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AP Human Geography: Language Flashcards

Language

6822720890	Accent	A distinctive mode of pronunciation of a language, especially one associated with a particular nation, locality, or social class.	0
6822720891	Dialect	A regional variation of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation, particular to a specific region or social group.	1
6822720892	Extinct Language	A language that no longer has any speakers, or that is no longer in current use.	2
6822720893	Ideogram	A written character symbolizing the idea of a thing without indicating the sounds used to say it. Used in Mandarin (Chinese)	3
6822720894	Isogloss	A geographic boundary line delimiting the area in which a given linguistic feature occurs.	4
6822720895	Isolated Language	A natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other languages or language families; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language. i.e A language family with only one language. (Basque)	5
6822720896	Language Branch	A Subsection of a Language Family. Differences are not as extensive or old as with language families. i.e The Romance "-------" of the Indo-European language family.	6
6822720897	Language	The method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.	7
6822720898	Language Group	A Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary. An individual language, including all dialects (I.e. Italian, German, English)	8
6822720899	Language Family	A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history. The trunk of the language tree, from which language branches come from.	9
6822720900	Indo European language family	Largest language family that includes English and most other languages in the Western Hemisphere. Also used in South and Southwest Asia. Includes the Germanic branch, Indo-Iranian branch, Balto-Slavic branch, and Romance branch.	10
6822720901	Sino-Tibetan Language Family	2nd largest language family. Includes Madarin, Thai, Cantonese and Burmese	11
6822720902	Lingua Franca	A Language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages (currently English worldwide).	12
6822720903	Literary Tradition	A Language that is written as well as spoken.	13
6822720904	Monolingual State	A country in which only one language is spoken (i.e. Japan, Korea)	14
6822720905	Bilingual	The ability to speak two languages.	15
6822720906	Multilingual State	A country in which more than one language is in use (India, Nigeria, Belgium, Switzerland)	16
6822720907	Official Language	The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents, a language that is given special legal status.	17
6822720908	Orthography	The conventional spelling system of a language.	18
6822720909	Pidgin Language	A Form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.	19
6822720910	Standard Language	The specific form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.	20
6822720911	Toponym	The name of a place, often reflecting that place's history and culture.	21
6822720912	Vernacular	Using a language or dialect native to a region or country rather than a literary, cultured, or foreign language. It is usually the language of the common people.	22
6822720913	Creole	A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated. Developed out of an earlier pidgin stage.	23
6822720914	Denglish	The term is used in all German-speaking countries to refer to the increasingly strong influx of English or pseudo-English vocabulary into German.	24
6822720915	Franglais	A form of French using many words and idioms borrowed from English.	25
6822720916	Ebonics	A dialect of English spoken by some African Americans.	26
6822720917	Spanglish	A hybrid language combining words and idioms from both Spanish and English, especially Spanish speech that uses many English words and expressions.	27
6822720918	Francophone	Places and countries where French is spoken around the world. (Quebec in Canada, Vietnam, Haiti, Sub-Saharan Africa, Belgium, Switzerland, France).	28
6822720919	Hankul	The system of writing Korean is written in. In this system, each letter represents a sound.	29
6822720920	Romance Branch	A language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch includes languages that evolved from Latin (the language of the Romans). The 5 main languages include: Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, and Romanian.	30
6822720921	Germanic Branch	A language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch is divided into North and West Germanic. North Germanic includes Scandinavian languages (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic), which all came from Old Norse. West Germanic is further divided into High Germanic and Low Germanic subgroups. High German includes the standard German language. Low German includes English, Dutch, Flemish (Dialect of Dutch), Afrikaaans, and Frisian.	31
6822720922	Indo-Iranian Branch	The branch of the Indo-European language family with the most speakers. This branch includes more than 100 individual languages divided into an eastern group (Indic), which includes the languages of Hinid and Urdu and a western group (Iranian), which includes Farsi and Kurdish.	32
6822720923	Balto-Slavic Branch	This branch of the Indo-European language family can be broken down into four groups: East Slavic (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian), Baltic (Latvian, Lithuanian), West Slavic (Polish, Czech, and Slovak), and South Slavic (Serbo-Croatian). Russian is the most widely used language in this branch, due to the spread of the Soviet Union.	33
6822720924	Celtic Branch	A language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch includes the languages of the British Isles before the invasion of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. This branch is divided into two language groups: Goidelic(Gaelic), which includes Irish Gaelic and Scottish Gaelic, and Brythonic, which includes Welsh, Breton, and Cornish. These languages declined because the Celts lost most of their territory and the English colonizers forbid the use of the Celtic languages.	34
6822720925	Uralic Language Family	Language Family in Europe that includes the languages of Estonian, Finnish, and Hungarian. Languages in this family originated from the Ural mountains in Russia, spreading through migration.	35
6822720926	Austronesian Language Family	Language Family spoken mostly in Indonesia. This family includes the languages of Javanese, Indonesian, Malay, and Malagasy. The most spoken language in this family is Javanese, since Java is the populous island of Indonesia. The Indonesian language is used as a lingua franca in Indonesia, due to so many different native languages (739 active languages). Malay is spoken in Malaysia, Malagasy is spoken in Madagascar.	36
6822720927	Afro-Asiatic Language Family	This language family is found in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Middle East), where Islam is the dominant religion. This family includes the languages of Arabic and Hebrew. Hebrew is spoken in Israel, a Jewish state, and Arabic is spoken throughout the region since it is the language of the Koran, the Islamic holy book.	37
6822720928	Niger-Congo Language Family	More than 95% of people in Sub-Saharan Africa speak languages from this family. This family includes Swahili, the lingua franca in Africa, used by many to communicate as a second language, due to so many different native languages.	38
6822720929	Prehistoric Subgroup	A language that predates the current language family, before the written record. Ex: Proto-Indo-European	39
6822720930	Altaic Language Family	A language family spoken across central Asia named after the Altai Mountains. The most spoken language in this family is Turkish. The family also includes the languages spoken in the Caucasus Region and across Central Asia, previously controlled by the Soviet Union. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, newly independent countries in these regions reverted to their native languages in this family, including the countries of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia and Georgia.	40
6822720931	Kurgan Theory	Proposed by Marija Gimbutas, this theory argues the Proto-Indo-European language diffused by military conquest as nomadic herders on horseback (Kurgans) invaded west from the Asian Steppe ( border between Russia and Kazakhstan) around 4300 B.C in search of grasslands.	41
6822720932	Renfrew (Anatolian) Theory	Proposed by Colin renfrew, this theory argues the Proto-Indo-European language diffused by way of agriculktural practices from Anatolia (Turkey) in 6300 BC.	42
6822720933	British Received Pronunciation (BRP)	The dialect of English associated with upper class Britons living in the London area now considered the standard form of British speech.	43
6822720934	Language Divergence	When a lack of spatial interaction (isolation) among speakers of a language breaks the language into dialects and then new languages.	44
6822720935	Language Convergence	When peoples with different languages have consistent spatial interaction and their languages collapse into one (i.e. pidgin and creole).	45
6822720936	Backward Reconstruction	When linguists track sound shifts and the hardening of consonants backward to reveal an "original" language.	46
6822720937	Sound Shift	Slight word change in language within the subfamilies and language family from present time, backward to its origin (i.e: lacte in Latin, latta in Italian).	47
6822720938	Treaty of Tordesillas	Pope Alexander VI's 1493 decision that officially split the New World into two empires, with Spain getting the West and Portugal the East.	48
6822720939	Hindi	Approximately one-third of Indians, mostly in the north, use this Indic language. This language can be spoken in many different ways, but there is only one official way to write the language, using a script called Devanagari. It serves as the lingua franca in India and is used by the government, growing into a national language in the nineteenth century when the British encouraged its use in government. It is part of the Indo-Iranian branch.	49
6822720940	Swahili	The lingua franca in Africa, used by many to communicate as a second language, due to so many different native languages. This language was developed between African and Arab traders and is one for the few African languages with extensive literature. It is part of the Niger-Congo language family.	50
6822720941	Urdu	Pakistan's principal language, spoken very much like Hindi but written with the Arabic alphabet, a legacy of the fact that most Pakistanis are Muslims, and their holiest book (the Quran) is written in Arabic. It is part of the Indo-Iranian branch.	51
6822720942	Farsi	The principle language of Iran, a remnant of the Persian Empire. It is written with the Arabic alphabet since Iran is a Muslim country. This language is part of the Indo-Iranian branch.	52
6822720943	Mandarin	This language is the most spoken language in the world. It is spoken by approximately three-fourths of the Chinese people, and is used by the Chinese government. There is no single Chinese language. Instead of letters, Chinese languages use ideograms (characters) that mostly represent concepts rather than sounds.	53
6822720944	Arabic	This language serves as a unifying force in the Middle East (Northern Africa and Southwest Asia), typically referred to as the Arab World. This language is the language of Islam (used in the Koran),, which is predominant throughout the region. This language belongs to the Afro-Asiatic language family and is the official language in two dozen countries of North Africa and southwestern Asia, from Morocco to the Arabian Peninsula.	54
6822720945	Hebrew	This language was an extinct language that has been revived. It diminished in use in the fourth century B.C. and was thereafter retained only for Jewish religious services. When Israel was established in 1948, this language became one of the new country's two official languages, along with Arabic. This language was chosen to unify the Jews of Israel and give them a sense of nationalism, since Israel was created by Jewish refugees and migrants who spoke many different languages. Reviving this language required the creation of many new words for the modern world.	55
6822720946	Irish Gaelic	This is one of the two official languages of Ireland, along with English. This language was forbidden under English rule. When Ireland got their independence form England in 1922, this language became an important part of their cultural identity and sense of nationalism and became a compulsory course in all public schools and required for public service jobs.	56
6822720947	Basque	Also known as Euskera, this isolated language predates the Indo-European language and is not related to any other language family in Europe. Spoken in the Pyrenees Mountains (between Spain and France), the mountainous homeland created isolation, making the preservation of the language possible.	57
6822720948	Welsh	This is one of the two official languages of Wales, along with English. This language was forbidden under English rule, but has been revived in recent years. This language is a compulsory subject in all schools in Wales and knowledge of the language is now required for many jobs in Wales. Bilingual signs and television and radio programs have also been added to help preserve this language.	58
6822720949	Inuktitut	The language spoken by the Inuits (indigenous tribe) of northern Canada. It is recognized as an official language, along with English and French in Nunavut, the Inuit territory of Canada. Similar to the Celtic languages, it has declined with the forces of globalization and is undergoing a revival since it is an important part of the Inuit culture and is taught in schools and represented on bilingual signs and in the government.	59
6822720950	Globalization	The process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence and operate on an international scale. Currently, America dominates the world with multinational corporations and media, which has made English the world's current lingua franca (international language of business).	60
6822720951	Quebec	This province in Canada primarily speaks French, due to its history of colonization. As a result, Canada is officially bilingual, recognizing both English and French as official languages.	61
6822720952	Vulgar Latin	This language was spoken by the Roman army at the time of occupation and is the basis of the Romance languages, which evolved out of this language overtime due to isolation.	62
6822720953	Latin America	This region of the Americas primarily speaks Romance Languages, which derived from Latin. Brazil speaks Portuguese, Haiti and French Guiana speak French, while the majority of the other countries speak Spanish, all due to the patterns of colonization.	63
6822720954	Belgium	This multilingual state in Europe, which is part of the francophone world, has experienced tensions between its two language groups. The Flemings live in the north province Flanders and speak Flemish, a Dutch dialect. The Walloons live in the south province Wallonia and speak French. Brussels, the capital city if officially bilingual to create a since of unity in the country. Antagonism between the Flemings and Walloons is aggravated by economic and political differences. Historically, the Walloons dominated Belgium's economy and politics and French was the official state language.	64
6822720955	Switzerland	This multilingual state in Europe, which is part of the francophone world, remains peaceful with four official languages (German, French, Italian, and Romanish). This country has institutionalized cultural diversity by creating a form of government that places considerable power in local, small communities (Decenetralization).	65

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AP language Terms Flashcards

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9870763960	antithesis	often found in parallel constructions, 2 opposite or contrasting words, phrases and clauses ex: it was the best of times; it was the worst of times	0
9703465110	Lexicon	specialized Vocabulary	1
9703469131	Prose	Written in ordinary language that resembles everyday speech; not poetry	2
9703476480	Rhetoric	The principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuavely	3
9703497037	Rhetorical Features, Devices, Resources of Language, Rhetorical Strategies	Figures of speech, syntax, sentence structure, diction, and other stylistic elements that are used to produce a particular artistic effect	4
9703527841	Genre	The major category in which a work of literature is catorigorized.	5
9703538796	Generic Conventions	The typical characteristics that define a genre	6
9703549443	Logos	Logical, (Facts, Reasoning)	7
9703553912	Pathos	Emotional, (Feelings)	8
9703561050	Ethos	Ethical, (Credibility, Trustworthiness)	9
9703609143	Made of Discourse	What type/ Way that the the imformation is presented or written	10
9703622641	Rheotrical Modes/ Expository Paterns	How the writting is organized exposition, argumetation, description, narrative, comparison/ contrast, divison and classifacation	11
9703640339	Thesis/Purpose	Sentences that directly explain the authors opinion, purpose, meaning or proposition or emotion regarding the subject; short and clear	12
9703684919	Topic/ attitude	A writers intellectual position or emotion regarding the subject; explain the language of attitude	13
9703704528	Objective	Non-biased, non-opinonated, factual	14
9703710760	Subjective	Reflecting a bias or opinion	15
9703718767	Infer/inference	to draw a conclusion from information presented to us	16
9703721501	Concrete detail	refer to specific types of details	17
9703748569	Noun	a word that names	18
9703750931	Concrete Noun	things that you can not actually touch or experense	19
9703756946	Abstract Noun	Ideas, feelings, concepts, qualities, states of being	20
9703765570	Proper noun	John, Mary, Woodmont	21
9703772492	Common Noun	boy, girl, school	22
9703774746	Verb	word that expresses action or helps make a statement	23
9703781788	Action Verb	expresses mental or physical action	24
9703789056	Linking Verb	makes a statement by connecting the subject with a word that describes	25
9703793049	Pronoun	a word used in place of one or more nouns. It may stand for a person , place or thing	26
9703824000	Adjective	modify or describes a noun or pronoun	27
9703827947	Adverb	Modify or describe a verb, an adjective, or another adverb	28
9703833715	Preposition	A word that relates a noun or pronoun to another word in a sentence	29
9703839292	Conjunction	a word that joins words or groups of words	30
9703846338	What does Fan Boy stand for?	For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So	31
9703855541	Interjections	an exclamartory word that expresses action	32
9703868321	Narative	the telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events	33
9703884904	Narrative Devices	The tools of a story teller	34
9703887580	Narrative Techniques	The writers style of telling the story	35
9703896242	Anecdote	A brief recounting of a relevant episode, inserted to develop a point or add hummor	36
9703907310	Setting	the time and place in which a story occurs	37
9703913674	Atmosphere	The emotional mood that is created by a literary work	38
9703923273	Narrative Options	Flashback, In media res, chronological, foreshadowing, stream of consciousness	39
9703938235	Flashback	Telling a story from along time ago	40
9869836080	In media res	you start the stoary in the middle of the action	41
9869838885	chronological order	story is told in the order it hapened	42
9869846192	Forshadowing	hints about what will happen later	43
9869855813	Stream of consciounsness	the writter trys to replicate their thoughts	44
9869863044	frame narration	when you have a story within a story	45
9869870805	Imagery	describing in descriptive details	46
9869874708	Pacing	the speed of a authors writting	47
9869884487	Pronoun/antecedent	the word, phrase, or clause refered to by a pronouon	48
9869884488	dialouge	conversations between characters which their actuall words are quoted	49
9869910450	verbs	express an action	50
9869914177	being verbs	can serve as either helping or linking verbs ex: be, have, may, can	51
9869922034	Helping verbs	combine with other verb forms to indicate time, possibility, necessity, and other kind of meanings Ex: Chris can run after his surgery	52
9869951622	Linking verbs	a verb which connects a subject to its predict without expressing an action, used to describe its subject ex: be,seem,appear,become, grow, stay	53
9869972545	Active verb	the subject of the sentece is taking action ex: Mrs.Whitmire threw the desk	54
9869983011	Passive Verb	the subject of the sentence is being acted on ex: the desk was thrown across the room	55
9869999046	Predict Adjectives	a type of subject complement follows a linking verb and modifies or describes the subject Ex: Ms. Whitmire is nice	56
9870022108	Predicit nominative	renames the subject ex: Mrs. Whitmire is a teacher	57
9870031550	Verbal	a form of verb that is used as non adjective or adverb	58
9870035243	Participle	a verb used as a adjective ex: strolling shoppers fill the mall	59
9870043411	Gerund	a -ing verb used as a noun ex: teaching is very rewarding	60
9870055957	Infinitives	the plain form of a verb plus to ex: to hide, to sleep, to eat	61
9870063098	Appositive	a noun (or pronoun) that renames another noun ex: john, my boyfriend, made me a sandwhich	62
9870089852	diction	word choice	63
9870089853	annotation	the strict litteral, dictionary definition of a word	64
9870098216	connotation	the feelings/ ideas associated with a word, the implied or suggested meaning	65
9870104546	semantics	the branch of linguistics that studies the meanings of words	66
9870109073	Jargon	the diction used by a small group which practices a similar profession or activity	67
9870117984	Zeugma	a figure os speech in which a word, usually a verb or adjective, applies to more than one noun blending grammar together ex:John and his license expired last week	68
9870140774	Colloquialism	use of slang or informalities in speech or writting Ex: yall, shook	69
9870151945	Malapropism	a use of incorrect word in place of a similar sounding word that results in a nonsensical anf humrous expression ex:Our watch, sir, have indeed comprehended two auspicious persons" - supposed to be aprehended	70
9870185940	invective	a long, emotionally violent attack using strong abusive language ex: you're a jerk	71
9870206203	ambiguity	multiple meanings of a word ex: did you see her dress	72
9870212023	Euphemism	less offensive substitue ex: deceased instead of died	73
9870235385	imperative sentence	comand	74
9870240636	declarative sentence	statement	75
9870243543	interrogative sentence	question	76
9870245833	main clause	has a subject and a predicate and can stand alone as a sentence ex: bob may buy a car today	77
9870264609	subordinating clause	has a subject and a predicates and can not and alone as a sentence ex: if he finds one	78
9870283020	simple sentence	may have a compound subject, a compound predicate or both ex: bob may buy a car today	79
9870292286	compound sentence	has 2 or more main clauses ex: bob may buy a car today, but he will have to pay the ticket price	80
9870335225	complex sentences	has one subordinate clause an done main clause ex: if they find one they like, bob and mary will buy a car today	81
9870346001	compound complex senteces	has more than one main clause and at least one subordinate clause ex: if they find one they like, bob and mary may buy a car today, and bob will get their old one	82
9870372423	coordination	using sentence structure to show equal importance between ideas ex:John has been teaching for 20 years and he has been named teacher of the year twice	83
9870389540	subordination	using sentence structure to make one idea less important than another Ex:Although John has been teaching for 20 years, he has been named teacher of the year twice	84
9870412769	loose sentence	a type of sentence in whih the main clause comes first, followed by dependent gramatical phrases and clauses ex: the boy chased the ball as it bounced across the street, rolled into the neighbors yard and bounced infront if spices dog house	85
9870446010	periodic sentence	a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end ex: sad and silent, driving for miles, settling into a worn and cramped motel room, he realizes that he no longer has a home	86
9870478782	figures of speech/ tropes	a device used to produce figurative language	87
9870486367	metaphor	a word or phrase comparing 2 things not using like or as	88
9870493719	similie	comparing 2 things using like, as, or, if or than	89
9870498307	personafacation	giving a non living things living characteristics	90
9870502693	hyperbole	exaggerated statement not ment to be taken litteraly	91
9870509119	conceit	an extended metaphor that compares 2 very disimilar things ex: spill the beans	92
9870517358	allegory	a story, poem or picture that can be interpreted to reveal hidden meaning ex: the tortoise and the frog	93
9870534440	understatment	when writers intentionally make a situation seen less important than it really is	94
9870540639	litotes	uses negative terms to express a positive statement	95
9870547946	metonymy	replases the name of a thing with the name of something its closley related to ex: coke-all soda	96
9870558198	synecdoche	refers to a thing by the name of one of ots parts ex: wheels instead of car	97
9870568672	oxymoron	when 2 opposite words appear in a conjunction ex: Jumbo shrimp	98
9870579135	Analogy	a comparison between 2 things typically for the purpose of explanation	99
9870595110	Apostrophe	a figure of speech in which an absent person or personified object is adressed by speaker ex: twinkle twinkle little star	100
9870613448	Allusion	a direct or indirect reference to something which is comminly known ex: don't go all stalin on me	101
9870623028	homily	means sermon it can include any serious, talk, speech, ot lecture involving moral or spiritual advice	102
9870634148	synesthia	the practice of associating 2 or more different senses in one image ex:taste of pain	103
9870644617	Wit	intellectually amusing language that suprises and delights	104
9870657693	Aphorism	a statement of known authorship that expresses a general truth or moral principle ex: better safe than sorry	105
9870669901	rhetorical question	question not ment to be answered but make you think	106
9870678821	consonance	formed by repeatinf the same sound in the middle or end of a word	107
9870683014	assonance	the repetation of vowel sounds in the middle of neighboring words	108
9870688843	irony	the contrast between what is stated and what is ment	109
9870693229	dramatic iorny	when the audience knows something the character does'nt	110
9870701013	verbal iorny	when a person says the opposite of what they mean	111
9870705259	situational iorny	when the event of the plot turn out differently than expected	112
9870718872	Paradox	a staement that appears to be self contradictory or oppsed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth	113
9870732584	Anecdate	a breif recounting of a relevant episode of experience	114
9870743747	syntax	the way the authour chooses to join words into phrases, clauses and sentences	115
9870749987	parallesim	sentece construction which places equal gramatical constructions near each other or repeats identical gramatical patterns	116
9870779521	asyndeton	the elimination of conjunctions between phrases and clauses ex: without looking, without making a sound, without talking	117
9870791499	polysendeton	using conjunction to seperate all of the items in a series ex: I walked the dog, and fed the cat, and washed the goat, and fed the cows	118
9870801193	anaphora	repetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of 2 or more sentences or clause in a row	119
9870822613	Chaismus	the same words are used twice in succession, but the second time, the order is reversed ex:fair is foul and foul is fair	120
9870830425	Epiphora	a word or phrase is repeated at the end of successive clauses ex: i am an american, he is an american, and everybody here is an american	121
9870858167	logical fallacy	an error in reasoning often at frst to make sense but upon futhur examination are recognized as deceptive and illogical	122
9870875277	appealing to pitty	often unrelated to the issue in question, designed to distract attention from other factors which should be considered	123
9870893266	Appealing to prejudice	appealing to the audience values often a distraction from the real issue	124
9870902991	Appealing to tradition	appeals to maintain history and not change the accepted ways	125
9870910225	Argument from analogy	uses an analogy to discus 2 different situations usually ignors important differences between 2 things being compared sometimes include	126
9870932504	Ad hominem	making a personal attack on the opponet	127
9870942097	appeal to doubtful authority	uses references to famous people who have no expertise	128
9870948329	post hoc reasoning	also false causation, assuming that one event caused another just because it happened before it	129
9870964893	begging the question	also circular reasoning restating the premise you are trying to prove	130
9870970943	equivocating	using vauge or ambiguos langauge to mislead audience	131
9870984438	Ignoring the question	talking about something else instead of real issues	132
9870987758	false dilema	suggesting that only 2 alternatives exist when there are actually more	133
9870996012	non sequitor	a "does" not follow conclusion	134
9871003305	slippery slope	one step will ineviably lead to an extremly undesirable end	135
9871010328	bandwagon	everyone else is doing it, you should to	136

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AP English Language and Composition Review Flashcards

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6806825583	What is Rhetoric?	"the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, esp. the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques"	0
6806837073	Available means- How did writers use the available means to their advantage?		1
6806881497	Aristotle	creator of Rhetoric He wrote The Art of Rhetoric	2
6806893064	Different types of Non- Fiction Rhetoric:	essays, cartoons, photographs, advertisements, statues, paintings, letters, eulogies, speeches	3
6806926252	How can a writer use context to their advantage?-Time? Location or cultural significance?	A writer uses context to help his message be received. For example, if Lou Gehrig hadn't said his farewell speech at one of his baseball games then the crowd could have possible not understood the importance behind his message. They could have possible not recognized him or his importance, but because he stood in front of his fans they understood his message.	4
6806926253	SOAPS- What does the acronym stand for? When do you use it?	Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, Speaker we use it to understand literary works	5
6806949094	Ethos, Pathos, and Logos What do the terms mean? How do you identify them?	Ethos (Character) is the credibility, pathos (Experience) is the emotion, and Logos (Word) is the reason.	6
6807014060	How would you identify the appeals in the rhetorical essay? ETHOS	Ethos can be identified by the use of a person who can support the person's claim.	7
6807016720	How would you identify the appeals in the rhetorical essay? PATHOS	Pathos can be identified by the use of anecdotes, babies, animals, and anything that brings about emotion to the reader.	8
6807019773	How would you identify the appeals in the rhetorical essay? LOGOS	Logos can be identified through the use of facts and statistics.	9
6807024451	How might you use them in the argumentative essay?	You can use them to add help persuade your reader.	10
6807035663	Logical Fallacy - What is it? How might you use it? When should you avoid it?	It is an error in reasoning. You can use it to intelligently refute arguments and build effective arguments. Avoid it when making a claim.	11
6807048258	Bandwagon	Urging the audience to accept a position because a majority of people hold that opinion.	12
6807055526	Either/ or/ false Dichotomy	Assuming there are only two options when there are many.	13
6807060977	Appeal to tradition	The idea being that because something is old or we've been doing it forever it must be accurate or based on evidence.	14
6807067961	Hasty Generalization	Drawing a conclusion when there is not sufficient evidence.	15
6807074156	Non- Sequitor	Conclusion is drawn where there is no logical connection at all.	16
6807086817	Straw Man	When a person simply ignores a person's actual position and substitutes a distorted, exaggerated or misrepresented version of that position.	17
6807095274	Ad Hominem	Attack your opponent's character or personal traits in an attempt to undermine their argument. STICKING IT TO THE MAN	18
6807132185	9 Rhetorical Modes	Description Narration/ Anecdote Cause and Effect Comparison and Contrast Definiton Division and Classification Exemplification Process Analysis Argumentation	19
6807143515	Description	giving a verbal picture using space order	20
6807148102	Narration/ anecdote	telling about an event using time order	21
6807152580	Cause/ effect	explaining reasons and effects	22
6807154824	Comparison and Contrast	showing similarities/ differences between two people, concepts, things	23
6807159630	Definition	explaining a term/ concept using examples	24
6807163797	Division/ Classification	like comparison/ contrast, but considering more then two items which can be grouped into categories	25
6807169164	Exemplification	illustrating; giving examples	26
6807172897	Process Analysis	explaining how to...( often chronological, like narration; often used in science classes, e.g. for lab reports)	27
6807179013	Argumentation	used most often in academic writing; "support","refute", or "qualify"	28
6807192768	How do short, clipped phrases affect the pace of a piece?	they tend o create a feeling of quickness, decisiveness, and speed to a piece.	29
6807202605	How do long, convoluted sentences, especially with subordinate clauses at the beginning tend to slow the pace of a piece?	Often they are connected to a contemplative section, a heavy or serious subject and the writer wants to emphasize it. They slow down the pace because of the subordinate clauses which case them to take a longer and force the reader to breath between the clause and the sentence.	30
6807287297	What are they referring to when they mention the grammatical sentence structure?	Whether the it is a simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex sentence.	31
6807354603	What are they referring to when they discuss sentence function?	Whether the sentence is a declarative, imperative, interrogative or exclamatory sentence.	32
6807369584	What's the difference between a periodic and loose sentence? When would you use a periodic sentence?	A loos sentence makes complete sense if brought to a close before the actual ending while a periodic sentence only makes sense when the end of the sentence is reached. You would use a periodic sentence to lead the reader on and force them to continue reader or build suspense.	33
6807420439	What's the difference between telegraphic, short, medium, and long sentences?	Telegraphic has less than 5 words, short has about 5 words, medium has about 18 words, and long is about 30 or more words.	34
6807440064	Allusion	reference to a mythological literary, historical, or biblical person, place, or thing	35
6807456029	Analogy	comparison of two things to show they are alike	36
6807458510	Apostrophe	form of personification where the absent or dead are spoken to as if present, and the inanimate as if animate.	37
6807464320	Hyperbole	exaggeration	38
6807466718	Irony	saying one thin while meaning the opposite; used to criticized	39
6807533768	Metaphor	comparison without the use of "like" or "as".	40
6807535992	Oxymoron	paradox which combines a pair of contrary terms into a single expression	41
6807542684	Paradox	statement that contradicts itself	42
6807546115	Personification	kind of metaphor which gives inanimate objects or abstract ideas human characteristics	43
6807549476	Pun	play on words which are identical similar in sound but which have sharply diverse meanings	44
6807585896	Rhetorical question	a question that expects no answer and is used to draw attention to a point and is generally stronger than a direct statement	45
6807592718	Sarcasm	type of irony in which a person appears to be praising something which he is actually insulting the thing. Its purpose is to injure or hurt	46
6807599019	Simile	comparison of two different things or ideas through the use of the words "like" or "as".	47
6807603987	Synecdoche	A part of something is used to signify the whole "All eyes were on him"	48
6807606527	Metonymy	the name of one thing is applied to another thing with which it is closely associated "I love Shakespeare"	49
6807616478	Understatement	opposite of hyperbole	50
6807618827	Zeugma	the use of the verb that has two different meanings with objects that complement both meanings	51
6807631081	Anaphora	the repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginning of successive clauses	52
6807633376	Antithesis	involves a direct contrast of structurally parallel word groupings generally for the purpose of contrast	53
6807638487	Anastrophe	Changing the syntactical correct order or subject, verb, and object for effect of emphasis	54
6807642281	Assonance	repetition of vowel sounds in a series of words	55
6807646065	Asyndeton	deliberate omission of conjunctions	56
6807650616	catalogue	a list	57
6807650617	chiasmus	strategy in which the arrangement of ideas in the second clause is a reversal of the first	58
6807654757	Consonance	repetition of a consonant sound	59
6807659759	Juxtaposition	normally unassociated ideas, words, or phrases are placed next to one another	60
6807665419	Onomatopoeia	words which resemble the sounds they describe	61
6807669047	parallel structure	structural similarity between sentences or parts of a sentence	62
6807671956	Polysyndetion	the use of many conjunctions	63
6807675212	Repetition	a device in which words, sounds, and ideas are used more than once	64
6807700558	Rhetorical fragment	a sentence fragment used deliberately for a persuasive purpose or to create a desired effect	65
6807711935	Monosyllabic	one syllable in length	66
6807714715	polysyllalic	more than one syllable; usually more difficult content	67
6807732870	Colloquial	slang	68
6807732871	formal	literary	69
6807735940	Denotative	containing an exact meaning	70
6807737488	connotative	containing a suggested meaning	71
6807739381	Concrete	specific	72
6807739382	abstract	general	73
6807741505	Euphonious	pleasant sounding like butterfly	74
6807742829	cacophonous	harsh sounding like pus	75
6807752154	Ellipses	a trailing off; going off into a dreamlike state	76
6807752155	Dash	interruption interjection	77
6807752156	Semicolon	parallel ideas; piling up of detail	78
6807754862	Colon	a list; definition or explanation; a result	79
6807769367	Italics	emphasis	80
6807772245	Capitalization	emphasis	81
6807772246	Exclamation Point	emphasis; emotion	82
6807780106	example of Tone words	are found in Syntax PDF (u crazy if u thought i was gonna write them all)	83
6807790058	Vocabulary Set A &B words	see Diaz's quizlet	84

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Chapter 10 AP Language Flashcards

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9223790798	totalitarian	having to do with a government in which on person, group, or party controls everything	0
9223794862	totality	completeness	1
9223796257	holistic	concerning the whole rather tha the parts; having to do with all	2
9223801470	catholic	covering a broad range; universal	3
9223804052	consummate	perfect or ideal, especially in skill or accomplishment	4
9223807377	summation	accumulation; total result	5
9223809452	trenchant	sharply effective or insightful	6
9223812004	truncate	to cut short in the middle	7
9223814520	parcel	to divide into parts and distribute	8
9223816725	parse	to examine or analyze	9
9223818869	repartee	quick, witty conversation	10

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Flashcards

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ap language, set 13 Flashcards

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8191216835	remonstrate	make a forcefully reproachful protest	0
8191216836	repine	fret, complain	1
8191216837	repose	a state of rest, sleep, or tranquility	2
8191216838	reproachful	expressing disapproval or disappointment	3
8191216839	reveille	a signal to get up in the morning	4
8191216840	sable	black (or some animal)	5
8191216841	sachems	a chief or leader of a tribe	6
8191216842	sculled	rowed, as in a boat	7
8191216843	sequestered	isolated and hidden away	8
8191216844	shrewd	clever; astute	9
8191216845	solace	comfort, relief; to comfort, console	10
8191216846	solemnize	duly perform (a ceremony, especially that of marriage)	11
8191216847	soliloquy	speech to oneself	12
8191216848	spurned	shunned; rejected	13
8191216849	squalid	filthy, wretched, debased	14
8191216850	stately	dignified	15
8191216851	subservient	excessively willing to yield; submissive	16
8191216852	ammonities	an ammonoid that belongs to the order Ammonitida, typically having elaborately frilled suture lines	17
8191216853	inadvertence	unwillingness or carelessness	18
8191216854	spherules	formed by impact on earth, or other planets, or colliding asteroids; small spheres	19

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AP Language Final Flashcards

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5741562102	oblique	not clear or direct	0
5741564455	conundrum	a confusing and difficult problem or question	1
5741564456	ornery	bad tempered or combative	2
5741571630	philanthropy	the desire to promote the welfare of others	3
5741580209	ruminate	to think deeply about something	4
5741582093	heliophilia	an addiction to the sun	5
5741586476	selcouth	strange or uncommon	6
5741588468	tacit	understood without being openly expressed or implied	7
5741588469	balter	to dance or walk in a clumsy manner	8
5741588470	jocular	fond of or characterized by joking	9
5741593540	palliative	relieving pain	10
5741593568	vicissitude	a change or variation occurring in the course of something	11
5741598598	bivouac	a temporary camp without tents or covers	12
5741601905	hegemony	influence or control over another country	13
5741601906	lament	to express sorrow or regret	14
5741604097	littoral	growing on or near a shore especially of the sea	15
5741608059	pernicious	causing harm or ruin	16
5741608060	placate	to cause someone to feel less angry about something	17
5741608061	socratic	relating to socrates or his philosophy	18
5741610605	miscellany	a mixture or collection of various things	19
5741610606	abstract	apart from concrete realities or hard to understand	20
5741613470	gratuitous	being without apparent reason or justification	21
5741613471	promulgate	to make known by open declaration	22
5741616890	galvanize	to startle into sudden activity or to stimulate	23
5741616891	sanction	authoritative permission or approval	24
5741619780	effervescence	to give off bubbles of gas	25
5741624466	agitprop	propaganda	26
5741624467	effulgence	a brilliant radiance	27
5741629003	mellifluous	sweetly or smoothly flowing	28
5741642607	pro bono	without charge to the client	29
5741642608	superfluous	unnecessary or being more than enough	30
5741781444	trumpery	something without use or value	31
5741648274	eucatastrophe	a sudden and favorable resolution of events in a story	32
5741652613	meliorism	the belief that the world tends to improve and that humans can aid in its betterment	33
5741654482	elysian	heaven-like place or paradise	34
5741654483	susurrant	softly murmuring	35
5741656647	peripeteia	a sudden reversal of fortune or change in circumstances	36
5741656648	defenestrate	to throw out of a window	37
5741660520	gesticulate	to use gestures especially instead of speaking	38
5741660521	anathema	you've been cursed with something	39
5741663770	antithetical	directly opposed or contrasted	40
5741663771	vitriol	abusive or venomous language used to express blame	41
5741666779	tensile	capable of being drawn out or stretched	42
5741669605	misanthropic	characterized by a hatred for humankind or to be anti-social	43
5741669606	cogent	convincing or believable by clear presentation	44
5741671910	eminent	high in rank	45
5741675241	paradigm	an example or pattern of something	46
5741675242	ad hominem	switching the argument from the issue to the character of the other speaker	47
5741681647	appeal to false authority	when someone with no expertise on an issue is cited as an authority	48
5741681648	argument	a process of reasoned inquiry	49
5741683821	backing	additional justification or evidence	50
5741686917	bandwagon appeal (ad populum)	appeals to the growing popularity of an idea	51
5741686918	begging the question	a claim that is based on evidence or support that is in doubt	52
5741704074	circular reasoning	the writer repeats the claim as a way to provide evidence	53
5741704075	claim	states the argument's main idea or position	54
5741704076	claim of fact	asserts that something is true or not true	55
5741707513	claim of policy	proposes change	56
5741709897	claim of value	argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong	57
5741713702	the classical oration	five part argument structure	58
5741713703	conclusion	brings the essay to a close	59
5741716831	confirmation	includes proof needed to make the writer's case	60
5741716832	introduction	introduces the reader to the subject under discussion	61
5741828781	narration	provides factual information and background material	62
5741719826	refutation	addresses the counterargument	63
5741719827	closed thesis	previews the major points the writer intends to make	64
5741722941	deduction	a logical process where one reaches a conclusion	65
5741725452	false dilemma	the speaker presents a two extreme options as the only possible choices	66
5741725453	faulty analogy	compares two things that are not comparable	67
5741728657	first hand evidence	evidence based on something the writer knows	68
5741735977	hasty generalization	when a faulty conclusion is reached	69
5741735978	induction	using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion	70
5741739193	logical fallacy	potential weaknesses in an argument	71
5741739194	open thesis	a thesis that does not list all the points	72
5741743048	post hoc ergo propter hoc	when the correlation does not imply causation	73
5741743049	qualifier	shows how sure the writer thinks he or she is	74
5741747883	quantitative evidence	includes things that can be measured	75
5741861743	rebuttal	gives voice to possible objections	76
5741861757	reservation	explains the terms and conditions necessitated by the qualifier	77
5741865509	rogerian argument	based on assumption	78
5741867492	second hand evidence	evidence that includes factual and historical information	79
5741867493	straw man	when a speaker chooses a poor or oversimplified example	80
5741870016	syllogism	a logical structure that uses the major and minor premise	81
5741873675	toulmin model	an approach to analyzing and constructing arguments	82
5741873676	warrant	expresses the assumption shared by the speaker and the audience	83
5741873677	syntax	the arrangement of words into phrases, clauses, and sentences	84
5741876376	tone	a speaker's attitude	85
5741876377	diction	a speaker's choice of words	86
5741880718	choice of details	items or parts that make up a larger picture or story	87
5741880719	imagery	a description that appeals to the senses	88
5741884919	figurative language	uses words or expressions with a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation	89
5741934919	style	the structure of sentences	90

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AP English Language and Composition Flashcards

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9816440392	Allegory	The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent and abstraction in addition to literal meaning.	0
9816440393	Antecedent	Word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.	1
9816440394	Antithesis	Opposition or contrast of ideas through parallelism.	2
9816440395	Aphorism	Terse statement of unknown authorship which expresses a general truth or moral	3
9816440396	Apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.	4
9816440397	Colloquial/Colloquialism	The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing.	5
9816440398	Conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects.	6
9816440399	Euphemism	Euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept.	7
9816440400	Homily	This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	8
9816440401	Invective	An emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.	9
9816440402	Metonymy	a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.	10
9816440403	Anaphora	A sub-type of parallelism, when the exact repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive lines or sentences.	11
9816440404	Pedantic	An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish	12
9816440405	Prose	one of the major divisions of genre, prose refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms.	13
9816440406	Semantics	The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another.	14
9816440407	Syllogism	From the Greek for "reckoning together," a syllogism is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion.	15
9816440408	Synecdoche	A figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole or, occasionally, the whole is used to represent a part.	16
9816440409	Synesthesia	When one kind of sensory stimulus evokes the subjective experience of another.	17
9816440410	Annotation	Explanatory or critical notes added to a text.	18
9816440411	Epigram	A brief witty statement.	19
9816440412	Digression	The use of material unrelated to the subject of a work.	20
9816440413	Ellipsis	the omission of a word or several words necessary for a complete construction that is still understandable.	21
9816440414	Ad Hominem	Directed to or appealing to feelings or prejudices instead of to intellect or reason.	22
9816440415	Anachronism	A person, scene, event or other element that fails to correspond with the appropriate time or era.	23
9816440416	Didactic	Having an instructive purpose; intending to convey information to teach a lesson usually in a dry, pompous manner.	24
9816440417	Fallacy	An incorrect belief or supposition based on faulty data, defective evidence, or false information.	25
9816440418	Hubris	Excessive pride that often affects tone.	26
9816440419	Inductive Reasoning	A method of reasoning in which a number of specific facts or examples are used to make a generalization.	27
9816440420	Litotes	A form of understatement in which the negative of the contrary is used to achieve emphasis or intensity.	28
9816440421	Motif	A phrase, idea, or event that through repetition serves to unify or convey a theme in an essay or other discourse.	29
9816440422	Non Sequitur	A statement or idea that fails to follow logically from the one before.	30
9816440423	Anecdote	A short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person.	31
9816440424	Jargon	Special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand.	32
9816440425	Diatribe	A forceful and bitter verbal attack against someone or something.	33
9816440426	Dogmatic	Inclined to lay down principles as incontrovertibly true.	34
9816440427	Pernicious	Having a harmful effect, especially in a gradual or subtle way.	35
9816440428	Bellicose	Demonstrating aggression and willingness to fight.	36
9816440429	Voracious	Craving or consuming large quantities of food.	37
9816440430	Zealous	Having or showing zeal.	38
9816440431	Tacit	Understood or implied without being stated.	39
9816440432	Innuendo	An allusive or oblique remark or hint, typically a suggestive or disparaging one.	40
9816440433	Languid	Displaying or having a disinclination for physical exertion or effort; slow and relaxed.	41
9816440434	Consecrate	Make or declare (something, typically a church) sacred; dedicate formally to a religious or divine purpose.	42
9816440435	Dyspeptic	Of or having indigestion or consequent irritability or depression.	43
9816440436	Doggerel	Comic verse composed in irregular rhythm.	44
9816440437	Petulant	Childishly sulky or bad-tempered.	45
9816440438	Infidel	A person who does not believe in religion or who adheres to a religion other than one's own.	46
9816440439	Exhort	Strongly encourage or urge someone to do something.	47
9816440440	Cloistered	Kept away from the outside world; sheltered.	48
9816440441	Vex	Make (someone) feel annoyed, frustrated, or worried, especially with trivial matters.	49

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AP Language Literary Terms, AP Language terms Flashcards

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10103950393	Cumulative (Loose) Sentence	begins with a main clause that is followed by phrases and/or clauses that modify the main clause. These phrases or clauses add information to the main or independent clause.	0
10103950394	Periodic Sentence	a sentence that, by leaving the completion of its main clause to the end, produces an effect of suspense.	1
10103950395	Litotes/Understatement	a figure of speech in which a negative statement is used to affirm a positive statement.	2
10103950396	Warrant	expresses the assumption necessarily shared by the speaker and the audience.	3
10103950397	Ethos	an appeal to ethics and it is a means of convincing someone of the character or credibility of the persuader.	4
10103950398	Pathos	an appeal to emotion, and is a way of convincing an audience of an argument by creating an emotional response.	5
10103950399	Logos	an appeal to logic, and is a way of persuading an audience by reason.	6
10103950400	Concession	an acknowledgement that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable.	7
10103950401	Syllogism	A logical structure that uses the major premise and minor premise to reach a necessary conclusion.	8
10103950402	Major premise	contains the term that is the predicate of the conclusion.	9
10103950403	Minor premise	contains the term that is the subject of the conclusion.	10
10103950404	Induction	a logical process wherein you reason from particulars to universal, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization.	11
10103950405	Deduction	a logical process wherein you reach a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise).	12
10103950406	Equivocation	a fallacy of argument in which a lie is given the appearance of truth, or in which the truth is misrepresented in deceptive language.	13
10103950407	Refutation	a denial of the validity of an opposing argument.	14
10103950408	Diction	a speaker's choice of words. Analysis of diction looks at these choices and what they add to the speaker's message.	15
10103950409	Simile	a figure of speech used to explain or clarify an idea by comparing it explicitly to something else, using words like, as, or as though.	16
10103950410	Metaphor	figure of speech that compares two unlike things without using like or as.	17
10103950411	Anaphora	the intentional repetition of beginning clauses in order to create an artistic effect.	18
10103950412	Rhetoric	it is the art of finding ways of persuading an audience.	19
10103950413	Rhetorical Triangle	speaker-subject-audience	20
10103950414	Allusion	brief reference to a person, event, or place (real or fictitious) to to a work of art.	21
10103950415	Hyperbole	deliberate exaggeration used for emphasis or to produce a comic or ironic effect; an overstatement to make a point.	22
10103950416	Personification	attribution of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object or an idea.	23
10103950417	Asyndeton	omission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words.	24
10103950418	Polysyndeton	the deliberate use of multiple conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses or words.	25
10103950419	Parallelism	similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses.	26
10103950420	Antithesis	opposition, or contrast or ideas or words in a parallel construction.	27
10103950421	Enumeration	to mention separately as if in counting; name one by one; specify, as in list	28
10103950422	Rhetorical Question	Figure of speech in the form of a question posed for the rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer. Ex.) Are you stupid?	29
10103950423	Chiasmus	the reversal in the order of words in two otherwise parallel phrases. Ex.) He went to the country, the country went to him.	30
10103950424	Rebuttal	In the Toulon model, a rebuttal gives voice to possible objections.	31
10103950425	Fallacy of Argument	a flaw in the structure of an argument that renders its conclusion invalid or suspect.	32
10103950426	Bandwagon Appeal	a fallacy of argument in which a course of action is recommended on the grounds that everyone else is following it.	33
10103950427	Begging the Question	a fallacy of argument in which a claim is based on the very grounds that are in doubt or dispute.	34
10103950428	Anecdote	a brief story used to illustrate a point or claim.	35
10103950429	Modes of Disclosure	Exposition- illustrates a point Narration- tells a story Description- creates a sensory image Argumentation- takes a position on an issue and defends it.	36
10103950430	Example	a specific event, person, or detail of an idea cited and/or developed to support or illustrate a thesis or topic.	37
10103950431	Contrast/ Comparison	a method of presenting similarities and differences between or among at least two persons, places, things, ideas, etc. may be organized by: Subject by subject Point by point Combination	38
10103950432	Cause and Effect	establishes a relationship: B is the result of A.	39
10103950433	Classification	separates items into major categories and details the characteristics of each group is placed within the category.	40
10103950434	Process	simply "how to" do something is done. It can have one of two purposes. It can either give instructions or inform the reader about how something is done.	41
10103950435	Definition	identifies the class to which a specific term belongs and those characteristics which make it different from all the other items in that class.	42
10103950436	Narration	is nothing more than storytelling. There is a beginning, a middle, and an end.	43
10103950437	Description	writing that appeals to the senses. It can be objective, which is scientific or clinical, or it can be impressionistic, which tries to involve the reader's emotions or feelings.	44
10103950438	Dogmatism`	a fallacy of argument in which a claim is supported on the grounds that it's the only conclusion acceptable within a given community.	45
10103950439	False Dilemma or Dichotomy	a fallacy of argument in which a complicated issue is misrepresented as offering only two possible alternatives, one of which is often made to seem vastly preferable to the other.	46
10103950440	False authority	a fallacy of argument in which a claim is based on the expertise of someone who lacks appropriate credentials.	47
10103950441	Faulty causality	a fallacy of argument making the unwarranted assumption that because one event follows another, the first event causes the second. Also called post hoc, ergo propter hoc, this forms the basis of many superstitions.	48
10103950442	Hasty generalization	a fallacy of argument in which an inference is drawn from insufficient data.	49
10103950443	Non sequitor	a fallacy of argument in which claims, reasons, or warrants fail to connect logically; one point doesn't follow from another.	50
10103950462	Allegory	The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. A story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself.	51
10103950463	Alliteration	The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells").	52
10103950464	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art.	53
10103950465	Ambiguity	The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.	54
10103950466	Analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them.	55
10103950467	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.	56
10103950468	Antithesis	the opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite.	57
10103950469	Aphorism	A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.)	58
10103950470	Apostrophe	A prayer like figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer.	59
10103950471	Atmosphere	The emotional nod created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described.	60
10103950472	Caricature	a verbal description, the purpose of which is to exaggerate or distort, for comic effect, a person's distinctive physical features or other characteristics.	61
10103950473	Clause	A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb.	62
10103950474	Colloquial/Colloquialism	The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing.	63
10103950475	Literary Conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects; displays intellectual cleverness through unusual comparisons that make good sense	64
10103950476	Connotation	The non-literal, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning.	65
10103950477	Denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion, attitude, or color.	66
10103950478	Diction	Related to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness.	67
10103950479	Didactic	From the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching."	68
10103950480	Euphemism	From the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept - POLITICALLY CORRECT	69
10103950481	Extended Metaphor	A metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.	70
10103950482	Figurative Language	Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid	71
10103950483	Figure of speech	A device used to produce figurative language. Many compare dissimilar things. Figures of speech include apotrophe hyperbole irony metaphor oxymoron paradox personification simile syneddoche understatement	72
10103950484	Genre	The major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama.	73
10103950485	Homily	This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	74
10103950486	Hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. (The literal Greek meaning is "overshoot.")	75
10103950487	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions.	76
10103950488	Inference/infer	To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented.	77
10103950489	Invective	an emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.	78
10103950490	Irony/ironic	The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant, or the difference between what appears to be and what is actually true.	79
10103950491	Loose sentence/non-periodic sentence	A type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses.	80
10103950492	Metaphor	A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity.	81
10103950493	Metonymy	A figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.	82
10103950494	Mood	The prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work.	83
10103950495	Narrative	The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.	84
10103950496	onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words.	85
10103950497	Oxymoron	Oxymoron is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox.	86
10103950498	Paradox	A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.	87
10103950499	Parallelism	the use of successive verbal constructions in poetry or prose that correspond in grammatical structure, sound, meter, meaning, etc.	88
10103950500	Parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule.	89
10103950501	Pedantic	An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish (language that might be described as "show-offy"; using big words for the sake of using big words).	90
10103950502	Periodic sentence	The opposite of loose sentence, a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end.	91
10103950503	Personification	A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions.	92
10103950504	Point of view	In literature, the perspective from which a story is told.	93
10103950505	Prose	written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure.	94
10103950506	Repetition	The duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.	95
10103950507	Rhetoric	From the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	96
10103950508	Sarcasm	Involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something.	97
10103950509	Satire	A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule.	98
10103950510	Subordinate clause	Like all clauses, this word group contains both a subject and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers), but unlike the independent clause, this clause cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought.	99
10103950511	Syllogism	A deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major" and the second called "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion.	100
10103950512	Symbol/symbolism	Generally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else.	101
10103950513	Syntax	The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences.	102
10103950514	Theme	The central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life.	103
10103950515	Thesis	The sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position.	104
10103950516	Tone	Describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both.	105
10103950517	Transition	A word or phrase that links different ideas. Used especially, although not exclusively, in expository and argumentative writing, effectively signal a shift from one idea to another.	106
10103950518	Understatement	the ironic minimalizing of fact; presents something as less significant than it is.	107
10103950519	Wit	in modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights.	108
10103950520	Slippery Slope	This is the failure to provide evidence to support a claim that one event will lead to a catastrophic chain of events.	109
10103950521	straw man	When a writer argues against a claim that nobody actually holds or is universally considered weak.	110
10103950522	Ethos	An appeal to credibility. The writer is seeking to convince you that he or she has the background, history, skills, and/or expertise to speak on the issue.	111
10103950523	Juxtaposition	Making on idea more dramatic by placing it next to its opposite.	112
10103950524	Logos	An appeal to reason.	113
10103950525	Pathos	An appeal to emotion.	114
10103950526	Rhetorical Question	A question whose answer is assumed.	115
10103950527	Simile	A critical figure of speech in an argument when what is unknown is compared to something that is known using the word "like," "as," or "than" in order to better perceive its importance.	116
10103950528	rhetorical appeal	the persuasive devices by which a writer tries to sway an audience's attention and response to any given work. See logos, ethos, and pathos.	117
10103950529	descriptive detail	When an essay uses this phrase, look for the writer's sensory description.	118
10103950530	devices	The figures of speech, syntax, diction, and other stylistic elements that collectively produce a particular artistic effect.	119
10103950531	narrative devices	This term describes the tools of the storyteller (also used in nonfiction), such as ordering events so that they build to a climactic moment or withholding information until a crucial or appropriate moment when revealing it creates a desired effect. On the essay portion of the exam, this term may also apply to biographical and autobiographical writing.	120
10103950532	narrative techniques	The style of telling the "story," even if the passage is nonfiction. Concentrate on the order of events and on their detail in evaluating a writer's technique.	121
10103950533	Ad hominem argument	An argument attacking an individual's character rather than his or her position on an issue	122
10103950534	Anaphora	Figure of repetition that occurs when the first word or set of words in one sentence, clause, or phrase is/are repeated at or very near the beginning of successive sentences, clauses, or phrases; repetition of the initial words over successive phrases or clauses	123
10103950535	Anecdote	A brief story that illustrates or makes a point	124
10103950536	Appeal to authority	A fallacy in which a speaker or writer seeks to persuade not by giving evidence but by appealing to the respect people have for a famous person or institution.	125
10103950537	Argumentation	one of the four forms of discourse which uses logic, ethics, and emotional appeals (logos, ethos, pathos) to develop an effective means to convince the reader to think or act in a certain way.	126
10103950538	Assonance	Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity	127
10103950539	Asyndeton	A series of words separated by commas (with no conjunction).	128
10103950540	tone	A speaker's, author's, or character's disposition toward or opinion of a subject.	129
10103950541	audience	One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed.	130
10103950542	Balanced sentence	A sentence in which words, phrases, or clauses are set off against each other to emphasize a contrast	131
10103950543	Begging the question	Often called circular reasoning, __ occurs when the believability of the evidence depends on the believability of the claim.	132
10103950444	understatement	"I have to have this operation. It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain." Holden Caulfield, Catcher in the Rye	133
10103950445	parallelism	"My fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country." John F. Kennedy	134
10103950446	allusion	The rise in poverty will unlock the Pandora's box of crimes.	135
10103950447	hyperbole	"I'll love you, dear, I'll love you/Till China and Africa meet,/And the river jumps over the mountain"	136
10103950448	aphorism	"Having nothing, nothing can he lose."	137
10103950449	metonymy	"Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears." Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, Act I	138
10103950450	invective	"I cannot but conclude the bulk of your natives to be the most pernicious race of little odious vermin that nature ever suffered to crawl upon the surface of the earth." Jonathan Swift Gulliver's Travels	139
10103950451	antithesis	"To err is human; to forgive divine." Alexander Pope "An Essay on Criticism"	140
10103950452	euphemism	"I am one, sir, that comes to tell you your daughter and the Moor are now making the beast with two backs." William Shakespeare Othello	141
10103950453	periodic sentence	In spite of heavy snow and cold temperatures, the game continued.	142
10103950454	paradox	"Whatever you do will be insignificant, but it is very important that you do it." -Gandhi	143
10103950455	alliteration	"His soul swooned slowly as he heard the snow falling faintly through the universe and faintly falling, like the descent of their last end, upon all the living and the dead."	144
10103950456	chiasmus	"he heard the snow falling faintly through the universe and faintly falling"	145
10103950457	oxymoron	"Yet I should kill thee with much cherishing. / Good night, good night! Parting is such sweet sorrow, / That I shall say good night till it be morrow."	146
10103950458	personification	"Pearl Button swung on the little gate in front of the House of Boxes. It was the early afternoon of a sunshiny day with little winds playing hide-and-seek in it."	147
10103950459	onomatopoeia	"He saw nothing and heard nothing but he could feel his heart pounding and then he heard the clack on stone and the leaping, dropping clicks of a small rock falling."	148
10103950460	inverted syntax	"Patience you must have, my young padawan."	149
10103950461	spatial description	"In my pantry, coffee, tea powder, and sugar have been kept in the top shelf. Flour, canned food, and dry pasta are on the second shelf."	150

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8696367348	apotheosis	(n) Making a god of something; deification A glorified ideal; an essence	0
8696372551	affable	(adj) Easy to speak to, approachable, polite, friendly	1
8696376773	ascribe	(v) To attribute to a particular cause, source, or origin (used with "to")	2
8696382644	circumlocution	(n) The use of many words when few would do Evasive talk; roundabout expression	3
8696387632	circumscribe	(v) To draw a line around; to encircle **To confine; to limit	4
8696396964	cognizant	(adj) aware; having knowledge of something	5
8696402420	dictum	(n) Authoritative expression of opinion	6
8696403594	dogmatic	(adj) Pertaining to dogma Expressed in an authoritative/arrogant manner	7
8696420139	execrate	(v) To denounce as vile or evil; to curse; to detest	8
8696422585	expiate	(v) To make amends for; to atone for	9
8696427032	frenetic	(adj) frantic, frenzied	10
8696433045	ignominious	(adj) Shameful; disgraceful	11
8696436959	malediction	(n) a curse	12
8696444222	piety	(n) Religious devotion; great respect toward something, especially parents	13
8696460519	prescience	(n) Knowledge of events before they occur; foresight; foreknowledge	14
8696466550	sacrilege	(n) Disrespect to something regarded as sacred	15
8696475551	sagacious	(adj) shrewd, having good judgement, perceptive	16
8696483944	sanctimonious	(adj) Pretending to be righteous	17
8696487324	sapient	(adj) wise, insightful, often used ironically	18
8696489350	subscribe	(v) To pledge, to pay for something, or to contribute to something; to place an order by signing To express consent or agreement; to assent	19
8696506571	Realism	type of literature that deals with life as it really is without sentimentalizing; deals with the common and ordinary society in general	20
8696514206	naturalism	An extreme form of realism that believes that man is just an animal and controlled by nature and the environment	21
8696518095	disillusionment	In literature, a negative feeling about life after WWI that includes isolation and a questioning of the importance of love and religion	22
8696530699	Hemingway Hero	Man for whom it is a point of honor to suffer with grace and dignity, and who, though sensing that defeat is inevitable, plays the game well	23
8696543107	rhetoric	The art of analyzing or using all the language choices that a writer makes so that the text becomes meaningful, purposeful, and effective in a given speech	24
8696547584	writer	A distinct character who is educated, considerate, trustworthy, and well-intentioned. Appeals to the audience to convey his purpose and uses tone, diction, and voice to convey his/her message	25
8696555954	audience	person(s) who read or respond to a rhetorical text, whose needs, knowledge, and experience are met. Are appealed to by using logos, ethos and pathos, dynamically and really want to know the truth or the best course of action	26
8696569495	subject	The topic of composition that should be treated fairly, fully, and effectively, should be open, having two paths of interpretation, be based on what the audience already knows, making them curious to know more, and satisfying their curiosity by providing facts, ideas and interpretations, using claim+support technique	27
8696584341	logos	An appeal to the audience in which the author offers a clear, reasonable, central idea and develops that idea with appropriate reasoning, examples, or details	28
8696589653	ethos	An appeal to the audience in which the author offers evidence that he/she is credible that he/she knows important and relevant information about the topic and is a good, believable person who has the reader's best interest in mind	29
8696599187	pathos	An appeal to the audience in which the author draws on the emotions and interests of the audience so that they will be sympathetically inclined to accept and buy into his/her central ideas or arguments	30
8696605769	context	The convergence of the immediate situation in any pertinent historical background, the persona of the author, and the knowledge and beliefs of the audience and cultural context deals with issues that occur over time	31
8696613656	purpose	What the writer wants the audience to believe or do after reading a text and may be stated or implied throughout the text, rhetorical success is determined if the reader achieves his/her purpose	32
8696624605	genre	the type of text that is appropriate to accomplish the writer's purpose in a given context. There are many types of text which are determined based on the audience. Context+purpose helps to decide what genre to use.	33
8696646670	Mr. Oakhurst	main character, gambler, neat, kind, an outcast of poker flat, observant, cooly calm, smart, logical, believes in luck, dies at the end, suicide, negative connotion	34
8696671334	Mother Shipton	changes into a selfless person, fell ill after starving herself to save Piney and Simpson, hateful at the beginning, (maybe a prostitute??), tough, angry, selfless, DYNAMIC	35
8696700296	The Duchess	over-dramatic, drama queen --> becomes caring DYNAMIC	36
8698324260	Uncle Billy	hates everyone	37
8698330818	Tom Simpson	innocent	38
8698333546	Piney Woods	shy	39
8698350866	captain	calm, quiet, strong, leader, selfless, was supposed to go down with the ship bc he was the captain, rows, injured, doubting himself	40
8698385784	cook	fat, doesn't row, paling	41
8698400356	correspondent	judgmental, negative, passenger, journalist	42
8698405365	Oiler (Billy)	Dies, kind, knowledgeable about the ocean, helps row, maintains engine on ship,	43
8698429261	Jurgis	strong, eventually broken by the system, black eyes, beetling brows, thick black hair, married to Ona	44
8711605500	Ona Lukoszaite	the bride, timid, quiet, shy, little, young, not quite sixteen, blue-eyed and fair, dies in second child-birth	45
8711610269	Marija	Ona's cousin, headstrong, dominant, becomes a prostitute and drug addict	46
8711618502	Teta Elzbieta	Ona's stepmother, stays home with the kids	47
8711620959	Dede Antenas	Father of Jurgis, used to be a scholar, looks everywhere for work, finds a job (really really terrible job), dies of conjunctivitis	48
8711632072	Stanislovas		49
8711635653	Antenas	Ona and Jurgis's child, drowns in a puddle one day, used to be the only light in Jurgis's life after Ona dies	50
8711647364	Mike Scully	politically corrupt	51
8711647365	Tamoszious	Plays the fiddle, an inspired man, really short, small, intense and passionate, not very good, bullied by Marija, dates Marija	52
8711656186	Jokubus	has a store on Halsted Street, fat and hearty, makes a speech for the bride and groom	53

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