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AP Computer Science (found) Flashcards

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8737753028	Bit	Binary Digit, the single unit of information in a computer.	0
8737753029	Bit rate	the number of bits that are processed in a unit of time	1
8737753030	Protocol	A set of rules used for transmitting data.	2
8737753031	Router	a computer designed to receive and redirect packets of information based upon the addressing information (IP address)	3
8737753032	Packets	Small chunks of information that have been chunks of information formed from large chunks of information	4
8737753033	TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)	Provides reliable, ordered and error checked delivery stream of packets on the Internet.	5
8737753034	DNS (Domain Name Service)	the service that translates URLs to IP addresses	6
8737753035	HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)	The protocol used for sending and receiving web pages -ASCII text- based protocol -At the same level as DNS	7
8737753036	Compression	Represents the same data using fewer bits	8
8737753037	Pixel	the fundamental unit of a digital image a) short for picture element b) typically a tiny square or dot which contains a single point of color or larger image	9
8737753038	Metadata	data that describes other data a) Examples: size of number, number of colors, or resolution (how clear the image is)	10
8737753039	Internet Packet	The packet contains the data that needs to be sent, but also other data like the to and from address, and packet number.	11
8737753040	Lossless Compression	a data compression algorithm that allows the original data to be perfectly reconstructed from the compressed data.	12
8737753041	Lossy Compression	(or irreversible compression) a data compression method that uses inexact approximations, discarding some data to represent the content. Most commonly seen in image formats like .jpg.	13
8737753042	Top Down Design Approach	A design process that begins by specifying complex pieces and then dividing them into smaller pieces.	14
8737753043	Abstraction	Pulling out specific differences to make one solution work for multiple problems. -a mental tool that allows us to ignore low-level details when they are unnecessary. -this ability to ignore small details is what allows us to develop complex encodings and protocols.	15
8737753044	Assumption	The information collected that gave us a false representation of data.	16
8737753045	Digital Divide	the gulf between those who have ready access to computers and the Internet, and those who do not.	17
8737753046	Programming Language	Instructional "code" where each has a precise, unambiguous meaning.	18
8737753047	Sequencing	Sequencing is the application of each step of an algorithm in the order in which the statements are given.	19
8737753048	Selection	Selection uses a [true-false] condition to determine which of two parts of an algorithm is used.	20
8737753049	Iteration	Iteration is the repetition of a part of an algorithm until a certain condition is met or for a specified number of times. In a computer program, a common form of iterations is a loop, which repeats code to determine values for multiple variables or sometimes just a single variable (adding up multiple values together).	21
8737753050	Algorithm	A precise sequence of instructions for processes that can be executed only by the computer.	22
8737753051	Function	a piece of code that you can call over and over again	23
8737753052	API	a collection of commands made available to a programmer	24
8737753053	Documentation	a description of the behavior of a command, function, library, API, etc.	25
8737753054	Library	a collection of commands / functions, typically with a shared purpose	26
8737753055	Parameter	An extra piece of information that you pass to the function to customize it for a specific need.	27
8737753056	Applet	A graphical Java program that runs in a web browser or applet viewer	28
8737753057	Application	A stand-alone Java program stored in and executed on the user's local computer	29
8737753058	Bit	From "binary digit." Smallest unit of computer memory, taking on only two values, 0 or 1.	30
8737753059	Byte	Eight bits. Similarly, megabyte and gigabyte	31
8737753060	Bytecode	Portable(machine-independent) code, intermediate between source code and maching language. It is produced by the Java compiler and interpreted(executed) by the JVM	32
8737753061	CPU	Central Processing Unit	33
8737753062	Debugger	A program that helps find errors by tracing the values of variables in a program	34
8737753063	GUI	Graphical User Interface	35
8737753064	Package	related classes grouped together	36
8737753065	Compiler	converts source code into bytecode	37
8737753066	static	keyword used for methods that will not access any objects of a class	38
8737753067	variable	an identifer that points at a value of a certain type	39
8737753068	MAX_VALUE	maximum value an int can hold	40
8737753069	MIN_VALUE	minimum value an int can hold	41
8737753070	floating-point number	numbers that have a decimal (ex. double)	42
8737753071	arithmetic operators	+, -, *, /, %	43
8737753072	relational operators	==, !=, >, <, >=, <=	44
8737753073	boolean expressions	statements that evaluate to true or false	45
8737753074	logical operators	!, &&, \|\|	46
8737753075	Short-circut evalutation	evaluation automatically stops as soon as the value of the entire expression is known	47
8737753076	Assignment operators	=, +=, -+, *=, /=, %=	48
8737753077	Increment operator	++	49
8737753078	decrement operator	--	50
8737753079	operator precedence(highest to lowest)	(1) !, ++, -- (right to left!) (2) , /, % (3) +, - (4) >, <, <=, >= (5) ==, != (6) && (7) \|\| (8) =, +=, -=, =, /=, %= (right to left)	51
8737753080	escape sequence	\n, \", \\	52
8737753081	object	defined with a class and characterized by its state and behavior	53
8737753082	enacapsulation	combining an object's data and methods into a class	54
8737753083	overloaded methods	two or more methods in the same class that have the same name but different parameter lists	55
8737753084	inheritance	defines a relationship between objects that share characteristics	56
8737753085	Rules for Subclasses	-can add new instance variables -can add new methods -can override inherited methods -cannot redefine public methods as private -cannot override static methods of a superclass -define its own constructor -cannot directly access the private members of its superclass, must use acessor and mutator methods	57
8737753086	polymorphism	the mechanism of selecting the appropriate method for a particular object in a clas heirarchy	58
8737753087	double	A Java reserved word that represents a primitive floating point numeric type, stored using 64 bits in IEEE 754 format. Ex. 4.23	59
8737753088	int	A java reserved word for a primitive dat type, stored using 32 bits in two's complement format. Ex. 5	60
8737753089	boolean	A Java reserved word for a logical primitive data type that can only take the values "True" or "False".	61
8737753090	string literal	A primitive value used in a program. Ex. ("Hello")	62
8737753091	casting	Most general form of converting in Java Ex. dollars = (int) money	63
8737753092	narrowing conversion	A conversion from one data type into another in which information could be lost. Converting from "double" to an "int" is a narrowing conversion	64
8737753093	strongly typed	Assigned values must correspond to the declared type.	65
8737753094	//	Comments a line of code in Java that will not be run with the program. More of a side note. //Hello	66
8737753095	%	Remainder operator.	67
8737753096	Operator Precedence Hierarchy	The order in which operators are evaluated in an expression.	68
8737753097	primitive data	Characters with letters, or numbers: int, double, booleans	69
8737753098	constant	A value that cannot be changed. Used to make more code more readable and to make changes easier. Defined in Java using the "final" modifier.	70
8737753099	final	A Java reserved word that is a modifier for classes, methods, and variables. A "final" variable is a constant	71
8737753100	void	A Java reserved word that indicates that no value is returned.	72
8737753101	main	Method that appears within a class, it invokes other methods.	73
8737753102	System.out.println()	Displays text for the user: Ex. System.out.println("Hello") Hello	74
8737753103	public	A Java reserved word for a visibility modifier. A public class or interface can be used anywhere. A public method or variable is inherited by all subclasses and is accessible anywhere.	75
8737753104	private	A Java reserved word for a visibility modifier. Private methods and variables are NOT inherited by subclasses and can only be accessed in the class in which they have been declared.	76
8737753105	static	A Java reserved word that describes methods and variables. A static method is also called a class method and can be referred without an instance of the class. A static variable is also called a class variable and is common to all instances of a class; Data and methods can be used without instantiation of their own class.	77
8737753106	Assignment Statement	Uses the equal sign to give the object property on the left of the equal sign the value on the right of the equal sign.	78
8737753107	Variable	An identifier in a program that represents a memory location in which a data value is stored.	79
8737753108	Escape Sequence	In Java characters beginning with the backslash character (\), used to indicate a special situation when printing values. For example, the escape sequence \t means that a horizontal tab should be printed; Special way to represent characters in a String.	80
8737753109	class	1) A Java reserver word used to define a class 2) The blueprint of an object - the model that defines the variables and methods an object will contain when instantiated.	81
8737753110	object	1) The basic software part in an Object-Oriented program. 2) An encapsulated collection of data variables and methods. 3) An instance of class. Has state and behavior.	82
8737753111	Method	A named group of declarations and programming statements that can be invoked (executed) when needed. A Method is part of a class. Alters an objects State.	83
8737753112	Object Reference Variable	A variable that holds a reference to an object, but not the object itself. Stores the address where the object is stored i memory. Variable name for the Object.	84
8737753113	Abstraction	The idea of hiding details. If the right details are hidden at the right times, abstraction can make programming simpler and better focused.	85
8737753114	Object-Oriented Programming	An approach to software design and implementation that is centered around Objects and Classes.	86
8737753115	Concatenation	Puts together two or more Character strings. To link together in a series. Ex. ("Hello " + Name )	87
8737753116	Encapsulation	The characteristic of an object that limits access to its variables and methods. All interaction with the object occurs through an interface. Each object protects and manages its own information.	88
8737753117	Inheritance	The ability to create a new class from an existing one. Inherited variables and methods of the original (parent) class are available in the new (child) class as if they were declared locally.	89
8737753118	Polymorphism	A technique for involving different methods at different times. all Java method invocations can be polymathic because the invoke the method of an object type, not the reference type. (Multiple children of the same parents)	90
8737753119	Attribute	A Characteristic. Properties of an object.	91
8737753120	State	The state of being an object, defined by the values of its dat. Fields	92
8737753121	Behavior	What an object does, defined by its methods. Methods or Functions	93
8737753122	Constructor	A method that is run when an object is instantiated, usually to initialize that object's instance variables.	94
8737753123	instantiate	The process of creating a new object and assigning it a value.	95
8737753124	members	Properties and methods of a class.	96
8737753125	invoke	evoke or call forth, with or as if by magic	97
8737753126	Parameter	A value passed through a method when invoke.	98

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AP Biology Cell Division Flashcards

Chapter 12
Cell Division / Mitosis
Vocabulary: gene, cell division, chromosomes, somatic cells, gametes, chromatin, sister chromatids, centromere, mitosis, cytokinesis, meiosis, mitotic phase, interphase, centrosome, aster, kinetochore, cleavage furrow, cell plate, mitotic spindle, binary fission, transformation, benign tumor, malignant tumor, metastasis
Objectives:
After attending lectures and studying the chapter, the student should be able to:
1. Define gene as it relates to the genetic material in a cell.
2. Describe the composition of the genetic material in bacteria, in archaea, and in eukaryotic cells.
3. State the location of the genetic material in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
4. Distinguish between the structure of the genetic material as chromatin and as
chromosomes.
5. Distinguish between the function of the genetic material as chromatin and as
chromosomes.
6. Relating to eukaryotic cells:
a. Describe the centromere region in the genetic material.
b. State the role of cohesins in duplicated genetic material.
c. Describe the sister chromatids of a duplicated chromosome.
d. State the role of the kinetochores on the chromatids at the centromere of a duplicated
chromosome.
e. Describe spindle fibers and state their role in the separation of chromosomes during eukaryotic cell division.
f. Describe the role of centrosomes in the formation of the spindle apparatus.
g. Distinguish between a gene and an allele.
h. Describe homologous chromosomes.
i. Distinguish between an individual's genome and karyotype.
j. State the number of chromosomes in human haploid cells and in human diploid cells.
k. State which cells in humans are haploid, which cells are diploid, and which cells are neither.
7. State the two major parts of the cell cycle.
8. Describe the differences of growth characteristics between a cancerous (transformed) cell and a normal cell.
8. Relating to the prokaryotic cell cycle:
a. State the number of chromosomes in a prokaryotic cell.
b.

Terms : Hide Images

8739647761	Cell Cycle	An ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell	0
8739647762	Mitosis	A process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells. Produces genetically identical cells	1
8739647763	Cytokinesis	The division of the cytoplasm to form two separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis, meiosis I, or meiosis II.	2
8739647764	Cell Division	The reproduction of cells	3
8739647765	Genome	The genetic material of an organism or virus	4
8739647766	Chromosomes	A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins	5
8739647767	Chromatin	The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope	6
8739647768	Somatic Cells	Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg	7
8739647769	Gametes	A haploid reproductive cell, such as an egg or sperm. Unite during sexual reproduction to produce a diploid zygote.	8
8739647770	Sister Chromatids	Two copies of a duplicated chromosome attached to each other by proteis at the centromere and sometimes, along the arms. While joined, two sister chromatids make up one chromosome. Chromatids are eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II	9
8739647771	Centromere	Joins two sister chromatids	10
8739647772	How many chromatids are in a duplicated chromosome?	2	11
8739647773	mitotic (M) phase	The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis.	12
8739647774	interphase	The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. Cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. Often accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle.	13
8739647775	mitotic spindle	An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis.	14
8739647777	binary fission	A method of asexual reproduction by "division in half."	15
8739647778	asexual reproduction	A type of reproduction involving only one parent that produces genetically identical offspring by budding or by the division of a single cell or the entire organism into two or more parts.	16
8739647779	sexual reproduction	A type of reproduction in which two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from the gametes of the two parents.	17
8739647780	diploid cell	A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.	18
8739647781	haploid cell	A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (n).	19
8739647783	S Phase	The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.	20
8739647784	G2 Phase	The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.	21
8739647785	Centrosome	A structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division, contains the centriole.	22
8739647786	Metaphase Plate	An imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located.	23
8739647787	Cleavage Furrow	The first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove around the cell in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate.	24
8739647788	Cell Plate	A membrane-bounded, flattened sac located at the midline of a dividing plant cell, inside which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.	25
8739647789	Cell cycle control system	A cyclically operating set of molecules in the eukaryotic cell that both triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle.	26
8739647790	G0 Phase	A nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly.	27
8739647791	Growth Factor	(1) A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells. (2) A local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation.	28
8739647792	What are the 4 phases of mitosis?	Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase	29
8739647793	Prophase	The first stage of mitosis, in which 3 things happen: 1) chromatin condenses into chromosomes 2) Nuclear envelope breaks down 3) mitotic spindle fibers are assembled.	30
8739647794	Metaphase	The 2nd stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate.	31
8739647795	Anaphase	The 3rd stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell.	32
8739647796	Telophase	The 4th and final stage of mitosis, in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun.	33
8739647797	How many chromatids are in ONE duplicated chromosome?	2	34
8739647798	spindle fibers	Microtubules involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis.	35
8739647799	Through a microscope, you can see a cell with two nuclei.. This cell is most likely in what state Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase	a plant cell in the process of cytokinesis.	36
8739647800	Which of the following does NOT occur during mitosis? condensation of the chromosomes spindle formation separation of the spindle poles separation of sister chromatids replication of the DNA	replication of the DNA happens during interphase (not parto	37
8739647801	What is Mitosis?	Cell division that generates new cells for growth and repair. The division of one cell into two genetically identical daughter cells	38
8739647802	What are 2 parts of cell division?	Mitosis and Cytokinesis Cell division consists of two processes: mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis— division of the nucleus and its chromosomes	39
8739647803	What happens during prophase?	1. The nucleoli disappear 2. Chromatin fibers coil up to become discrete chromosomes. 3. Each chromosome consists of two identical sister chromatids, joined at the centromere. 4. Microtubules grow out from the centrosomes, initiating formation of the mitotic spindle.	40
8739647804	What happens during metaphase?	1. The mitotic spindle is fully formed 2. The microtubules attached to kinetochores move the chromosomes to the metaphase plate, an imaginary plane equidistant from the poles.	41
8739647805	What happens during anaphase?	1. The two centromeres of each chromosome come apart, separating the sister chromatids. 2. The spindle fibers pull apart the chromatids to form two nucleus of the cells.	42
8739647806	What happens during Telophase?	1. nuclear envelopes form around the identical sets of chromosomes at the two poles of the cell. 2. The chromosomes uncoil 3. Nucleoli appear in the two new nuclei.	43
8739647807	G1 Phase	The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.	44
8739647808	The function of the mitotic cell cycle is to produce daughter cells that _____.	are genetically identical to the parent cell (assuming no mutation has occurred)	45
8739647809	The region of a chromosome holding the two double strands of replicated DNA together is called _____.	a centromere	46
8739647810	"Cytokinesis" refers to _____.	division of the cytoplasm -The final stage of the cell cycle -is the division of the cytoplasm that follows the mitotic division of the nucleus. -END RESULT: Two genetically identical cells.	47
8739647811	In telophase of mitosis, the mitotic spindle breaks down and the chromatin uncoils. This is essentially the opposite of what happens in _____.	Prophase During prophase, we observe the formation of the spindle, the condensation of chromatin, and the disappearance of the nucleolus.	48
8739647812	The complex of DNA and protein that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome is properly called _____.	chromatin	49
8739647813	A cell entering the cell cycle with 32 chromosomes will produce two daughter cells, each with _____. 64 chromosomes 32 pairs of chromosomes 64 pairs of chromosomes none of the above	None of the above	50
8739647814	Chromatids are _____. A. found only in aberrant chromosomes B.composed of RNA C. identical copies of each other if they are part of the same chromosome D. held together by the centrioles E. the bacterial equivalent of eukaryotic chromosomes	identical copies of each other if they are part of the same chromosome	51
8739647815	If a cell contains 60 chromatids at the start of mitosis, how many chromosomes will be found in each daughter cell at the completion of the cell cycle? 120 45 60 30 15	30	52
8739647816	During interphase, the genetic material of a typical eukaryotic cell is _____.	dispersed in the nucleus as long strands of chromatin	53
8739647817	DNA replication occurs in _____.	the S phase of interphase in both somatic and reproductive cells	54
8739667029	Proto-oncogene	Stimulatory gene that codes for a protein that stimulates the progression of the cell cycle	55
8739671480	tumor suppressor gene	Gene that produces a protein that halts the cell cycle if there is DNA damage, insufficient resources, etc.	56
8739685202	p53, Rb, ATM, BRCA1	example of tumor suppressor genes that code for proteins that halt the cell cycle to prevent cancerous tissue from developing	57
8739694114	cyclin	Proteins that are involved in the regulation of the cell cycle, and that show fluctuations in concentration during the cell cycle	58

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AP Literature - Vocabulary Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

7392993642	Abhorrent	Causing or deserving strong dislike or hatred	0
7392996457	Adroit	Skillful in use of hands or body	1
7392998139	Affable	Friendly, good natured, easy to talk to	2
7393000187	Affinity	A natural liking or attraction to something/someone	3
7393005691	Allay	To put (fear, suspicion, worry) to rest	4
7393008573	Altruistic	Showing selfless concern for the well-being of others, unselfish	5
7393013029	Antipathy	Deep feeling of dislike, aversion	6
7393014180	Ardent	Enthusiastic or passionate	7
7393016963	Bane	A cause of great distress or annoyance	8
7393019491	Banter	Playful and friendly exchange of teasing remarks	9
7393021042	Brusque	Abrupt in speech or manner	10
7393023221	Bucolic	Relating to the pleasant aspects of countryside and country life	11
7393026960	Chagrin	Distress or embarrassment at having failed or been humiliated	12
7393028554	Clandestine	Kept secret because illicit	13
7393030494	Conflagration	A fire that destroys a lot of land or property	14
7393032829	Craven	Lacking courage, cowardly	15
7393034138	Culpable	Deserving blame	16
7393035482	Deft	Skillful and quick in one's movement	17
7393038277	Deleterious	Causing harm or damage	18
7393039646	Denigrate	Criticize unfairly, disparage	19
7393041645	Diatribe	Bitter verbal attack against someone or something	20
7393043287	Diffident	Modest or shy because of lack of self confidence	21
7393045400	Dilettante	Person who cultivates an area of interest without real commitment or knowledge	22
7393048542	Dolt	A stupid person	23
7393049707	Ephemeral	Lasting for a very short time	24
7393050938	Evanescent	Soon passing or fading out of memory or existence	25
7393053035	Facetious	Treating issues with inappropriate humor, flippant	26
7393054771	Felicity	Intense happiness	27
7393055882	Harangue	A lengthy and aggressive speech	28
7393126864	Haughty	Arrogantly superior and disdainful	29
7393057246	Hindrance	Something that provides delay or obstruction to something/someone	30
7393059366	Inexorable	Impossible to stop or prevent	31
7393061051	Indigent	Poor, needy	32
7393062581	Innate	Inborn, natural	33
7393064122	Insidious	Proceeding in a gradual way, but with harmful effects	34
7393066356	Intrinsic	Belonging naturally, essential	35
7393068104	Juxtaposition	The fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect	36
7393071292	Languid	Displaying a disinclination for physical effort, slow and relaxed	37
7393075188	Licentious	Unprincipled in sexual matters	38
7393076221	Loquacious	Talkative, tending to talk	39
7393081501	Misanthropy	A dislike of humankind	40
7393083153	Narcissistic	Excessive or erotic interest in oneself or one's physical appearance	41
7393084842	Obstreperous	Noisy and difficult to control	42
7393087300	Penchant	A strong or habitual liking for something or tendency to do something	43
7393089214	Perfunctory	Carried out with minimum effort or reflection (an action or gesture)	44
7393091504	Peripatetic	Traveling from place to place for relatively short periods	45
7393093222	Petulant	Sulky or bad tempered	46
7393094595	Portentous	Done in an overly solemn matter to impress	47
7393097662	Pragmatic	Dealing with things in a practical way as opposed to a theoretical approach	48
7393099387	Repudiate	Refuse to be accepted or associated with	49
7393101064	Rue	Bitterly regret	50
7393102083	Salacious	Lustful, lecherous, treating sexual matters in an indecent way	51
7393106706	Supercilious	Behaving as if one thinks one is superior to others	52
7393109553	Surreptitious	Kept secret since it wouldn't be approved of	53
7393110626	Trepidation	A feeling of fear or agitation that something might happen	54
7393112214	Ubiquitous	Found everywhere	55
7393114913	Venerate	Regard with respect, revere	56
7393117054	Vindictive	Showing an unreasoning desire for revenge	57
7393118775	Virulent	Extremely harmful or severe in its effects	58
7393119946	Volition	The faculty or power of using one's will	59

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AP Literature Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

9841086231	allegory	A literary work in which characters, objects, or actions represent abstractions ( Animal Farm)	0
9841086232	anaphora	the repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of consecutive lines or sentences	1
9841086233	aphorism	A brief, cleverly worded statement that makes a wise observation about life.	2
9841086234	apostrophe	a direct address to someone who is not present, to a deity or Muse, or to some other power. So eloquent, just, and mighty Death" -Sir Walter Raleigh	3
9841086235	Assonance	Repetition of vowel sounds	4
9841086236	blank verse	any verse that doesn't rhyme. Blank verse consists of lines of iambic pentameter, which of all verse forms is closest to the Natural rhythms of English speech.	5
9841086237	caesura	A natural pause or break in a line of poetry, usually near the middle of the line.	6
9841086238	consonance	Repetition of a consonant sound within two or more words in close proximity. "lean alone"	7
9841086239	denotation	the dictionary definition of a word	8
9841086240	elegy	a sorrowful poem or speech	9
9841086241	Epistrophe	the repetition of a word at the end of successive clauses or sentences. " this government of the People, by the people, and for the people shall not perish from the Earth"	10
9841086242	foot	the combination of stressed and unstressed syllables that make up the metric unit of a line	11
9841086243	iambic foot	an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable	12
9841086244	trochaic foot	a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable	13
9841086245	free verse	poetry that doesn't follow a prescribed form butt is characterized by irregularity in the length of lines and a lack of a regular metrical pattern and Prime	14
9841086246	jargon	vocabulary distinctive to a particular group of people: medical doctors, computer analysts, teachers	15
9841086247	juxtaposition	Placement of one idea next to its opposite to make it more dramatic. For example, playing the song What A Wonderful World while showing scenes of war and violence	16
9841086248	lyric	any poem in which a speaker expresses intensely personal emotion or thoughts.	17
9841086249	malapropism	comic word play in which one word is mistakenly substituted for another that sounds similar	18
9841086250	meter	the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry	19
9841086251	metonymy	a figure of speech in which the name of one thing is substituted for another with which it is closely associated. For example, the crown spoke with authority about the growing crisis. Brown is not literal but represents a king or queen	20
9841086252	metric line	a line named according to the number of feet composing it, starting with monometer, a line of one foot, followed by dimeter, trimester, tetrameter, pentameter, hexameter, heptameter, and octameter.	21
9841086253	ode	a lyric poem that is serious and subject in treatment, elevated in style, and elaborate and it's stanzaic structure.	22
9841086254	panegyric	a literary expression of praise, for example, O Captain my Captain by Walt Whitman	23
9841086255	pastoral	a literary work idealizing the rural life (especially the life of shepherds)	24
9841086256	ploce	A repetition of a word or phrase in the same line of poetry. " make war upon themselves, blood against blood, self against self"	25
9841086257	limited point of view	a perspective confined to a single character, whether a first person or a third person	26
9841086258	omniscient point of view	the narrator is capable of knowing, telling, and seeing all	27
9841086259	objective point of view	the narrator does not enter the mind of any character but describes events from the outside	28
9841086260	petrarchan or Italian sonnet	the octave is the problem, and the sestet is the resolution	29
9841086261	English or Shakespearean sonnet	Organized into three quatrains and a couplet, with a typical rhyme scheme of abab cdcd efef gg	30
9841086262	synecdoche	a figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa. "all hands on deck" (we assume the bodies of the sailors will follow)	31

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AP Psychology - Testing and Intelligence Flashcards

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5631823276	Validity	The degree to which a test actually measures what it's supposed to measure.	0
5631823277	Reliability	The tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again each time it is given to the same people.	1
5631825940	Content validity	Refers to how well a test measures the behavior for which it is intended. Ex: Psychology test measuring knowledge of psychology.	2
5631825941	Item analysis	Process which examines student responses to individual test question in order to assess the quality of those items and of the test as a whole.	3
5631825942	Standardized test	Test are administered under the same conditions and the same scoring procedures.	4
5631828080	Split-half reliability	Method to the consistency of a test. Results of one half of a test are compared with the results from the other half.	5
5631828081	Intelligence quotient	MA/CA X 100 = IQ	6
5631830864	Objective tests	Requires test takers to make a response to a structured set of instructions (true/false, yes/no, or selecting a,b,c or d).	7
5631830865	Subjective tests	Tests that are left to subjectivity by the grader.	8
5631830866	Spearman's theory	Founder of the g factor. Theory that all people have a general intelligence.	9
5631834134	Sternberg's Triarchic Theory	Analytical, creative and practical intelligence	10
5631838508	Gardner's Multiple intelligences	Intelligences including linguistic, logical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal and intrapersonal	11
5632038563	Linguistic intelligence	Intelligence for language and words	12
5632041095	Logical intelligence	Intelligence for logic and mathematical problems	13
5632047289	Spatial intelligence	Visual inteligence	14
5632054392	Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence	Intelligence for movement of one's body	15
5632057104	Interpersonal intelligence	Intelligence for group dynamics	16
5632062046	Intrapersonal intelligence	Intelligence for understanding one's own emotions	17
5636360079	Wernicke's area	Processes language comprehension	18
5636362045	Broca's area	Processes speech	19
5636349380	Algorithm	Step by step procedure for problem solving	20
5636351223	Hueristic	Short cut for problem solving	21
5636352994	Representative Heuristic	Bias in decision making based on stereotypes	22
5636355558	Availability Hueristic	Decision making based on information available in one's memory	23

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AP Biology Nervous System Flashcards

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9468648209	neuron	nerve cell that transfers information within the body	0
9468648210	sensory neuron	neuron that transmits information from sensors that detect external stimuli	1
9468648211	interneuron	neuron in the brain that integrates the sensory input	2
9468648212	motor neuron	neuron that transmits signals to muscle cells, causing them to contract	3
9468648213	central nervous system	the system of neurons that carry out integration	4
9468648214	peripheral nervous system	the system of neurons that carry information into and out of the CNS constitute	5
9468648215	cell body	area of the neuron where the nucleus and organelles are located	6
9468648216	dendrite	branched extension that receives signals from other neurons	7
9468648217	axon	an extension that transmits signals to the other neurons	8
9468648218	synapse	the junction between cells where the information is transmitted	9
9468648219	neurotransmitter	chemical messenger tat passes information from the transmitting neuron to the receiving cell	10
9468648222	membrane potential	a voltage across a plasma membrane	11
9468648223	resting potential	the membrane potential of a resting neuron	12
9468648224	hyperpolarization	increase in magnitude of the membrane potential	13
9468648225	depolarization	reduction in magnitude of the membrane potential	14
9468648226	voltage gated ion channel	ion channel that opens or closes in response to a change in membrane potential	15
9468648227	action potential	massive change in membrane voltage triggered by a stimulus	16
9468648228	threshold	the potential that an excitable cell membrane must reach for an action potential to be initiated	17
9468648229	myelin sheath	layer of electrical insulation that surrounds vertebrate axons	18
9468648230	nodes of Ranvier	gaps in the myelin sheath of certain axons where an action potential may be generated	19
9468648231	saltatory conduction	rapid transmission of a nerve impulse along an axon, resulting from the action potential jumping from one node of Ranvier to another	20
9468648232	synaptic vesicle	membrane-bound compartments that transfer neurotransmitters	21
9468648238	nerve	a bundle of multiple nerve cells	22
9468648242	motor system	system of neurons that carries signals to skeletal muscles in response to external stimuli	23
9468648243	autonomic nervous system	system of neurons that regulates the internal environment by controlling smooth and cardiac muscles	24
9468648244	sympathetic division	division that corresponds to arousal and energy generation (fight-or-flight response)	25
9468648245	parasympathetic division	division that causes responses that promote calming and a return to self-maintenant functions (rest-and-digest response)	26
9468648254	limbic system	region of the brain responsible for emotion, motivation, olfaction, behavior, and memory	27

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AP Literature Vocabulary 1 Flashcards

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7657563218	Voracious	Desiring or consuming great quantities	0
7657563219	Indiscriminate	Choosing at random without careful selection	1
7657563220	Eminent	Of high reputation, outstanding	2
7657563221	Steeped	Soaked, drenched, saturated	3
7657563222	Replete	Completely filled or supplied with	4
7657563223	Abound	To exist in great numbers	5
7657563224	Technology	Branch of knowledge dealing with engineering, applied science, etc.	6
7657563225	Prognosticate	To predict or foretell a future event	7
7657563226	Automaton	A robot; a mechanical "person"	8
7657563227	Matron	An older married woman	9
7657563228	Paradox	A statement that at first seems to be absurd or self-contradictory but which may in fact turn out to be true	10
7657563229	Realm	Special field of something or someone; kingdom	11
7657563230	Annals	Historical records	12
7657563231	Compound (v.)	To increase or add to	13
7657563232	Tinge (n.)	A trace, smattering, or slight degree	14
7657563233	Badger (v.)	To pester, nag, annoy persistently	15
7657563234	Implore	To plead urgently for aid or mercy	16
7657563235	Drudgery	Unpleasant, dull, or hard work	17
7657563236	Interminable	Unending	18
7657563237	Perceive	To understand, know, become aware of	19

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AP Personenbeschreibung Flashcards

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5227651941	winzig	tiny	0
5227651942	riesig	huge	1
5227651943	dick	fat	2
5227651944	dünn	skinny	3
5227651945	mollig	stocky, chubby	4
5227651946	schlank	slender, tall	5
5227651947	fett	obese	6
5227651948	dürr	very skinny	7
5227651949	mager	anorexic	8
5227651950	schmächtig	weak thin	9
5227651951	schmal	narrow, thin (not negative)	10
5227651952	jung	young	11
5227651953	alt	old	12
5227651954	länglich	oblong	13
5227651955	blass	pale	14
5227651956	(sonnen)gebräunt	tan	15
5227651957	zart	tender	16
5227651958	hell	bright	17
5227651959	dunkel	dark	18
5227651960	die Wimper,-n	eyelash	19
5227651961	tief	deep	20
5227651962	hervorstehend	bulging, popping out	21
5227651963	gezupft	plucked	22
5227651964	schön	pretty	23
5227651965	leuchtend	shiny	24
5227651966	gesträhnt	highlighted	25
5227651967	die Frisur,-en	hairstyle	26
5227651968	igelig	spikey	27
5227651969	aufstehend	standing up	28
5227651970	gestylt	styled	29
5227651971	schulterlang	shoulder lenght	30
5227651972	gebunden	tied up, bound	31
5227651973	glatt	straight	32
5227651974	lockig	curly	33
5227651975	dicht	thick, bushy	34
5227651976	schütter	thin, sparse	35
5227651977	eine stupsige Nase	a button nose	36
5227651978	eine knollige Nase	a bulbous nose	37
5227651979	gerade	straight	38
5227651980	leicht gebogen	a little crooked	39
5227651981	der Mund,- Münder	mouth	40
5227651982	schmal	narrow	41
5227651983	breit	wide	42
5227651984	voll	full	43
5227651985	anliegende Ohren	close to head, close fitting	44
5227651986	leicht abstehende Ohren	sticking out ears	45
5227651987	die Kleidung	clothes	46
5227651988	auffallend	striking	47
5227651989	altmodisch	old fahioned	48
5227651990	bequem	comfortable	49
5227651991	teuer	expensive	50
5227651992	spottbillig	dirt cheap	51
5227651993	bunt	colorful	52
5227651994	dreckig	dirty	53
5227651995	hübsch	pretty	54
5227651996	fesch	smart, sharp	55
5227651997	sauber	clean, neat, tidey	56
5227651998	schäbig	shabby	57
5227651999	schräg	excentric	58
5227652000	schrill	really bright, harsh, gaudy	59
5227652001	geschmacklos	tacky	60
5227652002	die Eigenschaft,- en	trait	61
5227652003	lustig	funny	62
5227652004	fröhlich	happy	63
5227652005	höflich	polite	64
5227652006	fleißig	hard-working	65
5227652007	freundlich	friendly	66
5227652008	pünktlich	punctual	67
5227652009	brav	well behaved	68
5227652010	ruhig	calm	69
5227652011	ordentlich	neat	70
5227652012	mutig	brave	71
5227652013	liebenswert	lovable	72
5227652014	ehrlich	honest	73
5227652015	eifrig	eager	74
5227652016	fein	fine, elegant	75
5227652017	großzügig	generous	76
5227652018	gescheit	clever, sensible	77
5227652019	herzlich	loving	78
5227652020	schlau	smart	79
5227652021	kräftig	strong, bold	80
5227652022	lieb	kind	81
5227652023	anständig	proper	82
5227652024	artig	good	83
5227652025	schüchtern	shy	84
5227652026	selbstständig	independant	85
5227652027	sportlich	athletic	86
5227652028	tüchtig	efficient	87
5227652029	verlässlich	reliable	88
5227652030	vornehm	proper	89
5227652031	weise	wise	90
5227652032	schlimm	bad	91
5227652033	laut	loud	92
5227652034	müde	tired	93
5227652035	böse	evil	94
5227652036	trotzig	defiant	95
5227652037	traurig	sad	96
5227652038	schlampig	messy	97
5227652039	faul	lazy	98
5227652040	zornig	furious	99
5227652041	unhöflich	rude, impolite	100
5227652042	furchtsam	fearful	101
5227652043	dumm	dumb	102
5227652044	einfältig	naive	103
5227652045	verlogen	dishonest, liar	104
5227652046	feige	cowardly	105
5227652047	frech	smart-aleck	106
5227652048	geizig	greedy	107
5227652049	gemein	mean	108
5227652050	grob	gruff, rough, rude	109
5227652051	habgierig	greedy, avaricious	110
5227652052	hässlich	ugly	111
5227652053	lästig	annoying	112
5227652054	nachtragend	unforgiving	113
5227652055	streng	strict	114
5227652056	unverbesserlich	incorrigible, "unbetterable"	115
5227652057	verrückt	crazy	116
5227652058	verwahrlost	unkempt, neglected	117
5227652059	vorlaut	obnoxious, brash	118
5227652060	wild	wild	119
5227652061	zerstreut	scatterbrained, unorganized	120

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Vocabulario del Examen AP Flashcards

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9615416342	lograr	to achieve	0
9615416343	el reto	challenge	1
9615416344	el propósito	purpose	2
9615416346	saludar	to greet	3
9615416347	despedir(se)	to fire someone (to say goodbye)	4
9615416348	según	according to	5
9615416349	siguiente	following	6
9615416350	se comprueba	confirm/verify	7
9615416351	está dirigido	is directed at	8
9615416353	el ensayo	essay	9
9615416354	el taller	workshop/class	10
9615416355	afirmación	statement	11
9615416356	el relato	story/account	12
9615416357	el hogar	home	13
9615416358	resumir	to summarize	14
9615416359	el informe	report	15
9615416361	anuncio	advertisement	16
9615416362	disponible	available	17
9615416363	el lector	reader	18
9615416364	consejos	advice	19
9615416365	aconsejar	to advise	20
9615416366	de acuerdo a	according to	21
9615416367	la fuente	source	22
9615416368	acerca de	about	23
9615416369	se afirma	confirms	24
9615416370	la cifra	statistic/number	25
9615416371	se ubica	is located	26
9615416372	la tasa	rate	27
9615416373	la época	time period	28
9615416374	el dato	data	29
9615416375	se basa en	is based on	30
9615416376	entrevista	interview	31
9615416377	grabación	recording	32
9615416378	se transmitió	was broadcast	33
9615416379	tratar de	to be about	34
9615416380	actual	current	35
9615416381	discutir	to argue	36
9615416382	el crecimiento	growth	37
9615416383	el desarrollo	development	38
9615416385	el ocio	leisure	39
9615416386	diario	daily newspaper	40
9615416387	la empresa	business	41
9615416388	tener éxito	to be successful	42
9615416389	enviar	to send	43
9615416390	aprender	to learn	44
9615416391	apoyar	to support	45
9615416392	reportaje	report	46
9615416393	cuenta (contar)	tell	47
9615416394	proponer	to propose	48
9615416395	contesta	answer/respond	49
9615416396	la brecha	gap/breach	50
9615416397	el promedio	average	51
9615416398	averiguar	to find out	52
9615416399	adivinar	to guess	53
9615416400	el asunto	issue/problem	54
9615416401	no obstante	nevertheless	55
9615416402	por lo tanto	therefore	56
9615416403	de hecho	in fact	57
9615416404	en cambio	in contrast	58
9615416405	en realidad	actually	59
9615416406	además	moreover	60
9615416407	en pocas palabras	in short/in a few words	61
9615416408	por supuesto	of course	62
9615416409	ambos	both	63
9615416411	la natalidad	birth rate	64
9615416412	el pronóstico	forecast	65
9615416413	la población	population	66
9615416414	predecir	to predict	67
9615416415	la informática	computer science	68
9615416416	el desempleo	unemployment	69
9615416417	la pobreza	poverty	70
9615416418	la autoestima	self esteem	71
9615416419	las creencias personales	personal beliefs	72
9615416420	el filántropo	philanthropist	73
9615416421	el patrimonio	heritage	74
9615416422	las raíces	roots	75
9615416423	portarse	to behave	76
9615416424	la moda	style	77
9615416425	agraciada	attractive	78
9615416426	señalar	to point out	79
9615416427	soler	to be accustomed to	80
9615416428	merecer	to deserve	81
9615416430	destacar	to stand out	82
9615416432	comprobar	to prove	83
9616896709	enfrentar	to face	84
9616911352	el papel	role	85
9616928545	la actitud	attitude	86
9616937385	los recursos naturales	natural resources	87
9616943033	promover	to promote	88
9616949744	los derechos	rights	89
9616964296	los valores	values	90
9616958297	la vida cotidiana	everyday life	91
9742138968	se dirige	is directed	92
9742144249	afirmar	to affirm	93
9742147043	indicar	to indicate	94
9742152234	enfrentar	to face / to confront	95
9742188135	la moraleja	the moral	96
9742195459	el promedio	the average	97
9742201882	trata de	is about	98
9742210451	tener en común	to have in common	99

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ANS SnowAP Flashcards

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5341132762	"the autonomic nervous system"	What part of the vertebrate nervous system innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glandular tissues and governs involuntary, vital functions?	0
5341132763	one	If we follow a nerve impulse from the CNS to an effector within the SNS, how many motor neurons would be involved?	1
5341132764	two	If we follow a nerve impulse from the CNS to an effector within the ANS, how many motor neurons would be involved?	2
5341132765	preganglionic neuron	A motor neuron within the ANS that lies between the CNS and a ganglion is what type of neuron?	3
5341132766	ganglionic neuron	A motor neuron within the ANS that lies between a ganglion and an effector is what type of neuron?	4
5341132767	postganglionic axon	What is the axon of a ganglionic neuron within the ANS?	5
5341132768	parasympathetic and sympathetic.	What are the two divisions of the ANS?	6
5341132769	parasympathetic	What division of the ANS is primarily concerned with conserving energy and replenishing nutrient stores and has been nicknamed the "rest-and-digest" division?	7
5341132771	"sympathetic"	What division of the ANS is primarily concerned with preparing the body for emergencies and is often referred to as the "fight-or-flight" division?	8
5341132772	craniosacral division	What is another term for the parasympathetic division?	9
5341132773	brainstem and gray regions of S2-S4 spinal cord segments.	Where are the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons for the parasympathetic division located?	10
5341132774	Next to or within the organs they innervate.	Where are the ganglia of the parasympathetic division found?	11
5341132775	oculomotor (CN III), facial (CN VII), glossopharyngeal (CN IX), vagus (CN X).	What cranial nerves carry parasympathetic fibers?	12
5341132776	oculomotor	The parasympathetic division innervates the ciliary and the pupillary constrictor muscle of the iris through what nerve?	13
5341132777	facial	The parasympathetic division innervates the lacrimal gland, the nasal mucosa, and the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands through what nerve?	14
5341132778	glossopharyngeal	The parasympathetic division innervates the parotid salivary gland through what nerve?	15
5341132779	vagus	The parasympathetic division innervates the airways of the lungs, the heart, and the abdominal viscera through what nerve?	16
5341132780	lateral gray regions of the S2-S4 spinal cord segments	What specific regions of the spinal cord house the cell bodies of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?	17
5341132781	pelvic splanchnic nerves	What nerves carry fibers of the parasympathetic division of the ANS through the pelvis?	18
5341132782	visceral	What does "splanchnic" mean?	19
5341132783	parasympathetic	You miss lunch and only have time for a bag of chips. What division of the ANS brings about an increase in the production of saliva as you eat?	20
5341132784	parasympathetic	You walk from a relatively dim building into the brightness of a sunny winter's day. Your pupils constrict. What division of the ANS brings about this constriction?	21
5341132785	parasympathetic	A test in the Testing Center takes longer than you anticipated. Now you're late for your next class. You jog. You arrive and settle into your seat. The airways in your lungs constrict was you catch your breath. What division of the ANS brings about this constriction?	22
5341132786	parasympathetic	A bit of dirt gets blown into your eye. Tears flow. What division of the ANS brings about the flow?	23
5341132787	thoracolumbar division	What is another term for the sympathetic division of the ANS?	24
5341132788	sympathetic division	The lateral horns of T1-L2 of the spinal cord give rise to what division of the ANS?	25
5341132789	anterior root	What part of spinal nerves do the preganglionic sympathetic axons travel within as they leave the lateral horn of the spinal cord?	26
5341132790	sympathetic trunk (paravertebral or chain) ganglia	What sympathetic ganglia lie on the left and right sides of the vertebral column?	27
5341132791	sympathetic trunk (paravertebral or chain) ganglia	What structure the sympathetic division of the ANS has the appearance of a pearl necklace?	28
5341132792	cervical ganglia	What clusters of ganglia of the sympathetic division of the ANS lie within the neck?	29
5341132793	communicating rami (rami communicates)	What are the connections between the spinal nerves and the sympathetic trunk ganglia?	30
5341132794	white rami communicantes (white rami)	What structures carry preganglionic sympathetic axons from the T1-L2 spinal nerves to the sympathetic trunk?	31
5341132795	gray rami communicates (gray rami)	What structures carry postganglionic sympathetic axons from the sympathetic trunk to the spinal nerves?	32
5341132796	splanchnic nerves	What structures are composed of preganglionic axons that do not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion?	33
5341132797	prevertebral (collateral) ganglia	Splanchnic nerves of the sympathetic division of the ANS terminate in what structures?	34
5341132798	prevertebral ganglia	What structures are singular rather than paired, are anterior to the vertebral column, and are located only in the abdominal cavity?	35
5341132799	celiac ganglion, superior mesenteric ganglion, inferior mesenteric ganglion	List the three prevertebral ganglia.	36
5341132800	spinal nerve pathway	What pathway is a postganglionic axon within if it travels through a gray ramus that is at the same level as the ganglionic neuron to innervate blood vessels or arrector pili muscles or sweat glands?	37
5341132801	postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway	What pathway is a postganglionic axon within if the preganglionic neuron synapses with a ganglionic neuron in a sympathetic trunk ganglion, but the postganglionic axon does not leave the trunk via a gray ramus, but instead the postganglionic axon extends away from the sympathetic trunk ganglion and goes directly to the effector organ?	38
5341132802	splanchnic nerve pathway	What pathway is postganglionic axon within if it passes through the sympathetic trunk ganglia without synapsing and extends to the prevertebral ganglia?	39
5341132803	adrenal medulla pathway (aka sympathoadrenal pathway)	What pathway is a sympathetic axon within if it goes to the adrenal medulla?	40
5341132804	sympathetic division	The pupil dilates when a person walks into a relatively dark building from a bright, snowy winter's day. What division of the ANS brings about this dilation?	41
5341132805	sympathetic division	A test in the Testing Center takes longer than you anticipated. You're late for your next class. You jog. As you do the airways in your lungs dilate. What division of the ANS brings about this dilation?	42
5341132806	sympathetic	After class you go for a game of racquetball and work up a sweat. What division of the ANS causes the formation of sweat?	43
5341132807	fight-or-flight	If you are driving a Sanpete County road on winter's day and a deer suddenly takes a suicidal leap in front of your car, what is the general response of your ANS?	44
5341132808	In the skin and skeletal muscles. There is only sympathetic innervation here.	Usually both divisions of the ANS innervate organs. Where does this dual innervation not occur?	45
5341132809	autonomic plexuses	What are collections of sympathetic postganlionic axons and parasympathetic preganglionic axons, as well as some visceral sensory axons?	46
5341132810	cardiac plexus, pulmonary plexus, esophageal plexus, abdominal aortic plexus, hypogastric plexus.	List the five autonomic plexuses.	47
5341132811	hypothalamus	What part of the CNS has the greatest control over the ANS?	48
5341132812	brainstem	What part of the CNS holds nuclei which have a great deal of influence over autonomic function?	49
5341132813	parasympathetic	What division of the ANS may process and control certain functions at the level of the spinal cord without involvement of the brain?	50
5341132814	vagus	What cranial nerve carries nearly 80% of the parasympathetic output?	51