11119103505	What qualities were good Athenian citizens expected to have?	open to trade, educated, respect for authority, rational, respectful of art and beauty, male dominant, forward looking	19
11119108741	What qualities were good Spartan citizens expected to have?	conservative, loyal, educated in military, self-restrained, simple, frugal, quiet, warriors, strict, loners (closed to trade ~ self sufficient),	20
11119519790	Persian Empire	Persia/Iran; series of dynasties; area grew in culture, religion, science, art and technology; fell to Alexander the Great	21
11119528306	What are the two most common historical drivers of cultural diffusion?	Cultural diffusion is the spread of a culture's beliefs and traditions from one group of people to another. The 2 main driving forces of this were trade and migration (moving to find food)	22
11119531739	Why does cultural diffusion happen?	When one group of people are in the presence of another group of people, they begin to adopt each other's beliefs and traditions (culture)	23
11119542143	How, according to Pericles, did one best build a strong system of national defense?	citizens are obligated to remain united, confident, courageous, open to trade and faithful to Athens	24
11119548601	What did Pericles think was so great about Athenian society?	love of beauty and arts, loyalty and respect for Athens, openness (trade), all men are equal, emphasis on education	25
11119557859	In what ways was Pericles critical of Spartan society?	government was not a democracy (Oligarchy), city was closed off and kept to themselves (no trade), too much emphasis (at too young of an age) on military training	26
11144309882	Describe limited government	Government should not have too many laws or too much overall power	27
11144315636	Describe separation of power	It is dangerous to have only one person or group to have too much power	28
11144320796	Describe spirit of the laws	Laws exist to help people, not to hurt them	29
11144327199	Describe right of revolution	If the government is not doing a good job, citizens have the right and duty to overthrow it and make a new one.	30
11144690514	Who was the Peloponnesian War between?	Athens and Sparta 27 years	31
11144791796	What is the Pericles Funeral Oration?	A speech given at the end of the first year of the Peloponnesian War to honor and remember the fallen soldiers	32
11145029932	What does Aristotle describe as the ideal (perfect) form of government?	Aristotle liked constitutional government (defined by the existence of a constitution ~ set of laws). This is very similar to Democracy. The majority rules. The purpose of this type of government is to protect and provide defense for the people and to keep order among the land.	33
11150763525	What religion did the Mauryan (India) leader Ashoka convert to?	Buddhism	34
11150819232	How did Asoka converting to Buddhism impact his behavior and the administration of the Mauryan Empire?	Asoka became a more peaceful man. He ceased all military invasions and violence. Efforts were put into the well being of his people. The administration and Asoka focused on building schools, hospitals and wells for the people. Monuments (stupas) were built in honor of Buddha. Kindness, purity and good deeds was promoted	35
11151096663	What sort of cultural diffusion happened as a result of Asoka's conversion?	Many people were introduced to Buddhism	36
11151135357	What was the purpose of the earliest form of writing to develop in Chinese civilization?	Oracle Bone Script ~ the families (clans) could "write" their family symbol on things to identify them. It was also a way to communicate with the gods (ask for a good harvest)	37
11151276341	What factors aided the spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire?	peace in Rome, easy travel, common language, Constantine the Great, it gave the people (especially the poor) a voice when they felt like they didn't have one in the Roman Empire	38
11151330079	humane	being compassionate and kind	39
11151309381	Filial Piety	respect for one's parents, elders and ancestors	40
11151339292	ritual	a ceremony or act that consists of a series of actions performed according to a prescribed order	41
11151408602	What are the key relationships in Confucianism	ruler to subject, father to son, husband to wife, elder to younger, friend to friend	42
11151431989	How did Confucius believe that citizens should behave?	respectful, honest, faithful, sincere	43
11151453074	How did Confucius believe that leaders should behave?	always learning, frugal, humble, confident, committed and loyal	44
11151499193	What Confucian value is most directly connected to the rise of the imperial examination system (test that was taken and passed in order for one to be a govt leader) for government bureaucrats?	Man should get a job based on his knowledge not his social class or who his parents are	45
11151737432	What are the main principles of Taoism?	Let life lead you, no purpose in life, free spirit, spontaneous, live a simple and balanced life in harmony with nature (yin yang)	46
11151819900	What are the main principles of Chinese legalism?	Law and order above any and all human concerns; military; harsh punishments	47
11151880317	What is the historical context for all 3 of the Chinese classical philosophies? What did all 3 have in common?	Humanism ~ the role of humans and their place in society. They were mostly base on practical, moral and political concerns. Legalism, Confusanism and Daoism	48
11152167491	How do the Vedic scriptures (the oldest one being the Rig Veda) help to reinforce and institutionalize castes in Indian society?	Social Class: The Rig Veda spoke about the varna system which categorizes people on the basis of their good deeds. 1)Teachers and priests, 2)warriors and protectors, s3)killed worker and traders and merchants, 4)unskilled workers and farmers. People picked verses from the scriptures to support their caste desires	49
11152466108	What aspects of Hindu spirituality are most emphasized in the Bhagavad Gita?	The Gita is an ancient Indian text (book) that teaches how to live a happy life : knowledge, action and love. Hymns and chants	50
11152582205	What are the main beliefs of Buddhism? (Pearls of Wisdom)	Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path and Five Precepts	51
11152609098	Four Noble Truths of Buddhism	1. Everyone suffers. 2. The cause of suffering is desire (greed) 3. To end suffering you must end desire (greed) 4. Follow the eightfold path	52
11152618684	Noble Eightfold Path of Buddhism	1. Right views (understand the 4 Noble Truths) 2. Right intentions/Thinking (do the right thing) 3. Right speech 4. Right conduct (be selfless, peaceful and honest)5. Right livelihood (work) 6. Right effort (balance work with "religion" and a full life) 7. Right mindfulness (don't be self-centered) 8. Right meditation/Concentration ("read Bible", "pray")	53
11152684722	Five Precepts of Buddhism	1. avoid destroying life (kill) 2. stealing 3. sexual misconduct 4. lying 5. intoxicants (drugs)	54
11152760336	What are the main beliefs of early Judaism as reflected in the Old Testament?	There is a God. He is the only God. He created the universe and everything in it. Worship God and you will be God's chosen people	55
11152831377	How were early law codes, like Hammurabi's, an improvement on previous governmental and societal structures?	They helped establish civilization through laws. This gave the govt the right to punish, and it helped the citizens know what was expected of them	56
11152926300	How is Hammurabi's code different from today's laws?	Today it's innocent until proven guilty. If the person is not proven guilty, the accuser is not punished, they were more class dependant, and focused on class.	57
11152960588	Most common theme in Hammurabi's law code?	eye for an eye	58
11152997268	Mauryan Empire	This was the first centralized and largest empire of India whose founder was Chandragupta Maurya; Asoka; Iron Age; strong govt; huge military force	59
11153093977	Persian Empire	Persia/Iran; series of dynasties; area grew in culture, religion, science, art and technology; fell to Alexander the Great	60
11153141168	How did Romance languages develop and diffuse worldwide?	Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian and Romanian. They derived from Vulgar (common) Latin. The language was used by many, but then local dialect broke the languages down into the 5 mentioned above. Migration diffused the language. Latin languages changed.	61
11153295162	What groups of people were most positively and most negatively affected by the spread of the Roman Empire?	Positive...soldiers who kept conquered land Negative...conquered people and citizens/slaves	62
11153404006	Roman Empire	Conquered most of the Mediterranean coast in Europe, Africa and Asia. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity.	63
11153640873	In what ways was Christianity threatening to the Roman Empire?	They believed that Christians were a threat to public order. They suspected them of plotting subversion (trying to change the govt). They didn't like the fact that Christians refused to worship their gods	64
11153715208	What are the main reasons that Rome ultimately falls?	1) invasion of the barbarian (uncivilized Germans) tribes, 2) economic (financial) trouble, 3) the rise of the Eastern Empire (the Roman Empire had split in two ~ they were originally working together, but were now at odds), 4) they had gotten too big and had spent too much money on military, 5) govt corruption and political instability, 6) rise of Christianity	65
11179249388	Sumer	The world's first civilization, founded in Mesopotamia	66
11179330815	Example that Sumer was living the Neolithic lifestyle	They were appalled by Enkidu's Paleolithic (beast like; wild; hunter/gatherer) lifestyle	67
11179373746	Sumerian's Song of the Hoe	story about the invention of the hoe (or pickax)	68
11179398233	How does Song of the Hoe show that Sumerians were experiencing the Neolithic Revolution?	It's a story about a hoe, or pickax, which is a tool that turns up soil for planting crops	69
11179411237	Epic of Gilgamesh	An epic poem from Mesopotamia, and among the earliest known works of literary writing )poetry).	70
11179486409	Three enlightenment thinkers	Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-JacquesRousseau	71
11180768679	Which Greek philosopher first writes about the idea of social contract?	Socrates	72
11180817710	What factors aided the spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire?	peace in Rome, easy travel, common language, Constantine the Great switched to Christianity, pit gave people (especially the poor) a voice when they didn't have one in the Roman Empire.	73
11180871312	How did Athenian philosophers feel about democracy?	They hated it. They liked one ruler/leader	74
11181506537	Shi Huangdi (Qin Shi Huang)	Founder of the short-lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire. He is remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states. Buried with him in his tomb were his wives and soldier statues (to guard him in his afterlife). He gave himself a special name because he thought he was a godlike and powerful man.	75
11181728458	Qin Shi Huangdi public works projects and helped to end the "Warring States Period"	Great Wall of China; Qin Shi Huangdi's conquest of the other states ended the WS Period	76
11181828404	Crook and flail	Crook (kingship) and flail (fertility of the land) Egypt, Africa	77
11181865764	Achievements of the Gupta Empire (Golden Age)	Advancements in India in fields such as science, technology, engineering, math, etc. that brought about the decimal system; number system including zero; medicines to cure illnesses; Earth rotates and is round; surgical skills; metal-working skills	78
11181922922	Zoroastrianism	A monotheistic religion that developed in early Persia and stressed the fight between the forces of good and the forces of evil and how eventually the forces of good would prevail.	79
11181952527	What separated Judaism from other religions?	monotheistic ~ one god	80
11181983446	Silk Road	Trade routes between Western Europe and Eastern Asia that interconnected people and brought them and their cultures together through trade and travel	81
11182048040	What luxury product cemented classical China's economic prosperity and global power position?	silk	82
11182157956	How does geography affect culture? Or, how does geographic proximity affect the likelihood of similar practices developing?	If you're close to a group of people (geographic proximity) you'll begin to act like them (similar practices)	83
11182974764	What factors aided the spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire?	peace in Rome, easy travel, common language, Constantine the Great	84
11183063612	Why did the Romans want control of the Mediterranean so badly?	easy trade access to other places	85
11183094153	How and why were early Christians punished?	Christians were punished for not worshipping and honoring the Roman gods and for not participating in the worshipping of the gods festivities and feasts. They were arrested, put in prison, tortured and executed	86
11183178267	Bread and Circuses	A Roman bribery method of coping with class difference. Entertainment and food was offered to keep plebeians quiet without actually solving unemployment problems.	87
11204399481	Why don't we have fossil records of earlier civilizations?	They didn't bury things well	88
11205091464	What are the main relationships in Confucianism?	knowing ones social order and place, reincarnation.	89

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AP World History Chapter 7 Notes Flashcards

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7718380802	Who are the arabs	a semitic speaking people of south west asia	0
7718383754	how far back are the Arabs mentioned?	in Greek sources in 500 b.c.e and the old testament	1
7718386236	Bedouin Arabs	nomadic peoples who came originally from the Northern Part of the peninsula	2
7718389347	Sheikh and Majlis	Sheikh- ruling member of Bedouin Arab tribe Majlis- a council of elders	3
7718394308	when did the Arabs begin the Caravan trade with what animals	camels in 2nd millennium b.c.e	4
7718397649	Pre-Islamic Arabs religion	-polytheistic -allah was presiding over them -no priesthood -supreme deity symbolized by a sacred stone	5
7718401532	special black meteorite called the ________ was housed in Mecca and had sacred qualities	Ka'aba	6
7718404002	when did Arabian importance grow	5th or 6th century c.e (relations between the Bedouins and wealthy became strained)	7
7718408944	Muhammad's life	born in Mecca and orphaned at 6. Grew up to become a caravan manager. Married a rich widow (Khadija) who was his employer	8
7718413674	why did Muhammad begin his meditation	because the growing gap between Bedouin values and behavior of the affluent commercial elites troubled him	9
7718418247	Muhammad's revelation	-encountered the angel Gabriel -believed that Allah revealed himself in Jews and Christians but finally in him	10
7718419917	Qur'an	holy scriptures of Islam. Contains guidelines for Muslims	11
7718422101	after 3 years of Muhammad's preaching how many followers did he have	30	12
7718426486	Hegira	-marks the first day on the calendar of Islam -in 622 when Muhammad and his supporters headed north to Yathrib (now Medina) "City of Prophet"	13
7718430687	What did Muhammad do in Yathrib	he formed the first Muslim community from residents and Bedouins. He then returned home, conquered Mecca and converted the people there	14
7718433389	Umma	first Muslim Community	15
7718435281	what did Muhammad do in 630	he visited the Ka'aba where he declared it a sacred shrine and destroyed the other 2 idols	16
7718442352	why is Muhammad different from other prophets in other religions	He was just a prophet. Not a God or anything else.	17
7718444314	Muhammads teachings on afterlife	those who hope to achieve it must subject themselves to Allah	18
7718447084	what is at the heart of Islam	the Qur'an. There is no God but Allah with Muhammad as his prophet	19
7718451141	how many suras (chapters) are in the Sacred Book of Islam (Qur'an)	114	20
7718452017	What are the 5 pillars of Islam	1. belief in Allah and Muhammad 2. Standard prayer 5 times a day and public prayer on Friday 3. observation of the Holy Month of Ramadan (fasting) 4. Making a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in your life 5. giving alms (zakat) to the poor	21
7718458815	Ulama and Shari'a	the Ulama was a panel of Muslim scholars who made a law code called the Shari'a	22
7718459976	Hadith	a collection of sayings of the prophet that was used to supplement the revelations contained in Holy Scriptures	23
7718465299	strict behaviors in Muslim belief	forbidden to gamble, eat pork, drink alcohol, and be dishonest	24
7718468086	men and women beliefs in Muslims	-contacts between unmarried men and women are discouraged -marriages are arranged -polygyny was allowed but only up to 4 wives	25
7718471872	true or false. The veracity and truth to the Qur'an is debatable	true	26
7718477575	Did Muslims see a separation between political and religious authority	no	27
7718478873	what was the problem with Muhammads successor	he had no sons, only daughters. He didn't pick anyone to follow him	28
7718483468	Who became the next Caliph after Muhammad	Abu Bakr (Muhammad's father in law) became the next Caliph (successor)	29
7718486126	Caliph	a political or religious leader (inam)	30
7718493795	what type of strategy did Muhammad use in times of struggle	a tribal custom called razzia (raid)	31
7718496437	how was Razzia sometimes translated as	Striving in the way of the lord, Jihad, Holy War, Crusade	32
7718502910	Muslim conquering	-636 Muslims defeat Byzantine on Yarmuk River (four years later took over Syria) -conquered Sassinids by 650	33
7718508241	valor of Muslim army was enhanced by what belief?	when you died on the battle field you went to paradise	34
7718512594	After being conquered by Muslims did you have to convert?	it was voluntary. If you didn't convert you were to submit to Muslim rule and pay a tax in return for exemption from military service	35
7718517865	who became Caliph following Abu	Umar (but some people wanted Ali, Muhammads cousin, to be a caliph. He was ignored)	36
7718521057	what happened to the Caliph in 656	Umars successor, Uthman, was assassinated and Ali was promoted (many believed it was Ali's doing)	37
7718529272	what happened to Ali in 661	he was assassinated. Mu'awiya replaced him. He then made the position hereditary	38
7718531029	how long were the Umayyads in power	for almost a century after Mu'awiya	39
7718538521	when did the Muslims first meet their match	in France. Battle of Tours was the high water mark of arab expansion	40
7718547275	How did the Byzantines attack back in 717	they used a petroleum based compound containing quickline and sulfur (a greek fire weapon) to destroy the Muslim fleet	41
7718560578	what did Hussein (Ali's 2nd son) create and why	the Shi'ites because he questioned the legitimacy of the Umayyads .	42
7718566394	how did the Umayyads contribute to their own downfall?	by having decadent behavior	43
7718568817	when and by who were the Umayyads overthrown	revolt led by Abu Al-Abba's (750; descendant of Muhammads uncle) created the Abbasid Dynasty (now iraq)	44
7718582981	Abbasids changes to society	-broke down distinctions between Arab and non-Arab Muslims -all could do civil and military work -arabs intermarried	45
7718589129	when was the Abbasid capital city built and where	762 in Baghdad which encouraged a new cultural orientation	46
7718594902	best known caliph of Abbasid	9th century. Harun al Rashid or Harun "The Upright" whose reign is the golden age	47
7718599947	Al-Ma Mum	Harun Al Rashid (Harun "The Upright") son. He was a patron of learning. He established a solar observatory and Greek translations.	48
7719658877	A change in the Caliph rule came about during the Abbasid ruling. What were some of these changes?	-became much more regal -assisted by a council (diwan) with a prime minister (Vizier) -Caliph did not attend Diwan meetings	49
7719666566	what weakened the caliphate in competition with potential rivals?	lack of spiritual authority	50
7719669654	What did the death of Harun lead to?	his sons, Amin and Al-Ma'mun, fought and led to civil war which destroyed Baghdad	51
7719686788	true or false. Under Hashemite clan, divorce was common, homosexuality was practiced, and alcohol was consumed in public. (all against their beliefs)	true	52
7719689595	how did non arabs become dominant under the Hashemite Clan?	they needed people for the army so they started to use non arabs	53
7719694167	what dynasty established in 973	a new Shi'ite dynasty under the Fatimids in Egypt	54
7719697241	how was the Islamic world held together during times of falling apart?	the Arabic Language and the Qur'an	55
7719699383	The Seljuk Turks	nomadic peoples from central asia who converted to Islam and flourished as military mercenaries (mounted archers)	56
7719714229	what happened with the Turks in 1053	a Turkish leader captures Baghdad and then became sultan	57
7719726692	true or false. When the Turks took over Baghdad, the Abbasids remained cheif representatives of Sunni religious authority but the real military and political power came from the Seljuks	true	58
7719726693	what led to the crusades	when the Byzantines challenged the turks and turned to the west for help	59
7719731280	Were turks peaceful or barbarians	barbarians	60
7719735417	under Seljuk rule, Muslims began to organize themselves into____	brotherhoods	61
7719736759	Hasan Al Sabahh	a cairo trained persian who formed a rebel group known as the assassins. (eliminated by the mongols in the 13th century)	62
7719742973	how did Alexius 1 get help against the Muslims in the 11th century	he lied and said that Muslims were doing horrible atrocities and were threatening them.	63
7719746477	crusades	beginning in 1096 until the 13th century, a series of christian raids on Islam brought the holy land and adjacent areas on the Mediterranean coast from antioch in the Sinai Peninsula under Christian rule	64
7719759668	the end of the Fatimid dynasty	1169. Sunni Muslims, under Saladin, end them and he is named sultan	65
7719764517	Saladin and christians	he destroyed christian leaders in 1187. He did allow Christians to live and practice if they wanted. Now christians were no longer a significant force in the Middle East	66
7719775739	who seized control over the known world in the 13th century	the Mongols	67
7719775740	who began the Mongols	Genghis Khan	68
7719794658	were mongols muslim	no (although some did end up converting, as a whole they were not)	69
7719799916	what happened to the Mongols in the 14th century	they split into separate kingdoms and disintegrated	70
7719806769	where was a new center of Islamic Civilization	in Cairo which was about to promote a renaissance in Muslim culture under the Malmuks	71
7719829433	who and when ended the byzantine empire	Sultan Mehmet the 2nd in 1453	72
7719836847	who was Abd Al-Rathman	he escaped in Damascus and was on his way to Spain where there was Muslim power. In 756 he legitimized his authority and took the title Emur (commander)	73
7719841757	Andalusia	capital was Cordoba. Under Abd Al-Rathman in Spain. Eventually became part of a large trading network	74
7719850870	what cities were born in Andalusia	Cordoba, Seville and Toledo	75
7719855455	what was the official religion in Andalusia	Islam. Non muslims were encouraged to convert as a means of furthering their career	76
7719859262	what did the Policy of Convivencia provide	an environment for Christians and Jews to maintain their beliefs and obtain favors from the court	77
7719898319	when was the Palace of Cordoba destroyed	in 1009. 200 years later the last Caliphate disappeared	78
7719908423	a christian king named Alfonso VI seized Toledo so Muslim rulers in Selville called on who to stop them from coming any further	the Almuravids (The Berber Dynasty)	79
7719912995	The Almuravids	the destroyed the Christians under Alfonso VI and established their own rule. They brought an end to religious tolerance	80
7719930437	the New crusade in 1215	Pope Innocent the third called for this new crusade. they seized cities Seville and Cordoba but the mountain city of Granada with a fortress remained	81
7719939515	true or false. Humans should revise the Qur'an as they see fit	false. Humans never should revise it	82
7719947011	the Islamic doctrine should be consulted on... only religious matters or everything?	everything (politics, religion, social practices, etc. )	83
7719965394	when was Baghdad the greatest city in the Empire	under the Abbasids	84
7719967206	when was Cairo the greatest city in the Empire	under the Fatimids	85
7719970099	in powerful cities in the empire how were people segregated ?	by religion	86
7719972838	in what houses did Bedouins live	they lived in tents	87
7719975017	where did the bulk of the Arabian population live	in the country side	88
7719979088	what meat did the Arabs not eat	pork	89
7719980484	who introduced pasta to the italians	arabs	90
7719985974	what is the most impressive urban building in cities in the Arabian empire	palace for Caliphs and a Great Mosque	91
7719997446	which society was one of the most egalitarian of its time	the arab society	92
7719999103	slavery in arab society	-wide spread -employed in army or as domestic servants -could buy own freedom	93
7720006909	the islamic principle of equality fell short of ______	women	94
7720008776	women in arab society	-polygyny was allowed -divorce was only allowed for men -had to cover up all parts of their body -forbidden from social interactions with men outside the family	95
7720017579	harem	members drawn from non-muslim females throughout the empire	96
7720028156	eventually __________ became an international language	arabic	97
7720031788	where were key works by aristotle, plato and others kept (when translated into Arabic)	in "the house of wisdom" in Baghdad	98
7720040183	what did Justinian do in the 6th century c.e.	he was a Byzantine ruler who shut down the Platonic academy so many of the scholars fled to Baghdad	99
7720050645	when did paper factories first appear in Baghdad	end of the 8th century. this led to dissemination of Islamic culture	100
7720055252	Ibn Sina (Avicenna)	he cited Aristotle. He said the world operated not only at the will of Allah but also its own natural laws	101
7720062873	influence of Greek philosophy died in the 11th century. Who undertook Greek translation	Averroes and Maimonides	102
7720087942	Islamic math/science contributions	-adopted and passed on numerical system including the number 0 -algebra (founded by a persian) -arabic numerals replaced Roman numerals in 13th century -observatory set up in Baghdad	103
7720095849	astrolabe	instrument to help sailors use stars to navigate. This helped trading routes	104
7720100460	what did Avicenna do	he compiled a medical encyclopedia that among other things emphasized the contagious nature of certain diseases and spread through water	105
7720108792	there was no arabic language until the 4th century. how were records and poems kept	they were memorized	106
7720110683	monument of persian literature	book of lords	107
7720113197	what do muslims regard the greatest work in literature	the Qur'an	108
7720115897	book of kings	persian book of poems.	109
7720117748	Rabe'a of Quzdar	first Persian Poet	110
7720122330	most famous works of literature in the west	1. Rubaiyat (written by Omar Khayyam) 2. Tales from 1001 Nights (Arabian Nights) both of these were favored by Europeans	111
7720127420	Omar Khayyam	little is known on this poet. He combined poetry with math and science. Revised the calendar. Never wrote his poems down but were memorized.	112
7720136129	themes of Omar Khayyam's poems	down to earth. Impermanence of life, impossibility of knowing God and disbelief in the afterlife	113
7720141579	most famous of the stories from Arabian nights	Aladdin and the Magic Lamp	114
7720145315	Saudi	Persian Shakespeare. a favorite author in Iran. wrote Rose Garden and sonnet like love poems. master at art pithy maxim	115
7720149647	art pithy maxim	1 line witty observation on life	116
7720183576	sufism	a form of religious belief that called for a mystical relationship between Allah and humans	117
7720185910	Rumi	-abandoned Islam and converted to Sufism -believed reaching God was through love, not intellect	118
7720190728	Al-Mas'udi	born in Baghdad in 846. First great Islamic historian. He wrote Meadows of gold which is a source for the golden age	119
7720199642	Ibn Khaldun	equaled al-mas'udi and tried to combine philosophy and history.	120
7720210762	where is the ultimate expression of Islamic art found	in magnificent architectural monuments beginning late 7th century	121
7720215087	The Done of the Rock (Jerusalem)	one of the most revered Islamic monuments	122
7720333791	how did the first arabs pray	in an open court along a qibla (later mosques were created)	123
7720340586	Great Mosque of Samarra	10 acres, 464 pillars. Largest mosque every built	124
7720345484	Qibla wall	has a niche (mihrab) containing a decorated panel representing allah	125
7720347928	muezzin	crier who calls to prayer 5 times a day	126
7720355379	domiciles were reminiscent of ______ design	roman	127
7720359336	Alhambra in Spain	ultimate remaining Islamic Palace in the 14th century. creates a fairy tale castle feel. very intricate and floral. the lion court in the center of the harem is world renown for its lion fountain and columns	128
7720368296	what were rugs initially used for and what were they eventually used for	insulate stone palaces; religious purposes since they have to pray five times a day on clean ground	129
7720373915	girls jobs	-weaving rugs -at 4 she will prepare wool -6 learns how to actually weave a rug -an important part of a womens dowry to her husband	130
7720380300	decorations on rugs in Islam society	decorations were arabic script or natural plants.	131
7720384642	arabesques	repeated geometrical patterns covering the entire rug	132
7720389895	true or false. representation of Muhammad is encouraged	false!	133
7720389950	who used calligraphy	Persians	134
7720398947	in the 13th century a mongol dynasty was established in Tabriz. What did this do?	it gave the Islam communities contact with art of East Asia	135
7720402714	mongol art freed islamic painters of what	traditional confinement	136
7720406106	most famous paintings of Tabriz school	Ferdowzis "Book of Kings" expressing a new realistic concern for individual human qualities	137
7720412765	Chinese art gave Islamic artists what?	a sense of space	138
7720414572	artists working in Herat style often depicted?	mountain warriors	139
7748869224	Shari'a	Shari'a law is Islamic law. It is a list of principles that form part of the islamic tradition	140

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