Consciousness AP Psychology Myers Flashcards
Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)
Terms : Hide Images
| 6626763025 | consciousness | our awareness of ourselves and our environment. |  | 0 |
| 6626763026 | circadian rhythm | the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle. |  | 1 |
| 6626763027 | REM (rapid eye movement) sleep | sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active. |  | 2 |
| 6626763028 | alpha waves | the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state. | | 3 |
| 6626763029 | hallucinations | false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus. |  | 4 |
| 6626763030 | delta waves | the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep. | | 5 |
| 6626763031 | NREM sleep | encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep. | | 6 |
| 6626763032 | insomnia | recurring problems in falling or staying asleep. |  | 7 |
| 6626763033 | narcolepsy | a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. |  | 8 |
| 6626763034 | sleep apnea | a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings. |  | 9 |
| 6626763035 | night terrors | a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, these occur during N3 |  | 10 |
| 6626763036 | manifest content | according to Freud, the story of the dream. |  | 11 |
| 6626763037 | latent content | according to Freud, the underlying (hidden) meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content). |  | 12 |
| 6626763038 | hypnosis | a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur. |  | 13 |
| 6626763039 | posthypnotic suggestion | a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; |  | 14 |
| 6626763040 | dissociation | Hilgard's split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others. |  | 15 |
| 6626763041 | psychoactive drug | a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods. |  | 16 |
| 6626763042 | tolerance | the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect. |  | 17 |
| 6626763043 | withdrawal | the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing the use of an addictive drug. |  | 18 |
| 6626763044 | depressants | drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. |  | 19 |
| 6626763045 | opiates | morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. |  | 20 |
| 6626763046 | stimulants | drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. |  | 21 |
| 6626763047 | THC | the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations. |  | 22 |
| 6626763048 | Suprachiasmatic nucleus | A cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus in the brain that governs the timing of circadian rhythms | 23 |
Pre AP List 7 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5988761329 | blaze | a very large or fiercely burning fire |  | 0 |
| 5988762183 | convulse | suffer violent involuntary contraction of the muscles, producing contortion of the body or limbs. |  | 1 |
| 5988762184 | depression | extreme sadness and hopelessness |  | 2 |
| 5988763612 | dormant | temporarily inactive |  | 3 |
| 5988763613 | enormous | very large in size, quantity, or extent |  | 4 |
| 5988765462 | exasperation | a feeling of intense irritation or annoyance |  | 5 |
| 5988765463 | smoldered | burned slowly with smoke but no flame |  | 6 |
| 5988766871 | gratified | delighted |  | 7 |
| 5988766872 | ignite | catch fire or cause to catch fire |  | 8 |
| 5988768890 | precious | of great value; not to be wasted or treated carelessly |  | 9 |
AP Psychology Therapy Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 6597037911 | Insight Therapies | a type of psychotherapy in which the therapist helps their patient understand how their feelings, beliefs, actions, and events from the past are influencing their current mindset. | 0 | |
| 6597037912 | Behavioral Therapies | A type of psychotherapy that focuses on changing or reducing the occurrence of some maladaptive behavior | 1 | |
| 6597037913 | Bio-medical Therapies | Use a prescribed medication or medical procedure that acts directly on the patient's nervous system | 2 | |
| 6597037914 | Eclectic Approach | The type treatment used will depend on the client's problems | 3 | |
| 6597037915 | Psychoanalytic Therapy | Assumption: Problems stem from unconscious conflicts that usually date back to childhood experiences Aim: help patients gain insight into unconscious conflicts Evaluation: old, outdated, and lacks empirical evidence People: Freud | 4 | |
| 6597037916 | Free Association | Patient lays on couch freely exposes thoughts, feelings, and mental images going on in their mind Therapist must encourage the flow of associations to provide clues to what the unconscious is hiding | 5 | |
| 6597037917 | Dream Analysis | Patient describes the "manifest content" of the dream Therapist uncovers the "latent content" of the dream | 6 | |
| 6597037918 | Transference | The patient projects or transfers unresolved conflicts and feelings onto the therapist (Could be love or hatred of a parent) Therapist helps patients gain insight by reliving painful past relationships | 7 | |
| 6597037919 | Psychodynamic Therapy | Similarity to Psychoanalysis because they try to enhance self-insight by focusing on "unconscious forces" that and childhood experiences Differs from Psychoanalysis because they talk face to face and don't meet as much | 8 | |
| 6597037920 | Humanistic Therapies | Assumption: Problems stem from obstacles that block personal growth and potential Aim: Focus on the present time (here and now) Evaluation: Unstructured, vague and subjective leaving it with little empirical proof People: Rogers | 9 | |
| 6597037921 | Client Centered Therapy | Refer to people as "clients" and not patients Non-directive Approach where therapist listens without judgment and refrains from directing the client | 10 | |
| 6597037922 | Unconditional Positive Regard | Important element of client centered therapy developed by Carl Rogers Blanket acceptance and support of a person regardless of what ether person says or does. | 11 | |
| 6597037923 | Active Listening | involves echoing, restating and seeking clarification of what the client says and does, and acknowledging feelings | 12 | |
| 6597037924 | Empathy | recognizing the clients feelings and reflecting it back to the client | 13 | |
| 6597037925 | Behavioral Therapies (aka Behavior Modification) | Assumption: Problems stem from destructive behaviors Aim: Use learning principles to replace problem behaviors with constructive behaviors Evaluation: Effective but minimizes emotions People: Wolpe, Cover-Jones | 14 | |
| 6597037926 | Counterconditioning | Using classical conditioning principles to create a new conditioned stimulus Includes exposure and aversive therapies | 15 | |
| 6597037927 | Systematic Desensitization | Three Step Process: (1) learn progressive relaxation, (2) build an "anxiety hierarchy", (3) combine steps 1 and 2 | 16 | |
| 6597037928 | Flooding | A behavioral technique used to treat phobias in which the client is presented with the feared stimulus until the associated anxiety disappears. | 17 | |
| 6597037929 | Bell and Pad Treatment | A behavior therapy technique used to treat nighttime bedwetting by conditioning arousal from sleep in response to bodily signals of a full bladder | 18 | |
| 6597037930 | Aversive Conditioning | use of something unpleasant, or a punishment, to stop an unwanted behavior |  | 19 |
| 6597037931 | Token Economy | A system whereby participants earn generalized conditioned reinforcers (e.g., tokens, chips, points) as an immediate consequence for specific behaviors; participants accumulate tokens and exchange them for items and activities from a menu of backup reinforcers. |  | 20 |
| 6597037932 | Cognitive Therapies | Assumption:Faulty thoughts, such as negative self-talk and irrational beliefs, cause psychological problems Aims: change the faulty thoughts and replace with better ones Evaluation: Effective but minimizes emotions People: Ellis & Beck | 21 | |
| 6597037933 | Rational Emotive therapy (RET) or Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) | Albert Ellis's cognitive therapy to eliminate emotional problems through the rational examination of irrational beliefs. |  | 22 |
| 6597037934 | Negative Cognitive Bias | Aaron Beck found depressed people consistently distort their experiences in a negative cognitive way | 23 | |
| 6597037935 | Cognitive Behavioral Therpay | a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy | 24 | |
| 6597037936 | Group Therapy | A group of 3-10 people meet to discuss similar problems, role play new behaviors, and receive instant feedback Evaluation: Effective (financially & psychologically) and people realize they are not alone in their problems | 25 | |
| 6597037937 | Family Therapy | Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members hopes to identify unhealthy patterns and create new healthy rules & interactions Couples counseling is very similar | 26 | |
| 6597037938 | Placebo Effect | Defined: you believe it works due to the power of the mind Clients' and therapists' believe the treatment will work and therefore it does | 27 | |
| 6597037939 | Regression towards the mean | Defined: the tendency for unusual events (including emotions) to return to their average state Example: When things hit bottom, going to a therapist is more likely to be followed by improvement than by further descent. | 28 | |
| 6597037940 | Meta Analysis | a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies | 29 | |
| 6597037941 | Effective Therapies | No one therapy has been shown to be best in all cases but some therapies are better suited for particular disorders Most _________ __________ are when the problem is clear cut | 30 | |
| 6597037942 | Evidence Based Practice | involves clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences. In short, available therapies are rigorously evaluated and then applied by clinicians who are mindful of their skills and of each patient's unique situation. | 31 | |
| 6597037943 | Shared Elements of Therapy | Hope, New perspective, and an empathetic, caring relationship | 32 | |
| 6597037944 | EMDR | therapist waves a finger in front of the eyes of the client to unlock and reprocess previously frozen traumatic memories | 33 | |
| 6597037945 | Light Exposure Therapy | a client is exposed to daily doses of light that mimics outdoor light used to fight against seasonal affective disorder (SAD) | 34 | |
| 6597037946 | Psychopharmacology | Assumption: biological causes exists for the disorders or behaviors Aims: provide the right medication Evaluation: helpful but medicine cannot solve all problems | 35 | |
| 6597037947 | Anti-Anxiety Drugs | How it works: treats anxiety by increasing the level of GABA and therefore depress the activity in the central nervous system Popular Drugs: Xanax, and Valium Negative Side Effects: addictive and only reduces symptoms in the short term | 36 | |
| 6597037948 | Typical Anti-Psychotic Drugs | How it works: treat schizophrenic hallucinations and paranoia by reducing dopamine activity Popular Drugs: Thorazine Negative Side Effects: tardive dyskinesia | 37 | |
| 6597037949 | Atypical Anti-Psychotic Drugs | How it works: treat all schizophrenic symptoms by blocking dopamine & serotonin Popular Drugs: Abilify Negative Side Effects: less harmful than typical ones | 38 | |
| 6597037950 | Mood Stabilizing Drugs | How it works: used to treat bipolar disorder by stabilizing Glutamate levels in order to stabilize current and future moods Popular Drugs: Lithium & Depakote Negative Side Effects: small difference between appropriate and toxic dosage level | 39 | |
| 6597037951 | Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) | a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient |  | 40 |
| 6597037952 | repetitive Trans-cranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) | performed on wide-awake patients where magnetic energy penetrates only to the brain's surface does not have the side effects of ECT | 41 | |
| 6597037953 | BioPsychoSocial Approach to Treating Disorders | Using aerobic exercise, adequate sleep, light exposure, social connection, anti-rumination, and nutritional supplements to fight and prevent psychological problems | 42 | |
| 6597037954 | Preventing Mental Health Issues | 1. Build Resilience: an ability to cope with stress and recover from adversity. 2. Build a loving, nuturing environment | 43 |
AP Terms: Essay Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 6128975436 | à la fin | in the end | 0 | |
| 6128975437 | à mon avis | in my opinion | 1 | |
| 6128978176 | quant à moi | in my opinion | 2 | |
| 6128979859 | selon moi | in my opinion | 3 | |
| 6128979860 | alors qu'en fait | but in fact | 4 | |
| 6128982006 | alors que | whereas | 5 | |
| 6128982007 | autrement dit | in other words | 6 | |
| 6128984037 | avant de conclure | before concluding | 7 | |
| 6128985845 | bien que je puisse comprendre que | although I can understand that... | 8 | |
| 6128987736 | ça vaut le coup | it's worth it | 9 | |
| 6128987737 | cela va sans dire que | it goes without saying that... | 10 | |
| 6128990182 | cependant | nevertheless | 11 | |
| 6128991957 | considérons | let's consider | 12 | |
| 6128993916 | contrairement à | contrary to | 13 | |
| 6128997256 | d'après moi | in my opinion | 14 | |
| 6128999308 | d'une part, d'autre part | on one hand, on the other hand | 15 | |
| 6129001140 | de cette façon | in this way | 16 | |
| 6129001141 | en ce qui concerne | as far as...is concerned | 17 | |
| 6129003890 | en conclusion | in conclusion | 18 | |
| 6129008137 | en deuxième lieu | secondly | 19 | |
| 6129010645 | en guise de conclusion | by way of conclusion | 20 | |
| 6129010646 | en outre | furthermore, moreover | 21 | |
| 6129012067 | en revanche | however | 22 | |
| 6129014674 | en troisième lieu | thirdly | 23 | |
| 6129016672 | encore que | even though | 24 | |
| 6129016673 | enfin | finally, at last | 25 | |
| 6129018456 | finalement | finally | 26 | |
| 6129018457 | grâce à | thanks to | 27 | |
| 6129020313 | il est donc question de | it's a question of... | 28 | |
| 6129022829 | il faut bien reconnaitre que | it must be recognized that... | 29 | |
| 6129024885 | il faut noter que | one must note that... | 30 | |
| 6129024887 | il manque de | it is lacking... | 31 | |
| 6129027046 | il me paraît que | it seems to me that... | 32 | |
| 6129031651 | il me semble que la meilleure solution est | it seems to me that the best solution is | 33 | |
| 6129034871 | il semble que les avantages l'emportent sur les inconvenients | it seems the advantages outweigh the disadvantages | 34 | |
| 6129037265 | il serait absurde de dire que | it would be absurd to say that... | 35 | |
| 6129039752 | il vaut mieux | it's better to... | 36 | |
| 6129042135 | je crois que | I think/believe that... | 37 | |
| 6129044229 | je soutiens donc que | I maintain that... | 38 | |
| 6129046243 | je suis (tout à fait) convaincu(e) que... | I am (totally) convinced that... | 39 | |
| 6129048953 | je suis contre | I am against... | 40 | |
| 6129051311 | je suis d'avis que | I am of the opinion that... | 41 | |
| 6129051312 | je suis d'accord | I am in agreement | 42 | |
| 6129053851 | je suppose que | I suppose that... | 43 | |
| 6129053852 | je voudrais souligner que | I would like to emphasize that... | 44 | |
| 6129055952 | j'estime que | I reckon that... | 45 | |
| 6129057899 | la première constation qui s'impose, c'est que... | the first thing to be noted is that... | 46 | |
| 6129060297 | même si | even if | 47 | |
| 6129062999 | on ne peut nier que (+ subjonctif) | one cannot deny that... | 48 | |
| 6129063000 | par conséquence | consequently | 49 | |
| 6129067881 | pas forcément la faute de | not necessarily the fault of... | 50 | |
| 6129069604 | pour commencer | to start with | 51 | |
| 6129069605 | pour moi | for me | 52 | |
| 6129069606 | tout bien considéré | all things considered | 53 |
AP Gov: Presidents Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 6108209904 | George Washington | 1st President 1789-1797 Non-affiliated |  | 0 |
| 6108209905 | John Adams | 2nd President 1797-1801 Federalist |  | 1 |
| 6108209906 | Thomas Jefferson | 3rd President 1801-1809 Democratic-Republican |  | 2 |
| 6108209907 | James Madison | 4th President 1809-1817 Democratic-Republican |  | 3 |
| 6108209908 | James Monroe | 5th President 1817-1825 Democratic-Republican |  | 4 |
| 6108209909 | John Quincy Adams | 6th President 1825-1829 Democratic-Republican |  | 5 |
| 6108209910 | Andrew Jackson | 7th President 1829-1837 Democrat |  | 6 |
| 6108209911 | Martin Van Buren | 8th President 1837-1841 Democrat |  | 7 |
| 6108209912 | William Harrison | 9th President 1841-1841 Whig |  | 8 |
| 6108209913 | John Tyler | 10th President 1841-1845 Whig |  | 9 |
| 6108209914 | James K. Polk | 11th President 1845-1849 Democrat |  | 10 |
| 6108209915 | Zachary Taylor | 12th President 1849-1850 Whig |  | 11 |
| 6108209916 | Millard Fillmore | 13th President 1850-1853 Whig |  | 12 |
| 6108209917 | Franklin Pierce | 14th President 1853-1857 Democrat |  | 13 |
| 6108209918 | James Buchanan | 15th President 1857-1861 Democrat |  | 14 |
| 6108209919 | Abraham Lincoln | 16th President 1861-1865 Republican |  | 15 |
| 6108209920 | Andrew Johnson | 17th President 1865-1869 Democrat |  | 16 |
| 6108209921 | Ulysses S. Grant | 18th President 1869-1877 Republican |  | 17 |
| 6108209922 | Rutherford B. Hayes | 19th President 1877-1881 Republican |  | 18 |
| 6108209923 | James Garfield | 20th President 1881-1881 Republican |  | 19 |
| 6108209924 | Chester Arthur | 21st President 1881-1885 Republican |  | 20 |
| 6108209925 | Grover Cleveland | 22nd and 24th President 1885-1889 and 1893-1897 Democrat |  | 21 |
| 6108209926 | Benjamin Harrison | 23rd President 1889-1893 Republican |  | 22 |
| 6108209927 | William McKinley | 25th President 1897-1901 Republican |  | 23 |
| 6108209928 | Theodore Roosevelt | 26th President 1901-1909 Republican |  | 24 |
| 6108209929 | William H. Taft | 27th President 1909-1913 Republican |  | 25 |
| 6108209930 | Woodrow Wilson | 28th President 1913-1921 Democrat |  | 26 |
| 6108209931 | Warren Harding | 29th President 1921-1923 Republican |  | 27 |
| 6108209932 | Calvin Coolidge | 30th President 1923-1929 Republican |  | 28 |
| 6108209933 | Herbert Hoover | 31st President 1929-1933 Republican |  | 29 |
| 6108209934 | Franklin Roosevelt | 32nd President 1933-1945 Democrat |  | 30 |
| 6108209935 | Harry Truman | 33rd President 1945-1953 Democrat |  | 31 |
| 6108209936 | Dwight Eisenhower | 34th President 1953-1961 Republican |  | 32 |
| 6108209937 | John F. Kennedy | 35th President 1961-1963 Democrat |  | 33 |
| 6108209938 | Lyndon Johnson | 36th President 1963-1969 Democrat |  | 34 |
| 6108209939 | Richard Nixon | 37th President 1969-1974 Republican |  | 35 |
| 6108209940 | Gerald Ford | 38th President 1974-1977 Republican |  | 36 |
| 6108209941 | Jimmy Carter | 39th President 1977-1981 Democrat |  | 37 |
| 6108209942 | Ronald Reagan | 40th President 1981-1989 Republican |  | 38 |
| 6108209943 | George Bush | 41st President 1989-1993 Republican |  | 39 |
| 6108209944 | William (Bill) Clinton | 42nd President 1993-2001 Democrat |  | 40 |
| 6108209945 | George W. Bush | 43rd President 2001-2009 Republican |  | 41 |
| 6108209946 | Barack Obama | 44th President 2009-2017 Democrat |  | 42 |
| 6108229034 | Donald Trump | 45th President 2017-? Republican |  | 43 |
Body Systems AP Biology Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 6162279282 | Vascular Tissues | Xylem and Phloem | 0 | |
| 6162282499 | Endocrine system | secrete hormones through glands | 1 | |
| 6162286255 | Pituitary Glands | growth hormones | 2 | |
| 6162307066 | Lutinizing Hormone | Production of sperm | 3 | |
| 6162309396 | Follicle Stimulating Hormone | maturation of follicles in the ovary | 4 | |
| 6162312208 | Pineal Gland | optic nerve. Third eye. Secretes seratonin and melatonin. Stimulates sleep and wakeness as well as sense of well-being. | 5 | |
| 6162315754 | Thyroid Gland | thyroxin is the hormone produced. Regulates metabolism (usually cellular). Hyperthyrodism is super excited. | 6 | |
| 6162322489 | Testis | secretes testosterone | 7 | |
| 6162323717 | Ovary | secretes estrogen | 8 | |
| 6162325534 | Adrenal Gland | adrenalin and epeniphren. On kidney. Important hormones. Adrenaline is in the sympathetic nervous system (eyes dilating). | 9 | |
| 6162330238 | Pancreas | Insulin and Glucagon. Insulin decreases blood sugar levels while Glucagon does the opposite. Most hormones are in the negative feedback look while oxytosin is in the positive feedback loop. | 10 | |
| 6162337415 | Adrenaline | In the sympathetic nervous system | 11 | |
| 6162341235 | Insulin | decreases blood sugar levels | 12 | |
| 6162341236 | Glucagon | increases blood sugar levels | 13 | |
| 6162346028 | hormones | target affecter cells and change tissues | 14 | |
| 6162348689 | Integumentary System | skin, protection by keratin. | 15 | |
| 6162352044 | Hypothalamus | homeostasis regulation. susceptible to injury. | 16 | |
| 6162356047 | Integumentary system | external covering of body (skin, hair, scales, nails, sweat glands, sweat and mucus.) Protection of deeper tissues. Sensory receptors. Thermosensors, pignosensors. | 17 | |
| 6162362075 | Sebaceous glands | oil that traps things inhivit the growth of bacteria because mucus may contain antiseptic lysozymes which break down bacteria cell wall. | 18 | |
| 6162368500 | Melanin | absorbs UV rays and protects against sunburn. Generates Vitamin D through exposure to UV light. Stores water, fat, and vitamin D. | 19 | |
| 6162373787 | Skin | Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Tissue). | 20 | |
| 6162380202 | Cutaneous Glands | sweat glands hat secrete to regulate body temperature. | 21 | |
| 6162382262 | Sebaceous Glands | secrete oil to keep skin soft and germ free. | 22 | |
| 6162386439 | Ceruminous Glands | Produce earwax | 23 | |
| 6162388772 | Mammary Glands | milk-producing glands in breasts | 24 | |
| 6162393246 | Melanocytes | skin color | 25 | |
| 6162393247 | Langerhans | Made in bone marrow and work to fight infection. | 26 | |
| 6162395661 | Mucus | slippery secretion containing antiseptic lysozymes and immunoglobulins. | 27 | |
| 6162400929 | Lysozyme | breaks down bacterial and fungal peptidoglycan cell wall | 28 | |
| 6162402912 | Capillary Loop | goes into epidermal loop. When cold the loop is cut off. Seen in fur in animals, fluffier in the winter | 29 | |
| 6162413976 | Shivering | Contraction of muscles which warms the body up. | 30 | |
| 6162418575 | Vertebrates | muscles controlled through the nervous system, although some muscles can be completely autonomous. | 31 | |
| 6162421767 | Skeletal Muscle |  | 32 | |
| 6162423696 | Smooth Muscle |  | 33 | |
| 6182836587 | Cardiac Muscle |  | 34 | |
| 6182839778 | Myosin Heads | Contract the muscle | 35 | |
| 6182839779 | Striated muscle | attached to the skeleton. Used to create movement by applying force to bones and joints via contraction. | 36 | |
| 6182846735 | Sarcoplasmic reticulum | coating around muscle protein fiber. Charges calcium ions. | 37 | |
| 6182850512 | contract | If can't remove neurotransmitter from gap, muscle will ________ and stay that way. | 38 | |
| 6182854802 | enzymes | thing that it breaks down + ase. Sit in the gap that breaks down neurotransmitters. | 39 | |
| 6182860027 | neurotransmitter | acetyl-coline | 40 | |
| 6182862449 | hypothalamus | change in shape of smooth muscle by autonomic nervous system. | 41 | |
| 6182867736 | veins and arteries | change shape to change blood pressure. | 42 | |
| 6182871248 | blood | CO2 is produced in the tissue and ____ becomes fizzy and acidic. | 43 | |
| 6182873702 | hypothalamus | _____ senses decrease in blood pH (increased acidity). Leads to harder breathing. | 44 | |
| 6182880660 | Endoplasmic reticulum | In skeletal muscle, the _______ is pushed to the outside and becomes the sarcoplasmic reticulum. | 45 | |
| 6182884318 | skeletal muscle | bundle of muscle fibers. | 46 | |
| 6182886592 | Myofibrils | contain sarcomeres (sliding filaments model). | 47 | |
| 6182889391 | Actin | thick and z-line. | 48 | |
| 6182890853 | Myosin | thin and n-line. | 49 | |
| 6182892785 | alpha-helical | actin and myosin are | 50 | |
| 6182898041 | myosin | rachets the actin and pulls it along. | 51 | |
| 6182899641 | tropomyosin | actin fiber is wrapped with this. The myosin binding site can't bind if it's there. | 52 | |
| 6182904200 | relaxed | tropomyosin is there, muscle is | 53 | |
| 6182905912 | Calcium | binds to the tropomyosin and releases the troponin so that the muscle contracts. | 54 | |
| 6182908823 | calcium ions | are in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. | 55 | |
| 6182910586 | Striated muscle | apply force to bone and joints | 56 | |
| 6182913043 | Smooth muscle | change organ dimension. | 57 | |
| 6182921718 | Cardiac muscle | branched at interlocated disks. Capable of contracting as a single fiber without nervous stimulus. | 58 | |
| 6182925214 | Digestive system | ingestion, digestion, defecation, absorption. | 59 | |
| 6182928188 | Defecation | stuff we can't digest comes out. | 60 | |
| 6182934197 | Multi-cellular animals | take in food, digests it to extra energy, and nutrients, and expels the remaining waste. | 61 | |
| 6182939141 | Ingestion | consumption by month through eating or drinking into the gastrointestinal tract. | 62 | |
| 6182941910 | Digestion | metabolism, substance is processes in order to chemically and mechanically convert the substance for the body to use. | 63 | |
| 6182947265 | Defecation | eliminate solid or semisolid waste material | 64 | |
| 6289169920 | Transpiration | process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves. Evaporation occurs. | 65 | |
| 6289176377 | Somatic | Voluntary nervous system | 66 | |
| 6289177282 | Mechanical Digestion | chewing | 67 | |
| 6289177283 | Chemical Digestion | breaking down. (Amylase, lipase, peptidase) | 68 | |
| 6289178537 | Amylase, lipase, peptidase | digestive enzymes | 69 | |
| 6289179317 | Absorb | small intestines | 70 | |
| 6289182019 | Large intestines | formation of feces by absorption of water | 71 | |
| 6289185870 | Esophagus | after mouth | 72 | |
| 6289186903 | stomach | after esophagus | 73 | |
| 6289188497 | small intestines | after stomach | 74 | |
| 6289188498 | rectum | after large intestines | 75 | |
| 6289192766 | saliva | protase and amylase enzymes | 76 | |
| 6289194866 | Liver | glycogen storage, decomposition of red blood cells, detoxification. Largest gland. Production of bile-gall bladder stores it | 77 | |
| 6289199046 | Chyme | food in stomach going into intestines | 78 | |
| 6357427726 | Restriction Enzymes | bacterial protection against viruses. | 79 | |
| 6357428858 | Nervous system | specialized network makeup of Neurons. | 80 | |
| 6357431732 | Neurons | they conduct and use electro-chemical signals. Axons are bundled up to create nerves. | 81 | |
| 6357434484 | Somatic | voluntary control, skeletal muscle | 82 | |
| 6357436665 | Autonomic | involuntary. Sympathetic and parasympathetic (regulate processes) | 83 | |
| 6357438066 | Enteric | digestive system | 84 | |
| 6357439857 | Sympathetic | induced by hormones (adrenaline). Inhibits blood use in parts of body where it's not needed for fight or flight. | 85 | |
| 6357444113 | Parasympathetic | opposite response to sympathetic nervous system. Everything is relaxed and normal. Constriction of pupil, dilation of vessels, relaxation of heart. | 86 | |
| 6357450658 | Nervous | central nervous system and peripheral nervous system | 87 | |
| 6357453571 | Brain | center of CNS for behavior. | 88 | |
| 6357456718 | Spinal Cord | Long, thin, tubular bundle of nerves that is extension of CNS. | 89 | |
| 6357459415 | Neurons | also include the non-axon glial cells that ensheath the axons in the myelin. | 90 | |
| 6357462484 | Soma | cell-body of neuron | 91 | |
| 6357463578 | Urinary system | excretory system. | 92 | |
| 6357465585 | Fecal | digestion, removal of metabolic process throughout the body. | 93 | |
| 6357467236 | Kidney | Nephrons where diffusion is taking place. | 94 | |
| 6357469427 | Nephridia | individual organs that excrete the waste of metabolism | 95 | |
| 6357471518 | Electrolytes | ions from salts in out diets. | 96 | |
| 6357474285 | kidney stones | build up of electrolytes and lack of water. | 97 | |
| 6357476531 | Kidney | outer cortex, inner medulla. | 98 | |
| 6357477651 | Nephron | glamerillus (know of capilleries surrounded by bowman's capsule) | 99 | |
| 6357480790 | Nitrogenous wastes | the hardest to get rid of. We can't store ammonia (need to be turned into urea which costs us water) | 100 | |
| 6357485386 | Reptiles | Create ureic acid crystals to eliminate | 101 | |
| 6357487664 | Medulla | from Loop of Henley to | 102 | |
| 6357489211 | Callses | from Medulla to | 103 | |
| 6357490549 | Ureter | From Callses to | 104 | |
| 6357491945 | Urethra | From Ureter to | 105 | |
| 6357493770 | Worm | Exchange of gases through skin. | 106 | |
| 6357494902 | Fish | Exchange of gas through gills | 107 | |
| 6357496310 | Sinuses | nasal cavities to | 108 | |
| 6357497192 | Mouth | sinuses to | 109 | |
| 6357497205 | Trachea | mouth to | 110 | |
| 6357498778 | Bronchai | Trachea to | 111 | |
| 6357500401 | Smaller aveoli | Bronchai to | 112 | |
| 6357501507 | negative pressure breathing | we have this, which means that gas exchange causes respiration, and we contract the diaphragm | 113 | |
| 6357505151 | Diaphragm contracts | floor up | 114 | |
| 6365295443 | positive pressure breathing | frogs, no big use of lungs. expand lungs. | 115 | |
| 6365310095 | Acidity | carbon dioxide in blood | 116 | |
| 6365311953 | Circularory System | maintain homeostasis by moving nutrients, gases, and wastes to and from cells. Stabilize blood temp and pH. | 117 | |
| 6365316785 | Closed circulatory system | we have, more efficient, and blood never leaves arteries and veins. | 118 | |
| 6365320976 | Open circulatory system | blood leaves vessels + veins. Open space. No differentiation between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, so NOT efficient. | 119 | |
| 6365328071 | Lymphatic system | parallel to circulatory system | 120 | |
| 6365332150 | Systematic circulation | portion of the system which carries oxygenated blood away from the heart. | 121 | |
| 6365336779 | Arteries | away from heart | 122 | |
| 6365336781 | veins | to heart | 123 | |
| 6365344268 | Narrowed artery | hardening of artery/vein from build up of plaque. | 124 | |
| 6365345568 | Occlusion | Clogged artery by fat. | 125 | |
| 6365347513 | Balloon angeoplasty | to fix it (with stint). | 126 | |
| 6365353480 | Aneurysm | abnormal blood flow. Dilation containing very thin arterial wall. | 127 | |
| 6365355741 | Varicose vein | when women wore girdles, distortion of blood vessels became balloony. | 128 | |
| 6365361706 | Pre-Ventricular Contractions | atrium not pushing into the ventricle. | 129 | |
| 6365363095 | Pulmonary Circulation | carries oxygen-depleted blood away from the heart and to the lungs. | 130 | |
| 6365367224 | Fibrigdon | In the blood to make fibrin. | 131 | |
| 6365369366 | Pulmonary Artery | blood back to lungs | 132 | |
| 6365369367 | Tricuspid valve | aortic valve | 133 | |
| 6365372304 | Swelling | pooling of blood. | 134 | |
| 6365374441 | athertosclerosis | artery and vein blockage | 135 | |
| 6365375750 | Veins | not as many layers | 136 | |
| 6365377591 | 72 | average bpm | 137 | |
| 6365379256 | Deviated septum | hole in heart. | 138 | |
| 6365380560 | Lymphatic System | transport of fatty acids, transport of liquids from tissues, production of immune cells such as lymphocytes. | 139 | |
| 6365383757 | Many organisms | obtain O2 for respiration, secrete nitrogenous wastes, circulating nutrients, regulating body temperature | 140 | |
| 6365391646 | Tuna and Mackrel | warm-blooded fish | 141 | |
| 6365393616 | Worm skin | skin is one cell layer with mucous gland. Oxygen diffuses into worm through skin. Nitrogenous wastes and electrolytes leave through skin by nephridia. | 142 | |
| 6365399321 | Skeleton worm | hydrostatic | 143 | |
| 6365404114 | Urinary worm | a pair of nephridia per segment secrete nitrogenous wastes, electrolytes, and other waste materials through skin | 144 | |
| 6365407632 | Glucose | from circulatory system - if sugar levels are too long, then glucagon is released to elevate | 145 | |
| 6365412934 | Epithelial tissues | absorb into circulatory system | 146 | |
| 6365417065 | Suboptimal design | design that doesn't make sense-we live on land. | 147 | |
| 6365418915 | Worm Circulatory | closed circulatory system, multiple ostea and aortic arches. Hemoglobin as oxygen carrier. Dorsal artery | 148 | |
| 6365424998 | Nervous worm | dorsal brain (cephalia is brain and head region). Ventral nerve cord with ganglia moves along the gut and stomach. | 149 | |
| 6365431313 | Digestive worm | mouth-pharynx-esophogus-crop-gizzard-intestine-anus | 150 | |
| 6365434773 | crop in worm | storage | 151 | |
| 6365434774 | gizzard in worm | grinding organ | 152 | |
| 6365436822 | Urinary fish | excrete nitrogenous wastes through gills | 153 | |
| 6365441040 | Nervous fish | not as well developed as ours | 154 | |
| 6365442931 | Integumentary fish | though epithelium is covered in scales | 155 | |
| 6365448158 | Respiratory fish | gills are site of gas exchange, lungs are for croaking. | 156 | |
| 6365450541 | Circulatory fish | two-chambered heart. (Amphibians have three-chambered) | 157 | |
| 6365455456 | Reproductive fish | usually externally sterilized (spread sperm overtop) | 158 | |
| 6365465086 | Vivorous | humans | 159 | |
| 6365465087 | ovivorous | eggs | 160 | |
| 6365466570 | Internal | shivering, fat burning, panting, dilation | 161 | |
| 6366251564 | External | insects flapping wings before flight, fish changing depth, reptiles basking in the sun | 162 | |
| 6366255108 | Squamate heart | three-chambered, reptiles | 163 | |
| 6366259744 | Frog heart | three-chambered, two atria and one ventricle | 164 | |
| 6366261205 | Stomates | work in the exchange of gases, leaf-spine. | 165 | |
| 6366264572 | Pistals | pollinate | 166 | |
| 6366264573 | Anthers | sex parts | 167 | |
| 6366265726 | pollen | sporaphite | 168 | |
| 6366267754 | hypothalamus | homeostasis, controls blood pH. environment, body, behavior. | 169 | |
| 6366270652 | Amyrillus | covering ovaries | 170 | |
| 6366271699 | Anthropods | open circulation | 171 | |
| 6366275295 | High heat capacity | integumentary system-lots of water- -----takes energy to change temp. | 172 | |
| 6366278023 | Salt | reduces freezing point in water, increases vaporization. | 173 | |
| 6366279527 | Arterioles | carry blood to the surface. reduces frostbite | 174 | |
| 6366281212 | Frost nip | frozen at stratified epithelium | 175 | |
| 6366282649 | Deep frostbite | freezing arterioles, hair follicle, edema, cells rupturing | 176 | |
| 6366285710 | Negative feedback loop | 177 | ||
| 6366285711 | Sugar balance | consumption of glucose to provide energy. Transported in blood. Insulin and glucagon. | 178 | |
| 6366291101 | Oxygen | ____burned in our cells when we use glucose to make energy | 179 | |
| 6366292747 | Glucose burned | our body responds by breathing harder. Nervous response is to maintain homeostasis | 180 | |
| 6366294740 | Blood glucose down | alpha cells of pancreas secrete glucagon into blood. Breaks down glycogen and releases glucose. | 181 | |
| 6366299080 | Positive feedback loop | contractions, more oxytosin, more contractions rapidly | 182 | |
| 6366300478 | Beta cells | release insulin | 183 | |
| 6366301452 | Urinary system | regulates water | 184 | |
| 6366304744 | Kidneys | eliminate waste | 185 | |
| 6366304745 | Blood pH | 7.4. Oxygen comes from hemoglobin in blood | 186 | |
| 6366309302 | CO2 and H+ | in breakdown of glucose | 187 | |
| 6366310414 | acidosis | less than 7.4. Enzymes denaturing, pH changes but no harder breathing-pass out. | 188 | |
| 6366310415 | death | less than 6.8 | 189 | |
| 6366312794 | death | more than 7.8 | 190 | |
| 6366318622 | Kidneys fail | waste becomes toxic | 191 | |
| 6366320166 | Kidney stones | too much salt, not enough water | 192 | |
| 6366323602 | diarrhea | may secrete water and mucus instead of absorbing nutrients | 193 | |
| 6366325860 | Nervous | respond to changes in the stomach and cause vomiting-eliminate toxic or infectious substances. | 194 | |
| 6366330068 | Dehydration | result of vomiting and diarrhea | 195 | |
| 6366330069 | dehydration | not enough water to cool skin down to perspire | 196 | |
| 6366332131 | dehydration | circulatory system fails to maintain its normal fluidity-harder for heart to pump blood, increased blood pressure | 197 | |
| 6366335197 | dehydration | urinary system may not be able to eliminate wastes effectively. Toxins may build up in kidneys. | 198 | |
| 6383234937 | higher body temp | increase of body's response to infection | 199 | |
| 6383239800 | Higher body temp | lower availability of iron which bacterial infections are based off of. | 200 | |
| 6383242699 | Paradoxical shivering | high fevers where hypothalamus is tempered with | 201 | |
| 6383247639 | Fever | 99.6-105 degrees | 202 | |
| 6383250743 | Brain infection (meningitis or encephalitis or poison) | only time when hypothalamus or brain is damaged by fever | 203 | |
| 6383257448 | Heat exhaustion | cold and clammy skin. No sweat. | 204 | |
| 6383259817 | Febrile seizures | high fevers in kids, no damage. | 205 | |
| 6383262012 | Sweating | pulls heat away from skin as water has a high specific heat capacity | 206 |
AP CHEM Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9753502863 | dalton's law of partial pressures | the partial pressure of a particular ideal gas while in a mix is the same as the pressure it would have in the same container on its own | 0 | |
| 9753502864 | kinetic molecular theory | can derive gas laws from basic assumptions and physics assumptions: gas molecules occupy no space, minimal interactions, perfect elastic collisions | 1 | |
| 9753502865 | when is pvnrt more true | low pressure (less interaction between molecules) small molecules (molecules are closer to 0 volume) | 2 | |
| 9753502866 | Vrms | root mean square velocity yeah that image where Mm is molar mass = √(∑v²/n) where n how many particles and v is velocity of a particle velocity of particle with average energy |  | 3 |
| 9753502867 | KE per particle | (3/2)RT = KEavg for particle | 4 | |
| 9753502868 | pvnrt for molecules | PV = NkT where N is number of molecules and k is boltzmann | 5 | |
| 9753502869 | boltzmann's constant | R/Na = ideal gas const/avogadro's number | 6 | |
| 9753502870 | diffusion | dispersion by random motion from higher to lower concentration | 7 | |
| 9753502871 | effusion | molecules moving out of tiny hole into vacuum, easier problem lighter molecule, higher T, higher P, less obstructions leads to higher effusion |  | 8 |
| 9753502872 | graham's law of effusion | rates of effusion same hole T, P rate₁/rate₂ = √(molar mass₂/molar mass₁) = velocity₁/velocity₂ | 9 | |
| 9753502873 | boltzmann distribution | curve of frequency of speeds of gas atoms in a sample higher T increases spread |  | 10 |
| 9753502874 | van der waals equation of state | revision to pv = nrt that more real (P + a(n/V)²)(V - nb) = nRT don't memorize but a is interactions and b is volume of molecule | 11 | |
| 9753502875 | system and surroundings | system: intersting, reactant-products surroundings: everything else | 12 | |
| 9753502876 | Work | W = F.x = -P∆V for const P | 13 | |
| 9753502877 | heat | non-work energy transfer vibrations, radiation | 14 | |
| 9753502878 | 0th law of thermo | heat goes from higher to lower | 15 | |
| 9753502879 | specific heat capacity | S = energy/(mass*∆T) | 16 | |
| 9753502880 | molar heat capacity | energy/(n*∆T) | 17 | |
| 9753502881 | calorimeter | thermos of water ideal: no heat loss and no heat capacity Tobject = Th20; Qobject = -Qh20 | 18 | |
| 9753502882 | doing calorimeter problems | Tobject = Th20; Qobject = -Qh20 specific heat object*mass*∆T = -(specific heat water*mass*∆T) | 19 | |
| 9753502883 | law of dulong and petit | metals have same specific heat per molar mass; higher molar mass linear increase in specific heat | 20 | |
| 9753502884 | thermal conductivity | how easily spread heat internally | 21 | |
| 9753502885 | molecular heat capacity | bigger molecule is higher heat capacity | 22 | |
| 9753502886 | enthalpy | H; ∆H = q | 23 | |
| 9753502887 | endo/exothermic | exothermic: heat released into surrounding world, negative enthalpy bc lose it endothermic: rarer, heat absorbed, positive enthalpy; energy gains | 24 | |
| 9753502889 | redox | reduction oxidation reaction reduction: gain e⁻, charge reduced oxidation: looses e⁻, charge increased | 25 | |
| 9753502890 | oxidation number | 1) monatomic ions: oxidation number = charge 2) sum of oxydation numbers = total charge 3) F = -1 4) O = -2 5) H = +1 all rules true unless violate higher rule | 26 | |
| 9753502891 | doing redox reactions | split into half that oxidized and half that reduced balance non-OH elements balance O on one side with H₂O on the other balance H with H⁺ ions on other side add up net charge on both sides and balance w/ e⁻ multiply halves separately to balance e⁻ then add them so e⁻ cancels | 27 | |
| 9753502892 | redox reactions in basic | solve for acidic solution then add OH⁻ to cancel H⁺ and cancel out extra H₂O formed on both sides | 28 | |
| 9753502893 | gauge pressure | absolute pressure - atmospheric pressure | 29 | |
| 9753502894 | absolute pressure | the actual pressure at a given point | 30 | |
| 9753502895 | pascal | N/m² = really small | 31 | |
| 9753502896 | bar | 100,000 pascals (100kPa) | 32 | |
| 9753502897 | atmosphere | atm = 101,325Pa ≅ 1bar | 33 | |
| 9753502898 | torr | 1mm of Hg (pressure needed to raise up 1mm of mercury) | 34 | |
| 9753502899 | PSI | pounds/inch² | 35 | |
| 9753502900 | barrometer | measures atmospheric pressure | 36 | |
| 9753502901 | manometer | height difference in U-tube is the pressure of the gas in container that you're measuring |  | 37 |
| 9753502902 | atmospheric pressure | atmospheric pressure = 1atm = 101,325Pa = 14.7PSI = 760torr ≅1bar = 1/1.01325bar | 38 | |
| 9753502903 | boyle's law | P₀V₀ = P₁V₁ with const temp and amount of gas | 39 | |
| 9753502904 | charles' law | for const pressure and amount of gas |  | 40 |
| 9753502905 | avogadro's law | for const pressure and temperature |  | 41 |
| 9753502906 | ideal gas law | PV = nRT pressure*volume = mols*gas constant*temperature (in kelvin) generally work down to 2 variables initial = constant = 2 variables final | 42 | |
| 9753502907 | STP | standard temperature and pressure 0C (273.15K) at 1atm at STP, 1mol = 22.4L for just about any gas | 43 | |
| 9753502908 | acid | anything releasing H⁺ into water | 44 | |
| 9753502909 | base | anything releasing OH⁻ into water | 45 | |
| 9753502910 | acid naming | if the anion ends in -ate or -ide; change that to an -ic (ie: nitrate-nitric acid) if the anion ends in -ite; change to -ous (ie: nitrite-nitrous acid) these just refer to anion and H when has no oxygen in it, add hydro- (ie: HCl hydrochloric acid, HNO3 nitric acid) | 46 | |
| 9753502911 | adding and subtracting O | per- is add oxygen (ClO₄⁻ from chlorate) -ite is subtract oxygen (ClO₂⁻ from chlorate) hypo____ite is subtract 2 oxygen (ClO⁻) |  | 47 |
| 9753502912 | VSEPR | valence shell electron pair repulsion: pairs of electrons will be angled as far from each other as possible each angle roughly equal but bigger angle with more electronegative or electron lone pair | 48 | |
| 9753502913 | linear bond | can also be trigonal bipyramidal with 3 lone pairs or octahedral with 4 lone pairs |  | 49 |
| 9753502914 | trigonal planar bond | 120 |  | 50 |
| 9753503047 | tetrahedral |  | 51 | |
| 9753502915 | trigonal bipyramidal | think linear and then trigonal planar across it |  | 52 |
| 9753503048 | octahedral |  | 53 | |
| 9753503049 | trigonal pyramidal |  | 54 | |
| 9753502916 | bent | water; can also be trigonal planar with 1 lone pair? |  | 55 |
| 9753503050 | see-saw |  | 56 | |
| 9753503051 | T-structure |  | 57 | |
| 9753502917 | electric dipole moment | qr; point from neg partial charge to positive partial charge |  | 58 |
| 9753502918 | polar molecules | bond is polar if 2 molecules have diff electronegativity molecules is polar of dipole moments don't cancel out from symmetry | 59 | |
| 9753502919 | network solid | network covalent solid in forever expanding network; formula just empirical diamond, graphite, silicon carbide, silicon dioxide hard to break and boil | 60 | |
| 9753502920 | ionic compounds | like network solid just with repeating pattern of ions |  | 61 |
| 9753502921 | solvent solute | solute dissolved in solvent | 62 | |
| 9753502922 | dissolved | broken into individual molecules or ions surrounded by solvent molecules; process of it called solvation or hydration in water | 63 | |
| 9753502923 | electrolyte | raises electrical conductivity when dissolved in water synonymous with salt (ionic compound) weak electrolytes only raise conductivity a bit since no disassociate much while strong electrolytes a lot | 64 | |
| 9753502924 | molarity | mols of solute/L of solution (M) | 65 | |
| 9753502925 | molality | mols of solute/kg of solvent (m) | 66 | |
| 9753502926 | mass percent | mass of solute/mass of solution | 67 | |
| 9753502927 | mole fraction | mols of solute/mols of solution | 68 | |
| 9753502928 | normality | molarity*active constituents per mol for H+; normality = 3M for H3N | 69 | |
| 9753502929 | precipitate | to change phase while dissolved in water (usually talk about solid) | 70 | |
| 9753502930 | equation types | chemical eq: KI(aq)+NaCl(aq) -> KCl(s)+NaI(aq) ionic eq: K⁺(aq)+I⁻(aq)+Na⁺(aq)+Cl⁻(aq) -> I⁻(aq)+Na⁺(aq)+KCl(s) net ionic eq: K⁺(aq)+Cl⁻(aq) -> KCl(s) | 71 | |
| 9753502931 | solubility | experimentally determined number for how much can be dissolved in; varies | 72 | |
| 9753502932 | highly soluble stuff | ionic compounds with: nitrate, ammonia, or alkali metals most ionic compounds with: halogens or sulfates | 73 | |
| 9753502933 | acid base reactions | stuff⁻(H⁺) + blah⁺(OH⁻) → H₂O + stuffblah | 74 | |
| 9753502934 | aq and stuff | (aq) - dissolved in water (s) - solid (l) - liquid (g) - gas | 75 | |
| 9753502935 | valence shell | outermost electrons that do the bonding or: the shell with the highest n value | 76 | |
| 9753502936 | gradient from ionic to covalent | ionic: just completely take electron to fill own shell covalent: share atom so in both shells inbetween: when electronegativity diff is >2 is ionic; inbetween is polar bond where share but more towards 1 atom | 77 | |
| 9753502937 | electronegativity | how much pulls electrons; Fl = 4 = most more up and right; difference of 2 is cutoff above which is called ionic; more difference is more polar Fl=4, decrease by 0.5 each on that row | 78 | |
| 9753502938 | lewis dot structure | shows valence electrons as dots |  | 79 |
| 9753502939 | octet rule | atoms need 8 valence electrons but there are exceptions and formal charge takes precedence Row 2 always obeys octet rule 8 = electrons in pairs + *all* electrons in bonds |  | 80 |
| 9753502940 | isomer | Molecules with the same formula but different structure | 81 | |
| 9753502941 | resonance | mult structures possible; sort of shifts between possibilities draw all with <=> between ie: carbonate could be double bond at any of those 3 bonds |  | 82 |
| 9753502942 | formal charge | approx charge on individual atom valence electrons - electrons in pairs - ½ of electrons in bonds when violate: want more neg charge on electronegative atom |  | 83 |
| 9753502943 | covalent compound naming | 2 elements: numerical prefix+element 1 numerical prefix+element 2+ide dihydrogen monoxide carbon tetrahydride | 84 | |
| 9753502944 | orbit model of atom | like san jose t shirt atoms fly in orbit like little planets around nucleus problems: + charge should like mega attract, accelerating when orbiting and accel electrons gives off EM radiation losing energy | 85 | |
| 9753502945 | bohr model | atoms orbit nucleus at set distances where they're stable emission spectra are jumps from one stable orbit to the next and releases certain wavelengths of light E = -13.6z²/n² where z is atom # and n is energy level of orbit; energy gap between is line spectra still wrong because orbiting and losing energy as radiation |  | 86 |
| 9753502946 | wavefunction | 3D model of electron location since behave as wave and particle psi (n, L, Ml, Ms) |  | 87 |
| 9753502947 | first quantum number | n = principle quantum number determine energy level, like n in bohr model; higher n is higher NRG; from >1 | 88 | |
| 9753502948 | second quantum number | fancy L = angular momentum quantum
0≤L| 89 | | |
| 9753502949 | third quantum number | M sub l = magnetic quantum -L≤M sub l≤L determines shape of that letter of orbit so S has 1 shape, P has 3 shapes (diff axes), d has 5 (weird) | 90 | |
| 9753502950 | fourth quantum number | M sub s = spin quantum M sub s = ±½; doesn't affect/isn't affected by other quantums | 91 | |
| 9753502951 | aufbau principle | electrons will fill lowest energy levels first if all are filled at lowest energy levels => ground state | 92 | |
| 9753502952 | pauli exclusion principle | only 1 electron for each combo of quantum numbers ie: n=1 -> L must be 0, Ml must b 0, spin is ±½ so 2 possible for S1 | 93 | |
| 9753502953 | why does wavefunction work | assumes all hydrogen atoms bc if just look at outermost, the rest of the positive charge and electrons combined look like a hydrogen atom, ignores interactions between electrons, so not all with the same n are same energy bc S and stuff are closer to nucleus so experience more pull | 94 | |
| 9753502954 | penetration | how close to nucleus a shell is, more penetration = closer = lower potential s most penetration then p and stuff, why pyramid and weird order | 95 | |
| 9753503052 | order of orbital filling |  | 96 | |
| 9753502955 | full electron configuration | saying how much in all orbitals C: 1s² 2s² 2p² | 97 | |
| 9753502956 | noble gas notation | [last noble gas] then shells outside that actually used in bonding Ba: [Xe] 6s² | 98 | |
| 9753502957 | electron config O²⁻ | [Ne] = 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ | 99 | |
| 9753502958 | weird electron config | Cr - only 1 electron in last S orbital, same for Cu | 100 | |
| 9753502959 | Hund's rule | in partially filled subshell, filled to maximize total spin |  | 101 |
| 9753502960 | 1st ionization energy | how much to pull off electron; more up (bc closer to nucleus) and to the right (larger nucleus); drops when start on new shell and from N to O bc big change spin very little variation in transition metals and lanth/act | 102 | |
| 9753502961 | 2nd+ ionization energies | goes up logarithmically with big jumps up in energy required each time you start on a new shell its like pulling electron off the next element back, so first off lithium ez, 2nd insane hard | 103 | |
| 9753502962 | 2 eq's for light | E = hf = planck's const*frequency c = fλ = velocity of light = frequency*wavelength | 104 | |
| 9753502963 | Isotope | combination of atomic number and atomic mass number; varying stability; chemical properties very similar except for small like hydrogen where large % mass change | 105 | |
| 9753502964 | Why mass on the periodic table isn't integer | it's an average of all isotopes also, mass defect | 106 | |
| 9753502965 | AMU | atomic mass unit roughly mass of proton and neutron and 2000 times the mass of an electron exactly: AMU = C₁₂/12 | 107 | |
| 9753502966 | mol | 6.02*10²³; scalar 1mol of AMU's = 1gram 1mol of C₁₂ = 12g | 108 | |
| 9753502967 | stoichiometry | study of how much reactants and products in rxn; shift numbering around to get balance of elements across both sides | 109 | |
| 9753502968 | theoretical yield | how much product should hypothetically be made by a certain combo of reactants | 110 | |
| 9753502969 | actual yield | how much product is really made as a percent of theoretical yield (how much should be made in a perfect world) difference is that not all react, some make diff reactions | 111 | |
| 9753502970 | percent composition | when you have the mass of different elements in a sample, divide by molar mass to get mols of each element then find ratio between them to get empirical formula real formula can be any multiple of empirical, find if you have molar mass of substance | 112 | |
| 9753502971 | combustion | basically react a compound with excess oxygen to produce a bunch of oxides H→H₂O; N→NO₂; C→CO₂; O→O₂ | 113 | |
| 9753502972 | combustion analysis | based on weight of oxides left over, find the mols of each oxide, then the mols of that element, then ratio between the mols for empirical, then if have molar mass can find oxygen or if have total starting mass, find oxygen by computing molar mass of what you have and then calculating oxygen to fill in extra | 114 | |
| 9753502973 | limiting reactants | reactant that runs out first in a reaction even the one with more mols or more mass can be limiting because it can be like 1A+5B→3C so even in you have more B, it can still limit just calc mols of limiting and then that's how much corresponding of others there is | 115 | |
| 9753502974 | valence | the number of electrons in the outer valence shell that are open for bonding | 116 | |
| 9753502975 | 2 ways that electrons bond atoms | it happens because atoms more stable with full shells ionic: one atom with way more electronegativity rips an electron to fill its own shell and empties the other shell; the charge pulls them together covalent: share an electron so it counts for both to fill shells | 117 | |
| 9753502976 | precision | all similar inaccuracies; point of sig figs |  | 118 |
| 9753502977 | accuracy | close to the truth | | 119 |
| 9753502978 | what count as sig figs | 1,000 - only the 1 is significant 1,000. - 4 sig figs line over a number - last sig fig 2.4390 - 5 sig figs 4.560*10³ - 4 sig figs 1,000,004 - 7 sig figs 0.0000034 - 2 sig figs | 120 | |
| 9753502979 | add/subtract sig figs | round to highest sig fig place value 14.9283+9.34+1234.5 = round to the .5 | 121 | |
| 9753502980 | multiplying/dividing sig figs | find result and only count the number of sig figs of the number with the least sig figs 4.35*1002*3 = 13076.1 = 10000 (1 sig fig) because 3 has only 1 sig fig | 122 | |
| 9753502981 | order of operations sig figs | regular PEMDAS; do NOT round after each step, just keep track of where the last sig fig is and keep going, round at the end | 123 | |
| 9753502982 | (4.53+5.8123)*(9.3+300) | 3000 | 124 | |
| 9753502983 | liter | 1L = 1000cm³ = 10x10x10cm | 125 | |
| 9753502984 | celsius and fahrenheit | F = 9/5C + 32; C = 5/9*(F-32) celsius is 0 is freezing and 100 is boiling | 126 | |
| 9753502985 | kelvin | 0k is impossible absolute 0; K = 273.15+C useful because when you mult by 2, actually 2x hotter | 127 | |
| 9753502986 | mixture | can be separated into different constituents without chemical reactions | 128 | |
| 9753502987 | compound | connected by chem bonds | 129 | |
| 9753502988 | heterogeneous mixture | looks like diff substances | 130 | |
| 9753502989 | homogeneous mixture | mixture but can't see different components | 131 | |
| 9753502990 | solvent | majority in solution, solute is minority solution is same as homogeneous mixture | 132 | |
| 9753502991 | element | can't split into something else | 133 | |
| 9753502992 | physical means of separation | distillation (boil off), fractional freezing (based on which freeze first), filtration, centrifugation, chromatography | 134 | |
| 9753502993 | law of multiple proportions | seen in systems where 2 elements make multiple compounds; the ratio between them has a smallest unit in the ratio -> atoms exist |  | 135 |
| 9753502994 | cathode ray tubes | beam of particles; put stuff in there and find that they are really small and neg charged | 136 | |
| 9753502995 | millikan oil drop exp | the drops were suspended by the E-field so can calc charge and find that all clear multiples of minimum charge = charge of an electron |  | 137 |
| 9753502996 | plum pudding model | based on millikan oil drop |  | 138 |
| 9753502997 | rutherford gold foil | alpha particles should be slightly deflected by plums in the pudding but some large deflection, calc that nucleus tiny, has all +, and most mass |  | 139 |
| 9753502998 | atomic # | protons in an element which determines the element ie: Z = protons in an element = 2 for He | 140 | |
| 9753502999 | atomic mass number | neutrons + protons = 4 for He = A | 141 | |
| 9753503000 | isotope | different number of neutrons for a given element; little change in oscillation and mass insignificant except small elements | 142 | |
| 9753503001 | mass defect | difference between mass of sum of parts and weighed mass is negative mass that is the amount of negative potential holding nucleus together m = e/c² | 143 | |
| 9753503002 | iupac table naming system | columns labeled 1-18 | 144 | |
| 9753503003 | weird table naming system | goes 1a 2a then weird b stuff for middle then 3-8a for the rightmost 6 rows ending in 8a with Noble gases | 145 | |
| 9753503004 | group 1 | alkali metals except hydrogen all ions 1+nonreactive, reg it's very reactive | 146 | |
| 9753503005 | group 2 | alkaline Earth metals 2+ ions nonreactive but reg are reactive | 147 | |
| 9753503006 | group 18 | Noble gases don't make ions or chem bonds | 148 | |
| 9753503007 | group 17 | halogens only 1- ions nonreactive, reg are reactive | 149 | |
| 9753503008 | group 16 | neutral or -2 ions only except oxygen which can be weird | 150 | |
| 9753503009 | group 15 | usually neutral but when it is upon it's -3 ions | 151 | |
| 9753503010 | group 14 | carbons and stuff ions are rare | 152 | |
| 9753503011 | iron ions | Fe, Fe2+, Fe3+ | 153 | |
| 9753503012 | iron symbol | Fe | 154 | |
| 9753503013 | sodium symbol | Na | 155 | |
| 9753503014 | potassium symbol | K | 156 | |
| 9753503015 | phosphorus symbol | P | 157 | |
| 9753503016 | silver symbol | Ag | 158 | |
| 9753503017 | gold symbol | Au | 159 | |
| 9753503018 | copper symbol | Cu | 160 | |
| 9753503019 | Cobalt symbol | Co | 161 | |
| 9753503020 | lead symbol | Pb | 162 | |
| 9753503021 | Mercury symbol | Hg | 163 | |
| 9753503022 | tungsten symbol | W | 164 | |
| 9753503023 | tin symbol | Sn | 165 | |
| 9753503024 | antimony symbol | Sb | 166 | |
| 9753503025 | magnesium symbol | Mg | 167 | |
| 9753503026 | manganese symbol | Mn | 168 | |
| 9753503027 | spell F | fluorine | 169 | |
| 9753503028 | chromium ions | Cr, Cr2+, Cr3+ | 170 | |
| 9753503029 | Cobalt ions | co, co2+, co3+ | 171 | |
| 9753503030 | nickel ions | ni, ni2+ | 172 | |
| 9753503031 | copper ions | cu, cu+, cu2+ | 173 | |
| 9753503032 | aluminum ions | Al, al3+ | 174 | |
| 9753503033 | silver ions | ag, ag+ | 175 | |
| 9753503034 | zinc ions | zn, zn2+ | 176 | |
| 9753503035 | tin ions | sn, sn2+, sn4+ | 177 | |
| 9753503036 | lead ions | pb, pb2+, pb4+ | 178 | |
| 9753503037 | Mercury ions | hg, hg sub 2 up 2+, hg2+ | 179 | |
| 9753503038 | cation | + ion | 180 | |
| 9753503039 | anion | - ion | 181 | |
| 9753503040 | cation naming | fe2+ = fe (ii) co 3+ = co iii hg sub 2 up 2+ = hg i | 182 | |
| 9753503041 | anion naming | element root + ide oxide carbide nitride sulfide etc | 183 | |
| 9753503042 | ionic compound naming | cation then anion like iron (ii) oxide number can be inferred because charges must balance | 184 | |
| 9753503053 | chlorate |  | 185 | |
| 9753503054 | hydroxide |  | 186 | |
| 9753503055 | nitrate |  | 187 | |
| 9753503056 | skip this |  | 188 | |
| 9753503057 | sulfate |  | 189 | |
| 9753503058 | permanganate |  | 190 | |
| 9753503059 | peroxide |  | 191 | |
| 9753503060 | phosphate |  | 192 | |
| 9753503061 | ammonium |  | 193 | |
| 9753503043 | acetate | or CH₃OO⁻ |  | 194 |
| 9753503044 | per_____________ | means add 1 oxygen to whatever ion follows the per ie: peroxide is 1 O more than reg oxide exception is permanganate | 195 | |
| 9753503045 | hydrogen sulfate | or bisulfate |  | 196 |
| 9753503062 | hydrogen phosphate |  | 197 | |
| 9753503046 | hydrogen carbonate | or bicarbonate | | 198 |
| 9753503063 | cyanide |  | 199 | |
| 9753503064 | dihydrogen phosphate |  | 200 | |
| 9753514343 | periodic trends: electronegative | electronegativity/electron affinity: more to up and right | 201 | |
| 9760563323 | periodic trends: atomic radii | as go right: decrease bc larger charge at center pull in as go down: increase bc more electron shells | 202 | |
| 9760764797 | hydrogen bonding | hydrogen bond to small electronegative atom w/ lone pairs gives hydrogen partial positive charge so can create a dipole-dipole interaction with another electronegative atom higher boiling point, surface tension |  | 203 |
| 9762027244 | dipole-dipole interaction | attraction between oppositely charged portions of polar molecules |  | 204 |
| 9762042553 | london dispersion forces | electrons are randomly jumping around so creates temporary dipole in various places which can cause attraction only intermolecular force in non-polar, more common in larger molecules | 205 | |
| 9762393632 | dipole moment | Dipole = Qr = charge*separation; how strong dipole is points towards electronegative | 206 | |
| 9763397414 | hybridization | when form mult bonds w/ valence electrons, may combine multiple shells so for a carbon, sp3 -> spin of +2 not 0 |  | 207 |
| 9763546586 | sigma and pi bonds | sigma is first, pi is any other bonds | 208 | |
| 9765097665 | heating curves | energy added vs temp line up and then lateral lines as energy for phase change |  | 209 |
| 9765212552 | dynamic equilibrium (phase) | balance between forward and back sublimation condensation or whatever | 210 | |
| 9765222121 | vapor pressure | pressure of a gas from fluid evaporation thing more from higher T and higher volatility | 211 | |
| 9765350022 | types of solids | molecular: held by intermolecular forces; ice ionic: ionic bonds, crystal; salt covalent network: repeating pattern; quartz metallic: metallic bonding; metals | 212 | |
| 9765500001 | temp and solubility | higher temp raise soluble solid higher temp lower soluble gas | 213 | |
| 9765506995 | colligative properties | properties of solutions change boiling point, freezing point, osmotic pressure, vapor pressure | 214 | |
| 9765622028 | rauolts law | vapor pressure = pressure of pure*mole fraction solvent | 215 | |
| 9778962426 | boiling point elevation | ∆T = iKm = vant hoff factor (how many things it splits into, nacl is 2)*constant*molality | 216 | |
| 9779025430 | osmotic pressure elevation | ∆osmotic = MRTi = molarity*R*T*vant hoff | 217 | |
| 9779110702 | types of chem rxns | synthesis - combine decomposition - split combustion - oxygen react w/ something displacement - atoms from one thing replace atoms in another double replacement - switch positive atoms with one another | 218 | |
| 9782819020 | equilibrium meaning | forward and backwards reactions balance | 219 | |
| 9782821215 | equilibrium constant | Kc |  | 220 |
| 9782823756 | equilibrium constant pressures | where all the stuff is in partial pressures; Kp multiply Kc by (RT)^n = Kp = RT^(number of product mols - number of reactant mols) |  | 221 |
| 9786919709 | reaction quotient | Q = Kc calculated when not in equilibrium if Q bigger than Kc, top more, products more, so move in reverse | 222 | |
| 9786944173 | catalyst equilibrium | no effect on equilibrium, only speed of rxns | 223 | |
| 9786991319 | what makes a strong acid | large A in HA, polar HA bond | 224 | |
| 9787034457 | Kw | equilibrium constant of water |  | 225 |
| 9787083547 | pH | -log[H+] | 226 | |
| 9787107573 | Ka | acid equilibrium constant |  | 227 |
| 9787149679 | polyprotic acid | Ka down a lot each time | 228 | |
| 9787156226 | Kb | equilibrium constant for base |  | 229 |
| 9787165192 | conjugate acid/base | when release H or OH, what left behind conjugate of strong does nothing conjugate of weak is weak of other thing | 230 | |
| 9787240063 | common ion effect | if you have hydrochloric acid or something, if you add more chloride ions, it will shift equilibrium left and increase pH | 231 | |
| 9794286049 | buffers | add conjugate base/acid in system with its acid/base when add more H or OH, consumes some of buffer but the other thing is weak and doesn't change do ICE table where add amount of strong acid to neutral and subtract from cation | 232 | |
| 9794334418 | henderson-hasselbalch | for buffer solution where Ka is for buffer |  | 233 |
| 9794509978 | titration curves | strong acid-strong base is like but mirrored version of right side where steep up and equivalence point at 7pH weak acid-strong base is like image, conjugate buffers, buffer actually raises pH so >7 at equivalence point |  | 234 |
AP Vocabulary List 8 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9616311687 | acquiesce | to assent tacitly; submit or comply silently or without protest; agree; consent | 0 | |
| 9616311688 | amity | friendship; peaceful harmony; mutual understanding and a peaceful relationship | 1 | |
| 9616311689 | arduous | requiring great exertion; laborious; difficult; strenuous | 2 | |
| 9616311690 | gestalt | an organized whole that is perceived as more than the sum of its parts | 3 | |
| 9616311691 | inundate | to flood; to overwhelm | 4 | |
| 9616311692 | perjury | the willful giving of false testimony under oath | 5 | |
| 9616311693 | perspicuity | clearness or lucidity | 6 | |
| 9616311694 | preposterous | completely contrary to nature, reason, or common sense; absurd; senseless; utterly foolish | 7 | |
| 9616311695 | trepidation | tremulous fear, alarm, or agitation; perturbation | 8 | |
| 9616311696 | voluble | characterized by a ready and continuous flow of words; fluent | 9 |
AP Vocabulary List 16 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9616327253 | effusive | unduly demonstrative; lacking reserve; overflowing | 0 | |
| 9616327254 | fatuous | foolish or inane; unreal; illusory | 1 | |
| 9616327255 | febrile | pertaining to or marked by fever; feverish | 2 | |
| 9616327256 | incredulous | indicating or showing disbelief | 3 | |
| 9616327257 | interminable | incapable of being terminated; unending; having no limits | 4 | |
| 9616327258 | obliquely | not straight or direct; indirectly stated; not straightforward | 5 | |
| 9616327259 | pernicious | causing insidious harm or ruin; hurtful | 6 | |
| 9616327260 | sardonic | characterized by bitter or scornful derision; mocking; cynical | 7 | |
| 9616327261 | ultimatum | a final proposal or statement of conditions | 8 | |
| 9616327262 | writhe | to twist the body about, or squirm, as in pain | 9 |
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