AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!
| 6622218616 | P(A|B) | P(AnB)/P(B) | 0 | |
| 6622223064 | independent | P(A|B)=P(A) P(B|A)=P(B) P(AnB)=P(A)P(B) | 1 | |
| 6622223782 | mutually exclusive | P(AnB)=0 P(AuB)=P(A)+P(B) | 2 | |
| 6622251650 | binomial probability |  | 3 | |
| 6622304318 | geometric probabilities |  | 4 | |
| 6622333781 | Expected Value |  | 5 | |
| 6622350073 | Variance |  | 6 | |
| 6622366692 | mutually exclusive | when two events cannot occur simultaneously | 7 | |
| 6622369466 | P(AuB) | P(A)+P(B)-P(AnB) | 8 | |
| 6622372457 | P(AnB) if independent | P(A)*P(B) | 9 |
Vocabulary flashcards from chapter 6 on religion
| 6533780988 | Religion | a system of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities. It is a dynamic culture trait. |  | 0 |
| 6533780989 | Secularism | the idea that ethical and moral standards should be formulated and adhered to for life on Earth, not to accommodate the prescriptions of deity and promise of a comfortable afterlife. | 1 | |
| 6533780990 | Secular | About one-sixth of the world's population is indifferent to or rejects religion. | 2 | |
| 6533780991 | Monotheistic Religion | belief system in which one supreme being is revered as creator and arbiter of all that exists in the universe |  | 3 |
| 6533780992 | Polytheistic Religion | belief system in which multiple deities are revered as creators and arbiters of all that exists in the universe |  | 4 |
| 6533780993 | Animistic Religion | the belief that inanimate objects, such as hills, trees, rocks, rivers, and other elements of the natural landscape, possess souls and can help or hinder human efforts on Earth | 5 | |
| 6533780994 | Universalizing Religion | a belief system that espouses the idea that there is one true religion that is universal in scope. Adherents of universalizing religious systems often believe that their religion represents universal truths, and in some cases great effort is undertake in evangelism and missionary work. | 6 | |
| 6533780995 | Ethnic Religion | a religion that is particular to one, culturally distinct, group of people. Do not try to invite new followers. | 7 | |
| 6533780996 | Tribal Religion | specific to one particular group of people and is usually practiced in a highly localized region. Often such religions celebrate spirits found in living and none living things, believe in and worship nature, and are very small in scale and isolated. Ex: individual Native American group of people, Australia (aboriginal religions). | 8 | |
| 6533780997 | Hinduism | one of the oldest religions in the modern world, dating back over 4000 years. It does not have a single founder, a single theology, or agreement on its origins. Does not have a central authority or single book. 70% worship Vishnu (loving God) and 25% worship Shiva (protective and destructive God) |  | 9 |
| 6533780998 | Caste System | the strict social segregation of people—specifically in India's Hindu society—on the basis of ancestry and occupation | 10 | |
| 6533780999 | Buddhism | religion founded in the sixth century BCE and characterized by the belief that enlightenment would come through knowledge, especially self-knowledge; elimination of greed, craving, and desire. Does not require exclusive adherence. |  | 11 |
| 6533781002 | Shintoism | - distinctive ethnic religion in Japan -Consider forces of nature to be divine, especially the sun and moon, as well as rivers, trees, rocks, mountains, and animals. - Deceased emperors and other ancestors became more important deities for Shintoists than natural features. | 12 | |
| 6533781003 | Taoism | religion believed to have been founded by Lao-Tsu and based upon his book entitled "Tao-te-ching," or "Book of the Way." Lao-Tsu focused on the proper form of political rule and on the oneness of humanity and nature. |  | 13 |
| 6533781004 | Confucianism | a philosophy of ethics, education, and public service based on the writings of Confucius and traditionally thought of as one of the core elements of Chinese culture. |  | 14 |
| 6533781005 | Judaism | religion with its roots in the teachings of Abraham (from Ur), who is credit with uniting his people to worship only one God. According to Jewish teaching, Abraham and God have a covenant in which the Jews agree to worship only one God, and God agrees to protect his chosen people, the Jews. Uses the Torah. |  | 15 |
| 6533781006 | Diaspora | from the Greek "to disperse," a term describing forceful or voluntary dispersal of a people from their homeland to a new place. Originally denoting the dispersal of Jews. Relocation diffusion. |  | 16 |
| 6533781007 | Zionism | the movement to unite the Jewish people of the diaspora and to establish a national homeland for them in the promised land |  | 17 |
| 6533781010 | Christianity | religion based on the teachings of Jesus. According to Christian teaching, Jesus is the son of God, placed on Earth to teach people how to live according to God's plan. |  | 18 |
| 6533781014 | Islam | the youngest of the major world religions, Islam is based on the teachings of Muhammad, born in Mecca in 571 CE. According to the teaching, Muhammad received the truth directly from Allah in a series of revelations during which Muhammad spoke the verses of the Qu'ran (Koran), the Islamic holy book. Relocation diffusion. Practice at Mosque. |  | 19 |
| 6533781018 | Sunnis | - Adherents to the largest branch of Islam (83%) | 20 | |
| 6533781019 | Shiites | - adherents of one of the two main divisions of Islam (16%) - 40% live in Iran and 15% live in Pakistan - 90% of Iran's population | 21 | |
| 6533781022 | Indigenous Religions | belief systems and philosophies practiced and traditionally passed from generation to generation among peoples within a ... tribe or group | 22 | |
| 6533781023 | Pilgrimage | voluntary travel by an adherent to a sacred site to pay respects or participate in a ritual at the site |  | 23 |
| 6533781024 | Sacred Sites | place or space people infuse with religious meaning | 24 | |
| 6533781025 | Minarets | tower attached to a Muslim mosque, having one or more projecting balconies from which a crier call Muslims to prayer |  | 25 |
| 6533781026 | Hajj | the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca, the birthplace of Muhammad |  | 26 |
| 6533781027 | Interfaith Boundaries | boundaries between the world's major faiths | 27 | |
| 6533781028 | Intrafaith Boundaries | boundaries within a single major faith | 28 | |
| 6533781029 | Ethnic Cleansing | the systematic killing or extermination of an entire people or nation | 29 | |
| 6533781031 | Religious Fundamentalism | religious movement whose objectives are to return to the foundations of the faith and to influence state policy | 30 | |
| 6533781032 | Religious Extremism | religious fundamentalism carried to the point of violence | 31 | |
| 6533781033 | Shari'a Laws | The system of Islamic law, sometimes called Quranic law. Unlike most western systems of law that are based on legal precedence, sharia is based on varying degrees of interpretation of the Quran. | 32 | |
| 6533781034 | Jihad | a doctrine within Islam. Commonly translated as "Holy War," Jihad represents either a personal or collective struggle on the part of Muslims to live up to the religious standards set by the Qu'ran | 33 |
| 6143379972 | Epidermis | keratinized stratified squamous epithelium | 0 | |
| 6143383490 | Dermis | Loose areolar connective tissue and dense irregular connective tissue | 1 | |
| 6143390624 | Skin | Cutaneous membrane-Epidermis and dermis | 2 | |
| 6143398304 | Mechanical trauma | Function 1 of skin, stratified squamous, keratinized epithelium provides a durable, but flexible surface | 3 | |
| 6143404598 | Pathogens | Function 2 of skin, continuous barrier to invasion by microorganisms or pathogens that can cause disease contains cells of immune systems that destroy pathogens before they invade deeper tissues | 4 | |
| 6143413000 | Environment | Function 3 of skin, Provides protection from ultraviolet light before it damages other tissues | 5 | |
| 6143422755 | Sensation | Numerous sensory receptors that detect changes in internal and or external environment | 6 | |
| 6143426821 | Thermoregulation | Process that relies on negative feedback loops for maintenance of a stable internal temperature | 7 | |
| 6143430788 | Excretion | Waste products and toxins are eliminated from the body | 8 | |
| 6143433657 | Keratin | In epidermis, resistant to mechanical trauma | 9 | |
| 6143436818 | Stratum Basale | single layer of stem cells that rest on the basement membrane and appear slightly cuboidal or columnar rather than squamous | 10 | |
| 6148115303 | Scarring, unable to regulate body temp, nerve damage, suppressed immune system, fluid homeostasis is affected | Complications of the integument(outer, protective layer) of burn victims | 11 | |
| 6148122370 | UVB | UV radiation with shorter wavelength | 12 | |
| 6148125032 | Shorter | Which has a higher energy associated with it, longer or shorter wavelengths | 13 | |
| 6148133566 | premature skin aging, eye damage, skin cancers, suppress immune system | UVA and UVB rays play roles in: | 14 | |
| 6148142863 | Damages the skin's cellular DNA in the nucleus, and produces genetic mutations that may lead to skin cancer | How does the UV radiation cause skin cancer | 15 | |
| 6148147949 | Basal and squamous cell carcinoma | Nonmelanoma skin cancers | 16 | |
| 6148150422 | UVA | UV radiation that penetrates to the dermis of the skin | 17 | |
| 6148154277 | UVA UVB | UV radiation that promotes photoaging and wrinkles | 18 | |
| 6148163865 | Dermis has collagen that is breaking down Epidermis has keratin that is breaking down | What is damaged causing the appearance of wrinkles in photoaging | 19 | |
| 6148170286 | UVA | Tanning booths use this kind of radiation | 20 | |
| 6148173429 | 75 | Tanning booths increase chance of developing carcinoma by this much percent | 21 | |
| 6148179398 | UVB | Does not penetrate glass | 22 | |
| 6148185960 | UVB | Contributes most to sunburn | 23 | |
| 6148187487 | Sun Protection factor | How long it will take for UVB rays to redden skin. SPF 15 will take 15x longer for skin to redden than if you did not have it on | 24 | |
| 6148197234 | 15 | Lowest SPF adequate | 25 | |
| 6148204575 | Absorb the UV radiation before it penetrates the skin because of the thin, protective film on the surface of the skin | Chemical filters in sunscreen | 26 | |
| 6148209788 | Reflect UV away from the skin because of the insoluble particles in sunscreen | Physical barriers in sunscreen | 27 | |
| 6148226427 | Function of dermis | Provides blood supply for epidermis | 28 | |
| 6148228291 | Function of dermis | Contains sensory receptors | 29 | |
| 6148231509 | Function of dermis | Anchors epidermis in place | 30 | |
| 6148239077 | Melanin is produced | Why do we tan | 31 | |
| 6148244089 | Skin pigments | Determined by various amounts of orange-red-black protein pigment melanin | 32 | |
| 6148251769 | Melanocytes in stratum basale of epidermis | What is melanin produced by | 33 | |
| 6148255214 | Chemical reaction of melanin | 2 molecules of amino acid tyrosine; chemically bonded by a series of reactions catalyzed by enzyme tyrosinase | 34 | |
| 6148264943 | Oxidation of melanin | What makes the tan go away | 35 | |
| 6148270116 | Function of melanin | Protect keritoncytes from UV damage | 36 | |
| 6148272655 | Function of melanin | Reduces synthesis of Vitamin D production, prevents overproduction | 37 | |
| 6148283302 | Cells are dead, therefore cant divide | Why is there only cancers in basal and squamous? Why not other layers | 38 | |
| 6148298120 | Asymmetrical shape | Classifying cancer A | 39 | |
| 6148301054 | Border irregularity | Classifying cancer B | 40 | |
| 6148305344 | Color variety | Classifying cancer C | 41 | |
| 6148309924 | Diameter larger than 6mm (pencil eraser) | Classifying cancer D | 42 | |
| 6148313417 | Evolving (changing) shape and size | Classifying cancer E | 43 |
| 4985981955 | Negative feedback | This tends to damp down, neutralize or counteract any deviation from an equilibrium and promoted stability. | 0 | |
| 4985981956 | Ecosystem | The mix of biotic (living) and abiotic (no living) factors in a particular area | 1 | |
| 4985981957 | Edge effect | The increase in Biodiversity near ecosystems boundaries | 2 | |
| 4985981958 | Producers/Autotrophs | Convert energy from sun into carbohydrates | 3 | |
| 4985981959 | Cellular respiration | When organisms get energy from plants through chemical rxn | 4 | |
| 4985981960 | Aerobic respiration | Making energy in the presence of oxygen | 5 | |
| 4985981961 | Anaerobic respiration | Energy gained in a sense of oxygen. By products include methane gas, acetic acid | 6 | |
| 4985981962 | Consumers/heterotrophs | Obtain energy by consuming other organisms | 7 | |
| 4985981963 | Herbivores/ primary consumers | Heterotrophs that consumer producers | 8 | |
| 4985981964 | Secondary consumers | Carnivores that eat primary consumers | 9 | |
| 4985981965 | Tertiary consumers | Animals that eat secondary consumers | 10 | |
| 4985981966 | Detritivores | Get nutrients from dead organism | 11 | |
| 4985981967 | Decomposers | Release nutrients back | 12 | |
| 4985981968 | Food chain | A sequence in which energy is transferred from one organism to the next as they consume each other | 13 | |
| 4985981969 | Food web | A network of food chains showing the feeding relationships in an ecosystem | 14 | |
| 4985981970 | Bioaccumulation | When toxins get passed on through each tropic level | 15 | |
| 4985981971 | Gross primary productivity | Total solar energy producers in an ecosystem capture | 16 | |
| 4985981972 | Net primary productivity | Respiration by producers (energy passed on to herb) | 17 | |
| 4985981973 | Biomass | Total mass of all living matter in an area | 18 | |
| 4985981974 | Biosphere | Anywhere life resides | 19 | |
| 4985981975 | Exchange pools | Where a nutrient sits for a short period of time | 20 | |
| 4985981976 | Pools | (Reservoirs) are where there are build-ups | 21 | |
| 4985981977 | Flux | Rate materials move between pools | 22 | |
| 4985981978 | Source | A pool that releases more nutrients that it accepts | 23 | |
| 4985981979 | Sinks | A pool that accepts more nutrients than it releases | 24 |
| 9246483541 | Creoles | a person of mixed European and black descent Well educated and aware of the ideas behind the revolutions in north America and France Consider themselves superior to the mestizos | 0 | |
| 9246483542 | Mestizos | A person who was born of European and Indian parents | 1 | |
| 9246483543 | Penninsulares | Colonist who were born in Spain or Portugal, felt superior to everyone | 2 | |
| 9246483544 | ____ and ___ wanted more political power | Creoles and mestizos | 3 | |
| 9246483545 | Simon Bolivar | 1783-1830, Venezuelan statesman: leader of revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule. Push for enlightenment ideals in Latin America Very wealthy He described himself as a liberal who believed in a free market in the abolishment of slavery | 4 | |
| 9246483546 | Nationalism | Belief that people were under one gov | 5 | |
| 9246483547 | Karl Marx | Father of Communism German scholar and writer "Scientific socialism" Believe that capitalism divided society into two basic classes Marx in exhorted workers to take control of the means of production and share the wealth they created fairly | 6 | |
| 9246483548 | cottage industry | In which merchants provided raw Cotton to woman Who spun it into finish clothes in their home | 7 | |
| 9246483549 | What important document came out of the French rev | declaration of rights of man and citizen | 8 |
| 5193273038 | Peripheral Central | What are the two categories of the Nervous System? | 0 | |
| 5193273039 | Central | This category of the Nervous System includes the brain and spinal cord. | 1 | |
| 5193273040 | Central | This category of the Nervous System includes the decision making. | 2 | |
| 5193273041 | Peripheral | This category of the Nervous System includes the neurons. - Provides information to the Central Nervous System and transmits the decisions | 3 | |
| 5193273043 | Automatic Somatic | What are the two categories of the Peripheral Nervous System? | 4 | |
| 5193273044 | Autonomic | This category of the Peripheral Nervous System includes the automatic bodily functions tied to muscles and glands. - ex: heart beats | 5 | |
| 5193273046 | Somatic | This category of the Peripheral Nervous System includes voluntary skeletal muscle/motor movements. ex: dipping your toe in a pool to test the temperature | 6 | |
| 5193273048 | What are the two categories of the Autonomic Peripheral Nervous System? | Sympathetic Parasympathetic | 7 | |
| 5193273049 | Sympathetic | This category of the Autonomic Peripheral Nervous System is engaged by a fight or flight/ stressful situation. ex:seeing a wasp; a soldier | 8 | |
| 5193273052 | Parasympathetic | This category of the Autonomic Peripheral Nervous System occurs after the sympathetic system. - calms someone after a stressful situation engaged by a peaceful situation | 9 | |
| 5193273055 | Reflex Arc | Refers from the finger to the shoulder. Occurs because of the spinal reflex. | 10 | |
| 5193273056 | Spinal Reflex | The brain is not involved in this reflex. ex: touching a hot stove | 11 | |
| 5193273058 | Dendrite | receive the signal and conducts impulses toward teh cell body | 12 | |
| 5193273059 | Axon | extension of a neuron - carries the signal |  | 13 |
| 5193273060 | Node of Ranvier | What is #3? | | 14 |
| 5193273061 | Axon Terminal Branches/Buttons | What is #4? | | 15 |
| 5193273062 | Myelin Sheath | Protects the axon and boosts the signal.(#5) | | 16 |
| 5193273063 | Soma | What is #6? | | 17 |
| 5193273064 | Schwann Cell | What is Letter A? |  | 18 |
| 5193273065 | Nucleus | What is #7? | | 19 |
| 5193273066 | Dendrites | Receive the signal. | 20 | |
| 5193273067 | Soma | Provides energy for the cell. | 21 | |
| 5193273068 | Schwann Cells | Produces the myelin sheath. | 22 | |
| 5193273069 | Node of Ranvier | The gap that boosts the signal. The gap between the myelin sheath. | 23 | |
| 5193273072 | Synaptic Cleft/Gap | The space between the neurons. | 24 | |
| 5193273073 | Synapse | The neuro - transmitters jump across the __________. | 25 | |
| 5193273074 | Synaptic Vesicle | Holds the neuro - transmitters. | 26 | |
| 5193273075 | Messages | What are the small balls? |  | 27 |
| 5193273076 | Receptor Sites | What is #5? | | 28 |
| 5193273077 | Synaptic Vesicles | What is #1? | | 29 |
| 5193273078 | Synapse | What is #4 | | 30 |
| 5193273079 | Sensory Neurons | Brings sensory information into the Central Nervous System. | 31 | |
| 5193273080 | Motor Neurons | The output. Provides the motor commands to muscles. | 32 | |
| 5193273081 | Inter Neurons | In the Central Nervous System. The middle men. Passes along information between sensory and motor neurons. | 33 | |
| 5193273082 | Mirror Neurons | Allows us to empathize with others and experience their movements without us actually moving. | 34 | |
| 5193273083 | Mirror Neurons | An example of these type of neurons is phantom limb pain. | 35 | |
| 5193273084 | Resting Potential | This is when the neurons are not firing. It is polarized. | 36 | |
| 5193273085 | Polarized | when the positive and negative atoms are separated. | 37 | |
| 5193273086 | Resting Potential | An example of this is when the toilet is ready to flush. | 38 | |
| 5193273087 | Action Potential | This is when the neurons are firing. It is depolarized. | 39 | |
| 5193273088 | Depolarized | When the positive and negative atoms mix. | 40 | |
| 5193273089 | Action Potential | An example of this is when the toilet is flushing. | 41 | |
| 5193273090 | Refractory Period | This is the reset time between neuron impulses. | 42 | |
| 5193273091 | Refractory Period | An example of this is when the toilet is resetting before the next flush. | 43 | |
| 5193273092 | Threshold | Minimum stimulation is needed to trigger the impulse. | 44 | |
| 5193273093 | Threshold | An example of this is that the toilet won't flush without substantial pressure. | 45 | |
| 5193273094 | All - or - None Response | Either the neuron fires completely or not at all. | 46 | |
| 5193273095 | All - or None Response | An example of this is that if there is enough pressure, the toilet will always flush. | 47 | |
| 5193273096 | Reuptake | The reabsorption of the neurotransmitters by the sending neurons. | 48 | |
| 5193273097 | Neurotransmitters | Information in the form of small balls. Chemicals that carry messages between neurons (across the synapse). | 49 | |
| 5193273098 | Acetylcholine (Ach) | The main functions are memory and involuntary muscle movement. | 50 | |
| 5193273099 | Acetylcholine (Ach) | An excess of this will result in muscle spasms. | 51 | |
| 5193273100 | Acetylcholine (Ach) | A deficiency of this will result in Alzheimer's or paralysis | 52 | |
| 5193273101 | Dopamine | The main functions are reward/pleasure, voluntary muscle movement, and learning. | 53 | |
| 5193273102 | Dopamine | An excess of this will cause schizophrenia | 54 | |
| 5193273103 | Dopamine | A deficiency of this will result in Parkinson's. | 55 | |
| 5193273104 | Serotonin | The main functions are mood, appetite, sleep, and impulsiveness. | 56 | |
| 5193273105 | Serotonin | An excess of this will result in muscle tremors or headaches. | 57 | |
| 5193273106 | Serotonin | A deficiency of this will cause depression, eating disorders, alcoholism, or aggression. | 58 | |
| 5193273107 | Norepinephrine | The main functions are sleep/alertness, learning, and mood. | 59 | |
| 5193273108 | Norepinephrine | An excess of this will result in fear/anxiety. | 60 | |
| 5193273109 | Norepinephrine | A deficiency of this will result in depression. | 61 | |
| 5193273110 | GABA | The main functions are inhibitory neurotransmitter, mood, movement, sleep/relaxation. | 62 | |
| 5193273111 | GABA | An excess of this will result in being lethargic. | 63 | |
| 5193273112 | GABA | A deficiency of this will result in anxiety and Huntington's disease. | 64 | |
| 5193273113 | Glutamate | The main functions are excitatory neurotransmitter and learning. | 65 | |
| 5193273114 | Glutamate | An excess of this will result in migraines, seizures, brain damage, and overstimulation. | 66 | |
| 5193273115 | Glutamate | A deficiency of this will result in fatigue and chronic pain. | 67 | |
| 5193273116 | Endorphins | The body's naturally occurring opiates. Released in response to pain and vigorous exercise. | 68 | |
| 5193273117 | Agonists | Mimic/boost the effects of a neurotransmitter. | 69 | |
| 5193273118 | Agonists | Examples of these are opium, oxycodone, morphine, and heroin. | 70 | |
| 5193273119 | Antagonists | Blocks the effects of the neurotransmitter. | 71 | |
| 5193273120 | Antagonists | An example of this is SARI. | 72 | |
| 5193273121 | SARI | An anti - depressant. | 73 | |
| 5193273122 | Anti - depressant | Blocks the reuptake process. | 74 | |
| 5193273123 | Endocrine System | A system of glands that secrete hormones. | 75 | |
| 5193273124 | Hormones | Chemical messengers that travel through the blood stream. | 76 | |
| 5193273125 | Pituitary Gland | The master gland. | 77 | |
| 5193273126 | Pituitary Gland | Secretes growth hormones and oxytocin. | 78 | |
| 5193273127 | Adrenal Gland | Secretes adrenaline and cortisol. | 79 | |
| 5193273128 | Adrenaline | The same thing as epinephrine. | 80 | |
| 5193273129 | Cortisol | Helps the body fight stress. | 81 | |
| 5193273130 | Adrenaline | Increases blood circulation. | 82 | |
| 5193273131 | Adrenaline | Prepares muscles for action. | 83 | |
| 5193273132 | Pancreas | Secretes insulin. | 84 | |
| 5193273133 | Insulin | Regulates blood sugar. | 85 | |
| 5193273134 | Sex Glands | Include testes and ovaries. | 86 | |
| 5193273135 | Sex Glands | Secrete sperm, eggs, testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone. | 87 | |
| 5193273136 | Testosterone | What is the major male hormone? | 88 | |
| 5193273137 | Estrogen Progesterone | What are the two major female hormones? | 89 | |
| 5193273138 | Pineal Gland | Secretes melatonin. | 90 | |
| 5193273139 | Melatonin | Helps you sleep. | 91 | |
| 5193273140 | Brainstem | The swelling of the spinal cord that enters the brain. | 92 | |
| 5193273141 | Brainstem | This is made up of the medulla, pons, reticular activating system, and thalamus. | 93 | |
| 5193273142 | Medulla | What is this? |  | 94 |
| 5193273143 | Medulla | Responsible for your heartbeat, breathing, and survival reflexes. | 95 | |
| 5193273144 | Survival Reflexes | The medulla is responsible for this. Examples of this are puking, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing. | 96 | |
| 5193273145 | Pons | Responsible for sleep and dreams. | 97 | |
| 5193273146 | Medulla and Pons | The main parts of the brain stem. | 98 | |
| 5193273147 | Reticular Activating System | What is the pink line? |  | 99 |
| 5193273148 | Reticular Activating System | Another name for this is reticular formation. | 100 | |
| 5193273149 | Reticular Activating System | Runs through the brain stem. | 101 | |
| 5193273150 | Reticular Activating System | Responsible for arousal and wakefulness. | 102 | |
| 5193273151 | Thalamus | What is this? |  | 103 |
| 5193273152 | Thalamus | The sensory relay station of the brain stem. | 104 | |
| 5193273153 | Thalamus | On top of the brain stem. | 105 | |
| 5193273154 | Limbic System | What is this? |  | 106 |
| 5193273155 | Limbic System | The center for emotions and drives. | 107 | |
| 5193273156 | Limbic System | Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalmus. | 108 | |
| 5193273157 | Drives | The limbic system is responsible for this. Includes some vital functions. | 109 | |
| 5193273158 | Hippocampus | What is this? |  | 110 |
| 5193273159 | Hippocampus | Responsible for explicit memories and learning. | 111 | |
| 5193273160 | Amygdala | What is this? |  | 112 |
| 5193273161 | Amygdala | Responsible for negative emotions like fear, anger, and aggression. | 113 | |
| 5193273162 | Hypothalamus | What is this? |  | 114 |
| 5193273163 | Food Feelings Fight/Flight Fever Fornification | What are the 5 F's the hypothalamus is responsible for? | 115 | |
| 5193273164 | Cerebral Cortex | What is this? |  | 116 |
| 5193273165 | Cerebral Cortex | Covers the brain. The outer layer. The information process control center. Contains the four lobes of the brain. | 117 | |
| 5193273166 | Frontal Lobe | What is this? |  | 118 |
| 5193273167 | Frontal Lobe | Responsible for decision making, language, and planning. | 119 | |
| 5193273168 | Frontal Lobe | Includes the motor cortex and broca's area. | 120 | |
| 5193273169 | Motor Cortex | What is this? |  | 121 |
| 5193273170 | Motor Cortex | Responsible for voluntary movement. | 122 | |
| 5193273171 | Broca's Area | What is this? |  | 123 |
| 5193273172 | Broca's Area | Responsible for speech production. | 124 | |
| 5193273173 | Symmetric | The lobes on both sides of the brain are ____________. | 125 | |
| 5193273174 | Parietal Lobe | What is this? |  | 126 |
| 5193273175 | Parietal Lobe | Responsible for pain, temperature, and touch. | 127 | |
| 5193273176 | Parietal Lobe | Involves the sensory cortex. | 128 | |
| 5193273177 | Sensory Cortex | Receives sensory information. A part of the parietal lobe. | 129 | |
| 5193273178 | Occipital Lobe | What is this? |  | 130 |
| 5193273179 | Occipital Lobe | Responsible for vision. | 131 | |
| 5193273180 | Temporal Lobe | What is this? |  | 132 |
| 5193273181 | Temporal Lobe | Responsible for auditory/hearing. | 133 | |
| 5193273182 | Temporal Lobe | Includes Wernicke's area. | 134 | |
| 5193273183 | Wernicke's Area | What is this? |  | 135 |
| 5193273184 | Wernicke's Area | Responsible for speech and language understanding. | 136 | |
| 5193273185 | Aphasia | A language impairment. Occurs because of damage to broca's or wernicke's area. | 137 | |
| 5193273186 | Association Areas | Areas of the cerebral cortex that are involved in specialized higher order mental functions. | 138 | |
| 5193273187 | Association Areas | Examples of this are broca's and wernicke's area. | 139 | |
| 5193273188 | Corpus Collosum | What is this? |  | 140 |
| 5193273189 | Corpus Collosum | A band of nerve fibers that separate the right and left hemispheres of the brain. | 141 | |
| 5193273190 | Cerebellum | What is this? |  | 142 |
| 5193273191 | Cerebellum | Stores implicit memories and is responsible for balance and coordination. | 143 | |
| 5193273192 | Spinal Cord | What is this? |  | 144 |
| 5193273193 | Brain Plasticity | Another name for this is neuroplasticity. | 145 | |
| 5193273194 | Brain Plasticity | The brain's ability to change and adapt in response to damage or new experiences. | 146 | |
| 5193273195 | Behavior Genetics | Study our differences and weigh the effects and interpretation of heredity and environment. | 147 | |
| 5193273196 | Epigenetics | Studying the molecular mechanisms by which environments trigger genetic expression. | 148 | |
| 5193273197 | Twin Studies | Two studies where you control the home environment while varying heritability or vice versa. | 149 | |
| 5193273198 | Monozygotic | Identical twins. Develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms. | 150 | |
| 5193273199 | Heritability | The extent to which variation among individuals can be attributed to their differing genes. | 151 | |
| 5193273200 | Diathesis - Stress Model | Attempts to explain behavior as a pre dispositional vulnerability together with stress from life experiences. | 152 | |
| 5193273201 | PET | The most invasive brain scan. Shows detailed look at the functions of the brain because of the injected radioactive material. | 153 | |
| 5193273202 | EEG | Measures the brain's electrical activity. | 154 | |
| 5193273203 | MRI | Uses magnets to take still pictures of soft tissue. Shows the structure of the brain. | 155 | |
| 5193273204 | fMR | Shows the structure and function of the brain by measuring changes in the blood flow. | 156 | |
| 5193273205 | Split - Brain Research | Research performed on patients who have had their corpus collosum severed and hemispheres operate individually. | 157 | |
| 5193273206 | Left | The (left/right) brain is responsible for speech. | 158 | |
| 5193273207 | Right | The (left/right) brain is responsible for perception. | 159 | |
| 5193273208 | Dual Processing | The principle that the brain processes information simultaneously on two separate tracks. (conscious and unconscious) | 160 |
| 5536114106 | Triangular trade | The slave trade was involved in three segments | 0 | |
| 5536114107 | trans atlantic slave trade | extension of trade in human beings already carried out by africans | 1 | |
| 5536114108 | Slavery in eastern and southern africa | Cities of eastern africa traded with interior of the continents for gold | 2 | |
| 5536114109 | Effects of the Slave Trade on Africa | In profoundly altered the demographics on africa | 3 | |
| 5536114110 | Repartamiento | Replacement for the encomienda system | 4 | |
| 5536114111 | Caravel | A small, easily streerable ship used by portuguese and spanish | 5 | |
| 5536114112 | Colombia Exchange | The voyage of colombus to americas | 6 | |
| 5536114113 | Factor | An angent with trade privileges | 7 | |
| 5536114114 | Northwest Passage | A passage through North Amweican continent | 8 | |
| 5536114115 | British East India Company | British formed regional monopoly to explorers | 9 |
| 5551410242 | Prudent | Cautious | 0 | |
| 5551410243 | Pallid | Pasty | 1 | |
| 5551410244 | Adversity | Hardship | 2 | |
| 5551410245 | Loquacious | Talkative | 3 | |
| 5551410246 | Dissembled | hide | 4 | |
| 5551410247 | Pensive | Reflective | 5 | |
| 5551410248 | Countenance | face expression | 6 | |
| 5551410249 | Ominous | Sinister | 7 | |
| 5551410250 | Pervadad | Spread through | 8 | |
| 5551410251 | Adamant | Determined | 9 | |
| 5551410252 | Hypocrite | Lair | 10 | |
| 5551410253 | Entity | Being | 11 | |
| 5551410254 | Intuitive | Insightful | 12 | |
| 5551410255 | Scrutinize | Examine closely | 13 |
Barron's AP Chinese Idioms
| 8189211283 | 愚公移山 | yúgōngyíshān, like the foolish old man who removed the mountains - with dogged perseverance where there's a will, there's a way | 0 | |
| 8189216217 | 塞翁失马 | sài wēng shī mǎ - blessing in disguise, (the story of an old man on the frontier loses his horse) | 1 | |
| 8189223273 | 东施效颦 | Dōngshīxiàopín： imitate awkwardly | 2 | |
| 8189234614 | 笨鸟先飞 | Bènniǎoxiānfēi： dumb birds must start flying early. /Hard work pays off. | 3 | |
| 8189253640 | 亡羊补牢 | wángyángbǔláo, to mend the hole after the sheep is lost. /It is never late to mend a mistake. | 4 | |
| 8189289919 | 孟母三迁 | Mèng mǔ sān qiān： Mencius' mother moves her home three times to better her son's education | 5 | |
| 8189269046 | 盲人摸象 | Mángrénmōxiàng： Blind men touching up an elephant to try and size it up. Draw conclusions from incomplete data. misunderstand because of lack of the "whole picture" | 6 | |
| 8189206016 | 井底之蛙 | (jǐng dǐ zhī wā) a frog in a weel; a person with a very limited outlook |  | 7 |
| 8189285767 | 坐井观天 | zuò jǐng guān tiān lit.: to view the sky from the bottom of a well fig.: ignorant and narrow minded | 8 | |
| 8189206017 | 画蛇添足 | To draw a snake and add feet to it - to ruin the effect by adding something superfluous; to add something unnecessary (huà shé tiān zú) |  | 9 |
| 8189262876 | 掩耳盗铃 | Yǎn ěr DàoLíng；plug one's ears while stealing a bell / deceive oneself | 10 | |
| 8189206003 | 人山人海 | large crowds of people (rén shān rén hǎi) |  | 11 |
| 8189205965 | 兴高采烈 | (xìng gāo cǎi liè) Happy & excited in high spirits | 12 | |
| 8189205966 | 爱不释手 | to be too fond of something to part with it; mainly used to describe things (ài bù shì shǒu) |  | 13 |
| 8189205967 | 爱憎分明 | to be clear about whom or what to love or hate (ài zēng fēn míng) | 14 | |
| 8189205968 | 安然无恙 | to be in a good situation without any problems, usually pertaining to health refers to a person who has gone through an unforeseen event unscathed (ān rán wú yàng) | 15 | |
| 8189205969 | 按部就班 | in accordance with the prescribed order; the act of following a schedule (àn bù jiù bān); step by step |  | 16 |
| 8189205970 | 半途而废 | to give up halfway; to leave something unfinished (bàn tú ér fèi) |  | 17 |
| 8189205971 | 本末倒置 | to reverse the primary and secondary tasks (běn mò dào zhì) |  | 18 |
| 8189205972 | 必不可少 | absolutely necessary (bì bù kě shǎo) | 19 | |
| 8189205973 | 变化无常 | irregular; capricious (biàn huà wú cháng) |  | 20 |
| 8189205974 | 别具一格 | to have a unique style; describes literature, art, and architecture (bié jù yì gé) | 21 | |
| 8189205975 | 不言而喻 | obvious without saying or explaining (bù yán ér yù) | 22 | |
| 8189205976 | 不约而同 | to do something synchronized without previous arrangement; a coincidence (bù yuē ér tóng) |  | 23 |
| 8189205977 | 不知所措 | to not know what to do; refers to an awkward or confusing situation (bù zhī suǒ cuò) |  | 24 |
| 8189205978 | 参差不齐 | non-uniformity; non-standard (cēn cī bù qí) |  | 25 |
| 8189205979 | 成千上万 | a massive amount (chéng qiān shàng wàn) |  | 26 |
| 8189205980 | 寸步不离 | very close; inseparable, usually refers to two or more people (cùn bù bù lí) |  | 27 |
| 8189205981 | 大吃一惊 | to be surprised (dà chī yì jīng) |  | 28 |
| 8189205982 | 大海捞针 | hard to find; like finding a needle in a haystack (dà hǎi lāo zhēn) |  | 29 |
| 8189205983 | 大失所望 | extremely disappointing (dà shī suǒ wàng) |  | 30 |
| 8189205984 | 大同小异 | similar in essential aspects, different in minor details (dà tóng xiǎo yì) |  | 31 |
| 8189205985 | 丟三落四 | to be forgetful (duī sān là sì) |  | 32 |
| 8189205986 | 独一无二 | unlike any other; to be unique; one of a kind (dú yī wú èr) |  | 33 |
| 8189205987 | 丰富多彩 | diverse (fēng fù duō cǎi) |  | 34 |
| 8189205988 | 风和日丽 | gentle breeze and beautiful sun; describes the weather (fēng hé rì lì) |  | 35 |
| 8189205989 | 各抒己见 | a discussion where everyone has equal say (gè shū jǐ jiàn) | 36 | |
| 8189205990 | 和蔼可亲 | friendly and amicable; usually refers to an elderly person (hé ǎi kě qīn) |  | 37 |
| 8189205991 | 记忆犹新 | to remain fresh in one's memory; remember vividly (jì yì yóu xīn) | 38 | |
| 8189205992 | 今非昔比 | to see an improvement in the present compared to the past; can be a fact or an opinion (jīn fēi xī bǐ) |  | 39 |
| 8189205993 | 口是心非 | saying something that one does not mean (kǒu shì xīn fēi) |  | 40 |
| 8189205994 | 力不从心 | describes one whose abilities or skills are not adequate to fulfill one's desires (lì bù cóng xīn) |  | 41 |
| 8189205995 | 两全其美 | to the satisfaction of both parties (liǎng quán qí měi) |  | 42 |
| 8189205996 | 乱七八糟 | messy; describes both concrete and abstract things (luàn qī bā zāo) |  | 43 |
| 8189205997 | 马到成功 | to wish someone good luck (mǎ dào chéng gōng) |  | 44 |
| 8189205998 | 无精打彩 | to be listless or apathetic (wú jīng dǎ cǎi) |  | 45 |
| 8189205999 | 美中不足 | having only one small flaw (měi zhōng bù zú) | 46 | |
| 8189206000 | 面目一新 | to change for the better (miàn mù yì xīn) | 47 | |
| 8189206001 | 千差万别 | unlike any other; different (qiān chā wàn bié) | 48 | |
| 8189206002 | 千言万语 | having much to say (qiān yán wàn yǔ) | 49 | |
| 8189206004 | 日新月异 | to change very quickly (rì xīn yuè yì) |  | 50 |
| 8189206005 | 十拿九稳 | very likely to happen; success within reach (shí ná jiǔ wěn) |  | 51 |
| 8189206006 | 十全十美 | perfect; flawless (shí quán shí měi) |  | 52 |
| 8189206007 | 事半功倍 | to achieve success with little effort (shì bàn gōng bèi) | 53 | |
| 8189206008 | 数一数二 | one of the best; outstanding (shǔ yī shǔ èr) | 54 | |
| 8189206009 | 讨价还价 | to haggle over a price (tǎo jià huán jià) |  | 55 |
| 8189206010 | 同舟共济 | to get through a time of difficulty by settling one's differences and working together (tóng zhōu gòng jì) |  | 56 |
| 8189206011 | 无价之宝 | an object that is priceless or an asset; can also refer to abstract things (wú jià zhī bǎo) | 57 | |
| 8189206012 | 心直口快 | outspoken (xīn zhí kǒu kuài) |  | 58 |
| 8189206013 | 一见钟情 | to fall in love at first sight (yí jiàn zhōng qíng) |  | 59 |
| 8189206014 | 自食其果 | to reap what one sows; karma (zì shí qí guǒ) |  | 60 |
| 8189206018 | 不相上下 | (bùxiāng-shàngxià;) About the same all square | 61 | |
| 8189206019 | 不可思议 | inconceivable (idiom); unimaginable, unfathomable (bù kě sī yì) | 62 | |
| 8189206020 | 见仁见智 | Different people, different views; Everyone has their own opinion (jiàn rén jiàn zhì) | 63 |
| 9576282515 | psychology | the study of behavior and mental processes | 0 | |
| 9576282516 | psychology's biggest question | Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture? | 1 | |
| 9576282517 | psychology's three levels of analysis | biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together) | 2 | |
| 9576282518 | biological approach | genetics, close-relatives, body functions | 3 | |
| 9576282519 | evolutionary approach | species - helped with survival (ancestors) | 4 | |
| 9576282520 | psychodynamic approach | (Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes | 5 | |
| 9576282521 | behavioral approach | learning (classical and operant) observed | 6 | |
| 9576282522 | cognitive approach | thinking affects behavior | 7 | |
| 9576282523 | humanistic approach | becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance) | 8 | |
| 9576282524 | social-cultural approach | cultural, family, environment | 9 | |
| 9576282525 | two reasons of why experiments are important | hindsight bias + overconfidence | 10 | |
| 9576282526 | types of research methods | descriptive, correlational, and experimental | 11 | |
| 9576282527 | descriptive methods | case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT) | 12 | |
| 9576282528 | case study | studies one person in depth may not be typical of population | 13 | |
| 9576282529 | survey | studies lots of people not in depth | 14 | |
| 9576282530 | naturalistic observation | observe + write facts without interference | 15 | |
| 9576282531 | correlational method | shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research | 16 | |
| 9576282532 | correlation coefficient | + 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases) | 17 | |
| 9576282533 | experimental method | does show cause and effect | 18 | |
| 9576282534 | population | type of people who are going to be used in experiment | 19 | |
| 9576282535 | sample | actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias) | 20 | |
| 9576282536 | random assignment | chance selection between experimental and control groups | 21 | |
| 9576282537 | control group | not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo | 22 | |
| 9576282538 | experimental group | receiving treatment/drug | 23 | |
| 9576282539 | independent variable | drug/procedure/treatment | 24 | |
| 9576282540 | dependent variable | outcome of using the drug/treatment | 25 | |
| 9576282541 | confounding variable | can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control | 26 | |
| 9576282542 | scientific method | theory hypothesis operational definition revision | 27 | |
| 9576282543 | theory | general idea being tested | 28 | |
| 9576282544 | hypothesis | measurable/specific | 29 | |
| 9576282545 | operational definition | procedures that explain components | 30 | |
| 9576282546 | mode | appears the most | 31 | |
| 9576282547 | mean | average | 32 | |
| 9576282548 | median | middle | 33 | |
| 9576282549 | range | highest - lowest | 34 | |
| 9576282550 | standard deviation | how scores vary around the mean | 35 | |
| 9576282551 | central tendency | single score that represents the whole | 36 | |
| 9576282552 | bell curve | (natural curve) |  | 37 |
| 9576282553 | ethics of testing on animals | need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans | 38 | |
| 9576282554 | ethics of testing on humans | consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality | 39 | |
| 9576282555 | sensory neurons | travel from sensory receptors to brain | 40 | |
| 9576282556 | motor neurons | travel from brain to "motor" workings | 41 | |
| 9576282557 | interneurons | (in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons | 42 | |
| 9576282749 | neuron |  | 43 | |
| 9576282558 | dendrites | receive messages from other neurons | 44 | |
| 9576282559 | myelin sheath | protects the axon | 45 | |
| 9576282560 | axon | where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal | 46 | |
| 9576282561 | neurotransmitters | chemical messengers | 47 | |
| 9576282562 | reuptake | extra neurotransmitters are taken back | 48 | |
| 9576282563 | excitatory charge | "Let's do it!" | 49 | |
| 9576282564 | inhibitory charge | "Let's not do it!" | 50 | |
| 9576282565 | central nervous system | brain and spinal cord | 51 | |
| 9576282566 | peripheral nervous system | somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system | 52 | |
| 9576282567 | somatic nervous system | voluntary movements | 53 | |
| 9576282568 | autonomic nervous system | involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems) | 54 | |
| 9576282569 | sympathetic nervous system | arousing | 55 | |
| 9576282570 | parasympathetic nervous system | calming | 56 | |
| 9576282571 | neural networks | more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used | 57 | |
| 9576282572 | spinal cord | expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved | 58 | |
| 9576282573 | endocrine system | slow uses hormones in the blood system | 59 | |
| 9576282574 | master gland | pituitary gland | 60 | |
| 9576282575 | brainstem | extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival | 61 | |
| 9576282576 | reticular formation (if stimulated) | sleeping subject wakes up | 62 | |
| 9576282577 | reticular formation (if damaged) | coma | 63 | |
| 9576282578 | brainstem (if severed) | still move (without purpose) | 64 | |
| 9576282579 | thalamus | sensory switchboard (does not process smell) | 65 | |
| 9576282580 | hypothalamus | basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry) | 66 | |
| 9576282581 | cerebellum | nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements | 67 | |
| 9576282582 | cerebellum (if damaged) | difficulty walking and coordinating | 68 | |
| 9576282583 | amygdala | aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions | 69 | |
| 9576282584 | amygdala (if lesioned) | subject is mellow | 70 | |
| 9576282585 | amygdala (if stimulated) | aggressive | 71 | |
| 9576282586 | hippocampus | process new memory | 72 | |
| 9576282587 | cerebrum | two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing | 73 | |
| 9576282588 | cerebral cortex | only in higher life forms | 74 | |
| 9576282589 | association areas | integrate and interpret information | 75 | |
| 9576282590 | glial cells | provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons | 76 | |
| 9576282591 | frontal lobe | judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident) | 77 | |
| 9576282592 | parietal lobe | math and spatial reasoning | 78 | |
| 9576282593 | temporal lobe | audition and recognizing faces | 79 | |
| 9576282594 | occipital lobe | vision | 80 | |
| 9576282595 | corpus callosum | split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures) | 81 | |
| 9576282596 | Wernicke's area | interprets auditory and hearing | 82 | |
| 9576282597 | Broca's area | speaking words | 83 | |
| 9576282598 | plasticity | ability to adapt if damaged | 84 | |
| 9576282599 | sensation | what our senses tell us | 85 | |
| 9576282600 | bottom-up processing | senses to brain | 86 | |
| 9576282601 | perception | what our brain tells us to do with that information | 87 | |
| 9576282602 | top-down processing | brain to senses | 88 | |
| 9576282603 | inattentional blindness | fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere | 89 | |
| 9576282604 | cocktail party effect | even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc. | 90 | |
| 9576282605 | change blindness | giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice | 91 | |
| 9576282606 | choice blindness | when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed | 92 | |
| 9576282607 | absolute threshold | minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time | 93 | |
| 9576282608 | signal detection theory | we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying) | 94 | |
| 9576282609 | JND (just noticeable difference) | (Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion | 95 | |
| 9576282610 | sensory adaptation | tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?" | 96 | |
| 9576282611 | rods | night time | 97 | |
| 9576282612 | cones | color | 98 | |
| 9576282613 | parallel processing | notice color, form, depth, movement, etc. | 99 | |
| 9576282614 | Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory | 3 corresponding color receptors (RGB) | 100 | |
| 9576282615 | Hering's opponent-process theory | after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB) | 101 | |
| 9576282616 | trichromatic + opponent-process | Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex | 102 | |
| 9576282617 | frequency we hear most | human voice | 103 | |
| 9576282618 | Helmoltz (hearing) | we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches) | 104 | |
| 9576282619 | frequency theory | impulse frequency (low pitches) | 105 | |
| 9576282620 | Helmholtz + frequency theory | middle pitches | 106 | |
| 9576282621 | Skin feels what? | warmth, cold, pressure, pain | 107 | |
| 9576282622 | gate-control theory | small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses | 108 | |
| 9576282623 | memory of pain | peaks and ends | 109 | |
| 9576282624 | smell | close to memory section (not in thalamus) | 110 | |
| 9576282625 | grouping | Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole | 111 | |
| 9576282626 | grouping groups | proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure | 112 | |
| 9576282627 | make assumptions of placement | higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front | 113 | |
| 9576282628 | perception = | mood + motivation | 114 | |
| 9576282629 | consciousness | awareness of ourselves and the environment | 115 | |
| 9576282630 | circadian rhythm | daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake) | 116 | |
| 9576282631 | circadian rhythm pattern | - activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin | 117 | |
| 9576282632 | What messes with circadian rhythm? | artificial light | 118 | |
| 9576282633 | The whole sleep cycle lasts how long? | 90 minutes | 119 | |
| 9576282634 | sleep stages | relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep) | 120 | |
| 9576282635 | purpose of sleep | 1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more) | 121 | |
| 9576282636 | insomnia | can't sleep | 122 | |
| 9576282637 | narcolepsy | fall asleep anywhere at anytime | 123 | |
| 9576282638 | sleep apnea | stop breathing in sleep | 124 | |
| 9576282639 | night terrors | prevalent in children | 125 | |
| 9576282640 | sleepwalking/sleeptalking | hereditary - prevalent in children | 126 | |
| 9576282641 | dreaming (3) | 1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries | 127 | |
| 9576282642 | purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES) | 1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence | 128 | |
| 9576282643 | 1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible? | 1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE)) | 129 | |
| 9576282644 | depressants | slows neural pathways | 130 | |
| 9576282645 | alcohol | ((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect | 131 | |
| 9576282646 | barbituates (tranquilizers) | ((depressant)) reduce anxiety | 132 | |
| 9576282647 | opiates | ((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain | 133 | |
| 9576282648 | stimulants | hypes neural processing | 134 | |
| 9576282649 | methamphetamine | ((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine | 135 | |
| 9576282650 | caffeine | ((stimulant)) | 136 | |
| 9576282651 | nicotine | ((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine | 137 | |
| 9576282652 | cocaine | ((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine | 138 | |
| 9576282653 | hallucinogen | excites neural activity | 139 | |
| 9576282654 | ecstasy | ((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin | 140 | |
| 9576282655 | LSD | ((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin | 141 | |
| 9576282656 | marijuana | ((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation | 142 | |
| 9576282657 | learning | organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events) | 143 | |
| 9576282658 | types of learning | classical operant observational | 144 | |
| 9576282659 | famous classical psychologists | Pavlov and Watson | 145 | |
| 9576282660 | famous operant psychologist | Skinner | 146 | |
| 9576282661 | famous observational psychologists | Bandura | 147 | |
| 9576282662 | classical conditioning | outside stimulus | 148 | |
| 9576282663 | Pavlov's experiment | Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation) | 149 | |
| 9576282664 | Watson's experiment | white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry) | 150 | |
| 9576282665 | generalization | any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now | 151 | |
| 9576282666 | discriminate | any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry | 152 | |
| 9576282667 | extinction | stop "treating" with conditioned response | 153 | |
| 9576282668 | spontaneous recovery | bring stimulus back after a while | 154 | |
| 9576282669 | operant conditioning | control by organism | 155 | |
| 9576282670 | Skinner's experiment | operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping) | 156 | |
| 9576282671 | shaping | get animal closer to doing what you want them to do | 157 | |
| 9576282672 | reinforcers | want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging) | 158 | |
| 9576282673 | punishments | want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone) | 159 | |
| 9576282674 | fixed ratio | happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card) | 160 | |
| 9576282675 | variable ratio | happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery) | 161 | |
| 9576282676 | organism must do these (2 times) | fixed ratio and variable ratio | 162 | |
| 9576282677 | fixed interval | happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM) | 163 | |
| 9576282678 | variable interval | happens at any time (receive texts from friends) | 164 | |
| 9576282679 | these things happen regardless (2 times) | fixed interval and variable interval | 165 | |
| 9576282680 | Which (fixed/variable) conditions better? | variable | 166 | |
| 9576282681 | criticisms of Skinner | doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation | 167 | |
| 9576282682 | intrinsic motivation | doing something for yourself, not the reward | 168 | |
| 9576282683 | extrinsic motivation | doing something for reward | 169 | |
| 9576282684 | Skinner's legacy | use it personally, at school, and at work | 170 | |
| 9576282685 | famous observational experiment | Bandura's Bobo doll | 171 | |
| 9576282686 | famous observational psychologist | Bandura | 172 | |
| 9576282687 | mirror neurons | "feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals | 173 | |
| 9576282688 | Bobo doll experiment legacy | violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil | 174 | |
| 9576282689 | observational learning | biological behaviors work best | 175 | |
| 9576282690 | habituation | get used to it -> stop reacting | 176 | |
| 9576282691 | examples for observational learning | lectures and reading | 177 | |
| 9576282692 | serotonin involved with memory | speeds the connection between neurons | 178 | |
| 9576282693 | LTP | ((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed) | 179 | |
| 9576282694 | CREB | protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories | 180 | |
| 9576282695 | glutamate involved with memory | neurotransmitter that enhances LTP | 181 | |
| 9576282696 | glucose involved with memory | released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered)) | 182 | |
| 9576282697 | flashbulb memory | type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment | 183 | |
| 9576282698 | amygdala (memory) | boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight | 184 | |
| 9576282699 | cerebellum (memory) | forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning)) | 185 | |
| 9576282700 | hippocampus (memory) | active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours)) | 186 | |
| 9576282701 | memory | learning over time contains information that can be retrieved | 187 | |
| 9576282702 | processing stages | encoding -> storage -> retrieval | 188 | |
| 9576282703 | encoding | information going in | 189 | |
| 9576282704 | storage | keeping information in | 190 | |
| 9576282705 | retrieval | taking information out | 191 | |
| 9576282706 | How long is sensory memory stored? | seconds | 192 | |
| 9576282707 | How long is short-term memory stored? | less than a minute | 193 | |
| 9576282708 | How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory? | 7 | 194 | |
| 9576282709 | How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory? | 4 | 195 | |
| 9576282710 | How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory? | 2 | 196 | |
| 9576282711 | short term memory goes to ______________ | working memory | 197 | |
| 9576282712 | working memory | make a connection and process information to mean something | 198 | |
| 9576282713 | working memory goes to _________________ | long-term memory | 199 | |
| 9576282714 | How much is stored in long-term memory? | LIMITLESS | 200 | |
| 9576282715 | implicit memory | naturally do | 201 | |
| 9576282716 | explicit memory | need to explain | 202 | |
| 9576282717 | automatic processing | space, time, frequency, well-learned information | 203 | |
| 9576282718 | effortful processing | processing that requires effort | 204 | |
| 9576282719 | spacing effect | spread out learning over time | 205 | |
| 9576282720 | serial position effect | primary/recency effect | 206 | |
| 9576282721 | primary effect | remember the first things in a list | 207 | |
| 9576282722 | recency effect | remember the last things in a list | 208 | |
| 9576282723 | effortful processing (4 things) | 1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect | 209 | |
| 9576282724 | semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to | make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you | 210 | |
| 9576282725 | if we can't remember a memory... | 1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story | 211 | |
| 9576282726 | misinformation effect | not correct information | 212 | |
| 9576282727 | imagination inflation | imagine or visualize something that isn't real | 213 | |
| 9576282728 | source amnesia | what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?) | 214 | |
| 9576282729 | priming | association (setting you up) | 215 | |
| 9576282730 | context | environment helps with memory | 216 | |
| 9576282731 | state-dependency | you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high) | 217 | |
| 9576282732 | mood-congruency | emotion will bring back similar emotional memories | 218 | |
| 9576282733 | forgetting curve | forget after 5 days forget after 5 years | 219 | |
| 9576282734 | the forgetting curve was created by | Ebbinghaus | 220 | |
| 9576282735 | proactive interference | old information interferes with the new | 221 | |
| 9576282736 | retroactive interference | new information interferes with the old | 222 | |
| 9576282737 | children can't remember before age __ | 3 | 223 | |
| 9576282738 | Loftus | connected to abuse cases/childhood | 224 | |
| 9576282739 | prototypes | generalize | 225 | |
| 9576282740 | problem-solving (4) | trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!" | 226 | |
| 9576282741 | against problem-solving | fixation | 227 | |
| 9576282742 | mental set | what has worked in the past | 228 | |
| 9576282743 | functional fixedness | only way to do this is with this | 229 | |
| 9576282744 | Chomsky (nature or nurture?) | "born with language" (nature) | 230 | |
| 9576282745 | Skinner (nature or nurture?) | language is learned (nurture) | 231 | |
| 9576282746 | grammar is _________ | universal | 232 | |
| 9576282747 | phonemes | smallest sound unit | 233 | |
| 9576282748 | morphemes | smallest meaning unit | 234 |
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