AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

AP Lang and Comp Figurative Language Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
8608736726allegoryThe device of using and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning.0
8608766432AlliterationThe repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words.1
8608782598allusionA direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such an event, book, myth, place, or work of art.2
8608803186AmbiguityThe multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage3
8608861707AnalogyA similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them4
8608875867AntecedentThe word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun5
8608896506AntithesisThe opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite.6
8608901961AphorismA terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle.7
8608919685ApostropheA figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or personified abstraction.8
8608942844AtmosphereThe emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described.9
8608978276CaricatureA verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distinctive physical feature or other characteristics.10
8609013193ClauseA grammatically unit that contains both a subject and a verb.11
8609024048Colloquial/ColloquialismThe use of slang or informalities in speech or writing.12
8609044575ConceitA fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects.13
8640303661ConnotationThe non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning14
8640327930DenotationThe strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color15
8640377551DictionRelated to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectivness16
8640426193DidacticFrom the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching"17
8640527842EuphemismFrom the Greek for "good speech"18
8640562875Extended MetaphorA metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work19
8640579454Figurative LanguageWriting or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid20
8640594045Figure of SpeechA device used to produce figurative languguage21
8640626254Generic ConventionsThis term describes traditions for each genre22
8640634500GenreThe major category into which a literary work fits23
8640650773HomilyThis term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice24
8640698030HyperboleA figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement25
8652869679ImageryThe sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions26
8652927224InferenceTo draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented27
8652959724InvectiveAn emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language28
8664277050IronyThe contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true29
8664306742LitotesA form of understatement that involves making an affirmative point by denying it's opposite30
8664342181Loose sentenceA type of sentence in which the main idea comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses31
8664359636MetaphorA figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some simularity32
8664417914MetonymyA figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it33
8701682326MoodThe prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work34
8701695479NarrativeThe telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events35
8675331572MoodThe prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work36
8675347179NarrativeThe telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events37
8675356606OnomatopoeiaA figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words38
8675372985OxymoronA figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox39
8675383235ParadoxA statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon inspection contains some degree of truth or validty40
8675409799ParallelismRefers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity41
8675505182AnaphoraA sub-type of parallelism, when the exact repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive lines or sentences42
8675579005ParodyA work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and or ridicule43
8675607708PedanticAn adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly Scholarly, academic, or bookish44
8675654585Periodic sentenceThe opposite of a loose sentence, a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end45
8701945687PersonificationA figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions46
8702020483Point of viewin literature, the perspective in which a story is told47
8702040627ProseOne of the major divisions of genre, prose refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all it's forms48
8702079144RepetitionThe duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of languages, such as sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern49
8729532340RhetoricDescribes the principles of governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasivly50
8729668394Rhetorical modesDescribes the variety, the conventions, and the purposes of the major kinds of writing51
8729692301SarcasmInvolves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something52
8729715807SatireA work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule53
8729766885SemanticsThe branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another54
8729827334StyleAn evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices55
8730026827Subject ComplementThe word or clause that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes, the sentence by either renaming it or describing it56
8740129248Subordinate ClauseContains both a subject and a verb. Unlike the independent clause, subordinate clause cannot stand alone; it doesn't express a complete thought57
8742455487SyllogismA deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion58
8742518118SymbolGenerally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else, something that is concrete that represents something more abstract59
8742561685SynecdocheA figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole or, occasionally, the whole is used to represent a part60
8742616728SynesthesiaWhen one kind of sensory stimulus evokes the subjective experience of another61
8742641898SyntaxThe way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences62
8742686400ThemeThe central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life63
8742700352ThesisIn expository writing, the thesis statement is the sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position64
8742722775ToneDescribes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both65
8742738350TransitionA word or phrase that links different ideas66
8742743431UnderstatementThe ironic minimizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is67
8742762326WitIntellectually amusing language that suprises and delights68

AP Language Week 11 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5974600667ContentiousTending to arguement or strive; quarrelsome (adj)0
5974600668DauntTo lessen the courage of; dishearten (verb w/o)1
5974600669DebilitateTo make weak or feeble; enfeeble (verb w/o)2
5974600670DiscordLack of concord or harmony between persons or things (noun)3
5974600671DisseminationThe act of disseminating or spreading widely (noun)4
5974600672DogmaticAsserting opinions in a doctrinaire or arrogant manner; opinionated (adj)5
5974600673DuplicityDeceitfulness in speech or conduct; double-dealing (noun)6
5974600674EgocentricHaving or regarding the self or the individual as the center for all things (adj)7
5974600675EuphemismThe substitution of a mild, indirect, or vague expression for one thought to be offensive, harsh or blunt (noun)8
5974600676GluttonousTending to eat and drink excessively (adj)9

AP Language Rhetorical Terms List 2 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
4795619973dictionstyle of speaking or writing dependent upon choice of words0
4795621123claimto say something is true when there are people who may disagree1
4795622190anaphorarepetition of a word or expression at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, sentences, or verses especially for rhetorical or poetic effect2
4795623410epistropherepetition of a word or expression at the end of successive phrases, clauses, sentences, or verses especially for rhetorical or poetic effect (as Lincoln's "of the people, by the people, for the people")3
4795624018speaker/authorsomeone who talks/writes about something to a group of people, including the credentials of the individual4
4795625034audiencethe specific group of people who the speaker or the author intends to receive and act upon his/her message5
4795626300exigencethe reason that inspires the speaker/the author to speak or write about a topic6
4795627313telegraphic sentencea sentence of 6 or fewer words that carries special emphasis and is, therefore, closely tied to the author's message and purpose7
4795628800argumentthe culmination of the author's persuasive claims that lead to his/her overall argument8
4795630683purposewhat the author hopes to accomplish; the crafting of the essay/speech so that it effects the audience in a specific manner so that the audience will then react accordingly to deal with the topic/issue9
4795633082functionthe purpose of a particular word, phrase, sentence(s), paragraph in relation to the text before it and after it; examining the author's deliberate choices in relation to the topic, message, and overall purpose10

AP Psychology Chapter 9 Language Nolinscience 2017 Flashcards

Psychology Ninth Edition by David Myers. Chapter 9: Thinking and Language Vocabulary.

Terms : Hide Images
8646029964CognitionThe mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.0
8646029965ConceptA mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.1
8646029966PrototypeA mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provide a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories Ex. comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin2
8646029967algorithma methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier -- but also more error-prone -- use of heuristics. Ex. In the grocery store looking at every single item down every aisle for ramen noodles3
8646029968heuristica simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. Ex. Finding a honda key to a car and pressing the button rather than trying every single car4
8646029969insighta sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.5
8646029970confirmation biasa tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence. Ex. Out of all the reviews only paying attention to the positive ones rather than the negatives due to how much you want the product6
8646029971mental seta tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past. Ex. Picture frame7
8646029972availability heuristicestimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.8
8646029973overconfidencethe tendency to be more confident than correct - to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.9
8646029974belief perseveranceclinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. Ex: Believing in Santa Claus10
8646029975intuitionan effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.11
8646029976framingthe way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments. Ex. Picture frame12
8646029977languageour spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning. Ex. English, Chinese13
8646029978phonemein language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.14
8646029979morphemein a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix). Ex. Hetero, homo, hypo, hyper,15
8646029980grammarin language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. Ex. Your you're16
8646029981babbling stagebeginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language. Ex. Ba ba ba ba17
8646029982one-word stagethe stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words. Ex. "Dadda"18
8646029983two-word stagebeginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements. Ex. "Give me"19
8646029984telegraphic speechearly speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs. Ex. Go car20
8646029985aphasiaimpairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding). Ex. Anastasia has aphasia21
8646029986Broca's areacontrols language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. Ex. Speech22
8646029987Wernicke's areaControls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe.23
8646029988linguistic determinismWhorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.24

Figurative Language- AP Prep Flashcards

One meaning of the word "figure" is "image" or "picture." Figurative language creates pictures in the mind of the reader. These figures help convey meaning and understanding faster and more vividly than words alone. We use "figures of speech" in figurative language to color and interest, and to awaken the imagination. Figurative language is everywhere, from classical works by Shakespeare and the Bible to everyday speech. It is even in tons of pop music, television shows, and commercials.

Figurative language is the opposite of literal language, which mean exactly what it says.

Example: He ran fast. (literal)
He ran like the wind. (figurative)

Works Cited- www.englishclub.com

Terms : Hide Images
9843432382PersonificationUsing human characteristics to describe non-human things (objects, animals) Example sentence: The delicious bread danced in my stomach.0
9843432383MetaphorComparison between two unrelated things NOT using words such as "like" or "as"- an assertion that one thing IS another thing Example: How could she marry that snake?1
9843432384OnomatopoeiaWord that imitates a sound BANG!2
9843432385ImageryDescriptive language that creates a picture in one's mind while reading Example: The busy squirrels ran through the lush, green trees, chasing acorns and packing them away for colder days.3
9843432386HyperboleGross over-exaggeration for emphasis/effect Example sentence: I've said that a million times.4
9843432387AlliterationRepetition of beginning consonant sounds. Example: The fog filtered over the field finally hiding the fence.5
9843432388SimileComparison between two unrelated things using "like" or "as." Example: Jose sleeps like a log.6
9843432389SymbolObject used to represent an idea or concept. Example: Kiowa's New Testament was a symbol of his father, his family, his faith.7
9843432390IronyUsing a word or a phrase to mean exactly opposite of its normal meaning. Example: Calling a boy "Stretch" when he is short.8
9843432391OxymoronUsing two contradictory words for a special effect. Example: Jumbo shrimp9
9843432392PunOne word sounds the same as another word with different meaning; a play on words Example: "A clock goes back four seconds."10
9843432393AssonanceRepetition of vowel sounds- not rhyming because end consonants don't match Example: Great Lake11
9843432394ConsonanceRepetition of consonant sounds anywhere within the words of a phrase (not limited to beginnings, like alliteration. Example: Sally sells seashells on the seashores12
9843432395EuphemismUsing appropriate language to describe something inappropriate or uncomfortable. Example: "Restroom" instead of "Toilet"13
9843432396ClicheOverused expression that loses its meaning Example: "As busy as a bee."14
9843432397JuxtapositionPlacement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts Example: The innocent young girl walks through the haunted hallway.15
9843432398SynecdocheA figure of speech that utilizes a part as representative of the whole, or vise versa. Example: "All hands on deck"16
9843432399MetonymyA figure of speech in which one word or phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated Example: "crown" for "royalty"17
9843432400ParadoxA statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity. (Think of the beginning of Dickens' Tale of Two Cities: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times....")18
9843432401AntithesisAn opposition or contrast of ideas in the same or neighboring sentence. Example: "One small step for man, One giant leap for mankind."19
9843432402LitotesA phrase that emphasizes the magnitude of a statement by denying its opposite Example: "Hitler was no angel."20
9843432403ApostropheIn poetry, an apostrophe is a term used when a speaker directly addresses someone or something that isn't present in the poem A figure of speech in which someone absent or dead or something nonhuman is addressed as if it were alive and present and could reply Example: "Oh, Wind! Stop blowing my hair!"21
9843432404AllusionIndirect reference to a well-known person, place, or thing in literature Example: "I have a dream that my students will pass this test."22

AP Language Vocab #7 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5677982686austeresevere or stern in manner; without adornment or luxury, simple, plain; harsh or sour in flavor0
5677990507beneficentpreforming acts of kindness or charity; conferring benefits, doing good1
5678000909cadaverouspale, gaunt, resembling a corpse2
5678006562concoctto prepare by combining ingredients, make up (as a dish); to devise, invent, fabricate3
5678018934crasscoarse, unfeeling; stupid4
5678026280debaseto lower in character, quality, or value; to degrade, adulterate; to cause to deteriorate5
5678037289desecrateto commit sacrilege upon, treat irreverently; to contaminate, pollute6
5678047352disconcertto confuse; to disturb the composure of7
5678071467grandiosegrand in an impressive or stately way; marked by pompous affection or grandeur, absurdly exaggerated8
5678084237inconsequentialtrifling, unimporatant9
5678088682infractiona breaking of a law or obligation10
5678092361mitigateto make milder or softer, to moderate in force or intensity11
5678098374pillageto rob of goods by open force (as in war), plunder; the act of looting; booty12
5678108544prateto talk a great deal in foolish or aimless fashion13
5678113359puntiliousvery careful and exact, attentive to fine points of etiquette or propriety14
5678125338redoubtableinspiring fear or awe; illustrious, eminent15
5678135331reproveto find fault with, scold, rebuke16
5678140847restitutionthe act of restoring someone or something to the rightful owner or to a former state or position; making good in a loss or damage17
5678155074stalwartstrong and sturdy; brace; resolute; a brave, strong person; a strong supporter; one who takes an uncompromising position18
5678173601vulnerableopen attack; capable of being wounded or damaged; unprotectedv19

AP Language: Diction Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
6802301759Diction- word choice.0
6802301760Monosyllabic/Anglo-Saxon- root word only, sounds more informal. - simple & direct.1
6802301761Polysyllabic/Latin-Greek- root word along w/ a prefix/suffix. - sounds formal, complex & indirect.2
6802301762Denotative- dictionary definition.3
6802301763Connotative- emotional definition.4
6802301764General- amateurish, don't use in formal context. - examples: cry, throw, walk, etc.5
6802301765Specific- responds to a question, how to do something. - examples: weep, sob, gaze, stride, etc.6
6802301766Abstract- not imaginative, lack of sensory appeal.7
6802301767Concrete- imaginative words that combine to form a vivid "mental picture".8
6802301768Euphonious- pleasant sounds, sound nice to the ear. - examples: puffy, butterfly, fluffy, etc.9
6802301769Cacophonous- hard vowel sounds, harsh to the ear. - examples: putrid, grate, pus, etc.10
6802301770Colloquial- informal/slang words or expressions. - examples: lowkey, extra, shady, etc.11
6802301771Idiomatic- words whose meanings can't be predicted from the meanings of the constituent words. - examples: "raining cats and dogs."12
6802301772Figurative Language- speech/writing that departs from the literal meaning in order to achieve a special word/meaning, etc.13
6802301773Pedantic- overly concerned w/ small details in teaching/learning.14
6802301774Esoteric- secret, belonging to a select few.15
6802301775Abstruse- hard to understand, hidden.16
6802301776Insipid- to lack interesting or distinctive qualities.17
6802301777Bombastic- pretentious, haughty.18
6802301778Trite- lack of originality, long, & drawn out.19
6802301779Cultured- enlightened; refined.20
6802301780Euphemistic- inserting a word in place of a more offensive word.21
6802301781Pretentious- trying to sound smarter than you are.22
6802301782Sensuous- diction that appeals to a sense besides sight.23
6802301783Plain- unadorned; simple.24
6802301784Poetic- having qualities of poetry such as imagery, figurative language, etc.25
6802301785Moralistic- imposes morality on someone by using censorship. - can sound preachy.26
6802301786Vulgar- indecent.27
6802301787Scholarly- references academics.28

AP Lang Quiz 3 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5226036938didacticAdjective - designed or intended to teach people something0
5226036939capitalizeVerb - to gain by turning something to advantage. Example: The presidential candidate capitalized on the opponent's mistake1
5226036940ellipsisNoun. It can mean the omission of one or more words that are obviously understood but that must be supplied to make a construction grammatically complete. It can also refer specifically to marks such as three periods, indicating an omission (as of words) or a pause2
5226038326internalizeVerb - to incorporate (as values or patterns of culture) within the self as conscious or subconscious guiding principles through learning or socialization. Example: They have internalized their parents' values.3
5226038327epigraphNoun - It can be in reference to an engraved inscription. It can also refer to a quotation set at the beginning of a literary work or one of its divisions to suggest its theme.4
5226038328banalAdjective - lacking originality, freshness, or novelty5
5226040345euphemismNoun - the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant6
5226040346ostracizeVerb - to not allow (someone) to be included in a group : to exclude (someone) from a group7

AP Language and Composition Vocabulary List Three Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7482288003Duncea stupid person; a dolt. Derived from Duns Scotus0
7482288004LudditeOne who opposes technology. Derived by Ned Ludd1
7482288005PyrrhicA technical win achieved at a high cost. Derived from Pyrrhus who defeated the Romans in 208 BC2
7482288006SpoonerismRefers to humorous transpositions of sounds such as saying "blushing crows" instead of "crushing blows". Derived from Rev. William Spooner3
7482288007DraconianTreatment that is seen as exceedingly harsh or severe. Derived from the legal code of Draco4
7482288008Maverick (n)A person who dissents from group opinion and goes his or her own way. Derives from Samuel Maverick5
7482288009QuixoticOverly idealistic. Derived from Spanish hero Don Quixote6
7482288010MesmerizeMeaning "to enthrall, to capture fully someone's attention." Derived from Franz Mesmer7
7482288011GalvanizeShocking someone with an electrical current, spurring someone into thought or action. Derived from Luigi Galvani8
7482288012TawdryDescribes something literally cheap or gaudy in appearance of something more figuratively shameful. Derived from St. Audrey9

Pages

Subscribe to CourseNotes RSS

Need Help?

We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.

For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.

If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.

Need Notes?

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!