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AP Evolution 2018 Review Flashcards

9503565981	Evolution	A change in populations that leads to a population becoming adapted to its environment	0
9503565982	Natural Selection	Environmental pressures sorting the winning alleles from the loser alleles. Organisms with winning alleles pass on their alleles to future generations.	1
9503565983	Variation	Small differences between individuals phenotype's.	2
9503565984	Genetic Variation	The variety of alleles in a gene pool. The wider the variety of alleles the wider the range of phenotype's in a population. Helps organisms survive environmental changes.	3
9503565985	Allele	Alternate forms of genes that encode for the same characteristic. Example A=Blue Eyes a=Brown Eyes	4
9503565986	Allele Frequency	measure of how common a certain allele is in the population. Successful alleles have a higher frequency.	5
9503565987	Fitness	Organism's with higher reproductive success have a higher fitness.	6
9503565988	Gene Pool	All the alleles in a population	7
9503565989	Speciation	The formation of two or more species through isolation of an ancestor population. The two sub populations become adapted to their respective environments and their gene pools change until the two sub-populations are not able to reproduce.	8
9503565990	Species	A group of individuals which can reproduce and their offspring are fertile.	9
9503565991	Genetic Drift	A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection. Decreases Genetic Variation	10
9503565992	Gene Flow	The transfer of alleles from one population to another. Prevents Speciation and increases genetic variation of receiving population.	11
9503565993	It helps a species survive environmental changes.	Why is genetic variation important?	12
9503565994	Environmental Pressures	Predators, Climate, competition for food or water. These things can kills organisms in their environment.	13
9503565995	Adaptation	A characteristic that helps organisms survive environmental pressures in their environment.	14
9503565996	Phenotype	The physical or observable characteristics of an organism.	15
9503565997	Genotype	The genes that are inside an organisms DNA including the DNA that is masked by dominant genes.	16
9503565998	Phylogenetic Tree	A family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms	17
9503566011	Karyotype	A display of all homologous chromosome pairs. Used to detect genetic abnormalities like having extra chromosomes.	18
9503566012	Down Syndrome	Three chromosome at the 21st position.	19
9503566023	Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium	theory of a stable, nonevolving population in which frequency of alleles do not change; only occurs in large, isolated populations with random mating, no migration, and no natural selection or mutations.	20
9503566019	Evolutionary Gradualism	The concept that species evolve slowly over longer periods of time.	21
9503566024	Dominant Allele Frequency	P	22
9503566025	Recessive Allele Frequency	Q	23
9503566026	Homozygous Dominant Frequency	P²	24
9503566027	Homozygous Recessive Frequency	Q²	25
9503566028	Heterozygous Dominant Frequency	2PQ	26
9503566029	Allele Frequency	How common an allele is in a gene pool	27
9503566030	Genotype Frequency	How common a genotype is in a population.	28
9503566032	Phylogeny	The science of making an evolutionary tree based on genetics, fossil records, and morphological structures.	29
9503803497	Bottle Neck Effect	A severe reduction in population size. This reduces genetic variation.	30
9503808638	Founders Effect	One a small sub-population goes off and starts a new colony. The new colony does not have the same genetic variation as the original colony.	31

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APES Week 27 Vocabulary Flashcards

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6290151843	Becquerel	Unit that measures the rate at which a sample of radioactive material decays.	0
6290151844	Chlorofluorocarbons	A family of organic compounds whose properties make them ideal for use in refrigeration and air-conditioning.	1
6290151845	Control rods	A cylindrical device inserted between the fuel rods in a nuclear reactor to absorb excess neutrons and slow or stop the fission reaction.	2
6290151846	Curie	A unit of measure for radiation.	3
6290151847	Energy conservation	The implementation of methods to use less energy.	4
6290151848	Fission	A nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts and releasing energy in the form of heat.	5
6290151849	Fuel rod	A cylindrical tube that encloses nuclear fuel within a nuclear reactor.	6
6290151850	Nondepletable	An energy source that cannot be used up.	7
6290151851	Nuclear fusion	A reaction that occurs when lighter nuclei are forced together to produce heavier nuclei.	8
6290151852	Ozone layer hole	A severe depletion of ozone in a region of the ozone layer caused by the destruction of ozone by CFCs and by other compounds	9
6290151853	Passive solar design	Construction designed to take advantage of solar radiation without active technology.	10
6290151854	Peak demand	The greatest quantity of energy used at any one time.	11
6290151855	Potentially renewable	An energy source that can be regenerated indefinitely as long as it is not overharvested.	12
6290151856	Radioactive waste	Nuclear fuel that can no longer produce enough heat to be useful in a power plant but continues to emit radioactivity.	13
6290151857	Renewable	In energy management, an energy source that is either potentially renewable or nondepletable.	14
6290151858	Thermal mass	The property of a building material that allows it to maintain heat or cold.	15
6290151859	Tiered rate system	A billing system used by some electric companies in which customers pay higher rates as their use goes up.	16

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APES Week 28 Vocabulary Flashcards

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6290168066	Biofuel	Liquid fuel created from processed or refined biomass.	0
6290168067	Modern carbon	Carbon in biomass that was recently in the atmosphere.	1
6290168068	Fossil carbon	Carbon in fossil fuels.	2
6290168069	Carbon neutral	An activity that does not change atmospheric CO2 concentrations.	3
6290168070	Net removal	The process of removing more than is replaced by growth, typically used when referring to carbon.	4
6290168071	Ethanol	Alcohol made by converting starches and sugars from plant material into alcohol and CO2.	5
6290168072	Biodiesel	A diesel substitute produced by extracting and chemically altering oil from plants.	6
6290168073	Flex-fuel vehicle	A vehicle that runs on either gasoline or a gasoline/ethanol mixture.	7
6290168074	Hydroelectricity	The production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water.	8
6290168075	Run-of-the-river	Hydroelectricity generation in which water is retained behind a low dam or no dam.	9
6290168076	Water impoundment	The storage of water in a reservoir behind a dam.	10
6290168077	Tidal energy	Energy that comes from the movement of water driven by the gravitational pull of the Moon.	11
6290168078	Siltation	The accumulation of sediments, primarily silt, on the bottom of a reservoir.	12
6290168079	Oxygenated fuel	A fuel with oxygen as part of the molecule.	13
6290168080	Cellulosic ethanol	An ethanol derived from cellulose, the cell wall material in plants.	14
6290168081	Active solar energy	Energy captured from sunlight with advanced technologies.	15
6290168082	Photovoltaic solar cell	A system of capturing energy from sunlight and converting it directly into electricity.	16
6290168083	Wind farm	An area of land with a group of energy-producing windmills or wind turbines.	17
6290168084	Wind turbine	A turbine that converts wind energy into electricity.	18
6290168085	Geothermal energy	Heat energy that comes from the natural radioactive decay of elements deep within Earth.	19
6290168086	Ground source heat pump	A technology that transfers heat from the ground to a building.	20
6290168087	Fuel cell	An electrical-chemical device that converts fuel, such as hydrogen, into an electrical current.	21
6290168088	Electrolysis	The application of an electric current to water molecules to split them into hydrogen and oxygen.	22
6290168089	Smart Grid	An efficient, self-regulating electricity distribution network that accepts any source of electricity and distributes it effectively to end users.	23

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9504314768	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9504314769	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9504314770	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9504314771	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9504314772	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9504314773	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9504314774	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9504314775	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9504314776	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9504314777	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9504314778	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9504314779	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9504314780	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9504314781	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9504314782	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9504314783	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9504314784	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9504314785	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9504314786	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9504314787	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9504314788	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9504314789	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9504314790	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9504314791	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9504314792	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9504314793	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9504314794	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9504314795	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9504314796	theory	general idea being tested	28
9504314797	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9504314798	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9504314799	mode	appears the most	31
9504314800	mean	average	32
9504314801	median	middle	33
9504314802	range	highest - lowest	34
9504314803	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9504314804	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9504314805	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9504314806	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9504314807	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9504314808	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9504314809	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9504314810	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9504315002	neuron		43
9504314811	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9504314812	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9504314813	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9504314814	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9504314815	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9504314816	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9504314817	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9504314818	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9504314819	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9504314820	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9504314821	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9504314822	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9504314823	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9504314824	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9504314825	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9504314826	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9504314827	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9504314828	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9504314829	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9504314830	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9504314831	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9504314832	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9504314833	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9504314834	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9504314835	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9504314836	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9504314837	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9504314838	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9504314839	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9504314840	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9504314841	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9504314842	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9504314843	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9504314844	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9504314845	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9504314846	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9504314847	occipital lobe	vision	80
9504314848	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9504314849	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9504314850	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9504314851	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9504314852	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9504314853	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9504314854	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9504314855	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9504314856	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9504314857	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9504314858	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9504314859	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9504314860	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9504314861	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9504314862	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9504314863	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9504314864	rods	night time	97
9504314865	cones	color	98
9504314866	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9504314867	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9504314868	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9504314869	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9504314870	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9504314871	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9504314872	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9504314873	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9504314874	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9504314875	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9504314876	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9504314877	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9504314878	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9504314879	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9504314880	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9504314881	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9504314882	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9504314883	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9504314884	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9504314885	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9504314886	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9504314887	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9504314888	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9504314889	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9504314890	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9504314891	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9504314892	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9504314893	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9504314894	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9504314895	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9504314896	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9504314897	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9504314898	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9504314899	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9504314900	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9504314901	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9504314902	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9504314903	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9504314904	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9504314905	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9504314906	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9504314907	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9504314908	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9504314909	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9504314910	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9504314911	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9504314912	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9504314913	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9504314914	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9504314915	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9504314916	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9504314917	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9504314918	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9504314919	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9504314920	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9504314921	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9504314922	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9504314923	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9504314924	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9504314925	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9504314926	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9504314927	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9504314928	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9504314929	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9504314930	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9504314931	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9504314932	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9504314933	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9504314934	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9504314935	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9504314936	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9504314937	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9504314938	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9504314939	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9504314940	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9504314941	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9504314942	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9504314943	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9504314944	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9504314945	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9504314946	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9504314947	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9504314948	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9504314949	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9504314950	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9504314951	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9504314952	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9504314953	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9504314954	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9504314955	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9504314956	encoding	information going in	189
9504314957	storage	keeping information in	190
9504314958	retrieval	taking information out	191
9504314959	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9504314960	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9504314961	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9504314962	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9504314963	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9504314964	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9504314965	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9504314966	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9504314967	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9504314968	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9504314969	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9504314970	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9504314971	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9504314972	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9504314973	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9504314974	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9504314975	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9504314976	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9504314977	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9504314978	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9504314979	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9504314980	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9504314981	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9504314982	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9504314983	context	environment helps with memory	216
9504314984	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9504314985	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9504314986	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9504314987	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9504314988	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9504314989	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9504314990	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9504314991	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9504314992	prototypes	generalize	225
9504314993	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9504314994	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9504314995	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9504314996	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9504314997	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9504314998	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9504314999	grammar is _________	universal	232
9504315000	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9504315001	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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APES (Webster): Ecosystems Flashcards

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5867006803	Abiotic	Nonliving.	0
5867006804	Aerobic respiration	Complex process that occurs in the cells of most living organisms, in which nutrient organic molecules such as glucose (C6H12O6) combine with oxygen (O2) to produce carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), and energy.	1
5867006805	Amensalism	Any relationship between organisms of different species in which one organism is inhibited or destroyed while the other organism remains unaffected.	2
5867006806	Ammonification	The formation of ammonium through the bacterial decomposition of organic matter.	3
5867006807	Autotrophs	Self-feeders.	4
5867006808	Biogeochemical cycles	Natural processes that recycle nutrients in various chemical forms from the nonliving environment to living organisms and then back to the nonliving environment.	5
5867006809	Biomass	Organic matter produced by plants and other photosynthetic producers; total dry weight of all living organisms that can be supported at each trophic level in a food chain or web; dry weight of all organic matter in plants and animals in an ecosystem.	6
5867006810	Biomes	Terrestrial regions inhabited by certain types of life, especially vegetation.	7
5867006811	Biotic	Living organisms.	8
5867006812	Chemosynthesis	Process in which certain organisms (mostly specialized bacteria) extract inorganic compounds from their environment and convert them into organic nutrient compounds without the presence of sunlight.	9
5867006813	Climax community	Fairly stable, self-sustaining community in an advanced stage of ecological succession; usually has a diverse array of species and ecological niches.	10
5867006814	Coevolution	Evolution in which two or more species interact and exert selective pressures on each other that can lead each species to undergo adaptations.	11
5867006815	Commensalism	An interaction between organisms of different species in which one type of organism benefits and the other type is neither helped nor harmed to any great degree.	12
5867006816	Community	Populations of all species living and interacting in an area at a particular time.	13
5867006817	Consumers	Organism that cannot synthesize the organic nutrients it needs and gets its organic nutrients by feeding on the tissues of producers or of other consumers.	14
5867006818	Decomposers	Organisms that digest parts of dead organisms and cast-off fragments and wastes of living organisms by breaking down the complex organic molecules in those materials into simpler inorganic compounds and then absorbing the soluble nutrients.	15
5867006819	Denitrification	The reduction of nitrates back into the largely inert nitrogen gas.	16
5867006820	Detritivores	Consumer organism that feeds on detritus, parts of dead organisms, and cast-off fragments and wastes of living organisms.	17
5867006821	Ecological efficiency	Percentage of energy transferred from one trophic level to another in a food chain or web.	18
5867006822	Ecological succession	Process in which communities of plant and animal species in a particular area are replaced over time by a series of different and often more complex communities.	19
5867006823	Ecosystem	One or more communities of different species interacting with one another and with the chemical and physical factors making up their nonliving environment.	20
5867006824	Fermentation	Form of cellular respiration in which some decomposers get the energy they need through the breakdown of glucose (or other nutrients) in the absence of oxygen.	21
5867006825	Food chain	Series of organisms in which each eats or decomposes the preceding one.	22
5867006826	Food web	Complex network of many interconnected food chains and feeding relationships.	23
5867006827	Foundation species	Species that plays a major role in shaping a community by creating and enhancing a habitat that benefits other species.	24
5867006828	Gross primary productivity (GPP)	Rate at which an ecosystem's producers capture and store a given amount of chemical energy as biomass in a given length of time.	25
5867006829	Habitat	Place or type of place where an organism or population of organisms lives.	26
5867006830	Herbivores	Plant eaters.	27
5867006831	Heterotrophs	Other-feeders.	28
5867006832	Indicator species	Species that serve as early warnings that a community or ecosystem is being degraded.	29
5867006833	Inertia (persistence)	Ability of a living system, such as a grassland or a forest, to survive moderate disturbances.	30
5867006834	Interspecific competition	Attempts by members of two or more species to use the same limited resources in an ecosystem.	31
5867006835	Keystone species	Species that play roles affecting many other organisms in an ecosystem.	32
5867006836	Law of tolerance	Existence, abundance, and distribution of a species in an ecosystem are determined by whether the levels of one or more physical or chemical factors fall within the range tolerated by the species.	33
5867006837	Limiting factor principle	Too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit or prevent growth of a population, even if all other factors are at or near the optimal range of tolerance.	34
5867006838	Limiting factors	Single factor that limits the growth, abundance, or distribution of the population of a species in an ecosystem.	35
5867006839	Mutualism	Type of species interaction in which both participating species generally benefit.	36
5867006840	Net primary productivity (NPP)	Rate at which all the plants in an ecosystem produce net useful chemical energy.	37
5867006841	Nitrification	The oxidation (as by bacteria) of ammonium salts to nitrites and the further oxidation of nitrites to nitrates.	38
5867006842	Nitrogen fixation	Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen gas into forms useful to plants by lightning, bacteria, and cyanobacteria.	39
5867006843	Obligate symbionts	Type of species interaction in which neither organism can exist by themselves, only with the other.	40
5867006844	Omnivores	Animal that can use both plants and other animals as food sources.	41
5867006845	Optimum level	The most favorable condition for the growth and reproduction of an organism.	42
5867006846	Parasitism	Interaction between species in which one organism preys on another organism by living on or in the organism.	43
5867006847	Photosynthesis	Complex process that takes place in cells of green plants. Radiant energy from the sun is used to combine carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) to produce oxygen (O2), carbohydrates (such as glucose, C6H12O6), and other nutrient molecules.	44
5867006848	Predation	Interaction in which an organism of one species captures and feeds on parts or all of an organism of another species.	45
5867006849	Primary succession	Ecological succession in a bare area that has never been occupied by a community of organisms.	46
5867006850	Producers	Organism that uses solar energy (green plants) or chemical energy (some bacteria) to manufacture the organic compounds it needs as nutrients from simple inorganic compounds obtained from its environment.	47
5867006851	Pyramid of energy flow	Diagram representing the flow of energy through each trophic level in a food chain or food web.	48
5867006852	Range of tolerance	Range of chemical and physical conditions that must be maintained for populations of a particular species to stay alive and grow, develop, and function normally.	49
5867006853	Resilience	Ability of a living system to be restored through secondary succession after a moderate disturbance.	50
5867006854	Resource partitioning	Process of dividing up resources in an ecosystem so that species with similar needs (overlapping ecological niches) use the same scarce resources at different times, in different ways, or in different places.	51
5867006855	Secondary succession	Ecological succession in an area in which natural vegetation has been removed or destroyed but the soil or bottom sediment has not been destroyed.	52
5867006856	Tipping point	Threshold level at which an environmental problem causes a fundamental and irreversible shift in the behavior of a system.	53
5867006857	Trophic level	All organisms that are the same number of energy transfers away from the original source of energy (for example, sunlight) that enters an ecosystem.	54
5888855695	Competitive exclusion principle	States that when two species occupy the same niche, one will always gain an advantage, forcing the other out.	55
5888855696	First Law of Thermodynamics	States that energy cannot be create or destroyed, only changed from one form to another.	56
5888855697	Second Law of Thermodynamics	States that in any transfer of any, some is always lost. No exchange is 100% efficient.	57
5888855698	Environmental resistance	All of the limiting factors that act together to limit the growth of a population.	58
5888855699	Niche	Total way of life or role of a species in an ecosystem.	59

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AP Lang Figurative language Flashcards

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7594911019	Pun	"Denial ain't just a river in Egypt." "Time flies like an arrow. Fruit flies like a banana."	0
7594911020	Metaphor	"The skies of his future began to darken." "Words are daggers when spoken in anger."	1
7594913068	Simile	"Elderly American ladies leaning on their canes listed toward me like towers of Pisa." "I wandered lonely as a cloud that floats on high o'er vales and hills."	2
7594913069	Personification	"When well-appareled April on the heel Of limping winter treads."	3
7594916204	Hyperbole	"He cried all night, and dawn found him still there, though his tears had dried and only hard, dry sobs shook his wooden frame. But these were so loud that they could be heard by the faraway hills ..."	4
7594916205	Litotes	"Indeed, it is not uncommon for slaves even to fall out and quarrel among themselves about the relative goodness of their masters, each contending for the superior goodness of his own over that of the others."	5
7594919030	Synecdoche	"At midnight I went on deck, and to my mate's great surprise put the ship round on the other tack. His terrible whiskers flitted round me in silent criticism."	6
7594921498	Metonymy	"Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears." "I'm mighty glad Georgia waited till after Christmas before it secedes or it would have ruined the Christmas parties."	7
7594921499	Oxymoron	"I must be cruel, only to be kind: Thus bad begins and worse remains behind. One word more, good lady."	8
7594923665	Paradox	"All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others". "Child is father of the man"	9
7594927105	Onomatopoeia	"The moan of doves in immemorial elms, And murmuring of innumerable bees..."	10
7594927106	Rhetoric	"And better than thy stroke; why swell'st thou then?" "advise him of his happy state— Happiness in his power left free to will, Left to his own free will, his will though free Yet mutable"	11
7594927107	Ethos	"My three decades of experience in public service, my tireless commitment to the people of this community, and my willingness to reach across the aisle and cooperate with the opposition, make me the ideal candidate for your mayor."	12
7594930694	Logos	"All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal."	13
7594934420	Pathos	"He had meant the best in the world, and been treated like a dog—like a very dog. She would be sorry someday—maybe when it was too late. Ah, if he could only die TEMPORARILY!"	14

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AP Flashcards

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5746484133	Adam Smith	1. created invisible hand 2."Wealth of Nations" 3. advocated lassiez-faire	0
5746490878	Thomas Hobbes	1. Believed in absolute monarch 2. royalist 3. "leviathan"	1
5746502531	John Locke	1. believe people should have a say in how they are governed 2. every man born blank slate 3. "Second treatise of government"	2
5746515844	Baron de Monteqsquie	1."Spirit of the laws" 2. believed government power should be split 3. French aristocrat and judge	3
5746535312	Voltaire	1. "Candidate" 2. Voltaire is pen name 3. skeptic	4
5746550952	Mary Wollstonecraft	1. "The vindication of the rights of women" 2. one of the only women philosophers 3. believed women were born with the same rights as men	5

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AP Biology Biochemistry Review Flashcards

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8529755192	Carbohydrate Examples	glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, glycogen, cellulose, monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides	0
8529755193	Disaccharide		1
8529755194	Monosaccharide		2
8529755195	Polysaccharide		3
8529755196	Lipid Examples	fatty acids, fats, saturated fats, unsaturated fats, steroids, phospholipids, cholesterol, triglycerides	4
8529755197	Unsaturated Fat		5
8529755198	Saturated Fat		6
8529755199	Steroid		7
8529755200	Phospholipid		8
8529755201	Nucleotide		9
8529755202	Nucleic Acid Examples	DNA, RNA, (ATP and ADP are modified nucleic acids)	10
8529755203	DNA		11
8529755204	RNA		12
8529755205	Protein Examples	amino acids, primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary structures, collagen, hemoglobin, enzymes	13
8529755206	Triglyceride		14
8529755207	Amino Acid		15
8529755208	Primary Structure of a Protein		16
8529755209	alpha helix (secondary)		17
8529755210	beta-pleated sheet (secondary)		18
8529755211	Tertiary Structure of a Protein		19
8529755212	Quaternary Structure of a Protein		20
8529755213	Disulfide Bridge		21
8529755214	Hydrogen Bonds		22
8529755215	*nucleic acid	*kind of macromolecule that stores, transfers, and expresses genetic information	23
8529755216	*nucleotide	*the monomer of a nucleic acid	24
8529755217	*a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base	*structure of a nucleotide	25
8529755218	*dehydration synthesis between nucleotides	*a kind of condensation reaction in which water is removed in order to join together nucleotides	26
8529755219	*purines	*double-ringed nitrogen base such as adenine or guanine	27
8529755220	*pyrimidine	*single-ringed nitrogen base such as cytosine, uracil, or thymine	28
8529755221	*proteins	*a macromolecule made chains of amino acids	29
8529755222	*enzymes	*proteins that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms (reduce the activation energy required)	30
8529755223	*a carboxyl group, an amino group, a central Carbon, a Hydrogen, and an R-group	*structure of an amino acid	31
8529755224	*20	*the number of different amino acids that occur extensively in all living organisms	32
8529755225	*dehydration synthesis between amino acids	*process that bond an amino acid to another amino acids (forms peptide bond)	33
8529755226	*peptide bond	*covalent bond formed between amino acids	34
8529755227	*polypeptide chain	*a long line of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds	35
8529755228	*R-group	*stands for the rest of the compound, different for each kind of amino acid, giving the amino acid its properties	36
8529755229	four levels of a proteins structure	primary structure, secondary structure, tertiary structure, quaternary structure	37
8529755230	*denatured	*a change in the shape of a protein due to chemical treatments, temperature, change of pH, or high concentrations of polar or nonpolar substances; may or may not be irreversible	38
8529755231	*hydrogen bonds in proteins	*bond that occurs between R-groups that stabilize folds in proteins	39
8529755232	*hydrophobic R-groups	*move together to the interior of a protein, away from water	40
8529755233	*triglyceride	*lipid made of three fatty acids attached to a glycerol	41
8529755234	glycerol	a carbon alcohol that is hydrophilic	42
8529755235	*functions of lipids	*long-term energy storage, insulation, part of the cell membrane, chemical messenger, waterproofing	43
8529755236	food made of saturated fatty acid	animal fats and butter; bad fats	44
8529755237	cholesterol	the most common steroid; is a component of the cell membrane as well as the precursor to all other steroids	45
8529755238	*monosaccharide	*the simplest kind of carbohydrate	46
8529755239	*simple sugar	*another name for a monosaccharide	47
8529755240	-ose	suffix carbohydrates usually end in (gluc-ose, fruct-ose)	48
8529755241	formula for sugar molecules	(CH₂O)n where n is any number from 3 to 8	49
8529755242	*1:2:1	*the ratio of Carbon to Hydrogen to Oxygen in a carbohydrate	50
8529755243	*disaccharide	*two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic linkage	51
8529755244	*dehydration synthesis between monosaccharides	*process used to combine monosaccarides into disaccharides and polysaccharides	52
8529755245	*the reason why the formula of a disaccharide of glucose is C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ and not C₁₂H₂₄O₁₂	*one water molecule is lost when the condensation reaction joins together the two monosaccharides	53
8529755246	lactose	milk sugar; disaccharide formed when glucose bonds with galactose	54
8529755247	*polysaccharide	*three or more monosaccharides	55
8529755248	organic molecules	molecules that contain carbon	56
8529755249	macromolecules	large organic molecules	57
8529755250	the reason carbon is important to life	carbon can form four strong covalent bonds with different elements; carbon is the main component of organic molecules; all organic molecules contain carbon (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids)	58
8529755251	four	number of covalent bonds carbon can form with other elements	59
8529755252	nonpolar	not soluable in water	60
8529755253	polar	soluable in water	61
8529755254	isomer	Molecules with same molecular formula but different structures (shapes)	62
8529755255	functional groups	parts of organic molecules that are involved in chemical reactions	63
8529755258	hydrogen bond in water	weak bond formed between water molecules	64
8529755259	universal solvent	Property of water in which substances that are ionic or substances that have polar covalent bonds all dissolve in water.	65
8529755260	hydrophillic	Term for substances that dissolve in water.	66
8529755261	hydrophobic	Term for substances that do not dissolve in water.	67
8529755262	solute	A substance that dissolves into a solvent.	68
8529755263	solvent	A substance that dissolves another substance.	69

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APES 06.02 Ozone Flashcards

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8841628707	Troposphere	Ozone found here can be created in small amounts naturally by a lightning storm, but that it is also considered a pollutant and is the primary ingredient in smog. It can harm vegetation by hurting its ability to photosynthesize, as well as cause respiratory illnesses in human beings.	0
8841646001	Stratosphere	Ozone found here where it is important in protecting us from ultraviolet radiation from the sun.	1
8841650836	"Good up high, bad nearby"	Describes where ozone is helpful (the stratosphere) and where it is harmful (the troposphere).	2
8842755267	2NO + O2 → 2NO2	Nitrogen oxide (NO) reacts with oxygen gas (O2) to form nitrogen dioxide (NO2), which forms a brownish haze that is characteristic of photochemical smog.	3
8842769419	NO2 + UV light → NO + O	Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) reacts with ultraviolet light to form nitrogen oxide and oxygen.	4
8842923004	O + O2 → O3	The free atom of oxygen (O) bonds to oxygen gas (O2) to form ozone, which is considered a pollutant in the troposphere.	5
8842958717	Respiratory effects of having too much ozone in the troposphere	-tightness in the chest -reduced lung function -damage to cells in the lung -increased susceptibility to lung infection -aggravation of asthma	6
8843014532	Sources of ozone	Industrial facilities and automobile emissions, which contribute NOx and VOCs, which create a series of reactions that produce ozone under the influence of sunlight and heat.	7
8843018729	2NO + O2 → 2NO2; NO2 + UV light → NO + O; O + O2 → O3	Reactions describe the formation of ozone in the troposphere?	8
8843056658	CCl3F + UV light → CCl2F + Cl	CFC decomposes, leaving a free atom of chlorine as a product.	9
8843203229	Cl + O3 → ClO + O2	Free atom of chlorine and ozone produce chlorine oxide and oxygen gas.	10
8843333483	ClO + O → Cl + O2	With the addition of a free atom of oxygen, chlorine oxide decomposes.	11
8843335974	Cl + O → ClO + O2	A free atom of chlorine combines with ozone to produce chlorine oxide and oxygen gas.	12
8859932029	Ozone-depleting substances	-chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), propellants, and blowing agents -hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), also propellants and blowing agents (and used to replace CFCs) -halons, used in fire protection -methyl bromide, a soil fumigant -carbon tetrachloride, a solvent -methyl chloroform, a cleaning agent	13
8860010397	Montreal Protocol	An international agreement to reduce production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances.	14
8860023560	Ultraviolet radiation	With _____ ______, CFCs (such as CCl3F) break down to produce free chlorine atoms (Cl), which, in turn, break down ozone O3.	15

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Ap Biology Cell Organelles Flashcards

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9111287989	Chloroplast	Site of photosynthesis Converts solar energy into potential energy in the glucose molecule plant cells only	0
9111287991	Cell Membrane	Protects cell from surroundings Allows certain substances in, keeps others out Phospholipid bilayer with proteins plant and animal	1
9111287992	Nucleus	Contains the DNA in a eukaryote cell.	2
9111287993	Nucleolus	Non-membranus structure involved in production of ribosomes; located in the nucleus plant and animal	3
9111287994	Centrioles	Helps organize microtubules during cell division Animal only	4
9111287995	Ribosomes	Site of translation (protein synthesis); made from proteins and rRNA	5
9111287996	Golgi Apparatus	organelle active in modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products	6
9111287997	Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum	network of membranous sacs and tubes that makes and stores lipids	7
9111287998	Mitochondria	organelle where cellular resperation occurs and most ATP is generated	8
9111287999	Lysosomes	digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed (broken down); autophagy; apoptosis animal only	9
9111288000	Cytoskeleton	reinforces cell's shape;functions in cell movement; components are made of microfilaments	10
9111288001	Central Vacuole	Largest organelle in plant cell; maintains turgor pressure because it is inflated with water. plant only	11
9111288002	Cell Wall	outer layer that maintains cell's shape and protects from damage made of cellulose and other polysachrides, and proteins Plant only	12
9111288005	centrosome	made of two centrioles; helps rearrange the cytoskeleton for cell division	13
9111288006	Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum	network of membranous sacs and tubes that has ribosomes attached. Proteins are modified, tagged and sent to other parts of the cell.	14