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AP Biology: Cell Signaling Flashcards

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8538126179Short Distance SignalingMessenger molecules are involved in local signaling that travel only short distances0
8538126180Synaptic SignalingA nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse, stimulating the target cell1
8538126181Endocrine Signalingendocrine cells secrete hormones, which travel via the circulatory system to other parts of the body, where they reach target cells2
8538126182ReceptionThe target cell's detection of a signaling molecule coming from outside the cell; involves the binding of the signaling molecule to a receptor protein3
8538126183TransductionA step or series of steps that converts the signal to a form that can bring about a specific cellular response4
8538126184Signal Transduction PathwayA sequence of changes in a series of different molecules during transduction5
8538126185ResponseThe transduced signal triggers a specific change in cellular activity6
8538126186LigandA molecule that specifically binds to a receptor based on complementary shape and causes a change in shape of the receptor7
8538126187Examples of Transmembrane ReceptorsG protein-coupled receptors and ligand-gated ion channels8
8538126188Ligand-gated Ion ChannelA membrane receptor that has a region that can act as a "gate" for ions when the receptor assumes a certain shape9
8538126189TestosteroneA steroid hormone that passes through the cell membrane and binds to a receptor within the cytoplasm and turns on specific genes that control male sex characteristics10
8538126190Transcription FactorSpecial proteins that control which genes are turned on (transcribed into mRNA) in a particular cell at a particular time11
8538126191Protein KinasesEnzymes involved in phosphorylation cascades that transfer phosphate groups from ATP to other proteins; addition of phosphates activates the protein12
8538126192Second MessengersSmall, nonprotein water-soluble molecules or ions involved in a signaling pathway; examples include cAMP and calcium ions13
8538126193cAMPCyclic AMP; a second messenger that is activated by adenylyl cyclase14
8538126194Cell Signaling DisruptorsDiabetes, neurotoxins, poisons, pesticides, cholera, anthrax, antihistimines15
8538126195DiabetesThe ligand insulin is not produced (Type 1) or the insulin receptor does not bind to the ligand (Type 2)16
8538126196AcetylcholineNeurotransmitter that produces an impulse in a muscle cell17
8538126197botulism toxin (botox)A toxin that prevents the release of acetylcholine, preventing muscular contraction18
8538126198anti depressantsdrugs that increase the availability of neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine , which elevate arousal and mood and appear scarce during depression19
8538126199EpinephrineAn example of a chemical messenger (ligand) that binds to a transmembrane receptor (GPCR) and signals the breakdown of glycogen into glucose20
8538126200direct contact signalingDirect signaling can occur by transferring signaling molecules across gap junctions or plasmodesmata between neighboring cells21
8538126201neurotransmitterChemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons.22
8538126202glycogenAn extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.23
8538126203glucagonA protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin.24
8538126204insulinA protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues25
8538126205amplificationThe strengthening of stimulus energy during transduction.26
8538126206myelin sheatha fatty covering around the axon of neurons that speeds the neural impulse27
8538126207resting potentialwhen the outside of the neuron has a net positive charge and the inside of the neuron has a next negative charge28
8538126208action potentialA momentary reversal in electrical potential across a neural membrane that occurs when a cell has been activated by a stimulus.29
8538126209sodium potassium pumpProcess by which ATP is used to move sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions back into the cell; completely restores the resting conditions of the neuron.30
8538126210sodium channel proteinopens to allow Na+ to enter the neuron during depolarization31
8538126211occipital lobeA region of the cerebral cortex that processes visual information32
8538126212hypothalamusA portion of the forebrain that controls homeostatic and endocrine functions by controlling the release of pituitary hormones.33
8538126213pituitary glandThe endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, this gland regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.34
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AP Psychology - Development Psychology Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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8814026933Developmental Psychologya branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.0
8814026934Zygotethe fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.1
8814026935Embryothe developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.2
8814026936Fetusthe developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.3
8814026937Teratogensagents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.4
8814026938Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions.5
8814026939Habituationdecreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.6
8814026940Maturationbiological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.7
8814026941Cognitionall the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.8
8814026942Schemaa concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.9
8814026943Assimilationinterpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas.10
8814026944AccommodationDevelopment - adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.11
8814026945Sensorimotor Stagein Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.12
8814026946Object Permanencethe awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.13
8814026947Preoperational Stagein Piaget's theory, the stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.14
8814026948Conservationthe principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.15
8814026949Egocentrismin Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view.16
8814026950Theory of Mindpeople's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.17
8814026951Concrete Operational Stagein Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.18
8814026952Formal Operational Stagein Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.19
8814026953Autisma disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind.20
8814026954Stranger Anxietythe fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.21
8814026955Attachmentan emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.22
8814026956Critical Periodan optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.23
8814026957Imprintingthe process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.24
8814026958Temperamenta person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.25
8814026959Basic Trustaccording to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.26
8814026960Self-Conceptall our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"27
8814026961Genderin psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female.28
8814026962Aggressionphysical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.29
8814026963X Chromosomethe sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two of these; males have one. One chromosome from each parent produces a female child.30
8814026964Y Chromosomethe sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.31
8814026965Testosteronethe most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional levels in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.32
8814026966Rolea set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.33
8814026967Gender Rolea set of expected behaviors for males or for females.34
8814026968Gender Identityour sense of being male or female.35
8814026969Gender Typingthe acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.36
8814026970Social Learning Theorythe theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.37
8814026971Adolescencethe transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.38
8814026972Pubertythe period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.39
8814026973Primary Sex Characteristicsthe body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.40
8814026974Secondary Sex Characteristicsnonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.41
8814026975Menarchethe first menstrual period.42
8814026976Identityour sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.43
8814026977Social Identitythe "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships.44
8814026978Intimacyin Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.45
8814026979Emerging Adulthoodfor some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood.46
8814026980Menopausethe time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.47
8814026981Cross-Sectional Studya study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.48
8814026982Longitudinal Studyresearch in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.49
8814026983Crystallized Intelligenceour accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.50
8814026984Fluid Intelligenceour ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.51
8814026985Social Clockthe culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.52
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AP Psychology - Development Psychology Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology

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8814028162Developmental Psychologya branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span.0
8814028163Zygotethe fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo.1
8814028164Embryothe developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.2
8814028165Fetusthe developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth.3
8814028166Teratogensagents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.4
8814028167Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions.5
8814028168Habituationdecreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner.6
8814028169Maturationbiological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience.7
8814028170Cognitionall the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.8
8814028171Schemaa concept or framework that organizes and interprets information.9
8814028172Assimilationinterpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas.10
8814028173AccommodationDevelopment - adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.11
8814028174Sensorimotor Stagein Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities.12
8814028175Object Permanencethe awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived.13
8814028176Preoperational Stagein Piaget's theory, the stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.14
8814028177Conservationthe principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects.15
8814028178Egocentrismin Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view.16
8814028179Theory of Mindpeople's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.17
8814028180Concrete Operational Stagein Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events.18
8814028181Formal Operational Stagein Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts.19
8814028182Autisma disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind.20
8814028183Stranger Anxietythe fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.21
8814028184Attachmentan emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation.22
8814028185Critical Periodan optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development.23
8814028186Imprintingthe process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.24
8814028187Temperamenta person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.25
8814028188Basic Trustaccording to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers.26
8814028189Self-Conceptall our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"27
8814028190Genderin psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female.28
8814028191Aggressionphysical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone.29
8814028192X Chromosomethe sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two of these; males have one. One chromosome from each parent produces a female child.30
8814028193Y Chromosomethe sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.31
8814028194Testosteronethe most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional levels in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty.32
8814028195Rolea set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.33
8814028196Gender Rolea set of expected behaviors for males or for females.34
8814028197Gender Identityour sense of being male or female.35
8814028198Gender Typingthe acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role.36
8814028199Social Learning Theorythe theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished.37
8814028200Adolescencethe transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence.38
8814028201Pubertythe period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing.39
8814028202Primary Sex Characteristicsthe body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.40
8814028203Secondary Sex Characteristicsnonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair.41
8814028204Menarchethe first menstrual period.42
8814028205Identityour sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles.43
8814028206Social Identitythe "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships.44
8814028207Intimacyin Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood.45
8814028208Emerging Adulthoodfor some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood.46
8814028209Menopausethe time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines.47
8814028210Cross-Sectional Studya study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.48
8814028211Longitudinal Studyresearch in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period.49
8814028212Crystallized Intelligenceour accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.50
8814028213Fluid Intelligenceour ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.51
8814028214Social Clockthe culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement.52
8814028215Moro reflexInfant startle response to sudden, intense noise or movement. When startled the newborn arches its back, throws back its head, and flings out its arms and legs. Usually disappears after four months.53
8814028216Babinski reflexReflex in which a newborn fans out the toes when the sole of the foot is touched54
8814028217holographic speechone word declarations by children at about age 155
8814028218VygotskyBelieved that cognitive development was largely the result of the child's interaction with members of his or her own culture rather than his or her interaction with concrete objects Zones of Proximal Devl: social interaction influences learning. Students learn best when teachers teach them something they don't know yet, and then provide students opportunities to practice and learn with other peers and adults supporting.56
8814028219latchkey childrenchild who returns from school to an empty home because their parent or parents are away at work, or a child who is often left at home with little parental supervision. are left unsupervised after school and are at a higher risk for accidents, isolated and alone57
8814028220Piagettheorist that developed a series of stages in which an individual passes during cognitive development. Growth occurs in stages - sensory motor (0-2), pre-operational, experiential (2-7), concrete operational (7-11) formal operational (11+) formal and abstract operations58
8814028221Kohlbergtheorist who claimed individuals went through a series of stages in the process of moral development. Development; Concepts: stages of moral development; Study Basics: Studied boys responses to and processes of reasoning in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why? Developing children progress through a predictable sequence of stages of moral reasoning (preconventional, conventional, postconventional).59
8814028222EriksonProposed that individuals go through 8 distinct, universal stages of development. Each stage consists of a developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis. Infant; 0-2 years: Trust Vs. mistrust 2. Toddler; 2-3 years: Autonomy Vs shame and doubt 3. Preschool; 3-5 years: Initiative Vs guilt 4. School age; 6-12 years: Industry Vs inferiority 5. Adolescent; 12-18 years: Identity Vs identity (or role) confusion 6. Young adult: 18-25 years: Intimacy Vs isolation 7. Middle adult: 25-45 years: Generativity Vs stagnation 8. Older adult: 45-death: Ego integrity Vs despair60
8814028223BanduraSocial Learning Theory Observational learning; Bobo dolls; social-cognitive theory Social Learning Theory - emphasizes modeling or observational learning as a powerful source of development and behavior modification61
8814028224presbyopiaDefect in vision in advancing age involving loss of accommodation or recession of near vision; due to loss of elasticity of crystalline lens62
8814028225presbycusisage-related hearing loss63
8814028226empty-nest syndromethe feelings of sadness or loneliness that accompany children's leaving home and entering adulthood64
8814028227death-deferral phenomenonPeople tend to put off dying when there is an event to look forward to, such as holidays spirit affects life expectancy; depression causes poor health and early death; ex: more people die 2 days after Christmas than before65
8814028228dementiaImpairment of mental functioning and global cognitive abilities in otherwise alert individuals, causing memory loss and related symptoms and typically having a progressive nature66
8814028229Alzheimer's diseasechronic, progressive, degenerative cognitivedisorder that accounts for more than 60% of all dementias an irreversible, progressive brain disorder, characterized by the deterioration of memory, language, and eventually, physical functioning67
8814028230Kubler-RossHer theory proposes that the terminally ill pass through a squence of 5 stages: 1. denial, 2. anger/resentment, 3. bargaining with God, 4. depression, and 5. acceptance68
8814028231stages vs. continuityDebate over development occurring in set time periods verses continual or individual changes and development69
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AP Biology - Cells Review Flashcards

Campbell's Ch 6, 7: structure and function, prokaryotes v eukaryotes, mvmnt of substances, protein function. Also Cliff's AP Bio 4th ed., Ch 3: Cells.

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8814537726plasma membranecell structure that maintains the cell in homeostasis by regulating the materials that enter and leave the cell.0
8814537727selectively permeableallows: small, unchanged, polar molecules; hydrophobic molecules blocks: large polar molecules; ions1
8814537728integral proteinstype of protein that spans the entire phospholipid bilayer2
8814537729peripheral proteinstype or protein that is attached to one side of the cell membrane.3
8814537730channel proteinsa type of protein that serves for the passage of hydrophillic (polar) substances4
8814537731aquaporinschannel proteins that transport water into the cell.5
8814537732ion channelsintegral proteins that allow the entrance of specific ions into and out of the cell.6
8814537733gated channelsType of integral protein which opens and closes its ion channels in response to stimuli EX: nerve and muscle cells7
8814537734carrier proteinstype of integral protein which change their shape in response to a specific molecule to allow their passage into or out of the cell.8
8814537735pumpstype of integral protein which use ATP (active transport) to transport molecules against their concentration gradient across a membrane. EX: sodium-potassium pump9
8814537740nucleuscontains DNA and nucleoli; site of cell division10
8814537741chromatinnon condensed DNA11
8814537742chromosomesDNA condensed into thread-like structures12
8814537744ribosomeorganelle made up of 2 RNA subunits + proteins; free or bound; location of protein synthesis13
8814537745smooth ERorganelle belonging to the endomembrane system whose function is to synthesize lipids and steroids, store and release Ca+, and detoxification14
8814537746rough EROrganelle belonging to the endomembrane system whose function is to transport and modify the proteins made by its ribosomes.15
8814537747golgi apparatusOrganelle belonging to the endomembrane system whose function is to collect, modify, and package proteins and lipids.16
8814537748lysosomesorganelles containing hydrolytic enzymes; break down material in cytosol for recycling; low pH17
8814537749peroxisomesorganelles who breakdown H202, fatty acids, AAs; plants: modify by-products of photosynthesis18
8814537750mitochondriaorganelle who carries out aerobic cellular respiration; two membranes allow separation of metabolic processes19
8814537751chloroplastsorganelle in plants and some protists in which photosynthesis occurs; two membranes20
8814537754centriolesorganelles found in animal cells only which are a microtubule organizing centers; create spindle apparatus during cell division21
8814537757contractile vacuolescollect and pump water in cell22
8814537758central vacuoles(plant cells only) contain most of plant cell interior; exert tugor when full for cell rigidity; functions specialized: 1) store starch, nutrients, waste, etc. 2) lysosome function 3) cell growth by absorbing H20 4) renders large SA-to-V ratio23
8814537759cell walls(plant cells only) support24
8814537761tight junctions(animals) seal that prevents cellular exchange25
8814537762gap junctions(animals) (communication) narrow tunnels; basically channel protein connecting 2 cells26
8814537763plasmodesmata(plants) (communication) narrow tunnels; like gap junctions27
8814537764prokaryotestype of simple small cell who only has a plasma membrane, DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and a cell wall.28
8814537765hypertonicsolution with a lower water potential than another.29
8814537766hypotonicsolution with a higher water potential than another.30
8814537767isotonictwo solutions with equal water potentials; dynamic equilibrium.31
8814537768bulk flowcollective transport of substances within the cell in response to pressure32
8814537769passive transport[higher] to [lower]; increases w/ increase in [x], temp., smaller particle size33
8814537770diffusionrandom mvmnt leads to net mvmnt from [high] to [low]34
8814537771osmosisdiffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane35
8814537772turgor pressurea type of pressure caused by water entering a plant cell placed in a hypotonic environment.36
8814537773plasmolysisa consequence of a plant cell placed in a hypertonic environment.37
8814537775facilitated diffusiondiffusion through channel or carrier proteins38
8814537776active transport[lower] to [higher]; requires use of E (usually ATP)39
8814537778exocytosisfuse w/ membrane, release contents outside cell40
8814537779endocytosiscapture substance outside cell, fuse w/ membrane, release contents into cell; 3 types: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated41
8814537780phagocytosiscellular eating; undissolved material enters cell; forms phagocytic vesicle42
8814537781pinocytosiscellular drinking; dissolved material enters cell; forms liquid vesicle43
8814537782receptor-mediated endocytosisspecific molec. (ligands) binds to site, resulting in pinocytosis44
8814537783water potentialmovement of water from where there is high potential to low potential; based upon solute and pressure components45
8814537784apoptosisprogrammed cell death46
8814537786ligandsignaling molecule47
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Plate Tectonics 2018 AP Flashcards

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9861132573Subductionis the process by which denser oceanic lithosphere sinks back into the asthenosphere to melt and become magma -occurs at oceanic convergent boundaries (plates move together or collide)0
9861132574Mid-Ocean Ridgea chain of mountain ranges (longest chain in the world) on the ocean floor where new oceanic crust forms -forms at a divergent plate boundary where oceanic plates move away from each other1
9861132575Convection CurrentsA circulation pattern in which material is heated and rises in one area, then cools and sinks in another area, flowing in a continuous loop -occurs in the asthenosphere -diving force of the movement of the tectonic plates (lithosphere)2
9861132577tectonic plateshuge moving slabs of solid rock - broken up pieces of the lithosphere that move on top of the asthenosphere -like pieces of a puzzle3
9861132578lithosphereCrust and the uppermost part of the mantle (tectonic plates)4
9861132579Plate Tectonic TheoryTheory that Earth's lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates. Movement of Earth 's plates in the lithosphere which may be caused by oceanic plates subducting beneath continental plates and convection in the mantle5
9861132581Convergent boundarythe boundary formed by the collision of two tectonic plates (lithosphere) - plates moving towards each other6
9861132582Divergent Boundarythe boundary between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other7
9861132583Transform boundarythe boundary between tectonic plates that are sliding past each other in opposite directions - these plates grind and jerk as they slide which produces Earthquakes8
9861132585faultsthe surface along which rocks break and slide past each other9
9861132586Volcanic MountainsUsually forms at Continental- Oceanic Convergent Plate Boundaries where oceanic crust sinks into the asthenosphere at subduction zones10
9861132587Continental-Continental Collisionswhen two plates with continental crust collide, buckle and thicken, and pushes the continental crust upward, forms mountains11
9861132588Continental-Oceanic Collisionswhen a plate with oceanic crust collides with a plate with continental crust, the denser oceanic crust is subducted by into the asthenosphere where it melts and turns into magma - Volcanic Mountain and ocean trenches can form here12
9861132589ocean trencha long narrow steep-sided depression in the earth's oceanic crust13
9861132590Oceanic-Oceanic Convergent Collisionswhen two oceanic plates collide, the plate that is older and more dense is subducted underneath the less dense plate -Island Arcs can form14
9861132591Oceanic-Oceanic Divergent Boundaryforms where two oceanic plates separate (pull away) form each other -Ex. Mid-Ocean Ridge15
9861132592Continental-Continental Divergent Boundaryforms where two continental plates pull away from each other -Rift Valley can form16
9861172976EpicenterImaginary point on earth's surface that pinpoints an earthquake, directly above the focus17
9861185101FocusEarthquake origin inside the earth18
9861192289Mercalli intensity scaleMeasures an earthquake's intensity, how people feel during an earthquake and the amount of damage caused to property. On a scale of I to XII19
9861197976Richter scaleMeasures an earthquake's magnitude; the amount of shaking the ground does due to the amount of energy released. Measured on a scale from 0-???20
9861205152MagmaMolten rock beneath Earth's surface21
9861210312LavaMolten material/rock on Earth's surface22
9861250707Volcanic regionsMid-Atlantic Ridge, Pacific Ring of Fire, Hawaiian Islands and other hot spots23
9861257414MountainsFormed when one plate subducts another, convergent boundary, and at a hot spot or where hot rock comes up like where volcanoes form.24
9861269121Seismometer/seismographMeasures seismic waves , useful in monitoring volcanic and earthquake activity25
9861339156Evidence of Continental Drift TheoryMesosaurus fossils on different continents, climate, continents seeming to fit together, Mountains of similar age and structure on different continents, glacial scratches on continents in the tropics26
9861526741rift valleylong, narrow depression formed at divergent boundaries27
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AP Exam: Biographie (Dokumente) Flashcards

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4795175520die Ahnenforschunggenealogy0
4795175521den Ausweis vorzeigento show one's ID1
4795175522sich ausweisen lassento prove one's identity2
4795175523die Geburtsurkundebirth certificate3
4795175524die Heiratsannoncewedding announcement4
4795175525die Heiratsanzeigewedding announcement5
4795175526der PersonalausweisID card6
4795175527der Reisepasspassport7
4795175528der Stammbaumfamily tree8
4795175529das Standesamtregistry office (where births, deaths, and marriages are recorded)9
4795175530die Sterbeurkundedeath certificate10
4795175531das Testamentwill11
4795175532die Todesanzeigeobituary12
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APES CH6 Flashcards

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5227556071Ecological SuccessionThe predictable replacement of one group of species by another group of species over time0
5227556072Primary SuccessionOccurs on surfaces that are initially devoid of soil1
5227556073Process of primary succession1. Bare rock is colonized by organisms that can survive with little or no soil 2. When these organisms die, they become the organic matter that mixes with minerals eroded from the rock to create new soil 3. Soil develops and allows plants with deep root systems 4. Mid-successional plants are easily dispersed and help the soil increase its ability to retain nutrients and water2
5227556074Secondary successionOccurs in areas that have been disturbed but have not lost their soil3
5227556075Process of secondary succession1. Begins with rapid colonization by plants that can easily disperse to the disturbed area 2. Light, wind-borne seeded plants are the first to arrive 3. These are replaced by species that are better competitors for sunlight, water, and soil nutrients4
5227556076Pioneer speciesHave the ability to colonize new areas rapidly and grow well in full sunshine5
5227556077What happens when pioneer trees increase in number and grow larger?They start to shade one another, reducing one another's growth and fitness6
5227556078How does succession end?Climax stage7
5227556079Process of aquatic succession1. Storms turn over rocks/clear them of living things 2. The bare rocks can be colonized through the process of primary succession8
5227556080The number and types of species within a biome present are determined by these 3 processes:1. Colonization of the area by new species 2. Speciation within the area 3. Losses from the area by extinction9
5227556081Importance of these processes is influenced by these 4 factors:1. Latitude 2. Time 3. Habitat size 4. Distance from other communities10
5227556082As we move from the equator toward the north or south pole, the number of species:Decreases11
5227556083What happens the longer a habitat exists?The more colonization, speciation, and extinction occur there12
5227556084Basis for the theory of island geographySize of the habitat and the distance of that habitat from a source of colonizing species13
5227556085Reasons why larger habitats contain more species1. Dispersing species are more likely to find larger habitats than smaller habitats 2. At any given latitude, larger habitats can support more species than small habitats (they are capable of supporting larger populations which are prone to less extinction) 3. Larger habitats often contain a wider range of environmental conditions, which in turn provide more niches that support a larger number of species14
5227556086Why distance matters when it comes to species richnessMany species can disperse short distances, but only a few can disperse long distances15
5227556087Why did ranchers originally want to dispose of prairie dogs?They were herbivores that were competitors for ranchers' crops.16
5227556088What was a consequence of ranchers winning the battle against the prairie dogs?They almost caused the extinction of the black-footed ferret (because the prairie dogs' had been the ferrets' main food source)17
5227556089Growth Ratethe number of offspring an individual can produce in a given time period - the deaths of individuals or offspring18
5227556090Intrinsic Growth Ratemaximum potential for growth, with ideal conditions and unlimited resources available19
5227556092What causes a j-shaped curve?produced by exponential growth rate20
5227556093Logistic Growth Modelgrowth is initially exponential, but slows as population reaches carrying capacity21
5227556094What produces an S-shaped curve?logistic growth model22
5227556095overshootpopulation becomes larger than the carrying capacity, likely leading to a die-off23
5227556096What is another term for die-off?population crash24
5227556097Carrying CapacityThe maximum number of organisms that an ecosystem can support25
5227556098What is one of the most important factors in limiting population?Predation26
5227556099keystone speciesspecies in an environment who plays a much more important role than its relative abundance may suggest27
5227556100predator-mediated competitionorganism who reduces abundance of a superior competitor and therefore allows inferior competitors to exist28
5227556101ecosystem engineerskeystone species that that create or maintain habitats for other species29
5227556102commensalismone species benefits while the other one is not harmed30
5227556103symbiosisA close, long-term relationship between two species that usually involves an exchange of food or energy31
5227641855symbiotic relationshipsmutualism, commensalism, parasitism32
5227556104mutualismbenefits both species present33
5227556105predationthe use of one species as a resource34
5227556106true predatorkill their prey and consume most of what they kill35
5227556107parasiteslive on the organism they consume, take nutrients from the host36
5227556108pathogensparasites that cause disease in their hosts37
5227556109herbivoresconsume plants as prey38
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AP Vocal Lesson Thirteen Flashcards

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4745180554implicateto involve or connect unfavorably0
4745181312analgesica medication to reduce or eliminate pain1
4745182352turpitudewickedness; vileness2
4745182797discretionaryleft to one's own judgment3
4745183175flummoxto confuse; to perplex4
4745183446unpalatableunpleasant to the taste or the mind5
4745183895histrionicsexaggerated emotional behavior6
4745184513draconianextremely harsh; very severe7
4745185519noisomedisgusting; offensive to the senses8
4745185960punctiliousattentive to details in conduct or action9
4745186363veritableauthentic; genuine10
4745186864floridrosy or red in color11
4745187343fractiousunruly; disruptive12
4745187344moribundnear death; about to die13
4745188394conflagrationa large, destructive fire14
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Examen AP - mots importants Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5777656841montrerto show0
5777656842Selonaccording to1
5777656843D'aprèsaccording to2
5777656844Grâce àThanks to3
5777656845à cause debecause of4
5777656846bénéfiquebeneficial5
5777656847les aspects positifs/négatifspositive/negative aspects6
5777656849les avantagesadvantages7
5777656850les inconvénientsdisadvantages8
5777656851pourtant/cependanthowever9
5777656853malgrédespite10
5777656854sinonotherwise11
5777656855tout d'abordfirst of all12
5777656856donctherefore13
5777656857carbecause14
5777656858puisqueas ; because15
5777656859dèsas soon as; from that point16
5777656860désormaisfrom that point forward; henceforth17
5777656861en faitin fact18
5777656862un échecfailure19
5777656863réussir àto succeed20
5777656864un récita narrative21
5777656865les fraiscost; fee22
5777656866le butgoal23
5777656867un entretieninterview24
5777656868un lecteura reader25
5777656869une lecturea reading; passage26
5777656870tant/tellementso much/many27
5777656872ça vaut la peineit is worthwile28
5777656873mériterto deserve29
5777656874Cher MonsieurDear Sir30
5777656875Chère MadameDear Madam31
5777656876Cordiales salutationssincerely32
5777656877Bien cordialementsincerely33
5777656879Je vous remercie de votre courriel.Thank you for your email34
5777656880Je suis ravi(e)I'm excited35
5777656881J'attends votre réponseI am looking forward to your answer36
5777656882Merci d'avanceThanks in advance37
5777656883un séjoura stay38
5777656884à l'étrangerabroad39
5777656885de plusalso40
5777656886un bénévolea volunteer41
5777656887profondémentdeeply42
5777656888Cela m'intéresseI'm interested in that43
5777656889Cette idée me plaîtI like this idea44
5777656890En réponse à vos questionsIn response to your questions45
5777656891l'année scolaireschool year46
5777656892les vacancesvacation47
5777656893s'inquiéterto worry48
5777656894quant àas for49
5777656895dirigerto manage50
5777656896fréquenterto go/visit often51
5777656897s'abonnerto sign up for/subscribe52
5777656898l'âmesoul53
5777656900un réseau socialsocial network54
5777656901améliorerto make better/ to improve55
5777656902diminuerto diminish56
5777656903bénéficier deto benefit from57
5777656904un tarifprice; cost58
5777656905une boursescholarship59
5777656906parmiamong60
5777656907l'hébergementlodging61
5777656908une famille d'acceuilhost family62
5777656909acceuillirto welcome63
5777656910manquerto lack; to miss64
5777656911un appela call65
5777656912c'est à direthat is to say66
5777656913la preuvethe proof67
5777656914un métieroccupation; trade; profession68
5777656915utileuseful69
5777656916le sièclecentury70
5777656917constaterto note; to notice71
5777656918se rendre compteto realize72
5777656919un témoina witness73
5777656920évidemmentevidently; obviously74
5777656921je suis convaincu(e) queI am convinced that75
5777656922menerto lead76
5777656923le SIDAAIDS77
5777656924un médicamentmedicine78
5777656925un médecindoctor79
5777656926réduireto reduce80
5777656927une réductiona decrease81
5777656928augmenterto increase82
5777656929une augmentation/une haussean increase83
5777656930les habitudeshabits84
5777656931habituelregular85
5777656932d'habitudeusually; normally86
5777656933comme d'habitudeas usual87
5777656934tenir compte deto consider88
5777656935tel quesuch as89
5777656936aucunnot any90
5777656937formidablegreat!91
5777656938à propos deabout; concerning; regarding92
5777656939soulignéunderlined93
5777656940rappelerto remember94
5777656941le conseiladvice95
5777656942profiter deto take advantage of/benefit from96
5777656943l'intrigueplot97
5777656944ainsiin this way98
5777656945à l'avenirin the future99
5777656946empêcherto prevent100
5777656948avertirto advise; to warn101
5777656949un avertissementwarning102
5777656950une publicitéadvertisement103
5777656951un sondage/une enquêtea survey104
5777656952une enquêtesurvey105
5777656953le tableautable; graph106
5777656954le graphiquegraph107
5777656956alimenterto feed; to supply108
5777656957plusieursseveral109
5777656958l'époquetime period110
5777656959disponibleavailable111
5777656960occupébusy112
5777656961éviterto avoid113
5777656963la racinethe root114
5777656964un liena link115
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