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AP Lit Vocab 9 Flashcards

8613437522	benign	adj. beneficial; favorable	0
8613437523	blithe	adj. carefree and lighthearted	1
8613437524	bumpkin	n. an unsophisticated person	2
8613437525	corroborate	v. to make more certain, add evidence to	3
8613437526	culpable	adj. blameable, responsible for	4
8613437527	frenetic	adj. frenzied	5
8613437528	goad	v. to urge, to prod	6
8613437529	indecorous	adj. lacking good taste; improper	7
8613437530	indolent	adj. lazy	8
8613437531	pervasive	adj. permeating; present throughout	9
8613437532	provocative	adj. stimulating; inciting to action	10
8613437533	punitive	adj. punishing	11
8613437534	recrimination	n. an acusation made to counter another	12
8613437535	soporific	n. something that induces sleep	13
8613437536	toady	n. a person who flatters; sycophant	14

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APES Prerequisite Vocabulary Flashcards

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4744476930	Adaptation	A characteristic that improves an individual's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.	0
4744476934	Aerobic	Process that requires oxygen	1
4744476938	Anaerobic	Process that does not require oxygen	2
4744476942	Autotroph	An organism that can make its own food	3
4744476946	Biodiversity	The number of different species in an area	4
4744476950	Biomass	The total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level	5
4744476954	Biome	A group of ecosystems with similar climates and organisms	6
4744476958	Biosphere	Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere.	7
4744476962	Carrying capacity	The largest number of individuals of a species that the environment of a particular area can support indefinitely.	8
4744476966	Cellular respiration	The process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food	9
4744476931	Chromosome	An organized structure of DNA, protein, and RNA found in cells that carries the genetic information of an organism	10
4744476935	Climate	The average, seasonal weather conditions in an area over a long period of time	11
4744476939	Community	A group of various species of living things that live in the same habitat and interact with each other	12
4744476943	Conservation	The process of saving or protecting a natural resource	13
4744476947	Consumer	An organism that obtains energy by feeding on other organisms	14
4744476951	Decomposer	An organism that gets energy by breaking down the remains of dead organisms or animal wastes and consuming or absorbing the nutrients.	15
4744476955	Ecosystem	A system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment (biotic & abiotic)	16
4744476959	Food web	A complex arrangement of interrelated food chains illustrating the flow of energy.	17
4744476963	Fossil fuel	Coal, oil, natural gas, and other fuels that are ancient remains of plants and animals.	18
4744476967	Gene	A segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait	19
4744476932	Gene pool	All of the alleles in all the individuals that make up a population	20
4744476936	Habitat	A place where an organism lives	21
4744476940	Heterotroph	An organism that cannot make its own food.	22
4744476944	Kinetic energy	Energy that an object has due to its motion	23
4744476948	Latitude	Distance north or south of the Equator, measured in degrees.	24
4744476952	Law of Conservation of Matter	Principle that mass cannot be created or destroyed in ordinary chemical and physical changes.	25
4744476956	Mutation	A change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a DNA molecule	26
4744476960	Natural selection	A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.	27
4744476964	Niche	An organism's particular role in an ecosystem.	28
4744476968	Organism	An individual living thing	29
4744476933	Photosynthesis	A process used by plants and other autotrophs to capture light and energy and use it to power chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich carbohydrates, such as sugars and starches.	30
4744476937	Plate tectonics	The theory that the earth is broken into plates and are in motion.	31
4744476941	Pollution	Release of harmful materials into the environment	32
4744476945	Population	A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area	33
4744476949	Potential energy	Energy stored due to an object's position or arrangement	34
4744476953	Producer	An organism that can make its own food by using energy from its surroundings	35
4744476957	Toxic	causing harm; poisonous	36
4744476961	Trait	A genetically determined characteristic	37
4744476965	Trophic level	A position in a food chain occupied by a group of organisms with a similar feeding mode.	38
4744476969	Weather	The condition of Earth's atmosphere at a particular time and place.	39

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150+ Ways to go APES Flashcards

Vocab terms you need to know to ace the APES exam!

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6601655589	Ionizing Radiation	enough energy to knock electrons from atoms forming ions; capable of causing cancer; gamma, X-rays, UV	0
6601655590	High Quality Energy	organized and concentrated, can perform useful work (fossil fuel & nuclear)	1
6601655591	Low Quality Energy	disorganized, dispersed (heat in ocean or air, wind, solar)	2
6601655592	First Law of Thermodynamics	energy is neither created nor destroyed, but may be converted from one form to another	3
6601655593	Second Law of Thermodynamics	when energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat)	4
6601655594	Natural radioactive decay	unstable radioisotopes decay releasing gamma rays, alpha & beta particles	5
6601655595	Half life	the time it takes for ½ the mass of a radioisotope to decay	6
6601655596	Approximately 10 half-lives	estimate of how long a radioactive isotope must be stored until it decays to a safe level	7
6601655597	Nuclear Fission	nuclei of isotopes split apart when struck by neutrons	8
6601655598	Nuclear Fusion	2 isotopes of light elements (H) forced together at high temperatures till they fuse to form a heavier nucleus. Expensive, break even point not reached yet	9
6601655599	Ore	a rock that contains a large enough concentration of a mineral making it profitable to mine	10
6601655600	Mineral Reserve vs Organic fertilizer	Mineral Reserve: identified deposits currently profitable to extract Organic fertilizer: slow acting & long lasting because the organic remains need time to be decomposed	11
6601655601	Best solution to energy shortage	conservation and increased efficiency	12
6601655602	Surface mining	cheaper & can remove more mineral, less hazardous to workers	13
6601655603	Humus	organic, dark material remaining after decomposition by microorganisms	14
6601655604	Leaching	removal of dissolved materials from soil by water moving downwards	15
6601655605	Illuviation	deposit of leached material in lower soil layers (B)	16
6601655606	Loam	perfect agricultural soil with equal portions of sand, silt, clay	17
6601655607	Solutions to soil problems	conservation tillage, crop rotation, contour plowing, organic fertilizers	18
6601655608	Parts of the hydrologic cycle	evaporation, transpiration, runoff, condensation, precipitation, infiltration	19
6601655609	Aquifer	any water bearing layer in the ground	20
6601655610	Cone of depression	lowering of the water table around a pumping well	21
6601655611	ENSO	El Nino Southern Oscillation, see-sawing of air pressure over the S. Pacific	22
6601655612	During an El Nino year	N US has mild winters, SW US has increased rainfall, less Atlantic hurricanes, trade winds weaken, and warm water is sloshed back to S. America. These decrease upwelling which disrupts food chains.	23
6601655613	During a non El Nino year	Easterly trade winds and ocean currents pool warm water in the western Pacific, allowing upwelling of nutrient rich water off the West coast of South America	24
6601655614	Nitrogen fixing	because atmospheric N cannot be used directly by plants it must first be converted into ammonia by bacteria (rhizobium)	25
6601655615	Phosphorus does not circulate as easily as N because	it does not exist as a gas, but is released by weathering of phosphate rocks	26
6601655616	Ammonification	decomposers covert organic waste into ammonia	27
6601655617	Nitrification	ammonia is converted to nitrate ions (NO-3)	28
6601655618	Assimilation	inorganic N is converted into organic molecules such as DNA/amino acids & proteins	29
6601655619	Denitrification	bacteria convert ammonia back into N	30
6601655620	Sustainability	the ability to meet humanities current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs	31
6601655621	Because soils contain very little phosphorus	it is a major limiting factor for plant growth	32
6601655622	Excess phosphorus is added to aquatic ecosystems by	runoff of animal wastes, fertilizer, discharge of sewage	33
6601655623	Photosynthesis	plants convert atmospheric C (CO2) into complex carbohydrates (glucose C6H12O6)	34
6601655624	Aerobic respiration	oxygen consuming producers, consumers & decomposers break down complex organic compounds & convert C back into CO2	35
6601655625	Largest reservoirs of C	carbonate rocks first, oceans second	36
6601655626	Biotic/abiotic	living & nonliving components of an ecosystem	37
6601655627	Producer/Autotroph	photosynthetic life	38
6601655628	Fecal coliform/Enterococcus	indicator of sewage contamination	39
6601655629	The major trophic levels	producers-primary consumer-secondary consumer-tertiary consumer	40
6601655630	Energy flow in food webs	producers-primary consumer-secondary consumer-tertiary consumer where only 10% of the energy transfers over to the next trophic level	41
6601655631	Chlorine	(good: disinfection of water) ( bad: forms trihalomethanes)	42
6601655632	Primary vs secondary succession	1 - development of communities in a lifeless area not previously inhabited by life (lava) 2 - life progresses where soil remains (clear cut forest, fire)	43
6601655633	Cogeneration	using waste heat to make electricity	44
6601655634	Mutualism	symbiotic relationship where both partners benefit	45
6601655635	Commensalism	symbiotic relationship where one partner benefits & the other is unaffected	46
6601655636	Parasitism	relationship in which one partner obtains nutrients at the expense of the host	47
6601655637	Biome	large distinct terrestrial region having similar climate, soil, plants & animals	48
6601655638	Carrying capacity	the number of individuals that can be sustained in an area	49
6601655639	R vs K strategist	R - reproduce early, many small unprotected offspring K - reproduce late, few, cared for offspring	50
6601655640	Positive feedback	when a change in some condition triggers a response that intensifies the changing condition (EX: warmer Earth - snow melts - less sunlight is reflected & more is absorbed, therefore warmer earth)	51
6601655641	Natural selection	organisms that possess favorable adaptations pass them onto the next generation	52
6601655642	Malthus	said human population cannot continue to increase. Consequences will be war, famine & disease	53
6601655643	Doubling time	rule of 70 (70 divided by the percent growth rate)	54
6601655644	Replacement level fertility	the number of children a couple must have to replace themselves (2.1 developed, 2.7 developing)	55
6601655645	World vs US Population	World - 7.2 billion US - 320 million	56
6601655646	Preindustrial stage	birth & death rates high, population grows slowly, infant mortality high	57
6601655647	Transitional stage	death rate lower, better health care, population grows fast	58
6601655648	Industrial stage	decline in birth rate, population growth slows	59
6601655649	Postindustrial stage	low birth & death rates	60
6601655650	Age structure diagrams	(broad base, rapid growth) (narrow base, negative growth) (uniform shape, zero growth)	61
6601655651	1st & 2nd most populated countries	China (1.36 billion) & India (1.25 billion)	62
6601655652	Most important thing affecting population growth	low status of women	63
6601655653	Ways to decrease birth rate	family planning, contraception, economic rewards & penalties	64
6601655654	Percent water on earth by type	97.5% seawater, 2.5% freshwater	65
6601655655	Salinization of soil	in arid regions, water evaporates leaving salts behind	66
6601655656	Ways to conserve water	(agriculture: drip/trickle irrigation) (industry: recycling) (home: use gray water, repair leaks, low flow fixtures)	67
6601655657	Point vs non point sources	Point - from specific location such as pipe Non-point - from over an area such as runoff	68
6601655658	BOD	biological oxygen demand; amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic decomposers to break down organic materials	69
6601655659	Eutrophication	rapid algal growth caused by an excess of N & P	70
6601655660	Hypoxia	when aquatic plants die, the BOD rises as aerobic decomposers break down the plants, the DO drops & the water cannot support life	71
6601655661	Minamata Disease	mental impairments caused by mercury	72
6601655662	Primary air pollutants	produced by humans & nature (CO, CO2, SO2, NO, hydrocarbons, particulates)	73
6601655663	Secondary pollutants	formed by reaction of primary pollutants	74
6601655664	Negative feedback	when a change in some condition triggers a response that counteracts the changed condition (EX: warmer earth - more ocean evaporation - more stratus clouds - less sunlight reaches the ground - therefore cooler Earth)	75
6601655665	Particulate matter	(source: burning fossil fuels & diesel exhaust) (effect: reduces visibility & respiratory irritation) (reduction: filtering, electrostatic precipitators, alternative energy)	76
6601655666	Nitrogen Oxides	(Source: auto exhaust) (Effects: acidification of lakes, respiratory irritation, leads to smog & ozone) (Equation for acid formation: NO + O2 = NO2 + H2O = HNO3) (Reduction: catalytic converter)	77
6601655667	Sulfur oxides	(Source: coal burning) (Effects: acid deposition, respiratory irritation, damages plants) (Equation for acid formation: SO2 + O2 = SO3 + H2O = H2SO4) (Reduction: scrubbers, burn low sulfur fuel)	78
6601655668	Carbon oxides	(Source: auto exhaust, incomplete combustion) (Effects: CO binds to hemoglobin reducing bloods ability to carry O2, CO2 contributes to global warming) (Reduction: catalytic converter, emission testing, oxygenated fuel, mass transit)	79
6601655669	Ozone	(Formation: secondary pollutant, NO2 + UV = NO + O, O + O2 = O3, with VOCs) (Effects: respiratory irritant, plant damage) (Reduction: reduce NO emissions & VOCs)	80
6601655670	Radon	radioactive gas, formed from the decay of Uranium, causes lung cancer and is a problem in the Reading Prong	81
6601655671	Industrial smog	found in cities that burn large amounts of coal	82
6601655672	Photochemical smog	formed by chemical reactions involving sunlight (NO, VOC,O2)	83
6601655673	Acid deposition	caused by sulfuric and nitric acids resulting in lowered pH of surface waters	84
6601655674	Greenhouse gases	(Examples: H2O, CO2, O3, methane (CH4), CFC's) (Effect: they trap outgoing infrared (heat) energy causing earth to warm	85
6601655675	Ozone depletion caused by	CFC's, methyl chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, halon, methyl bromide all of which attack stratospheric ozone	86
6601655676	Effects of ozone depletion	increased UV, skin cancer, cataracts, decreased plant growth	87
6601655677	Love Canal, NY	chemicals buried in old canal and school & homes built over it causing birth defects & cancer	88
6601655678	Municipal solid waste is mostly	paper and usually dumped in landfills	89
6601655679	True cost / External costs	harmful environmental side effects that are not reflected in a products price	90
6601655680	Sanitary landfill problems and solutions	(leachate: liner with collection system) (methane gas: collect gas and burn) (volume of garbage: compact & reduce)	91
6601655681	Incineration advantages	volume of waste reduced by 90% & waste heat can be used	92
6601655682	Incineration disadvantages	toxic emissions (polyvinyl chloride—dioxin), scrubbers & electrostatic precipitators needed, ash disposal (contains heavy metals)	93
6601655683	Best way to solve waste problem	reduce the amounts of waste at the source	94
6601655684	Keystone species	species whose role in an ecosystem are more important than others, ex sea otter	95
6601655685	Indicator species	species that serve as early warnings that an ecosystem is being damaged ex trout	96
6601655686	Endangered species	have a small range, require large territory or live on an island	97
6601655687	In natural ecosystems, 50-90% of pest species are kept under control by	predators, diseases, parasites	98
6601655688	Major insecticide groups and examples	(chlorinated hydrocarbons, DDT) (organophosphates, malathion) (carbamates, aldicarb)	99
6601655689	Pesticide pros	saves lives from insect transmitted disease, increases food supply, increases profits for farmers	100
6601655690	Pesticide cons	genetic resistance, ecosystem imbalance, pesticide treadmill, persistence, bioaccumulation, biological magnification	101
6601655691	Natural pest control	better agricultural practices, genetically resistant plants, natural enemies, biopesticides, sex attractants	102
6601655692	Electricity is generated by	using steam (from water boiled by fossils fuels or nuclear) or falling water to turn a generator	103
6601655693	Petroleum forms from	microscopic aquatic organisms in sediments converted by heat & pressure into a mixture of hydrocarbons	104
6601655694	Pros of petroleum	cheap, easily transported, high quality energy	105
6601655695	Cons of petroleum	reserves depleted soon, pollution during drilling, transport and refining, burning makes CO2	106
6601655696	Steps in coal formation	peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite	107
6601655697	Major parts of a nuclear reactor	core, control rods, steam generator, turbine, containment building	108
6601655698	Most serious nuclear accidents	(Chernobyl, Ukraine, 1986, Level 7) (Fukushima, Japan, 2011, Level 7) (Kyshtym, Russia, 1957, Level 6) (Lucens, Vaud, Switzerland, 1969, Level 5) (Three Mile Island, PA, USA, 1979, Level 5)	109
6601655699	Alternate energy sources	wind, solar, waves, biomass, geothermal, fuel cells	110
6601655700	LD50	the amount of a chemical that kills 50% of the animals in a test population	111
6601655701	Mutagen, Teratogen, Carcinogen	causes hereditary changes, fetus deformities, cancer	112
6601655702	Multiple use US public land	National Forest & National Resource lands	113
6601655703	Moderately restricted use land	National Wildlife Refuges	114
6601655704	Restricted Use lands	National Parks, National Wilderness Preservation System	115
6601655705	Examples and cause of endangered species	North Spotted Owl (loss of old growth forest), Bald Eagle (thinning of eggs caused by DDT), Piping Plover (nesting areas threatened by development)	116
6601655706	Examples of invasive exotic species	Gypsy Moth (native to Europe and Asia, they feed on the foliage of oaks and aspen), Asian Long Horned Beetle (native to Japan, the larva tunnels and feeds on hardwood trees like maple and birch), Kudzu (a fast-growing vine that grows at least a foot a day)	117
6601655707	Garret Hardin & the Tragedy of the Commons	Freedom to breed is bringing ruin to all. Global commons such as atmosphere & oceans are used by all and owned by none	118
6601655708	Volcanoes and Earthquakes occur	at plate boundaries (divergent, spreading, mid-ocean ridges) (convergent, trenches) (transform, sliding, San Andreas)	119
6601655709	Sources of mercury	burning coal, Compact Fluorescent bulbs	120
6601655710	Major source of sulfur	burning coal	121
6601655711	Threshold dose	the maximum dose that has no measurable effect	122
6601655712	Survivorship Curves	[Type I: low mortality at birth, survive to old age, and then die (humans, annual plants)], [Type II: uniform death rates, subject to predation (insects, birds)], [Type III: high mortality at birth but long lifespan otherwise (turtles, trees)]	123
6601655713	Density dependent vs. density-independent factors	DD - competition, parasitism, predation DI - fires, floods, extreme cold	124
6601655714	Biotic potential	maximum number of offspring a species can have	125
6601655715	Effects of Global Warming	bleaching of coral reefs, animals and plants forced out of their current range, melting glaciers, rising sea level, droughts, spread of infectious diseases and more extreme weather conditions	126
6601655716	Exotic species are often also invasive species because	they often can grow at an uncontrolled rate because they have no natural predators, disrupt the balance of the ecosystem and have no competition because they kill off many natural inhabitants	127
6601655717	Clear cutting is bad because	it increases soil erosion dramatically, increases nitrate runoff into water bodies, makes it hard for an area to recover, leaves animals no place to live and can lead to extinctions	128
6601655718	Selective Cutting	harvesting only mature trees of certain species and size. More expensive but less disruptive to wildlife than clear cutting	129
6601655719	Utilitarianism	the belief that something is right if it produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people for the longest time	130
6601655720	Conservation	the management of a resource to make certain it produces the greatest benefit to humans in the future	131
6601655721	Preservation	the concept that the land should be kept in its natural state - never touched or developed	132
6601655722	NIMBY	Not In My BackYard. Public protests cause wastes and other pollutants to be dumped in someone else's backyard. Mostly hurts the poor who cannot pay for representation to fight against potential pollution	133
6601655723	Range of Tolerance	minimum and maximum levels of conditions in which organisms can survive	134
6601655724	1.5 billion vs 3 billion people	1.5B - lack access to clean drinking water 3B - lack good sanitation	135
6601655725	75% of water pollution in the US come from	soil erosion, atmospheric deposition and surface run off	136
6601655726	95% of water pollution in developing countries come from	raw sewage (high population growth without the money for treatment plants)	137
6601655727	How much pesticide the US uses	77% of all pesticides used in world	138
6601655728	Troposphere vs. Stratosphere	troposphere contains weather and stratosphere contains the ozone	139
6601655729	The atmosphere contains	78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and a small amount of argon, carbon dioxide, water, salt and dust	140
6601655730	Weather moves	from west to east across America and winds are named for the direction they come from	141
6601655731	Bioaccumulation	the selective absorption and storage of a great variety of molecules	142
6601655732	Biomagnification	a continued increase in the concentration of pollutants in higher levels of a food chain	143
6601655733	Acute effects	caused by a single exposure to a toxin and results in an immediate health crisis of some sort	144
6601655734	Chronic effects	long lasting and can result from a single exposure of a very toxic substance or a continuous exposure to the toxin	145
6601655735	Salt water intrusion	the movement of salt water into freshwater aquifers in coastal areas where groundwater is withdrawn faster than it's replenished	146
6601655736	Watershed	land surface and groundwater aquifers drained by a particular river system	147
6601655737	Forests cover	32% of the land surface, 11% is used for crops and 26% is range and pasture	148
6601655738	99% of all the species that ever existed	are now extinct but the average rate of extinction was one species per decade	149
6601655739	Humans have caused extinction rates	of hundreds to thousands of species per YEAR. If these trends continue, 1/3 to 2/3 of all current species will be lost by the year 2050	150
6601655740	Denitrification	bacteria convert ammonia back into N	151

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AP Biology Metabolism Flashcards

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9876646312	Metabolism	the totality of an organisms chemical reactions that result from interactions between molecules within the cell	0
9876646313	metabolic pathway	a sequence of chemical reactions undergone by a compound in a living organism, start with substrate end with product	1
9876646314	catabolic pathway	breaking a complex molecule down into its simpler parts, releasing energy. ie. cellular respiration	2
9876646315	anabolic pathway	using energy to build complex molecules from simpler molecules. ie. protein synthesis	3
9876646316	Bioenergetics	the study of how organisms manage their energy resources	4
9876646317	energy	capacity to cause change, do work	5
9876646318	kinetic energy	energy of motion	6
9876646319	heat(thermal energy)	kinetic energy associated with random movement of molecules	7
9876646320	potential energy	energy of position	8
9876646321	chemical energy	potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction, energy within bonds	9
9876646322	thermodynamics	study of energy transformations	10
9876646323	closed system	isolated from surroundings, no energy transfer, cant work at equilibrium bc its exhausted its ability to do work. free energy at a min	11
9876646324	open system	not isolated, energy and matter can be transferred between system and surroundings, ie. cells	12
9876646325	1st law of thermodynamics	energy of the universe is constant, cannot be created or destroyed, can only be transferred or transformed, conservation of energy	13
9876646326	2nd law of thermodynamics	during every energy transfer, some energy is unusable and often lost, every energy transfer or transformation increases the total entropy of the universe	14
9876646327	entropy	disorder, randomness	15
9876646328	free energy	delta G, energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are constant, related to change in enthalpy(delta H), change in entropy(delta S) and temperature in Kelvin(T). delta G = delta H - T delta S	16
9876646329	exergonic reaction	a reaction with a net release of free energy, negative free energy, spontaneous	17
9876646330	endergonic reaction	a reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings, non-spontaneous, positive free energy	18
9876646331	coupled reactions	the use of exergonic processes to drive endergonic ones, the energy given off from the exergonic is absorbed by the endergonic	19
9876646332	ATP	adenosine triphosphate, composed of ribose (5 carbon sugar), adenine (nitrogenous base), and 3 phosphate groups. Phosphate tail can be broken through hydrolysis to produce energy, ADP, and an inorganic phosphate	20
9876646333	phosphorylation	how ATP drives endergonic reactions, covalently bonding a phosphate with another molecule, such as as reactant	21
9876646334	catalyst	a chemical agent that speeds up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction	22
9876646335	enzymes	a catalytic protein, speeds up metabolic reactions by lowering activation energy, very specific, reusable, unchanged by reaction	23
9876646336	activation energy	initial energy needed to start a chemical reaction, free energy for activating reaction, given off by heat	24
9876646337	induced fit	brings the chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the reaction, makes the enzyme more effective	25
9876646338	cooperativity	another type of allosteric activation, binds to one active site but locks ALL active sites open, allowing products to be constantly produced	26
9876646339	Substrate	the REACTANT that an enzyme acts on	27
9876646340	Enzyme-Substrate Complex	enzyme and substrate	28
9876646341	Active Site	region on the enzyme where substrate binds	29
9876646342	Hydrogen and Ionic Bonds	substrate held in active site by WEAK interactions	30
9876646343	Lock and Key	active site on enzyme fits substrate exactly	31
9876646344	Ways enzymes lower activation energy	can do this by having a favorable environment, straining substrate molecules, orienting substrates correctly	32
9876646345	hydrolysis	happens when phosphate leaves ATP to give energy to something else. This causes ATP to become ADP, produces water	33
9876646346	cofactors	non-protein enzyme helpers ex. zinc, iron, copper	34
9876646347	coenzymes	organic enzyme helpers ex. vitamins	35
9876646348	Denature	above a certain temperature, activity declines, protein changes shape	36
9876646349	Gene Regulation	cell switches on or off the genes that code for specific enzymes	37
9876646350	negative feedback inhibition	accumulation of end product slows the reaction to stop production	38
9876646351	positive feedback	end product speeds up production (less common)	39
9876646352	Allosteric Regulation	can accelerate or inhibit production and enzyme activity by attaching to another part of the protein. this changes the shape of the active site which inhibits substrates from bonding and producing more products	40
9876646353	Activator	one of the allosteric regulators, stabilizes and keeps active site open for production	41
9876646354	Inhiibitor	one of the allosteric regulators, changes shape of the active site so the substrate can't bind	42
9876646355	Competitive Inhibitor	inhibitor that mimics original substrate and blocks the active site	43
9876646356	Noncompetetitive Inhibitor	bind to another part of enzyme to change shape and block substrate from producing	44
9876646357	ways enzymes are affected	pH, temperature, salinity, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration	45
9876646358	exergonic	reaction is spontaneous (-G), releases energy	46
9876646359	endergonic	reaction is not spontaneous (positive G), absorbs energy	47

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AP Alltag Flashcards

Wortschatz zum Thema "Alltag"

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6550352727	der Alltag	daily routine	0
6550352728	aufstehen	to get up	1
6550352729	sich recken	to stretch	2
6550352730	sich duschen	to shower	3
6550352731	baden	to bathe	4
6550352732	sich kämmen	to comb	5
6550352733	sich die Zähne putzen	to brush one's teeth	6
6550352734	sich die Nase putzen	to blow one's nose	7
6550352735	sich rasieren	to shave	8
6550352736	sich waschen	to wash	9
6550352737	sich abtrocknen	to dry off	10
6550352738	sich schminken	to put on makeup	11
6550352739	sich anziehen	to get dressed	12
6550352740	sich umziehen	to change (clothes)	13
6550352741	frühstücken	to eat breakfast	14
6550352742	sich ausziehen	to undress	15
6550352743	ins Bett gehen	to go to bed	16
6550352744	einschlafen	to fall asleep	17
6550352745	in die Schule gehen	to go to school	18
6550352746	üben	practice	19
6550352747	aufwachen	to wake up	20
6550352748	wecken	to wake up (someone)	21
6550352749	die Hausaufgaben machen	to do homework	22
6550352750	gähnen	to yawn	23
6550352751	sich schneiden	to cut	24
6550352752	die Zahnbürste	toothbrush	25
6550352753	die Zahnpasta	toothpaste	26
6550352754	der Kamm	comb	27
6550352755	die Seife	soap	28
6550352756	das Shampoo	shampoo	29
6550352757	der Rasierier	razor	30
6550352758	das Deo (benutzen)	(to use) deodorant	31
6550352759	der Lippenstift	lipstick	32
6550352760	der Nagellack	nail polish	33
6550352761	sich unterhalten mit	to chat with	34
6550352762	sich freuen auf	to look forward to	35
6550352763	sich beeilen	to hurry (oneself)	36
6550352764	sich ansehen	to look at	37
6550352765	sich treffen	to meet	38
6550352766	sich vorbereiten auf	to prepare for	39
6550352767	sich setzen	to sit down	40

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Ap Flashcards

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5773892408	Catalog	List of trems	0
5773892409	Free verse	No rhyme or meter	1
5773892410	Alliteration	Repetition of vowel	2
5773892411	Assonance	Repetition of vowels sounds	3
5773892412	Imagery	Appeals to 5 senses	4
5773892413	Exact Rhyme	Sound exactly the same	5
5773892414	Allusion	Reference to something	6
5773892415	Slant Rhyme	Sound a little alike	7
5773892416	Meter	Pattern of rhythm	8
5773892417	Symbol	Something that represents something	9
5773892418	Tone	Attitude towards his work	10
5773892419	Onomatopoeia	The word sounds like what it means	11
5773892420	Parallel structure	Sentence are set up the same way	12
5773892421	Diction	Word choice	13
5773892422	Extended Metaphor	A metaphor that goes thoughout a poem	14
5773892423	Figure	A way of looking at something in trems of another	15

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UNIT 4- APES Flashcards

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7300203525	Core	The innermost zone of Earth's interior, composed mostly of iron and nickel. It includes a liquid outer layer and a solid inner layer.	0
7300205045	Mantle	The layer of Earth above the core, containing magma.	1
7300207473	Magma	Molten rock.	2
7300208052	Asthenosphere	The layer of Earth located in the outer part of the mantle, composed of semi-molten rock.	3
7300209633	Lithosphere	The outermost layer of Earth, including the mantle and crust.	4
7300210704	Crust	The chemically distinct outermost layer of the lithosphere.	5
7300212135	Hot Spot	A place where molten material from Earth's mantle reaches the lithosphere.	6
7300216370	Plate Tectonics	The theory that the lithosphere of Earth is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion.	7
7300220965	Subduction	The process of one crustal plate passing under another.	8
7300221901	Volcano	A vent in the surface of Earth that emits ash, gases, or molten lava.	9
7300222923	Divergent Plate Boundary	An area beneath the ocean where tectonic plates move away from each other.	10
7300224052	Seafloor Spreading	The formation of new ocean crust as a result of magma pushing upward and outward from Earth's mantle to the surface.	11
7300242746	Convergent Plate Boundary	An area where plates move toward one another and collide.	12
7300243600	Transform Fault Boundary	An area where tectonic plates move sideways past each other.	13
7300245079	Fault	A fracture in rock caused by a movement of Earth's crust.	14
7300245784	Seismic Activity	The frequency and intensity of earthquakes experienced over time.	15
7300246667	Fault Zone	A large expanse of rock where a fault has occurred.	16
7300247849	Earthquake	The sudden movement of Earth's crust caused by a release of potential energy along a geologic fault and usually causing a vibration or trembling at Earth's surface.	17
7300251154	Epicenter	The exact point on the surface of Earth directly above the location where rock ruptures during an earthquake.	18
7300252428	Richter Scale	A scale that measures the largest ground movement that occurs during an earthquake.	19
7300314283	Tsunami	A series of large waves generated when part of the ocean floor suddenly rises or drops.	20
7300253503	Rock Cycle	The geologic cycle governing the constant formation, alteration, and destruction of rock material that results from tectonics, weathering, and erosion among other processes.	21
7300255658	Igneous Rock	Rock formed directly from magma.	22
7300257823	Intrusive Igneous Rock	Igneous rock that forms when magma rises up and cools in a place underground.	23
7300259254	Extrusive Igneous Rock	Rock that forms when magma cools above the surface of Earth.	24
7300260355	Fracture	A crack that occurs in rock as it cools.	25
7300261170	Sedimentary Rock	Rock that forms when sediments such as muds, sands, or gravels are compressed by overlying sediments.	26
7300262389	Metamorphic Rock	Rock that forms when sedimentary rock, igneous rock, or other metamorphic rock is subjected to high temperature and pressure.	27
7300265485	Physical Weathering	The mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals.	28
7300265857	Chemical Weathering	The breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions, the dissolving of chemical elements from rocks, or both.	29
7300269759	Acid Precipitation	Precipitation high in sulfuric acid and nitric acid from reactions between water vapor and sulfur and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere. Also known as Acid Rain.	30
7300272323	Erosion	The physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem.	31
7300274861	Parent Material	The rock material from which the inorganic components of a soil are derived (created).	32
7300275889	Soil Degradation	The loss of some of all of a soil's ability to support plant growth.	33
7300277457	Horizon	A horizontal layer in a soil defined by distinctive physical features such as texture and color.	34
7300279982	O horizon	The organic horizon at the surface of many soils, composed of an organic material in various stages of decomposition.	35
7300284345	A horizon	Top layer of soil, a zone of organic material and mineral that have been mixed together. Known as Topsoil!	36
7300288321	E horizon	A zone of leaching, found in some acidic soils under the O horizon or, less often the A horizon.	37
7300290762	B horizon	A soil horizon composed primarily of mineral material with very little organic matter.	38
7300292695	C horizon	The least-weathered soil horizon, which always occurs beneath the B horizon and is similar to the parent material.	39
7300295903	Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)	The ability of a particular soil to absorb and release cations.	40
7300298817	Ore	Rock that contains a large enough concentration of a particular mineral-often a metal- to make it profitable for mining and processing.	41
7300301099	High Grade Ore	Contains a large concentration of the desired mineral.	42
7300328144	Metal	An element with properties that allow it to conduct electricity and heat energy, and to perform other important functions.	43
7300302380	Low Grade Ore	Contains a small concentration of the desired mineral.	44
7300303303	Reserves	In resource management, the known quantity of a resource that can be econimically recovered.	45
7300303313	Depletion Time	The time it takes to use up a certain proportion (usually 80%) of the reserves of a mineral at a given rate of use.	46
7300304664	Overburden	A layer of soil and rock overlying a mineral deposit, which is removed by surface mining.	47
7300304665	Spoils or Tailings	Unwanted rock and other waste materials produced when a material is removed from the earth's surface by mining dredging, quarrying, or excavation.	48
7300305487	Open-Pit Mining	A mining technique that uses a large visible pit or hole in the ground.	49
7300305488	Strip Mining	The removal of strips of soil and rock to expose ore.	50
7300308680	Mountaintop Mining	A mining technique in which the entire top of a mountain is removed with explosives.	51
7300308681	Subsurface Mining	Mining techniques used when the desired resource is more than 100 m (328 ft) below the surface of the Earth.	52
7300310818	Subsidence	The collapse of land above some underground mines.	53
10389825731	Weather	The short-term conditions of the atmosphere in a local area, which include temperature, humidity, clouds, precipitation, and wind speed.	54
10389826885	Climate	The average weather that occurs in a given region over a long period of time.	55
10389828236	Troposphere	A layer of the atmosphere closest to the surface of the Earth, extending up to approximately 16km (10 miles). Consists of 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, and 1% Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide, and methane.	56
10389829028	Stratosphere	The layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere, extending roughly 16 to 50km (10-31 miles) above the surface of the Earth. Contains the ozone layer, which filters out 95% of the sun's harmful UV radiation.	57
10389829360	Greenhouse Effect	Absorption of infrared radiation by atmosphere gases and re-radiation of the energy back toward Earth.	58
10389830525	Greenhouse Gases	Gases in Earth's atmosphere that trap heat near the surface. (Water Vapor (H₂O), Carbon Dioxide (CO₂), Methane (NH₄), Nitrous Oxide (N₂O), Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's))	59
10389830526	Albedo	The percentage of incoming sunlight reflected from a surface.	60
10389831943	Atmospheric Convection Currents	Global patterns of air movement that are initiated by the unequal heating of Earth.	61
10389832743	Hadley Cells	A convection current in the atmosphere that cycles between the equator and 30°N and 30°S.	62
10389834769	Polar Cells	A convection current in the atmosphere, formed by air that rises at 60N and 60S and sinks at the poles, 90°N and 90°S.	63
10389835455	Ferrell Cells	A convection current in the atmosphere that lies between Hadley cells and polar cells.	64
10389835456	Coriolis Effect	The deflection of an object's path due to the rotation of Earth.	65
10389836700	Rain Shadow Effect	A region with dry conditions found on the leeward side of a mountain range as a result of humid winds form the ocean causing precipitation on the windward side.	66
10389836701	Upwelling	The upward movement of ocean water toward the surface as a result of diverging currents.	67
10389838402	Thermohaline Circulation	An oceanic circulation pattern that drives the mixing of surface water and deep water.	68
10389839545	El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)	A reversal of wind and water currents in the South Pacific Ocean.	69

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AP Social Psychology Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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9286978353	Social Psychology	the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.	0
9286978354	Attribution Theory	the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.	1
9286978355	Fundamental Attribution Error	the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.	2
9286978356	Attitude	feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.	3
9286978357	Central Route Persuasion	attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.	4
9286978358	Peripheral Route Persuasion	attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.	5
9286978359	Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon	the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.	6
9286978360	Role	a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.	7
9286978361	Cognitive Dissonance Theory	the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and of our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting discomfort by changing our attitudes.	8
9286978362	Conformity	adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.	9
9286978363	Normative Social Influence	influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.	10
9286978364	Informational Social Influence	influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.	11
9286978365	Social Facilitation	stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.	12
9286978366	Social Loafing	the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.	13
9286978367	Deindividuation	the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.	14
9286978368	Group Polarization	the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.	15
9286978369	Groupthink	the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.	16
9286978370	Culture	the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next	17
9286978371	Norm	an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. They prescribe "proper" behavior.	18
9286978372	Personal Space	the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies.	19
9286978373	Prejudice	an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. It generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.	20
9286978374	Stereotype	a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.	21
9286978375	Discrimination	(Social) unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.	22
9286978376	Ingroup	"Us"—people with whom we share a common identity.	23
9286978377	Outgroup	"Them"—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.	24
9286978378	Ingroup Bias	the tendency to favor our own group.	25
9286978379	Scapegoat Theory	the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.	26
9286978380	Other-Race Effect	the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect and the own-race bias	27
9286978381	Just-World Phenomenon	the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.	28
9286978382	Aggression	physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.	29
9286978383	Frustration-Aggression Principle	the principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression.	30
9286978384	Mere Exposure Effect	the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.	31
9286978385	Passionate Love	an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.	32
9286978386	Companionate Love	the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.	33
9286978387	Equity	a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.	34
9286978388	Self-Disclosure	revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.	35
9286978389	Altruism	unselfish regard for the welfare of others.	36
9286978390	Bystander Effect	the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.	37
9286978391	Social Exchange Theory	the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.	38
9286978392	Reciprocity Norm	an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.	39
9286978393	Social-Responsibility Norm	an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them.	40
9286978394	Conflict	a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.	41
9286978395	Social Trap	a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.	42
9286978396	Mirror-Image Perceptions	mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.	43
9286978397	Self Fulfilling Prophecy	a belief that leads to its own fulfillment	44
9286978398	Superordinate Goals	shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.	45
9286978399	Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension Reduction (GRIT)	Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction—a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.	46
9286978401	Diffusion of Responsibility	reduction in feelings of personal burden in the presence of others	47
9286978402	Ethnocentricism	evaluation of other cultures according to the standards and customs of one's own culture	48
9286978403	Compliance	Conforming to a request or demand	49
9287076334	Dispositional Attribution Theory	Explaining one's behavior by assuming the behaviors exhibited are of common personality traits.	50
9287076335	Situational Attribution Theory	Explaining one's behavior by taking into account the situation or environment that they person is displaying the behavior.	51
9287078742	Door-in-the-face	In order to obtain something, you first request something exaggerated, with intentions of being denied, so the real thing you want doesn't seem so extreme in comparison.	52
9287078743	Outgroup homogenity	Assuming others in a group (the outgroup) are very similar, but you can appreciate the differences within your ingroup.	53
9287081773	Obedience to Authority	Stanley Milgram tested this theory and found that 2/3 of average people were willing to administer a potentially fatal shock to a stranger.	54
9287081774	Asch Experiment	Testing conformity, this psychologists use clear examples to test how often others agreed with strangers, even when they knew they were wrong.	55
9287089211	Catharsis Hypothesis	That aggressive or sexual urges are relieved by "releasing" aggressive or sexual energy	56
9287089212	False-Consensus Effect	Overestimation of how much other people share our beliefs and behaviors	57
9287093724	Overjustification Effect	Getting a reward for doing something that was intrinsically rewarding (it was fun to do all on its own) was now seen as totally different because they were getting rewarded for it	58