| 7013976757 | Jamestown (1607) | Located in Virginia, it was the first permanent settlement in America and was founded by John Smith. It marks the beginnings of the colony of Virginia and of a lasting English presence on the continent. | | 0 |
| 7013976758 | Plymouth (1620) | America's first permanent Puritan settlement, was established by English Separatist Puritans. The Pilgrims left England to seek religious freedom, or simply to find a better life. | | 1 |
| 7013976759 | Navigation Acts | A series of Laws that restricted the use of foreign ships for trade between the colonies and any country except Britain. This ended 200 years later. | | 2 |
| 7013976760 | Massachusetts | It was established by Puritans. Boston was the main trading route. Exclusion based seat of revolution | | 3 |
| 7013976761 | Chesapeake Bay | Tobacco was a major importance. It was based on single men looking for gold and money. It was not a permanent settlement. Religion was a major factor. | | 4 |
| 7013976762 | Governor Winthrop | A wealthy English Puritan lawyer and one of the leading figures in the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the first major settlement in what is now New England after Plymouth Colony | | 5 |
| 7013976763 | King James I | King of Scotland and England. He established the Anglo-Scotland court. He signed a peace treaty with Spain. | | 6 |
| 7013976764 | Church of England | Church created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope, Pope would not let Henry divorce his wife | | 7 |
| 7013976765 | Indentured Servents | a labor system where people paid for their passage to the New World by working for an employer for a certain number of years. It was widely employed in the 18th century in the British colonies in North America and elsewhere. | | 8 |
| 7013976766 | Propriety Colony (1700s) | A type of British colony especially in North America and the Caribbean. In the British Empire, all land belonged to the king, and it was his prerogative to divide. | | 9 |
| 7013976767 | Mayflower Compact | A signed agreement to ensure peace between the two groups carried by the Mayflower ship to America. It was written by the colonists before landing at Plymouth Rock and was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony under the sovereignty of James I of England. The Mayflower Compact specified basic laws and social rules for the new colony and served as a foundation for the democratic structure of the settlers. Its significance is that it contains important concepts that helped to shape the History of America. | | 10 |
| 7013976768 | Oliver Cromwell | An English military and political leader as well as an outspoken Puritan who helped organize armed forces after the outbreak of civil war in 1642. He served as deputy commander of the "New Model Army" that decimated the main Royalist force at the 1645 Battle of Naseby. | | 11 |
| 7013976769 | Triangular Trade | A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s. Africa sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa. | | 12 |
| 7013976770 | William and Mary (1688) | King and Queen of England. With them, King James' Catholic reign ended. As they were Protestant, the Puritans were pleased because only protestants could be office-holders. | | 13 |
| 7013976771 | Act of Toleration 1661 | An act of Parliament of England. Granted freedom of worship to nonconformist. | | 14 |
| 7013976772 | House of Burgesses (1619) | The first elected legislative assembly in the New World established in the Colony of Virginia. The lower house of the colonial Virginia legislature. | | 15 |
| 7013976773 | Mercantilism | Economic policy that focuses on making money for the mother country. It favors a positive balance of trade for the mother country and the accumulation of gold and silver | | 16 |
| 7013976774 | Tobacco | Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown, and the Chesapeake area. It was how they payed each other. | | 17 |
| 7013976775 | The Atlantic World | Discovery of the America's and the establishment of colonies/trading posts. It was like Columbian Exchange, but more modern. England's trade and social exchanges dominated gold, raw resources, and slavery. | | 18 |
| 7013976776 | Puritans | A group of English reformed protestants. They grew discontent with the Church of England | | 19 |
| 7013976777 | The Five Nations | League of Iroquois/Confederacy. This Native American group occupied the Northeast reigion, mainly the interior regions of New York, The group inclueded the Mowhawk, the Oneida, the Onondage, the Cayuga and the Seneca Tribes. | | 20 |
| 7013976778 | The war of Jenkins Ear | (1739-1741) A struggle between England and Spain. It was Caused by land disputes. It greatly impacted colonial Georgia. | | 21 |
| 7013976779 | Queen Anne's War | (1739-1741) A major conflict during the French and Indian War (second of the series of conflicts. It was the counterpart of the war of the Spanish succession. The British Colonies of New England Fought with the French and Indian forces based in Acadia and Canada. It was ended by the treaty of Utrecht. The causes of the was were Trade (fur), colonialism, and European Imperialism. | | 22 |
| 7013976780 | Enumerated Goods | goods that colonists could sell only to England; i.e. sugar, cotton, tobacco, indigo.... | | 23 |
| 7013976781 | Bacon's Rebellion | Took place in Virginia. Governor William Berkeley's refusal to retaliate for a series of Native American attacks on frontier settlements. | | 24 |
| 7013976782 | The Great Awakening (1730s-1740s) | The most important event in American religion during the eighteenth century. It was a series of emotional religious revivals that spread across the American colonies. It was led by evangelical protestant ministers. | | 25 |
| 7013976783 | George Whitefield | An English Anglican cleric who helped spread the Great Awakening in Britain and, especially, in the American colonies | | 26 |
| 7013976784 | Jonathon Edwards | A revivalist preacher, philosopher, and Protestant theologian. His initial affiliation inside Protestantism was Calvinist and Congregational | | 27 |
| 7013976785 | Enlightenment | A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions. | | 28 |
| 7013976786 | The French and Indian War | What war gave the US colonists with unity and experience preparing them for the war for independence. The French and Indians versus the British and other Indian tribes over the Ohio River Valley. | | 29 |
| 7013976787 | Ben Franklin | A delegate from Pennsylvania and proposed the "Albany Plan of the Union" as a way to strengthen colonies and diplomat sent to France to get help during revolution | | 30 |
| 7013976788 | Albany Congress | 1754 Intercolonial congress. Urged the crown to take direct control of Indian relations beyond the boundaries of the colonies. Drafted a plan of confederation for the continental colonies. It was not ratified by any colony and parliament did not accept it. | | 31 |
| 7013976789 | George Washington | 1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799) | | 32 |
| 7013976790 | Treaty of Paris | An agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent contry | | 33 |
| 7013976791 | Lord North | The Prime Minister of Great Britain. He led Great Britain through most of the American War of Independence. | | 34 |
| 7013976792 | George Grenville | Became prime minister of Britain in 1763. He persuaded the Parliament to pass a law allowing smugglers to be sent to vice-admiralty courts which were run by British officers and had no jury. He did this to end smuggling. | | 35 |
| 7013976793 | Sir Robert Walpole | The first prime minister of Great Britain. salutary neglect | | 36 |
| 7013976794 | The Boston Massacre (1770) | (March 5, 1770) Colonists gathered outside the Boston customs house. Colonists and redcaots taunted each other and insulted each other. Snowballs, rocks, and oyster shells were thrown by the Boston mob. British shots were fired killing five colonists. Stirred up anti-British feelings. | | 37 |
| 7013976795 | The Boston Tea Party | (1773) Colonists in Boston throws millions of dollars of tea off of British ships in protest of their Tea Tax and Boston Massacre. | | 38 |
| 7013976796 | Virtual Representation | British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members | | 39 |
| 7013976797 | John Adam | He was the second president of the United States and a Federalist. He was responsible for passing the Alien and Sedition Acts. Prevented all out war with France after the XYZ Affair. His passing of the Alien and Sedition Acts severely hurt the popularity of the Federalist party and himself | | 40 |
| 7013976798 | Thomas Jefferson | 3rd President of the United States , He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States. | | 41 |
| 7013976799 | Richard Henry Lee | An American statesman from Virginia best known for the motion in the Second Continental Congress calling for the colonies' independence from Great Britain | | 42 |
| 7013976800 | Robert Morris | A delegate to the Second Continental Congress. He agreed that Britain had treated the colonies unfairly, but he didn't believe that the colonies should dissolve ties with Britain. He argued against the Declaration of Independence. | | 43 |
| 7013976801 | John Hancock | American revolutionary patriot who was president of the Continental Congress.
"King of the Smugglers." A wealthy Boston merchant who defied the mercantilist system and the Navigation Acts. He was one of the leaders of the Sons of Liberty. He was a leader in the plot to store gunpowder in Lexington and Concord. He was the President of the Continental Congress at the time of the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and was the first to sign the Declaration. He signed it really big and made the comment, "So Fat George in London can read it without his spectacles!" | | 44 |
| 7013976802 | First Continental Congress | convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system. | | 45 |
| 7013976803 | Second Continental Congress | Convened in May 1775, the Congress opposed the drastic move toward complete independence from Britain. In an effort to reach a reconciliation, the Congress offered peace under the conditions that there be a cease-fire in Boston, that the Coercive Acts be repealed, and that negotiations begin immediately. King George III rejected the petition. | | 46 |
| 7013976804 | Olive Branch Petition | On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies. | | 47 |
| 7013976805 | Henry Knox | A military officer of the Continental Army and later the United States Army, who also served as the first United States Secretary of War from 1789-1794. | | 48 |
| 7013976806 | General Thomas Gage | a British general, best known for his many years of service in North America, including his role as military commander in the early days of the American Revolution | | 49 |
| 7013976807 | General William Howe | General William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe, KB, PC was a British army officer who rose to become Commander-in-Chief of British forces during the American War of Independence. Howe was one of three brothers who enjoyed distinguished military careers | | 50 |
| 7013976808 | Lord Cornwallis | A south British General | | 51 |
| 7013976809 | Nathaniel Green | Greene was a major general of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War, known for his successful command in the Southern Campaign, forcing British Lieutenant General Charles | | 52 |
| 7013976810 | Lexington and Concord | April 8, 1775: Gage leads 700 soldiers to confiscate colonial weapons and arrest Adam, and Hancock; April 19, 1775: 70 armed militia face British at Lexington (shot heard around the world); British retreat to Boston, suffer nearly 300 casualties along the way (concord) | | 53 |
| 7013976811 | Battle of Long Island | 1776 battle in New York in which more than 1,400 Americans were killed, wounded or captured; the rest retreated to Manhattan with the British in pursuit | | 54 |
| 7013976812 | Battle of Trenton and Princeton | Washington led the Continental Army to daring winter victories at Trenton and Princeton, New Jersey | | 55 |
| 7013976813 | Battle of Saratoga | Turning point of the American Revolution. It was very important because it convinced the French to give the U.S. military support. It lifted American spirits, ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River, and, most importantly, showed the French that the Americans had the potential to beat their enemy, Great Britain. | | 56 |
| 7013976814 | Battle of Cowpens | This battle was decided with the timely arrival of William Washington's cavalry, and it is a rar | | 57 |
| 7013976815 | Battle Camden | A great American loss. Lord Cornwallis, the south British General surrendered at Yorktown | | 58 |
| 7013976816 | Battle of Yorktown | Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. Cornwallis and his troops were trapped in the Chesapeake Bay by the French fleet. He was sandwiched between the French navy and the American army. He surrendered October 19, 1781. | | 59 |
| 7013976817 | Treaty of Paris (1783) | This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River | | 60 |
| 7013976818 | Articles of Confederation | 1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade) | | 61 |
| 7013976819 | Alexander Hamilton | 1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt. | | 62 |
| 7013976820 | Land Ordinance of 1785 | A law that divided much of the United States into townships to facilitate the sale of land to settlers | | 63 |
| 7013976821 | Northwest Ordinance | Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states | | 64 |
| 7013976822 | Shays Rebellion | Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out. | | 65 |
| 7013976823 | Annapolis Convention | A convention held in September 1786 to consider problems of trade and navigation, attended by five states and important because it issued the call to Congress and the states for what became the Constitutional Convention | | 66 |
| 7013976824 | The Great Compromise | A state's representation in the House of Representation would be based on population; Two senators for each state; all bills would originate in the house; direct taxes on states were to be assessed according to population | | 67 |
| 7013976825 | Three/ Fifth Compromise | Settled the question of how slave populations would be represented in Congress. Said that each slave would be counted as 3/5 of a person. All fugitive slaves must be returned to their owners. | | 68 |
| 7013976826 | Federalist Papers | A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison under the name "Publius" to defend the Constitution in detail. | | 69 |
| 7013976827 | James Madison | "Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States. | | 70 |
| 7013976828 | Whiskey Rebellion | In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion. | | 71 |
| 7013976829 | Treaty of Greenville | Gave America all of Ohio after General Mad Anthony Wayne battled and defeated the Indians at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. 1795 Allowed Americans to explore the area with peace of mind that the land belonged to America and added size and very fertile land to America. | | 72 |
| 7013976830 | Intercourse Act (1790) | Basic law passed by Congress which stated that the United States would regulate trade and interaction with Indian tribes. | | 73 |
| 7013976831 | The Judiciary Act of 1789 | Which law created the Supreme Court with a Chief Justice and five associate justices? | | 74 |
| 7013976832 | Jay's Treaty | Treaty signed in 1794 between the U.S. And Britain in which Britain sought to improve trade relations and agreed to withdraw from forts in the northwest territory | | 75 |
| 7013976833 | Alien Sedition Act | acts passed by federalists giving the government power to imprison or deport foreign citizens and prosecute critics of the government | | 76 |
| 7013976834 | Judicial Review | Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws | | 77 |
| 7013976835 | XYZ Affair | 1798 - A commission had been sent to France in 1797 to discuss the disputes that had arisen out of the U.S.'s refusal to honor the Franco-American Treaty of 1778. President Adams had also criticized the French Revolution, so France began to break off relations with the U.S. Adams sent delegates to meet with French foreign minister Talleyrand in the hopes of working things out. Talleyrand's three agents told the American delegates that they could meet with Talleyrand only in exchange for a very large bribe. The Americans did not pay the bribe, and in 1798 Adams made the incident public, substituting the letters "X, Y and Z" for the names of the three French agents in his report to Congress. | | 78 |
| 7013976836 | Federalists | Supporters of the Constitution that were led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams. They firmly believed the national government should be strong. They didn't want the Bill of Rights because they felt citizens' rights were already well protected by the Constitution. | | 79 |
| 7013976837 | Democratic- Republicans | wanted power in the states, were rigid constructionists, believe common men make decisions, live in the south and west, and have an agriculture based economy | | 80 |
| 7013976838 | Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions | Political declarations in favor of states' rights, written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, in opposition the the Alien and Sedition acts. Maintained that states could nullify federal legislation they regarded as unconstitutional | | 81 |
| 7013976839 | Report on Public Credit | This was the first of three major reports on economic policy issued by Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton on the request of Congress. The report analyzed the financial standing of the United States. Hamilton proposed a remarkable set of policies for handling the debt problem. All debts were to be paid at face value. The Federal government would assume all of the debts owed by the states, and it would be financed with new U.S. government bonds paying about 4% interest. | | 82 |
| 7013976840 | Report on Manufactures | A proposal written by Hamilton promoting protectionism in trade by adding tariffs to imported goods in order to protect American industry Though congress did not do anything with it, the report later influenced later industrial policies. | | 83 |
| 7013976841 | Louisiana Purchase (1803) | The U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from Napoleon for $15 million. Jefferson was interested in the territory because it would give the U.S. the Mississippi River and New Orleans (both were valuable for trade and shipping) and also room to expand. Napoleon wanted to sell because he needed money for his European campaigns and because a rebellion against the French in Haiti had soured him on the idea of New World colonies. The Constitution did not give the federal government the power to buy land, so Jefferson used loose construction to justify the purchase. | | 84 |
| 7013976842 | Embargo Act of 1807 | This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act. | | 85 |
| 7013976843 | Marbury V. Madison | (1803) Marbury was a midnight appointee of the Adams administration and sued Madison for commission. Chief Justice Marshall said the law that gave the courts the power to rule over this issue was unconstitutional. established judicial review | | 86 |
| 7013976844 | McCulloch V. Maryland | 1819, Cheif justice john marshall limits of the US constition and of the authority of the federal and state govts. one side was opposed to establishment of a national bank and challenged the authority of federal govt to establish one. supreme court ruled that power of federal govt was supreme that of the states and the states couldnt interfere | | 87 |
| 7013976845 | Gibbons V. Ogden | Commerce clause case (1824). Decision greatly enlarged Congress' interstate commerce clause power by broadly defining the meaning of "commerce" to include virtually all types of economic activity. Pair with Lopez & Morrison cases (limiting commerce power). | | 88 |
| 7013976846 | Dred Scott V. Stanford | | | 89 |
| 7013976847 | The war of 1812 | A war between the United States and Britain the resulted because of capturing naval vessels and Native Americans problems blamed on Britain. | | 90 |
| 7013976848 | Hartford Convention | Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the rulings of the Republican Party. These actions were viewed as traitorous to the country and had lost the Federalists much influence and respect (The practical end of the Federalist Party). | | 91 |
| 7013976849 | Battle of New Orleans | Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S. | | 92 |
| 7013976850 | Battle of Lake Erie | U.S. victory in the War of 1812, led by Oliver Hazard Perry: broke Britain's control of Lake Erie. | | 93 |
| 7013976851 | Battle of Plattsburg | Battle where Thomas McDonough defeated the British in the North and secured the border of US | | 94 |
| 7013976852 | Treaty of Ghent | December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. | | 95 |
| 7013976853 | Era of Good Feelings | A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party (democratic-republican) and no partisan conflicts. | | 96 |
| 7013976854 | James Monroe | (1817-1821) and (1821-1825) The Missouri Compromise in 1821., the fifth President of the United States (1817-1825).His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas | | 97 |
| 7013976855 | The Monroe Doctrine | A key foreign policy made by President Monroe in 1823. It declared the western hemisphere off limits to new European colonization and in return, the US promised not to meddle in European affairs. | | 98 |
| 7013976856 | The Missouri Compromise | 1820 agreement calling for the admission of Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state and outlawing slavery in future states to be created north of the 36, 30 parallel | | 99 |
| 7013976857 | Adams-Onis Treaty | 1819 treaty between the United States and Spain in which Spain ceded Florida to the United States | | 100 |
| 7013976858 | Panic of 1819 | This was the first widespread economic crisis in the United States which brought deflation, depression, bank failures, and unemployment. This set back nationalism to more sectionalism and hurt the poorer class, which gave way to Jacksonian Democracy. | | 101 |
| 7013976859 | Second Bank of US | chartered in 1816 under President Madison; became depository for federal funds and lent money to state banks; was unpopular after being blamed for panic of 1819; fought by Jackson because he thought it was an unconstitutional extension of federal government | | 102 |
| 7013976860 | Nicholas Biddle | He was an American financier who was also president of the Bank of the United States. He was also known for his bribes. He was in charge during the bank war, where Jackson refused to deposit federal funds, which bled the bank dry. He also showed the corruption of the bank. | | 103 |
| 7013976861 | Election of 1824 | No one won a majority of electoral votes, so the House of Representatives had to decide among Adams, Jackson, and Clay. Clay dropped out and urged his supporters in the House to throw their votes behind Adams. Jackson and his followers were furious and accused Adams and Clay of a "corrupt bargain." | | 104 |
| 7013976862 | The American System | The three-part plan developed by Henry Clay that stressed a strong banking system, protective tariffs, and a network of roads and canals. Clay's plan was essential in developing a profitable home market. This home market enabled America to become a self-sufficient, isolated country, | | 105 |
| 7013976863 | John Quincy Adams | (1767-1848) Son of President John Adams and the secretary of state to James Monroe, he largely formulated the Monroe Doctrine. He was the sixth president of the United States and later became a representative in Congress. | | 106 |
| 7013976864 | Henry Clay | Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Compromise of 1850 with five main points. Died before it was passed however. | | 107 |
| 7013976865 | John C. Calhoun | In 1828, he lead the fight against protective tariffs which hurt the south economically. Created the doctrine of nullification which said that a state could decide if a law was constitutional. This situation became known as the Nullification Crisis. | | 108 |
| 7013976866 | Daniel Webster | Senator of Massachusetts; famous American politician & orator; advocated renewal & opposed the financial policy of Jackson; many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System; later pushed for a strong union. | | 109 |
| 7013976867 | Election of 1828 | The election of 1824 convinced Van Buren of the need for a renewed two-party competition. In the election of 1828, a new party formed & gradually became known as the Democratic Party which made Jackson president & Calhoun VP. Opponents called themselves the National Republicans. | | 110 |
| 7013976868 | Martin Van Buren | (1837-1841) Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt. | | 111 |
| 7013976869 | Indian Removal Act 1830 | Signed into law by President Andrew Jackson, strongly supported by the South whom was eager to gain access to the lands inhabited by the "Five Civilized Tribes." Though the act was intended to be voluntary removal, significant pressure was put onto the tribes' chiefs to vacate and led to the inevitable removal of most Indians from the states. | | 112 |
| 7013976870 | Nullification Crisis | Southerners favored freedom of trade & believed in the authority of states over the fed. gov.--> declared federal protective tariffs null and void; South believed individual state cannot defy fed. gov. alone; led to increased sense among Southerners as "minority" & threat of secession rather than nullification was the South's ultimate weapon | | 113 |
| 7013976871 | Force Bill | 1833 - The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act. | | 114 |
| 7013976872 | Webster-Hayne debate | An argument between Daniel Webster and Robert Hayne, about the issue states' rights versus national power. Webster said that Hayne was a challenge to the integrity of the Union. Hayne responded with a defense of the theory of nullification. Webster then spent two full afternoons delievering what became known as his "Second Reply to Hayne." He concluded with the ringing appeal: "Liberty and Union, now and for ever, one and inseparable." | | 115 |
| 7013976873 | Bank War | Jackson vs. Biddle (fed. gov. director of bank); Jackson believed the Bank of US had too much power and was too rich; vetoed the 2nd Bank charter & withdrew gov. money from the US Banks & put it into "pet banks";Jackson vetoed bill he thought was wrong | | 116 |
| 7013976874 | Panic of 1837 | When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress. | | 117 |
| 7013976875 | Whig Party (1830s) | An American political party to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements | | 118 |
| 7013976876 | William Henry Harrison | (1841), was an American military leader, politician, the ninth President of the United States, and the first President to die in office. His death created a brief Constitutional crisis, but ultimately resolved many questions about presidential succession left unanswered by the Constitution until passage of the 25th Amendment. Led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe. | | 119 |
| 7013976877 | John Tyler | (1841-1845) His opinions on all the important issues had been forcefully stated, and he had only been chosen to balance the Whig ticket with no expectation he would ever have power. He was in favor of state's rights, and a strict interpretation of the constitution, he opposed protective tariffs, a national bank and internal improvements at national expense. | | 120 |
| 7013976878 | Abolitionist Movement | An international movement that between approximately 1780 and 1890 succeeded in condemning slavery as morally repugnant and abolishing it in much of the world; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States. | | 121 |
| 7013976879 | Manumission | A grant of legal freedom to an individual slave. | | 122 |
| 7013976880 | Industrial Revolution | A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. The iron and textile industries, along with the development of the steam engine, played central roles in the Industrial Revolution, which also saw improved systems of transportation, communication and banking. | | 123 |
| 7013976881 | Cotton Gin | A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 | | 124 |
| 7013976882 | Nat Turner Revolt | Slave revolt in Virginia that resulted in the deaths of many innocent people | | 125 |
| 7013976883 | Black Codes | Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War | | 126 |
| 7013976884 | William Lloyd Garrison | 1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. | | 127 |
| 7013976885 | Temperance Movement | An organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption. The movement's rank were mostly filled by women | | 128 |
| 7013976886 | The shakers | This group, led by "Mother" Ann Lee, was known for their "shaking" as they felt the spirit of God pulse through them during church services. They eventually died out due to their forbidding sexual relations. Become renowned for their furniture production | | 129 |
| 7013976887 | Oneida Community | A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children. | | 130 |
| 7013976888 | American Colonization Society | A society that thought slavery was bad. They would buy land in Africa and get free blacks to move there. One of these such colonies was made into what now is Liberia. Most sponsors just wanted to get blacks out of their country. | | 131 |
| 7013976889 | Henry David Thoreau | American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War. | | 132 |
| 7013976890 | Nathaniel Hawthorne | An American novelist, Dark Romantic, and short story writer. He was born in 1804 in Salem | | 133 |
| 7013976891 | Transcendentalists | Followers of a belief which stressed self-reliance, self- culture, self-discipline, and that knowledge transcends instead of coming by reason. They promoted the belief of individualism and caused an array of humanitarian reform | | 134 |
| 7013976892 | Mormons | Church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT | | 135 |
| 7013976893 | Putting-out System | A preindustrial manufacturing system in which an entrepreneur would bring materials to rural people who worked on them in their own homes. For example, watch manufacturers in Swiss towns employed villagers to make parts for their products. The system enabled entrepreneurs to avoid restrictive guild regulations. | | 136 |
| 7013976894 | The New Middle Class | It included professionals, doctors, lawyers, educators, editors, & ministers, as well as merchants & shopkeepers. Artisans had dropped out in late 1800s. | | 137 |
| 7013976895 | Lowell Mills | textile mill located in a factory town in Massachusetts that employed farm girls who lived in company-owned boardinghouses | | 138 |
| 7013976896 | Second Great Awakening | A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans. | | 139 |
| 7013976897 | Romanticism | 19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason | | 140 |
| 7013976898 | Seneca Falls Convection | Took place in upperstate New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote. | | 141 |
| 7013976899 | Declaration of Sentiments | declared that all "people are created equal"; used the Declaration of Independence to argue for women's rights | | 142 |
| 7013976900 | Sam Houston | Commander of the Texas army at the battle of San Jacinto; later elected president of the Republic of Texas | | 143 |
| 7013976901 | The Alamo | Santa Anna's army succeeded in late 1836. His force of 4000 men laid siege to San Antonio, whose 200 Texan defenders retreated into an abandoned mission, the Alamo. After repeated attacks, the remaining 187 Texans including Davy Crockett were wiped out and a few weeks later Mexican troops massacred some 350 Teas prisoners. | | 144 |
| 7013976902 | The Republic of Texas | An independent nation for a decade or so in the mid 1800s because it couldn't be a state because it had slaves. | | 145 |
| 7013976903 | Mexican American War | 1846 - 1848 - President Polk declared war on Mexico over the dispute of land in Texas. At the end, American ended up with 55% of Mexico's land. | | 146 |
| 7013976904 | Manifest Destiny | A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific. | | 147 |
| 7013976905 | James K. Polk | president in March 1845. wanted to settle oregon boundary dispute with britain. wanted to aquire California. wanted to incorperate Texas into union. | | 148 |
| 7013976906 | Winfield Scott | "Old Fuss and Feathers," whose conquest of Mexico City brought U.S. victory in the Mexican War | | 149 |
| 7013976907 | Wilmot Proviso | 1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico | | 150 |
| 7013976908 | Free Soil Party (1847-1848) | Minor but influential political party in the pre-Civil War period of American history that opposed the extension of slavery into the western territories | | 151 |
| 7013976909 | Popular Sovereignty | A belief that ultimate power resides in the people. | | 152 |
| 7013976910 | Election of 1848 | Candidates: 1. Zachary Taylor-winner, honest, ignorant (whig) 2. Martin Van Buren (Free Soil Party- made slavery an issue) 3. Lewis Cass-father of popular sovereignty (Democrat). Zachary Taylor became president, died in office, making his vice president Millard Fillmore president | | 153 |
| 7013976911 | California Gold Rush | 1849 (San Francisco 49ers) Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country and world to San Francisco; arrival of the Chinese; increased pressure on fed gov. to establish a stable gov. in CA | | 154 |
