AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

AP US History -- Period 5: (1844-1877) Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
9760179937Popular SovereigntyNotion that the sovereign people of a given territory should decide whether to allow slavery. Seemingly a compromise, it was largely opposed by Northern abolitionists who feared it would promote the spread of slavery to the territories.0
9760179938Fugitive Slave LawPassed as part of the Compromise of 1850, it set high penalties for anyone who aided escaped slaves and compelled all law enforcement officers to participate in retrieving runaways. Strengthened the antislavery cause in the North.1
9760179939Uncle Tom's CabinHarriet Beecher Stowe's widely read novel that dramatized the horrors of slavery. It heightened Northern support for abolitions and escalated the sectional conflict.2
9760179940New York Draft RiotsUprisings during the Civil War (1863), mostly of working-class Irish-Americans, in protest of the draft. Rioters were particularly incensed by the ability of the rich to hire substitutes or purchase exemptions.3
9760179941Emancipation Proclamation1863. Declared all slaves in rebelling states to be free but did not affect slavery in non-rebelling Border States. The Proclamation closed the door on possible compromise with the South and encouraged thousands of Southern slaves to flee to Union lines.4
9760179942Sherman's March to the Sea1864-1865. Union General William Tecumseh Sherman's destructive march through Georgia. An early instance of "total war", purposely targeting infrastructure and civilian property to diminish morale and undercut the Confederate War effort.5
9760179943Freedmans' Bureau1865-1872. Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education, and legal support. Its achievements were never and depended largely on the quality of local administrators.6
9760179944Black Codes1865-1866. Laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks, particularly with respect to negotiating labor contracts. Increased Norhterners' criticisms of President Andrew Johnson's lenient Reconstruction policies.7
9760179945KKK (Ku Klux Klan)An extremist, paramilitary, right-wing secret society founded in the mid-nineteenth century and revived during the 1920s. It was anti-foreign, anti-black, anti-Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-Communist, anti-internationalist, anti-evolutionist, and anti-bootlegger, but pro-Anglo-Saxon and pro-Protestant. Its members, cloaked in sheets to conceal their identities, terrorized freedmen and sympathetic whites throughout the South after the Civil War. By the 1890s, Klan-style violence and Democratic legislation succeeded in virtually disenfranchising all Southern blacks.8
9760179946SharecroppingAn agricultural system that emerged after the Civil War in which black and white farmers rented land and residences from a plantation owner in exchange for giving him a certain "share" of each year's crop. Sharecropping was the dominant form of southern agriculture after the Civil War, and landowners manipulated this system to keep tenants in perpetual debt and unable to leave their plantation.9
9760179947Hayes-Tilden ElectionThe South conceded to let Hayes win the presidency because he agreed to pull out the troops.10
9760179948Compromise of 1850Admitted California as a free state, opened New Mexico and Utah to popular sovereignty, ended the slave trade (but not slavery itself) in Washington D.C., and introduced a more stringent fugitive slave law. Widely opposed in both the North and South, it did little to settle the escalating dispute over slavery.11
9760179949Kansas-Nebraska Act1854. Proposed that the issue of slavery be decided by popular sovereignty in the Kansas and Nebraska territories, thus revoking the 1820 Missouri Compromise. Introduced by Stephen Douglass in an effort to bring Nebraska into the Union and pave the way for a northern transcontinental railroad.12
9760179950Homestead Act1862. A federal law that gave settlers 160 acres of land for about $30 if they lived on it for five years and improved it by, for instance, building a house on it. The act helped make land accessible to hundreds of thousands of westward-moving settlers, but many people also found disappointment when their land was infertile or they saw speculators grabbing up the best land.13
9760179951Gettysburg Address1863. Abraham Lincoln's oft-quoted speech, delivered at the dedication of the cemetery at Gettysburg battlefield. In the address, Lincoln framed the war as a means to uphold the values of liberty.14
9760179952Appomattox Court HouseSite (city) where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in April 1865 after almost a year of brutal fighting throughout Virginia in the "Wilderness Campaign".15
9760179953Radical RepublicansMost liberal part of the Republican Party. Desired political, economic, and social equality for African Americans. Wanted harsh punishment for the South after the Civil War. Became much more powerful after Andrew Johnson's impeachment.16
9760179954Election of LincolnAngered many people in the south who owned slaves because he wanted to end slavery. Won the election of 1860 but did not win the popular vote. South Carolina was happy at the outcome of the election because now it had a reason to secede.11 states in the south seceded and made themselves the Confederacy after the election.17
9760179955Abolitionist MovementThe movement to end the practice of slavery within the entirety of the United States.18
9760179956Anaconda PlanUnion war plan by Winfield Scott, called for blockade of southern coast, capture of Richmond, capture of the Mississippi River, and to take an army through heart of south.19
9760179996The American Party (The Know-Nothing Party)(1840s-1850s) This political party carried anti-immigrant sentiments against the Catholic and the Irish and saw some electoral success.20
9760179997Wilmot Proviso(1846) Proposal to prohibit slavery in any land acquired in the Mexican War. Never passed by both houses of Congress but helped fan the flame of sectional tension.21
9760179998Free-Soil Party(1848) Political party dedicated to stopping the expansion of slavery into new territories.22
9760179999Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo(1848) The Mexican government gave up the area of Texas and offered to sell the provinces of California and New Mexico as a result of its defeat in the Mexican-American War.23
9760180000Gadsden Purchase(1853) Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million; all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny.24
9760180001Ostend Manifesto(1854) A declaration issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.25
9760180002Bleeding Kansas(1856-1861) A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.26
9760180003Dred Scott v. Sanford(1857) Supreme Court case that decided US Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in federal territories and slaves, as private property, could not be taken away without due process. Invalidated the Missouri Compromise.27
9760180004John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry(1859) John Brown led a raid on Harper's Ferry. He hoped to start a rebellion against slaveholders by arming enslaved African Americans. Brown was quickly defeated by citizens and federal troops. Brown became a villain to southerners who now thought northerners would use violence to end slavery as well as a martyr to some northerners who saw Brown as someone who sacrificed himself for the ideal of freedom for all.28
9760180005Election of 1860(1860) The United States presidential election of 1860 set the stage for the American Civil War. Hardly more than a month following Lincoln's victory came declarations of secession by South Carolina and other states, which were rejected as illegal by outgoing President James Buchanan and President-elect Lincoln.29
9760180006Civil Rights Act of 1867(1867) Banned discrimination in public accommodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation.30
9760179957Thirteenth Amendment(1865) The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude.31
9760180007Fourteenth Amendment(1868) Provided equal protection of the law to freed slaves. Representation for any state that withheld voting from African Americans would be reduced.32
9760180008Fifteenth Amendment(1870) Prohibited any state from denying citizens the right to vote on the grounds of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.33
9760180009Compromise of 1877(1877) It withdrew federal soldiers from their remaining position in the South, enacted federal legislation that would spur industrialization in the South, appointed Democrats to patronage positions in the south, appointed a Democrat to the president's cabinet, and allowed Rutherford B. Hayes to win the election. Marked the end of reconstruction.34
9760180010Manifest DestinyA notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.35
9760180011Texas Annexation1845. Originally refused in 1837, as the U.S. Government believed that the annexation would lead to war with Mexico. Texas remained a sovereign nation. Annexed via a joint resolution through Congress, supported by President-elect Polk, and approved in 1845. Land from the Republic of Texas later became parts of NM, CO, OK, KS, and WY.36
9760180012"Fifty-Four Forty or Fight"The phrase used in James K Polk's 1844 presidential election dealing with the Oregon Territory. Polk's campaign used the phrase as a rallying cry for the United States to obtain all of Oregon Territory, including land claimed by the English, up through Northern Canada.37
9760180013Oregon Trail2000 mile long path along which thousands of Americans journeyed to the Willamette Valley in the 1840's.38
9760180014Mountain MenFur trappers of the northwest who paved the way for continuous settlement of the great west39
9760180015California Gold Rush1849. Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country and world to San Francisco; arrival of the Chinese; increased pressure on federal government to establish a stable government40
9760180016Mexican American War1846 - 1848. President Polk declared war on Mexico over the dispute of land in Texas. At the end, American ended up with 55% of Mexico's land, called the Mexican Cession.41
9760180017Republican Party1854. Established by anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, "free-soilers" and reformers from the Northwest met and formed party in order to keep slavery out of the territories.42
9760180018Stephen A. DouglasSenator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln and was a leading voice in the debates over slavery and its expansion before the Civil War. Wrote the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Freeport Doctrine.43
9760180019Abraham Lincoln16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)44
9760180020secessionFormal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation45
9760179958habeas corpusPetition requiring law enforcement officers to present detained individuals before the court to examine the legality of the arrest. Protects individuals from arbitrary state action. Suspended by Lincoln during the Civil War.46
9760180021sectionalismTerm used to describe the growing differences between the regions of the United States, especially the North and South, leading up to the Civil War.47
9760180022Robert E. LeeConfederate general who had opposed secession but did not believe the Union should be held together by force. Military genius whose aggressiveness made him a fearsome opponent throughout the Civil War.48
9760180023Fort SumterFederal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War.49
9760180024Battle of AntietamA battle near a sluggish little creek, it proved to be the bloodiest single day battle in American History with over 26,000 lives lost in that single day. Prevented an Confederate invasion of Maryland.50
9760180025Battle of VicksburgGrant besieged the city from May 18 to July 4, 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union effectively splitting the South in two.51
9760180026Battle of GettysburgA large battle in the American Civil War, took place in southern Pennsylvania from July 1 to July 3, 1863. Union General George G. Meade led an army of about 90,000 men to victory against General Robert E. Lee's Confederate army of about 75,000. Proved to be a significant turning point in the war because of the loss of about 1/3 of Lee's army.52
9760180027Ulysses S. GrantAn American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.53
9760180028William Tecumseh ShermanUnion General who destroyed South during "march to the sea" from Atlanta to Savannah; example of total war and "scorched-earth" military tactics.54
9760180029Thomas "Stonewall" JacksonHe was a confederate general who was known for his fearlessness in leading rapid marches, bold flanking movements, and furious assaults. He earned his nickname at the battle of first bull run for standing courageously against union fire. During the battle of Chancellorsville his own men accidently mortally wounded him.55
9760180030martial lawRule by the army instead of the elected government (such as in the South as a result of the Military Reconstruction Act)56
9760180031emergency powersWide-ranging powers a president may exercise during times of crisis or those powers permitted the president by Congress for a limited time.57
9760180032Radical ReconstructionName given to the period when Congress, which was controlled by Republicans, took over Reconstruction efforts. When southerners balked at some of the more moderate reforms proposed, more radical republicans started to gain more power and pass more legislation.58
9760180033Military Reconstruction Act1867. Divided the South into five districts and placed them under military rule; required Southern States to ratify the 14th amendment; guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in convention to write new state constitutions59
9760180034Freedmen's Bureau1865. Organization (turned government agency) run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War, sometimes including settling them on confiscated confederate lands.60
9760180035Election of 1876Ended reconstruction because neither candidate had an electoral majority. The Democrat Sam Tilden loses the election to Rutherford B Hayes, Republican, was elected, and then ended reconstruction as he secretly promised.61
9760180036carpetbaggerA northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states (as viewed from the southern perspective).62
9760180037scalawagA derogatory term for southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate southerners; sometimes used in a general way by southerners criticizing other southerners who had northern sympathies.63
9760179959Nat TurnerA black preacher who in 1831 led a slave revolt Virginia that killed 60 whites. 100+ blacks were executed as a result. The rebellion was significant as it worried southern whites that larger slave rebellions were possible and therefore stricter rules were needed.64
9760179960Sojourner TruthA freed black woman who became a leader in the fight for black emancipation and women's rights.65
9760179961Frederick DouglassAn escaped slave who spoke publicly for the abolitionist cause. He wrote his autobiography, depicting the harsh realities of Southern slavery. He also looked to politics to help abolish slavery.66
9760179962Cotton KingdomAreas in the south where cotton farming developed because of the high demand for cotton and soon dominated the economy.67
9760179963Gag ResolutionStrict rule passed by pro-southern Congressmen in 1836 to prohibit all discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives68
9760179964American Colonization SocietyCreated in 1817 and supported by some blacks and whites, its purpose was to transport African Americans back to Africa once they had been freed from slavery. Idea was based on the idea that whites and blacks could not live as equals in America, even if slavery were abolished.69
9760179965James K. PolkDemocratic president after John Tyler who was best known for policies that promoted Manifest Destiny and expansionism.70
9760179966John C. FremontAn American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States (1856), and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery.71
9760179967Bear Flag Revolt(1846) a revolt that took place during the Mexican-American War when 500 Americans (Anglos) in Mexican California took the city of Sonoma, CA in the spirit of Manifest Destiny and declared California to be an independent nation.72
9760179968John C. CalhounSenator who argued for states' rights for the South. He asked for slavery to be left alone, slaves to be returned to the South, and state balance to be kept intact.73
9760179969William H. SewardCongressman of the "Young Guard" who fiercely opposed slavery and argued that Americans should follow a "higher law" (God's law) over the Constitution when it came to the issue of slavery.74
9760179970Henry ClayKnown as the "Great Compromiser"; senator who pushed for compromise between the North and South and worked with Stephen Douglas; major figure in the passing of both the Missouri Compromise (1820) and Compromise of 1850.75
9760179971Underground RailroadSecret system of safe houses along a route that led many slaves to freedom in the North and eventually Canada.76
9760179972"Fire Eaters"Refers to a group of extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South who urged the cessation of southern states.77
9760179973Charles SumnerSenator who spoke out for black freedom and racial equality post-Civil War. Publicly beaten by Preston Brooks for speaking out against the violence in Kansas, an event that marked increasing tensions between the North and South prior to the Civil War.78
9760179974Roger TaneyChief Justice of the Supreme Court who wrote an opinion in the 1857 Dred Scott case that declared the Missouri compromise unconstitutional, thereby legally preventing Congress from prohibiting slavery in new territories (and made Popular Sovereignty illegal).79
9760179975Jefferson DavisPresident of the Confederate States of America prior to and during the Civil War.80
9760179976self-determinationThe ability of a people/government to determine their own course or future using their own free will.81
9760179977Pottawatomie Creek MassacreIn reaction to the sacking of Lawrence (Kansas) by pro-slavery forces, John Brown and a band of abolitionist settlers killed five pro-slavery settlers north of Pottawatomie Creek in Franklin County, Kansas.82
9760179978Lecompton ConstitutionSupported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state (and was a factor in spurring violence there).83
9760179979Lincoln-Douglas DebatesLincoln challenged Stephen Douglas to debates during the senatorial race of 1858 which became a public referendum on the issue of slavery.84
9760179980Clara BartonLaunched the American Red Cross in 1881. An "angel" in the Civil War, she was a hospital nurse that treated the wounded in the field.85
9760179981Border StatesSouthern states that never chose secession and joined the Confederacy during the Civil War (Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Deleware).86
9760179982Andrew Johnson17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote.87
9760179983John Wilkes BoothSoutherner who assasinated Abraham Lincoln on April 14, 186588
9760179984George B. McClellanFirst commander of the Army of the Potomac; well-known for being a master at training an army; was replaced several times by President Lincoln during the Civil War because of his timidness and sometimes outright refusal to send his army into battle.89
9760179985Merrimack (the Virginia) v. MonitorA battle between for first "ironclad" naval vessels, marking a new age in naval warfare.90
9760179986CopperheadsNickname for Northerners who were pro-Confederacy.91
9760179987First Battle of Bull Run (Battle of Manassas)(July 1861) first major conflict of the Civil War. Southern victory led to overconfidence.92
9760179988Wade-Davis BillBill pushed by Congress in 1864 that required 50 percent of a state's voters take the oath of allegiance and demanded stronger safe-guards for emancipation than proposed in Lincoln's 10 percent plan. Pocket-vetoed by Lincoln.93
976017998910 Percent PlanLincoln's plan for re-admitting the Southern states into the Union: a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10 percent of its voters in the presidential election of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to the United States and pledged to abide by emancipation.94
9760179990Civil Rights Act (1866)A Reconstruction bill which gave which granted citizenship to African Americans and weakened the poliferation of Black Codes in the South.95
9760179991RedeemersLargely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and white supremacy.96
9760179992Ku Klux KlanThe "Invisible Empire of the South", founded in Tennessee in 1866, made up of embittered white Southerners who resented the success and ability of Black legislators. They would terrorize, mutilate, and even murder "upstart" blacks or their supporters to "keep them in their place".97
9760179993"Seward's Folly"Refers to the United States' Secretary of State William Seward's decision to purchase the Alaskan territory from Russia in 1867. At the time, Seward's decision to buy the land was regarded as a terrible one by many critics in the United States.98
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP US History 2 Chapter 28 & 29 Vocabulary Terms Flashcards

Key terms, people, and events from Chapter 28 of the 13th edition of the American Pageant.

Terms : Hide Images
8238566951ProgressivesIndividuals that "waged war on many evils, notably monopoly, corruption, inefficiency, and social injustice."0
8238566952recallAbility for voters to remove elected officials1
823856695317th AmendmentStated that senators were to be elected by popular vote from the citizens of their state.2
8238566954MuckrakersInvestigative journalists who were trying to make the public aware of problems that needed fixing and corruption that needed cleaning.3
8238566955initiativeProvided the ability for voters to introduce specific legislation4
8238566956Muller v. OregonProtected women workers on grounds of women having weaker bodies; restricted women to 10-hour work day5
8238566957referendumFinal approval of laws would be approved by voters6
8238566958Lochner v. New YorkInvalidated NYS law establishing a 10 hour workday7
8238566959Square DealTeddy Roosevelt's program, focused on three C's: control of corporations, consumer protection, conservation of natural resources8
8238566960Northern Securities DecisionSupreme Court decision that upheld Roosevelt "busting" up JP Morgan's railroad monopoly in the North West9
8238566961Hepburn Act of 1906This 1906 act give the ICC the right to set rates that would be reasonable. It also extended the jurisdiction of the ICC to cover express, sleeping car, and pipeline companies. It prohibited free passes and rebates.10
8238566962Meat Inspection Act of 1906This law was passed in 1906 after The Jungle grossed out America. It stated that the preparation of meat shipped over state lines would be subject to federal inspection.11
8238566963conservationTried to preserve natural resources and stop the rapid destruction of these resources and land. It's reached its pinnacle with President Teddy Roosevelt and the founding of first national park, Yellowstone.12
8238566964Aldrich-Vreeland Act of 1908Authorized banks to issue emergency currency backed by various collateral; Increases money supply in times of crisis13
8238566965Dollar DiplomacyTaft's foreign policy which replaced "bullets with dollars." The policy involved investors instead of the military. In the policy, American investors would get poorer nations into debt, then have a bit of economic leverage against those nations.14
8238566966Elkins ActPassed by Congress in 1903 against the railroad industries. It specifically targeted the use of rebates. It allowed for heavy fining of companies who used rebates and those who accepted them.15
8238566967Pure Food and Drug ActIt was created in 1906 and was designed to prevent the adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals. It was made to protect the consumer16
8238566968Newlands ActThis act was Congress's response to Teddy Roosevelt in 1902. In the law, Washington was to collect money from sales of public lands in western states and use the funds for development of irrigation projects.17
823856696918th AmendmentEnacted in 1919, this forbade the sale and manufacture of liquor.18
8238566970Central PowersDuring WWI included the countries of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey19
8238566971AlliesDuring WWI included France, Britain, and Russia, and later Japan and Italy. The United States joined in 1917.20
8238566972LusitaniaWas a British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died.21
8238566973Sussex PledgeGermany agreement not to sink unarmed passenger ships without warning.22
8238566974New NationalismWas the name of the progressive policy of Theodore Roosevelt in 1912's Progressive party platform. It favored a more active government role in economic and social affairs. It favored continued consolidation of trusts and labor unions and the growth of powerful regulatory agencies in Washington. It favored women's suffrage and social welfare programs (including minimum-wage laws and "socialistic" social insurance).23
8238566975New FreedomWas the name of Wilson's policy that favored the small business, entrepreneurship, and the free functioning of unregulated and un-monopolized markets.24
8238566976Underwood TariffPass in 1913 it substantially reduced import fees. The lost tax revenue would be replaced with an income tax that was implemented with the 16th amendment.25
823856697716th AmendmentPassed in 1913 is known as the income tax amendment.26
8238566978Federal Reserve ActThis created a regulatory agency for banking with 12 regional reserve districts. Each bank was independent but was controlled by a board, which was controlled by the public. It also controls the amount of money in circulation through its reserves and interest rates.27
8238566979Federal Trade CommissionIs a committee formed to investigate industries engaging in interstate commerce. It was created to stop unfair trade practices and to regulate and crush monopolies.28
8238566980Clayton Antitrust ActThis helped to control monopolies by strengthening the Sherman Antitrust Act's list of business practices that were objectionable (such as interlocking directorates). It exempted labor and agricultural organizations from antitrust prosecution and legalized strikes and peaceful picketing.29
8238566981Jones ActSigned by President Wilson in 1916. It granted territorial status to the Philippines and promised to grant independence as soon as a stable government was established ( eventually granted on July 4, 1946)30
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP US History: Reconstruction Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
6636984719black codesLaws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War Any code of law that defined and especially limited the rights of former slaves after the Civil War.0
6636984720black reconstructionBlacks could vote and had rights, but black codes kept them virtually enslaved. They did get more political power, however.1
6636984721John Wilkes Booth..., was an American stage actor who, as part of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.2
6636984722carpetbaggersA derogatory term applied to Northerners who migrated south during the Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own fortunes by buying up land from desperate Southerners and by manipulating new black voters to obtain lucrative government contracts.3
6636984724compromise of 1877-Ended Reconstruction. Republicans promise 1) Remove military from South, 2) Appoint Democrat to cabinet (David Key postmaster general), 3) Federal money for railroad construction and levees on Mississippi river; as long as Hayes became the president4
6636984726Jefferson DavisAn American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865.5
663698473013th AmendmentAbolish slavery6
663698473114th Amendment1) Citizenship for African Americans, 2) Repeal of 3/5 Compromise, 3) Denial of former confederate officials from holding national or state office, 4) Repudiate (reject) confederate debts7
663698473215th amendmentAmendment that extended suffrage to all races.8
6636984734Freedmen's BureauOrganization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War9
6636984735impeachmentA formal accusation of misconduct in office against a public official, famously used against Andrew Johnson after he disobeyed the Tenure of Office Act.10
6636984736Andrew Johnson17th President of the United States11
6636984737Ku Klux KlanA secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.12
6636984738Military Reconstruction Act of 18671867; divided the South into five districts and placed them under military rule; required Southern States to ratify the 14th amendment; guaranteed freedmen the right to vote in convention to write new state constitutions13
6636984739radical republicansAfter the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.14
6636984741sharecropperA person who works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent and repays loans by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops. You usually go into debt and cant come out.15
6636984743Thaddeus StevensA Radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress.16
6636984744Charles SumnerA leader of the Radical republicans along with Thaddeus Stevens. He was from Massachusetts and was in the senate. His two main goals were breaking the power of wealthy planters and ensuring that freedmen could vote17
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP US History 1 Chapter 16 Vocabulary Terms Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7530926699American Anti-Slavery SocietyFounded by William Lloyd Garrison and advocated the immediate abolition of slavery. By 1838, the organization had more than 250,000 members across 1,350 chapters.0
7530926700American Colonization SocietyReflecting the focus of early abolitionists on transporting freed blacks back to Africa, the organization established Liberia, a West-African settlement intended as a haven for emancipated slaves.1
7530926701AmistadSpanish slave ship dramatically seized off the coast of Cuba by the enslaved Africans aboard. The ship was driven ashore in Long Island and the slaves were put on trial.2
7530926702Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the WorldIncendiary abolitionist track advocating the violent overthrow of slavery. Published by David Walker, a Southern-born free black.3
7530926703Black BeltRegion of the Deep South with the highest concentration of slaves.4
7530926704breakersSlave drivers who employed the lash to brutally "break" the souls of strong-willed slaves.5
7530926705Gag ResolutionOne of several resolutions passed in Congress between 1836 and 1844 providing in effect that no petition against slavery should be received or heard by the House6
7530926706LiberiaWest-African nation founded in 1822 as a haven for freed blacks, fifteen thousand of whom made their way back across the Atlantic by the 1860s7
7530926707Mason-Dixon lineOriginally drawn by surveyors to resolve the boundaries between Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania and Virginia in the 1760s, it came to symbolize the North-South divide over slavery.8
7530926711The LiberatorAntislavery newspaper published by William Lloyd Garrison, who called for the immediate emancipation of all slaves.9
7533419616yeoman farmerSmall landowners (the majority of white families in the south) who farmed their own land and usually did not own slaves.10
7533442786mulattoesA person with one white parent and one black parent. Mulattoes were found primarily in the South, where White and African-American populations were in closer proximity and thus the odds of having a mixed-race child increased.11
7533452405chattelAn item of property other than real estate.12
7533461912overseerA person who supervises others, especially workers.13
7533475678Peculiar InstitutionTerm used in the 19th century to refer to the system of slavery in the southern states of the US14
7533501534natural increaseThe growth of the slave population through reproduction15
7533509458SamboStereotype of blacks as childlike people16
Powered by Quizlet.com

AMSCO AP US History Chapter 21 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 21 The Progressive Era, 1901-1917

Terms : Hide Images
5522609243urban middle classThis group in the cities included: doctors, lawyers, ministers, storekeepers, office workers, and middle managers. A small group within the urban areas. (p. 432)0
5522609244white, old stock ProtestantsNative-born, their churches preached against vice and taught social responsibility. (p. 432)1
5522609245professional associationsGroups of individuals who share a common profession and are often organized for common political purposes related to that profession. (p. 432)2
5522609246PragmatismIn the early 20th century this philosophy focused on using a practical approach to morals, ideals, and knowledge. They encouraged experimentation to find solutions that would produce a well-functioning democratic society. (p. 433)3
5522609247William JamesHe studied how humans use perception to function in our environment. Studies: Pragmatism, The Meaning of Truth.4
5522609248John DeweyHe was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. He believed that the teachers' goal should be "education for life and that the workbench is just as important as the blackboard."5
5522609249Frederick W. TaylorAn engineer who sought to eliminate wasted motion. Famous for scientific-management, especially time-management studies. (p. 433)6
5522609250scientific managementA management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operation, then find ways to minimize the time needed to complete the work. (p. 433)7
5522609251Henry Demarest LloydHe wrote the book "Wealth Against Commonwealth" in 1894. He attacked the practices of Standard Oil and the railroads. (p. 434)8
5522609252Standard Oil CompanyCompany of oil refineries that eventually became a virtual monopoly for all refineries through a trust, which consolidated power into 9 trustees in the group that allowed one very large company without one actually owning another. (FIRST EXAMPLE OF A MONOPOLY)9
5522609253Lincoln SteffansHe wrote "The Shame of the Cities" (1904) which described in detail the corruption that characterized big-city politics. (p. 434)10
5522609254Ida TarbellA leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1902 series "The History of the Standard Oil Company". (p. 434)11
5522609255Jacob RiisIn 1890 he wrote "How The Other Half Lives" which showed the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. (p. 434)12
5522609256Theodore DreiserAn American author who wrote "The Financier" and "The Titan", novels which portrayed the avarice and ruthlessness of an industrialist. (p. 434)13
5522609257Australian ballotA government printed ballot of uniform size and shape to be cast in secret that was adopted by many states around 1890. (p. 435)14
5522609258direct primaryA primary where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office15
5522609259Robert La FollettIn 1903 this Progressive Wisconsin Governor introduced a new system which allowed the voters to directly choose party candidates, rather than being selected directly by party bosses. (p. 435)16
5522609260Seventeenth Amendment1913 constitutional amendment allowing American voters to directly elect US senators17
5522609261direct election of senatorsIn 1899 Nevada was the first state to elect U.S. senators directly. Previously state legislatures had chosen them. (p. 435). Made national by the 17th Amendment18
5522609262initiative, referendum, and recallInitiative allowed reformers to circumvent state legislatures by submitting new legislature to the voters in general direct election. Referendum is the method by which actions of the legislature could be returned to the electorate for approval. Recall allows for the removal of a politician from office.19
5522609263municipal reformCity bosses and their corrupt alliance with local businesses such as trolley lines and utility companies were targeted for reform by Progressives. (p. 436)20
5522609264Samuel M. JonesThis Toledo mayor used "Golden Rule" as his middle name. He instituted free kindergartens, night schools, and public playgrounds. (p. 436)21
5522609265Tom L. JohnsonThis Cleveland mayor devoted himself to the cause of tax reform and three-cent trolley fares. He fought for public controlled city utilities and services, but failed. (p. 436)22
5522609266commission planA city's government would be divided into several departments, which would each be placed under the control of an expert commissioner. (p. 436)23
5522609267city manager planLegislation designed to break up political machines and replace traditional political management of cities with trained professional urban planners and managers. (p. 436)24
5522609268Charles Evans HughesIn New York, he battled fraudulent insurance companies. (p. 436)25
5522609269Wisconsin IdeaA series of Progressive measures that included a direct primary law, tax reform, and state regulatory commissions. (p. 436)26
5522609270regulatory commissionsAn independent agency created by Congress that can make rules concerning certain activities and bring violators to court.27
5522609271state Prohibition lawsBy 1915 two-thirds of the states had passed these laws which prohibited the sale of alcohol. (p 437)28
5522609272National Child Labor CommitteeThey proposed child labor laws which were adopted by many of the states. (p. 437)29
5522609273compulsory school attendanceMany states passed laws such as this, which made it mandatory for children to go to public schools.30
5522609274Florence KelleyA reformer who prompted state laws which protected women from long working hours. (p. 437)31
5522609275National Consumers' LeagueIt was formed in the 1890's under the leadership of Florence Kelly, attempted to mobilize the power of women as consumers to force retailers and manufacturing to improve wages and working conditions. (p. 437)32
5522609276Lochner v. New YorkA 1905 Supreme Court ruling against a state law that limited workers to a ten-hour workday. (p 437)33
5522609277Muller v. OregonA 1908 Supreme Court ruling that women needed protection against working long hours. (p. 437)34
5522609278Triangle Shirtwaist fireIn 1911 a high-rise garment factory burned in New York, killing 146 people, mostly immigrant women. Led to improved safety and working conditions in factories.35
5522609279Square DealEconomic policy by President Theodore Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers. (p. 438)36
5522609280anthracite coal miners' strike 1902Pennsylvania coal miners went on strike for and increase in pay and shorter working day. When the mine owners refused to negotiate, Roosevelt threatened to seize control of mines. A compromise was finally agreed upon. (p. 438)37
5522609281trust-bustingPresident Roosevelt broke up the railroads and Standard Oil by using the Sherman Antitrust Act. (p. 438)38
5522609282Elkins ActThis 1903 act allowed the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to stop railroads from granting rebates to favored customers. (p. 438)39
5522609283Hepburn ActThis 1906 act tightened existing railroad regulation. Empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission to set maximum railroad rates and to examine railroad's financial records. (p. 438)40
5522609284Uptown SinclairHe wrote "The Jungle" which described the Chicago stockyards and meatpacking industry. (p. 438)41
5522609285Pure Food and Drug ActThis 1906 act forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. (p. 438)42
5522609286Meat Inspection ActThis 1906 act provided federal inspectors to visit meatpacking plants to insure that they met sanitation standards. (p. 439)43
5522609287Newlands Reclamation ActA 1902 act that provide public land for irrigation project in western states. (p. 439)44
5522609288White House Conference of GovernorsA conference at the White House which publicized the need for conservation. (p. 439)45
5522609289Gifford PinchotFirst head of the U.S. Forest Service under Roosevelt (p. 439)46
5522609290Socialist Party of AmericanThis third party was dedicated to the welfare of the working class. Their platform called for more radical reforms such as public ownership of the railroads, utilities, and even some major industries such as oil and steel. (p. 440)47
5522609291Eugene V. DebsOne of the founders of the Socialist party and the party's presidential candidate from 1990 to 1920. (p. 440)48
5522609292Bull Moose PartyNickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to nominate Theodore Roosevelt in the 1912 presidential election. (p. 441)49
5522609293New Nationalism New FreedomRoosevelt's political philosophies during the 1912 election. He argued was human welfare versus property rights50
5522609294Mann-Elkins ActThis 1910 act gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to suspend new railroad rates and oversee telephone, telegraph, and cable companies. (p. 432)51
5522609295Sixteenth AmendmentRatified in 1913 this constitutional amendment explicitly permitted Congress to levy an income tax. (p. 439)52
5522609296federal income taxA payroll deduction collected by employers by law and sent to the federal government to pay for governmental programs.53
5522609297Payne-Aldrich Tariff 1909In 1909 President William Howard Taft signed the bill which raised the tariffs on most imports. (p. 440)54
5522609298firing of PinchotIn 1910 he was fired by President Taft. (p. 440)55
5522609299Underwood Tariff 1913a graduated income tax under the 16th amendment that applied solely to corporations and the tiny fraction of Americans who earned more than $4000 a year56
5522609300Federal Reserve ActIn 1914 this act created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the United States with a sound yet flexible currency. It still plays a major role in the American economy today. (p. 442)57
5522609301Federal Reserve Board(WW) , A seven-member board that sets member banks reserve requirements, controls the discount rate, and makes other economic decisions.58
5522609302Clayton Antitrust ActAntitrust legislation passed in 1914 constructed to remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act for breaking up monopolies. It exempted unions for being prosecuted as trusts. (p. 442)59
5522609303Federal Trade CommisionA government agency established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy. (p. 442)60
5522609304Federal Farm Loan ActA 1916 act by President Woodrow Wilson that made credit available to farmers at low interest, something that was long-demanded by populists.. (p. 443)61
5522609305racial segregation lawsJim Crow Laws62
5522609306increased lynchingWhat happened in southern race relations in the years following Reconstruction?63
5522609307Booker T. WashingtonAfrican American progressive who argued that African Americans should concentrate on learning industrial skills for better wages. (p. 443)64
5522609308W. E. B. Du BoisHe argued that African American should demand equal rights and only that would help them achieve economic advances. (p. 444)65
5522609309National Association for the Advancement of Colored PeopleThis organizations mission was to abolish all forms and abolish all segregation and increase educational opportunities for African Americans. (p. 444)66
5522609310National Urban LeagueFormed in 1911 this organization helped people migrating from the south to northern cities. (p. 444)67
5522609311Carrie Chapman CattA suffragette who was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920. (p. 445)68
5522609312National American Woman Suffrage AssociationA group formed by leading suffragist in the late 1800s to organize the women's suffrage movement. (p. 445)69
5522609313Alice PaulA suffragette who focused on obtaining an amendment to the Constitution for women's suffrage. (p. 445)70
5522609314National Woman's partyradical group founded by Alice Paul which fought for woman's suffrage71
5522609315Nineteenth AmendmentIn 1920 this amendment passed which gave women the right to vote. (p. 445)72
5522609316League of Woman VotersOrganized by Carrie Chapman Catt. A civic organization dedicated to keeping voters informed about candidates and issues. (p. 445)73
5522609317Margaret SangerShe founded an organization the became Panned Parenthood. They advocated for birth-control education. (p. 445)74
Powered by Quizlet.com

AMSCO AP US History Chapter 24 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 24 The Great Depression and the New Deal, 1929-1939

Terms : Hide Images
5522616525stock market crashA boom stock market of 1928 led to a sell of starting in October 1929. Within three years the stock market would decline to one-ninth of its peak. (p. 497)0
5522616526Black TuesdayOn October 29, 1929 millions of panicky investors sold as the bottom fell out of the stock market. (p. 497)1
5522616527Dow Jones indexThe Wall Street stock market index. It fell from its September 1929 high of 381 to 198 in less than 3 months. Three years later, the index would finally hit bottom at 41, less than one-ninth of the peak. (p. 497)2
5522616528buying on marginIt allowed people to borrow most of the cost of the stock, making down payments as low as 10 percent. Investors depended on the price of the stock increasing so they could repay their loans. (p. 497)3
5522616529uneven income distributionWages had risen relatively little compared to the large increases in productivity and corporate profits. Economic success was not shared by all, as the top 5 percent of the richest Americans received over 33 percent of all income. (p. 497)4
5522616530excessive debtConsumers and businesses believed the economic boom was permanent so increased borrowing which later led to loan defaults and bank failures. (p. 498)5
5522616531overproductionBusiness growth aided by increased productivity and use of credit, had produced a volume of goods that workers with stagnant wages could not continue to purchase. (p. 498)6
5522616532postwar EuropeEurope had not recovered from World War I and the U.S. insistence on loan repayment and tariffs weaken Europe and contributed to Worldwide depression. (p. 498)7
5522616533debts and high tariffs8
5522616534Gross National ProductThe value of all the goods and services produced by the nation in one year. In 1929 it was $104 billion and it dropped to $56 billion in 1932. (p. 498)9
5522616535unemploymentBy 1933 25% of the workforce, not including farmers, did not have employment. (p. 498)10
5522616536bank failuresDuring the Great Depression 20 percent of all banks failed. (p. 498)11
5522616537poverty and homelessDuring the Great Depression poverty and homelessness increased. (p. 499)12
5522616538Herbert HooverHe was President of the United States at the time of the stock market crash. He thought that prosperity would soon return. He was slow to call for legislative action and he thought public relief should come from the state and local governments not the federal government. (p. 500)13
5522616539self-reliance14
5522616540Hawley-Smoot TariffIn June 1930 Hoover signed into law the highest tariff rates in history ranging from 31 to 49 percent. In retaliation European countries enacted their own tariffs. This reduced trade for all nations and worsened the depression. (p. 500)15
5522616541debt moratoriumSuspension on the payment of international debts. In 1931 President Hoover proposed a suspension of internationa debt payments. (p. 500)16
5522616542Farm BoardIt was authorized to help farmers stabilize prices by temporarily holding surplus grain and cotton in storage. (p. 500)17
5522616543Reconstruction Finance CorporationIn 1932 Congress funded this government-owned corporation as a measure for propping up faltering railroads, banks, life insurance companies, and other financial institutions. Hoover thought that emergency loans would stabilize key business and the benefits would "trickle down" to smaller businesses and ultimately bring recovery. (p. 501)18
5522616544Twentieth AmendmentAlso known as the lame-duck amendment, this amendment shortened the period between the presidential election and inauguration. The new president's term would start on January 20. (p. 502)19
5522616545bonus marchThousands of unemployed World War I veterans marched to Washington, D.C. and set up encampments to demand immediately payment of the bonuses promised to them at a later date. The Army, led by General Douglas MacArthur broke up the encampment. (p. 501)20
5522616546Franklin D. RooseveltThis Democratic candidate won the 1932 presidential election. As a candidate, he promised a "new deal" for the American people, the repeal of Prohibition, aid for the unemployed, and cuts in government spending. (p. 502)21
5522616547Eleanor RooseveltShe was the most active first lady in history, writing a newspaper column, giving speeches, and traveling the country. She served as the president's social conscience and influenced him to support minorities. (p. 502)22
5522616548New DealFranklin D. Roosevelt's plan to help people at the bottom of the economic pyramid. (p. 503)23
5522616549relief, recover, reformThe New Deal included the three R's: relief for people out of work, recovery for business and the economy, and reform of American economic institutions. (p. 503)24
5522616550Brain TrustFor advice on economic matters, Roosevelt turned to a group of university professors. (p. 503)25
5522616551Frances PerkinsRoosevelt's secretary of labor, she was the first woman to serve in a president's cabinet. (p. 503)26
5522616552Hundred DaysOn March 4, 1933 Roosevelt started his term and called Congress into a one hundred day session. They passed into law all of Roosevelt's legislation. (p. 503)27
5522616553repeal of ProhibitionIn 1933 the 21st Amendment which repealed the 18th Amendment passed. This ended Prohibition. (p. 503)28
5522616554bank holidayRoosevelt ordered the banks to be closed on March 6, 1933. He made a radio address explaining that the banks would be reopened after allowing enough time for the government to reorganize them on a sound basis. (p. 503)29
5522616555fireside chatsRoosevelt spoke on the radio to the American people. (p. 504)30
5522616556Federal Deposit Insurance CorporationIt guaranteed individual bank deposits. (p. 504)31
5522616557Public Works AdministrationDirected by Secretary of the Interior Harold Ickes, it allotted money to state and local governments for building roads, bridges, dams, and other public works. (p. 504)32
5522616558Harold IckesPresident Franklin D. Roosevelt's secretary of the interior. (p. 504)33
5522616559Civilian Conservation CorpIt employed young men on projects on federal lands and paid their families small monthly sums. (p. 504)34
5522616560Tennessee Valley AuthorityA government corporation that hired thousands of people in the Tennessee Valley, to build dams, operate electric power plants, control flooding, and erosion, and manufacture fertilizer. (p. 505)35
5522616561National Recovery AdministrationDirected by Hugh Johnson, it was an attempt to guarantee reasonable profits for business and fair wages and hours for labor. (p. 505)36
5522616562Schechter v. U.S.In 1935 the Supreme Court declared the National Recovery Administration (NRA) unconstitutional. (p. 505)37
5522616563Securities and Exchange CommissionIt was created to regulate the stock market and to place strict limits on the kind of speculative practices that led to the 1929 stock crash. (p. 505)38
5522616564Federal Housing AdministrationIt insured bank loans for building new houses and repairing old ones. (p. 505)39
5522616565Works Progress AdministrationThis agency created in 1935, part of the Second New Deal, it was much more ambitious than earlier efforts. Between 1935 and 1940 up to 3.4 million people were hired to construct bridges, roads, airports, and public buildings. Artists, writers, actors, and photographers were also employed. (p. 506)40
5522616566Harry HopkinsHe headed the Works Progress Administration (WPA) in the 1930s. (p. 506)41
5522616567National Labor Relations (Wagner) ActA 1935 act that guaranteed a worker's right to join a union and a union's right to bargain collectively. It outlawed business practices that were unfair to labor. (p. 507)42
5522616568Social Security ActIn 1935 this act created a federal insurance program based upon the automatic collection of taxes from employees and employers throughout people's working careers. It would then be used to make monthly payments to retired people over the age of 65. (p. 507)43
5522616569election of 1936Franklin D. Roosevelt easily defeated the Republican nominee, Alf Landon. (p. 507)44
5522616570New Deal coalitionFrom the 1930s to 1960s this political coalition consisted of the Solid South, white ethnic groups in cities, midwestern farmers, labor unions, and liberals. (p. 508)45
5522616571John Maynard KeynesBritish economist whose theory said that in difficult time government needed to spend well above its tax revenues in order to stimulate economic growth. After the 1937 recession Roosevelt adopted this strategy which was successful. (p. 511)46
5522616572recession of 1937In the winter of 1937 the economy went into recession again. The new Social Security tax had reduced consumer spending and at the same time Roosevelt had cut back government spending in hopes of balancing the budget. (p. 511)47
5522616573Father Charles CoughlinA Catholic priest who founded the National Union for Social Justice, which called for issuing inflated currency and nationalizing all banks. His radio program attacks on the New Deal were anti-Semitic and Fascist. (p. 508)48
5522616574Francis TownsendHe proposed a simple plan for guaranteeing a secure income for the elderly. He proposed that a 2 percent federal sales tax be used to create a special fund from which every retired person over the age of 60 would receive $200 a month thus stimulating the economy. (p. 509)49
5522616575Huey LongHe proposed a "Share Our Wealth" program that promised a minimum annual income of $5000 for every American family to be paid for by taxing the wealthy. In 1935 he challenged Roosevelt's leadership of the Democratic party by becoming a candidate for president but was soon assassinated. (p. 509)50
5522616576Supreme CourtIn 1935 they declared two of President Roosevelt's recovery programs unconstitutional. (p. 509)51
5522616577reorganization planPresident Roosevelt proposed a plan that allowed the president to appoint a new Supreme Court justice for each current justice over the age of 70. Congress refused to pass this legislation. (p. 509)52
5522616578conservative coalition53
5522616579Congress of Industrial OrganizationsThis labor union concentrated on organizing unskilled workers in the automobile, steel, and southern textile industries. (p. 510)54
5522616580John L. LewisHe was President of the United Mine Workers Union and Leader of the Congress of Industrial Organizations. (p. 510)55
5522616581sit-down strikeIn 1937 workers at the General Motors plant in Flint, Michigan insisted on the right to join a union by sitting down at the assembly line. (p. 510)56
5522616582Fair Labor Standards ActIn 1938 this act established a minimum wage, a maximum standard workweek with extra pay for overtime, and child labor restrictions. (p. 511)57
5522616583minimum wageEstablish minimum pay for workers, initially set at 40 cents per hour. (p. 511)58
5522616584depression mentalityMillions of people who lived through the Great Depression developed an attitude of insecurity and economic concern that remained throughout their lives. (p. 512)59
5522616585drought, dust bowl, OkiesA severe drought in the early 1930s and poor farming practices led to the Oklahoma dust bowl. High winds away large amounts of topsoil. (p. 512)60
5522616586John Steinbeck, "The Grapes of Wrath"A novelist that wrote about hardships in his classic study of economic heartbreak in 1939, "The Grapes of Wrath". (1939)61
5522616587Marian AndersonAn African American singer who had been refused the use of Constitution Hall, she did perform a special concert at the Lincoln Memorial. (p. 513)62
5522616588Mary McLeod BethuneOne of the African Americans that was appointed to middle-level positions in federal government. She was a leader of efforts for improving education and economic opportunities for women. (p. 513)63
5522616589Fair Employment Practices CommitteeIt was set up to assist minorities in gaining jobs in defense industries. (p. 513)64
5522616590A. Phillip RandolphHead of Railroad Porters Union who threatened a march on Washington D.C. to demand equal job opportunities for African Americans.65
5522616591Indian Reorganization (Wheeler-Howard) ActIn 1934 Congress repealed the Dawes Act of 1887 and replaced it with this act which returned lands to the control of tribes and supported preservation of Indian cultures. (p. 513)66
5522616592Mexican deportationDiscrimination in the New Deal programs and competition for jobs forced thousands of Mexican Americans to return to Mexico. (p. 513)67
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP US History Chapter 9 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
4983625143Interchangeable partsIdentical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing.0
4983633199Market RevolutionDrastic changes in transportation (canals/roads), communication (telegraph), and the production of goods (more in factories as opposed to houses)1
4983637886Industrial RevolutionA period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production.A series of improvements occurred in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods.2
4983642370Division of LaborDivision of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers (like an assembly line).3
4983677954Factory systemThis new system gradually replaced localized cottage industry. Workers were paid by the hour instead of for what they produce. On one hand it decreased the need for skilled labor, but in other ways it increased the amount of specialization due to labor being concentrated in factories.4
4992119558MechanicsTo protect the British textile industry from American competition, the British government prohibited the export of textile machinery and emigration of these people Lured by the prospect of higher wages, though, thousands of British mechanics disguised themselves as laborers and sailed to the United States.5
4992127259Francis LowellBoston merchant who had an idea to combine spinning and weaving under one roof. He formed the Boston Associates. They built a textile mill in Massachusetts. Had all machines needed to turn raw cotton into cloth.6
4992128493Waltham PlanIt was a Strategy for a cheaper source of labor, it recruited thousands of young women from farm families to work in textile factories, provide them with room and board, evening lectures and cultural activities with strict curfews, no alcohol and regular church attendance.7
4992153214Eli WhitneyAn American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged.8
4992157070Wage earnersThe poor people who worked in the factory and lived in the tenements.9
4992172660Transportation revolutionA period of rapid growth in the speed and convenience of travel because of new methods of transportation. Innovations included new construction of roads, additions of canals, and the expansion of the railroad.10
4992178404Canals1817-1825, private interests and local government initiated an fort to build canals. revolutionized shipping, you could move stuff quickly and efficiently. Caused boom that lasted through 1830s. Opened Great lakes to the transport of goods.11
4992191421Erie CanalA canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.12
4992194259Robert FultonAmerican inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815).13
4992197238Clermont & steamboatsFulton's steamboat in 1807 which powered on/by a newly designed engine. It took the Clermont 32 hours to go 150 miles from New York to Albany.14
4992199301Post Office Act of 1792Established more than 8000 post offices by 1830 and safely delivered thousands of letters and banknotes worth millions of dollars.15
4992201749Mass productionThe production of large quantities of a standardized article (often using assembly line techniques).16
4992208657John DeereAmerican blacksmith that was responsible for inventing the steel plow. This new plow was much stronger than the old iron version; therefore, it made plowing farmland in the west easier, making expansion faster.17
4992208658Cyrus McCormickIrish-American inventor that developed the mechanical reaper. The reaper replaced scythes as the preferred method of cutting crops for harvest, and it was much more efficient and much quicker. The invention helped the agricultural growth of America.18
4992210944Business Elite (Upper Class)Was typically the merchants, manufacturers, bankers, and landlords, they were the more wealthy people in a society.19
4992210945Middle ClassStanding between wealthy owners at one end of the urban social spectrum and property less wage earners at the other.20
4992212606Benevolent EmpireA group of ministers that created organizations of social reform to restore "the moral government of god". They targeted drunkeness, adultery, prostitution, and crime. The organizations include the Prison Discipline Society and the American Society for the Promotion of Temperance.21
4992212607Charles Grandison FinneyAn evangelist who was one of the greatest preachers of all time. He also made the "anxious bench" for sinners to pray and was was against slavery and alcohol.22
4992216947TemperanceMeans moderation, self-control, especially regarding alcohol or other desires or pleasures; total abstinence from alcohol.23
4992214394Irish ImmigrationCaused largely by the potato famine in Ireland. Irish immigrants came and received much discrimination due to their Catholic faith as well as exploitation in factories due to their limited skills. Archbishop John Hughes urges them to maintain their identity, which leads to the development of Catholic schools.24
4992214395NativismA policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones. An anti-foreign feeling that arose in the 1840's and 1850's in response to the influx of Irish and German Catholics.25
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP US History Chapter 23 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
6188552264Smoot-Hawley Tariff1930 - U.S. legislation that raised import duties by as much as 50%, adding considerable strain to the worldwide economic climate of the Great Depression. Despite a petition from 1,000 economists urging Pres. Herbert Hoover to veto the act, it was passed as a protective measure for domestic industries. It contributed to the early loss of confidence on Wall Street and signaled U.S. isolationism. Other countries retaliated with similarly high protective tariffs, and overseas banks began to collapse. In 1934 Pres. Franklin D. Roosevelt signed the Trade Agreements Act, which reduced such tariffs.0
6188552265Bonus Army1932 - Facing the financial crisis of the Depression, WW I veterans tried to pressure Congress to pay them their retirement bonuses early. Congress considered a bill authorizing immediate assurance of $2.4 billion, but it was not approved. Angry veterans marched on Washington, D.C., and Hoover called in the army to get the veterans out of there.1
6188552266Fireside ChatsThe informal radio conversations Roosevelt had with the people to keep spirits up. It was a means of communicating with the people on how he would take on the depression.2
6188552267Hundred DaysThe brief period during 1815 when Napoleon made his last bid for power, deposing the French King and again becoming Emperor of France3
6188552268Glass-Stegall Actmade loans more available; released 750 million in gold; countered effect of foreign withdrawl and domestic hording of gold of gold; largened supply of credit4
6188552269Agricultural Adjustment Act(FDR) 1933 and 1938 , Helped farmers meet mortgages. Unconstitutional because the government was paying the farmers to waste 1/3 of there products. Created by Congress in 1933 as part of the New Deal this agency attempted to restrict agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies to take land out of production.5
6188552270National Recovery Administration- Child labor was forbidden, and Section 7A of the NIRA guaranteed labor unions the right to organize and bargain collectively.6
6188552271Public Works Administration(FDR) , 1935 Created for both industrial recovery and for unemployment relief. Headed by the Secretary of Interior Harold L. Ickes, it aimed at long-range recovery and spent $4 billion on thousands of projects that included public buildings, highways, and parkways.7
6188552272Civilian Conservation CorpsHired young, unemployed people to do restoration projects throughout the country, employed over 3 million people.8
6188552273Federal Housing AdministrationA federal agency established in 1943 to increase home ownership by providing an insurance program to safeguard the lender against the risk of nonpayment.9
6188552274Securities and Exchange Commissionmonitors the stock market and enforces laws regulating the sale of stocks and bonds10
6188552275Liberty LeagueConservatives who did not agree with Roosevelt, they wanted government to let business alone and play a less active role in the economy11
6188552276National Association of ManufacturersThis was the African American reform led by Josephine Ruffin12
6188552277Townsend PlanFrancis Townsend; federal government pay citizens over 60 a pension of 200$ a month; might lead to more spending => fear of a coalition against Roosevelt because of popularity of the idea13
6188552278Welfare StateA government that undertakes responsibility for the welfare of its citizens through programs in public health and public housing and pensions and unemployment compensation etc.14
6188552279Wagner Act1935, also National Labor Relations Act; granted rights to unions; allowed collective bargaining15
6188552280Social Security Act(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health16
6188552281Classical LiberalismA term given to the philosophy of John Locke and other 17th and 18th century advocates of the protection of individual rights and liberties by limiting government power.17
6188552282Works Progress AdministrationNew Deal agency that helped create jobs for those that needed them. It created around 9 million jobs working on bridges, roads, and buildings.18
6188552283Roosevelt RecessionWhen FDR started to take away some of the new deal programs recession started back up again. This proved that the new deal programs didnt "cure" the depression, they only "stopped the bleeding".19
6188552284Keynesian EconomicsEconomic theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.20
6188552285Indian Reorganization Act"Indian New Deal" partially reversed the Dawes Act and restored the tribal status and Indian reservation system21
6188552286Dust BowlA drought in the 1930s that turned the Great Planes very dry.22
6188552287Tennessee Valley AuthorityA relief, recovery, and reform effort that gave 2.5 million poor citizens jobs and land. It brought cheap electric power, low-cost housing, cheap nitrates, and the restoration of eroded soil.23
6188552288Rural Electrification Administrationconstructed dam and power projects to improve seven-state region24
6188552289Herbert Hoover(1929-1933) The New York Stock Market Crashes October 29, 1929 "Black Tuesday". The 20th Amendment is passed and added and the 21st Amendment is passed by 1933.25
6188552290Franklin Delano Roosevelt32nd President of the United States26
6188552291Father Charles CoughlinA Catholic priest from Michigan who was critical of FDR on his radio show. His radio show morphed into being severly against Jews during WWII and he was eventually kicked off the air, however before his fascist (?) rants, he was wildly popular among those who opposed FDR's New Deal.27
6188552292Huey Long"Kingfish" Rep. senator of LA; pushed "Share Our Wealth" program and make "Every Man a King' at the expense of the wealthy; assassinated28
6188552293Frances Perkins(born Fanny Coralie Perkins, lived April 10, 1882 - May 14, 1965) was the U.S. Secretary of Labor from 1933 to 1945, and the first woman ever appointed to the cabinet. As a loyal supporter of her friend Franklin D. Roosevelt, she helped pull the labor movement into the New Deal coalition29
6188552294Eleanor RooseveltA strong first lady who supported civil rights.30
6188552295Mary McLeod BethuneUnited States educator who worked to improve race relations and educational opportunities for Black Americans (1875-1955)31
6188552296John CollierHead of the Bureau of Indian Affairs who introduced the Indian New Deal and pushed congress to pass Indian Reorganization Act32
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP US History Turning Points Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
96183470061492Columbus' voyage0
96183470071607Jamestown founded1
96183470081676Bacon's Rebellion2
96183504831763End of French and Indian War3
96183504841776Declaration of Independence4
96183571161783Treaty of Paris5
96183571171787Constitution of the United States was written.6
96183571181800Jefferson's Election7
96183603441820Missouri Compromise8
96183603451848Mexican American War, manifest destiny9
96183603461860Lincoln's Election, southern states start seccedin10
96183635851877Compromise of 1877, end of reconstruction11
96183635861887Interstate Commerce Act12
96183635871898Spanish American War13
96183671181919Treaty of Versailles - end of WWI14
96183671191929Stock market crash15
96183694661945End of WW2 atomic bombs16
96183694671954Brown v. Board of Education17
96183716931968Tet Offensive escalation in vietnam war18
96183716941974Nixon resigns19
96183740021980Reagan Elected, rise of conservative movement20
96183740031989Fall of Berlin Wall, end of cold war21
96183740042001Terrorist attacks on United States22
Powered by Quizlet.com

Pages

Subscribe to CourseNotes RSS

Need Help?

We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.

For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.

If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.

Need Notes?

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!