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AP US History Chapter 13 Flashcards

5097462332	Maine Laws	Passed in 1851; 1st big step in the Temperance Movement - outlawed sale & manufacturing of alcohol except for medical purposes.	0
5097462333	The Brooks-Sumner Affair	Senator Charles Sumner had recently given a speech called "The Crime Against Kansas" on abolishing slavery. Congressman Preston Brooks, who had taken the speech particularly personally attacked Senator Sumner with a walking stick. Brooks, who was accompanied at the time by Congressman Laurence Keitt and Congressman Henry Edmundson, assaulted Sumner.	1
5097468195	Manifest Destiny	A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.	2
5097468196	Stephen Long	He explored Canadian river thinking it was red river, he was a cartographer; who labeled KS and Great Plains the "Great American Desert".	3
5097652679	The Great American Desert	Beginning with Lewis and Clark, most nineteenth-century mapmakers referred to the Great Plains as this. It was the land west of Missouri.	4
5097858354	Moses Austin	First American to receive Spanish land grant in Mexico, later Texas. He died and passed land to his son.	5
5097865526	Stephen Austin	Original settler of Texas, granted land from Mexico on condition of no slaves, convert to Roman Catholic, and learn Spanish.	6
5097869906	Peace party/war party	The peace side was a secret society of Union supporters in North Texas. The war Side that wanted to go to War with Mexico.	7
5097881676	General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna	He seized power in Mexico after the collapse of empire in Mexico in 1824, after brief reign of liberals, seized power in 1835 as caudillo, defeated by Texans in war for independence in 1836, defeated by the United States in the Mexican-American War in 1848, unseated by liberal rebellion in 1854.	8
5097909535	Alamo	A Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force.	9
5097912036	Goliad	A site where about 400 defeated, surrounded, and surrendered Americans were slaughtered by Santa Anna. "remember goliad" became a war cry soon thereafter.	10
5097983535	Sam Houston	Commander of the Texas army at the battle of San Jacinto; later elected president of the Republic of Texas.	11
5097985159	San Jacinto	A surprise attack by Texas forces on Santa Ana's camp on April 21, 1836. Santa Ana's men were surprised and overrun in twenty minutes. Santa Ana was taken prisoner and signed an armistice securing Texas independence. Mexicans - 1,500 dead, 1,000 captured. Texans - 4 dead.	12
5097985160	Californios	Descendants of Spanish and Mexican conquerors; Spanish speaking inhabitants of California they were culture of Mexico carried to California.	13
5097983536	54° 40' or fight!	It was the famous slogan used over the border dispute with England about the Oregon Territory.	14
5098018040	James K Polk	Was president in March 1845. He wanted to settle the Oregon boundary dispute with Britain. He wanted to acquire California. And he wanted to incorporate Texas into union.	15
5098028927	Liberty Party	A former political party in the United States; formed in 1839 to oppose the practice of slavery; merged with the Free Soil Party in 1848.	16
5098032854	Zachary Taylor	A Whig president who was a Southern slave holder, and war hero (Mexican-American War). Won the 1848 election. Surprisingly did not address the issue of slavery at all on his platform. He died during his term and his Vice President was Millard Fillmore.	17
5098032855	John Slidell	A diplomat sent by Polk to buy California, New Mexico, and Texas from the Mexicans. Mexico rejected his offer and Polk sent Taylor's army into Mexico.	18
5098032856	John C. Fremont	Was an American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery.	19
5098051975	Polk's War Message	Polk had been rejected by the previous Mexican government because his credentials said that he was a minister and the government had requested a commissioner. Polk also hoped the problems of holding together a revolutionary government would help keep Paredes concerned with internal problems and push him towards quickly settling the external disputes.	20
5107619911	Bear Flag Republic	Declaring independence from Mexican control, this republic was declared in 1846 by American settlers living in California; this political act was part of a larger American political and military strategy to wrest Texas and California from Mexico.	21
5107626452	Conscience Whigs	Northern Whigs who opposed slavery on moral grounds. Conscience Whigs sought to prevent the annexation of Texas as a slave state, fearing that the new slave territory would only serve to buttress the Southern "slave power".	22
5107630642	Wilmot Proviso	1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico.	23
5107636132	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	A treaty signed by the U.S. and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico had to give up much of its northern territory to the U.S (Mexican Cession); in exchange the U.S. gave Mexico $15 million and said that Mexicans living in the lands of the Mexican Cession would be protected	24
5107680297	Free Soil Party	Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.	25
5107684567	Frederick Douglass	American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.	26
5107694270	North Star	Newspaper founded by Frederick Douglass.	27
5107695964	Sutter's Mill	Location where gold was discovered in California in 1848, setting off the gold rush.	28
5107694271	"Forty-niners"	Speculators who went to northern California following the discovery of gold in 1848; the first of several years of large-scale migration was 1849.	29
5107694272	Popular Sovereignty	Notion that the people of a territory should determine if they want to be a slave state or a free state.	30
5107694273	Fire Eaters	Refers to a group of extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South who urged the separation of southern states into a new nation, which became known as the Confederate States of America.	31
5107718684	Uncle Tom's Cabin	Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced England's view on the American Deep South and slavery. a novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.	32
5107722312	Personal liberty laws	Laws passed by Northern state governments to counteract the provisions of the Fugitive Slave Acts and to protect escaped slaves and free blacks settled in the North, by giving them the right to a jury trial.	33
5107720479	Ableman v Booth 1857	Was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that State courts cannot issue rulings on federal law that contradict the decisions of federal courts, overturning a decision by the Supreme Court of Wisconsin.	34
5107720480	Gadsden Purchase	Agreement with Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million; all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny.	35
5107718685	Ostend Manifesto	A declaration issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.	36
5107718686	Senator Stephen A. Douglas	The person behind Kansas Nebraska act.	37
5107757959	The Kansas Nebraska Act	It would create 2 new territories to allow the government to build a railroad. It split Nebraska into the territories of Nebraska and Kansas and allowed for popular sovereignty there.	38
5107760874	Republican Party	1854 - anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, Free Soilers and reformers from the Northwest met and formed party in order to keep slavery out of the territories.	39
5107772016	Know Nothing Party	Group of prejudice people who formed a political party during the time when the KKK grew. Anti-Catholics and anti-foreign. They were also known as the American Party.	40
5107773784	Bleeding Kansas	A sequence of violent events involving abolitionists and pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory. The dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent.	41
5107772017	John Brown	Abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858).	42
5107772018	Sack of Lawrence	An attack, led by pro-slavery men, on abolitionists living in the city of Lawrence, Kansas; these men were sent to arrest antislavery leaders in Lawrence and in the process, they burned the town, robbed many buildings, and destroyed printing presses used to print abolitionist newspapers.	43
5107772019	Dred Scot v Sanford 1857	Was a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court on US labor law and constitutional law that held that "a negro, whose ancestors were imported into, and sold as slaves", whether enslaved or free, could not be an American citizen and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court, and that the federal government had no power to regulate slavery in the federal territories acquired after the creation of the United States.	44
5107799802	Lecompton Constitution	Supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state.	45
5107803381	Abraham Lincoln	16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth.	46
5107801586	Lincoln Douglas Debates	During the race to become Senator, Lincoln asked to have multiple debates with Douglas; certain topics of these debates were slavery, how to deal with slavery, and where slavery should be allowed; although Lincoln lost the election to Douglas, he was known throughout the country because of the debates; Douglas said people could exclude slavery by not enforcing & protecting slave-owner property.	47
5107801587	House divided speech	Made by Abraham Lincoln before he was elected stating that the United States will either be all slave or all free because it can't be half and half and still succeed.	48
5107799803	Freeport Doctrine	Doctrine developed by Stephen Douglas that said the exclusion of slavery in a territory could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property. It was unpopular with Southerners, and thus cost him the election.	49
5107799804	John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry	John Brown was an abolitionist that had a plan to free slaves and recruited about 20 men who would help John take control of a building in Harpers Ferry Virginia, where the federal government stored weapons He hoped to start a slave uprising by handing out these weapons to slaves	50

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AP US History Semester Final Review Flashcards

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5729566729	maize cultivation	The growing of Indian corn, a staple of many Indians diets, leading many nomadic tribes to settle and develop great civilizations such as the Aztecs incas and Mayans.	0
5729566735	Cultural autonomy	Freedom of a group to express ones own culture without outside control i.g. The Christianization of the natives took away there Cultural autonomy	1
5729566736	great basin	Desert area with no drainage to the ocean	2
5729566737	agricultural economy	economy based on the production of crops	3
5729566738	spanish exploration	Colonization of the Americas by the conquistadors in search for gold, glory and god	4
5729566739	encomienda system	A government system where natives were given to colonists to work in return for converting them to Christianity.	5
5729566742	great plains	The open plains of the Midwest where the natives adapted to roming the prairies on horseback	6
5729566743	permanent villages	The settlements of Indians tribes based on the spread of agriculture	7
5729566745	slave labor	Forced labor of people considered property by the people in charge	8
5729566748	Colombian exchange	the exchange between the new world and the old world consisting of the old world bringing wheat, cows, horses, sheep, pigs, sugar, rice, coffee, smallpox, malaria and yellow fever. while the new world sent gold, silver, corn, potatoes, tobacco, and syphills	9
5729566749	Manifest Destiny	A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.	10
5729566750	Louis O'Sullivan	Coined the term Manifest Destiny in a newspaper article	11
5729566755	California Gold Rush	1849 (San Francisco 49ers) Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country and world to San Francisco; arrival of the Chinese; increased pressure on federal government to establish a stable government	12
5729566756	Mexican American War	1846 - 1848 - President Polk declared war on Mexico over the dispute of land in Texas. At the end, American ended up with 55% of Mexico's land.	13
5729566757	Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo	(1848) treaty signed by the U.S. and Mexico that officially ended the Mexican-American War; Mexico had to give up much of its northern territory to the U.S (Mexican Cession); in exchange the U.S. gave Mexico $15 million and said that Mexicans living in the lands of the Mexican Cession would be protected	14
5729566759	popular sovereignty	A belief that ultimate power resides in the people.	15
5729566760	Kansas Nebraska Act	1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.	16
5729566761	Free "Soiler"	People who opposed expansion of slavery into western territories	17
5729566762	Republican Party	1854 - anti-slavery Whigs and Democrats, Free "Soilers" and reformers from the Northwest met and formed party in order to keep slavery out of the territories	18
5729566763	Stephen A Douglas	Senator from Illinois who ran for president against Abraham Lincoln. Wrote the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Freeport Doctrine	19
5729566764	Freeport Doctrine	Idea authored by Stephen Douglas that claimed slavery could only exist when popular sovereignty said so	20
5729566765	Abraham Lincoln	16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)	21
5729566766	secession	Formal withdrawal of states or regions from a nation	22
5729566767	Dred Scott Decision	A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.	23
5729566768	Uncle Tom's Cabin	Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1853 that highly influenced England's view on the American Deep South and slavery. A novel promoting abolition. intensified sectional conflict.	24
5729566769	Sectionalism	Loyalty to a region	25
5729566770	John Brown's Raid	Began when he and his men took over the arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in hopes of starting a slave rebellion.	26
5729566799	Second Great Awakenings	Began in the early decades of the 19th century. Partly a reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenment and the American Revolution. It affected all sections of the country, but in the northern states it touched off social reform that drove the reform movements of this period. (p. 207)	27
5729566800	market revolution	Starting in the early 19th century, this revolution produced vast economic growth. Farmers fed the workers in the cities, the cities provided farm families with an array of mass produced goods.	28
5729566801	Thomas Jefferson	He was George Washington's first secretary of state. A Democrat-Republican, he was the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809. He stressed the basic principles of constitutional government and limited central government. He appeased the Federalists by maintaining the national bank and debt repayment plan of Hamilton, carried on the neutrality policies of Washington and Adams, reduced the size of the military. He eliminated some federal jobs, repealed excise taxes, and lowered the national debt. In 1803, he made the Louisiana Purchase from France.	29
5729566807	Nullification Crisis	In 1832, South Carolina passed a resolution forbidding the collection of tariffs in the state. This was nullifying a federal law at the state level. President Andrew Jackson threatened use of federal troops against South Carolina and a compromise was reached.	30
5729566808	Elizabeth Cady Stanton	A women's rights reformer who was not allowed to speak at an antislavery convention.	31
5729566809	cotton gin	This machine was invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds from cotton fibers so cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply. As a result more cotton was grown in the South and more slaves were needed to pick cotton in the fields.	32
5729566811	William Lloyd Garrison	Advocated the immediate emancipation of slaves without compensation to their owners. He was also the writer of the "Liberator."	33
5729566812	Lucretia Mott	Early feminist who advocated for women's rights and against slavery.	34
5729566813	Republican Motherhood/Cult of Domesticity	After industrialization occurred women became the moral leaders in the home and educators of children. Men were responsible for economic and political affairs.	35
5729566814	Sectionalism: The North	Largely urban population that worked in factories.	36
5729566815	Sectionalism: The South	Largely agricultural, mostly cotton from 1830-1850.	37
5729566816	Sectionalism: The West	Largely trapping and hunting, citizens lived a secluded life away from others.	38
5729566817	Democratic-Republicans	Favored the common man, weak central government, hated the National Bank, was pro-immigration, wanted slow and cautious westward expansion.	39
5729566819	National Republicans	Favored the wealthy and educated, strong central government, supported the National Bank, favored internal improvements.	40
5729566820	Whigs	Favored the wealthy and educated, strong central government, supported the National Bank and Internal Improvements, limited immigration, slow/against westward expansion; above all else HATED Andrew Jackson.	41
5729566826	Missouri Compromise	An 1820 compromise crafted by Henry Clay, it consisted of three bills. * Admit Missouri as a slave-holding state * Admit Maine as a free state * Prohibit slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36 30.	42
5729566828	Nat Turner Rebellion	In 1831, this Virginia slave led a revolt in which 55 whites were killed. In retaliation, whites killed hundreds of African American and put down the revolt.	43
5729566829	Marbury v. Madison	Established the Supreme Court's policy of judicial review.	44
5729566830	American System	Henry Clay, a leader in the House of Representatives proposed this system to advance the nation's economy. It consisted of: * Protective Tariffs: * National Bank * Internal Improvements	45
5729566831	The Lowell Mill Factory	The system that recruited young farm women to work in the textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts. The were housed in company dormitories near the mills.	46
5729566832	Seneca Falls Convention	In 1848, this was the first women's rights convention in U.S. history. They wrote a "Declaration of Sentiments", modeled after the Declaration of Independence, which declared all men and women equal and listed grievances.	47
5729566833	Transcendentalists	They questioned the doctrines of established churches and business practices of the merchant class. Mystical and intuitive way of thinking to discover inner self and look for essence of God in nature. Artistic expression was more important than pursuit of wealth. They valued individualism and supported the antislavery movement.	48
5729566834	Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions	In 1799, Democratic-Republican leaders passed resolutions in two state legislatures that challenged federal laws enacted by the Federalist party. The states argued that they had the right to nullify laws passed at the federal level.	49
5729566835	Trail of Tears	In 1838 the U.S. Army forced 15,000 Cherokees to leave Georgia and move to Oklahoma. 4,000 Cherokees died on the march.	50
5729566836	Hartford Convention (1814)	In December 1814, a special convention was held due to opposition to the the War of 1812, some radical Federalist in the Northeast want to secede from the United States, but that it was rejected. However, to limit the power of the Democratic-Republicans they adopted a proposal that a two-thirds vote of both houses would be required for any future declaration of war.	51
5729566848	Worcester v. Georgia	Supreme Court case regarding Cherokee rights to land in the United States.	52
5729566850	The Tariff of 1828	Increased taxes on imported goods to almost 50%; which positively effected American manufacturing.	53
5729566851	Force Bill	Permitted Andrew Jackson to organize troops to prevent South Carolina from secession.	54
5729566853	Henry Clay	Created the Tariff of 1833 to solve the Nullification Crisis, developed the American System, Speaker of the House, Secretary of State under JQA, Whig leaders, leader of the War Hawks (face it the most awesome historical figure after the death of GW)	55
5729566856	Abolitionist	A person who strongly favors doing away with slavery	56
5729566858	Fredrick Douglass	American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published an autobiography, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.	57
5729566859	Horace Mann	A leader of educational reform, he became the head of the Massachusetts Board Of Education in 1837; he lengthened the school year to six months, doubled teachers' salaries, and improved curriculum and teacher training	58
5729566860	Harriet Tubman	United States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)	59
5729566863	Soujourner Truth	From her home in New York she waged a constant battle for the abolition of slavery. Former slave, also a prominent figure in the fight for women's rights.	60
5729566864	Suffrage	Term that refers to the right to vote. The most controversial issue at the Seneca Fall Convention.	61
5729566865	Susan B. Anthony	A leader in the struggle for women's rights, she advocated equal pay for women, college training for girls, coeducation, and women's right to vote. She continued the suffrage movement until her death in 1906.	62
5729566866	Temperance movement	A crusade that used lectures, pamphlets, and revival-style rallies to warn people of dangers of alcohol	63
5729566868	Second Great Awakening	a religious revival that started in the early 19th century and ended in the mid 1800s. It inspired social reforms and a change in music, art, and literature.	64
5729566869	Dorothea Dix	She advocated for Asylum reform, rather than placing mentally and physically disabled persons in regular prisons	65
5729566870	Charles Finney	A leading evangelist of the Second Great Awakening, he preached that each person had capacity for spiritual rebirth and salvation and that through individual effort could be saved. His concept of "utility of benevolence" proposed the reformation of society as well as of individuals.	66
5729566871	Hudson River School	Founded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River	67
5729566873	transcendentalism	A philosophy pioneered in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.	68
5729566874	Ralph Waldo Emerson	American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom; prime example of a transcendentalist; "Nature" & "Self-Reliance"	69
5729566875	Henry David Thoreau	American transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.	70
5729566877	James Forten	An African American business leader and abolitionist who owned a sailmaking company and was active in the Underground Railroad	71
5729566878	American Colonization Society	Organization established with the goal of transporting free blacks to a colony in Africa; founded Liberia in 1821-22	72
5729566879	Elijah Lovejoy	American Presbyterian minister, journalist, and news paper editor who was murdered by a mob for his abolitionist views	73
5729566880	Richard Allen	An African American preacher who helped start the free African society and the African Methodist Episcopal church	74
5729566881	John Marshall	created the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the Supreme Court. Supported Federalists.	75
5729566886	National Road	The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.	76
5729566888	Washington's farewell address	Warns against sectionalism and foreign affairs, wants everyone to stay strong as a nation. Encourages things written by Hamilton	77
5729566889	Thomas Paine	American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809)	78
5729566892	Republican Motherhood	Expectation that women would instill Republican values in children and be active in families; helped increase education for women	79
5729566893	French Revolution	The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.	80
5729566894	republican government	System of government in which power is held by the voters and is exercised by elected representatives responsible for promoting the common welfare.	81
5729566898	Seven Year' War	A war between New France and the British. The reason this war started was because New England wasn't allowed to cross the Allegheny mountains and this made them mad. Also there were small fights at the border but other than those two things there countries were supposed to be at peace.	82
5729566901	natural rights	the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and property	83
5729566902	American Revolution	This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.	84
5729566908	Proclamation of 1763	A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.	85
5729566909	mercantilism	Economic policy common to many absolute monarchies. Government control of foreign trade is of paramount importance for ensuring the military security of the country. In particular, it demands a positive balance of trade and desires new sources of gold and silver bullion, thus fueling more colonialism.	86
5729566918	First Continental Congress	The First Continental Congress convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress endorsed the Suffolk Resolves, voted for a boycott of British imports, and sent a petition to King George III, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system.	87
5729566920	Second Continental Congress	Convened in May 1775, the Congress opposed the drastic move toward complete independence from Britain. In an effort to reach a reconciliation, the Congress offered peace under the conditions that there be a cease-fire in Boston, that the Coercive Acts be repealed, and that negotiations begin immediately. King George III rejected the petition.	88
5729566921	Lexington and Concord	April 8, 1775: Gage leads 700 soldiers to confiscate colonial weapons and arrest Adam, and Hancock; April 19, 1775: 70 armed militia face British at Lexington (shot heard around the world); British retreat to Boston, suffer nearly 300 casualties along the way (concord)	89
5729566922	Common Sense	1776: a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation	90
5729566925	Treaty of Paris, 1783	agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent country	91
5729566927	state constitutions	States wrote a new constitution to replace their colonial charters after they declared independence. Most called for bicameral legislature and a governor (usually one year term for elected officials). You had to own property or pay a certain amount of tax to vote. Individual liberties protected people (including freedom of religion), but did not separate church and state.	92
5729566928	Articles of Confederation	1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)	93
5729566939	Bill of Rights	Although the Anti-Federalists failed to block the ratification of the Constitution, they did ensure that the Bill of Rights would be created to protect individuals from government interference and possible tyranny. The Bill of Rights, drafted by a group led by James Madison, consisted of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guaranteed the civil rights of American citizens.	94
5729566941	Bank of the United States	Proposed by Alexander Hamilton as the basis of his economic plan. He proposed a powerful private institution, in which the government was the major stockholder. This would be a way to collect and amass the various taxes collected. It would also provide a strong and stable national currency. Jefferson vehemently opposed the bank; he thought it was un-constitutional. nevertheless, it was created. This issue brought about the issue of implied powers. It also helped start political parties, this being one of the major issues of the day.	95
5729566942	strict/loose interpretation	strict interpretation: whatever is not mentioned specifically in the Constitution cannot be done loose interpretation: A broad way of interpreting the Constitution that allows the Federal Government to take actions that the Constitution doesn't forbid it from taking. Favored by Alexander Hamilton as a way of creating the National Bank.	96
5729566944	Whiskey Rebellion	In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.	97
5729566945	Jay's Treaty, 1794	Treaty signed in 1794 between the U.S. And Britain in which Britain sought to improve trade relations and agreed to withdraw from forts in the northwest territory	98
5729566947	Farewell Address, 1796	1796 speech by Washington urging US to maintain neutrality and avoid permanent alliances with European nations	99
5729566951	Jamestown	1st permanent English settlement in North America in 1607.	100
5729566952	John Smith	A captain famous for world travel. As a young man, he took control in Jamestown. He organized the colony and saved many people from death the next winter and coined the phrase "he who shall not work, shall not eat". He also initiated attacks on Natives.	101
5729566953	John Rolfe	He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony. Eventually, he was killed in a Pequot attack.	102
5729566955	Mayflower Compact	1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony	103
5729566956	John Winthrop	As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.	104
5729566965	Headright system	Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.	105
5729566987	Ben Franklin	A colonial businessman and scientist who was an example of American social mobility and individualism. He was a delegate from Pennsylvania in colonial meetings, and proposed the "Albany Plan of the Union" as a way to strengthen the colonies in the French and Indian War. He was a leading figure in the movement toward revolution, and as a diplomat to France to get help during the American Revolution	106
5729566988	Great Awakening	(1730s and 1740s) Religious movement characterized by emotional preaching (Jonathan Edwards & George Whitefield). It established American religious precedents such as camp meetings, revivals, and a "born again" philosophy. The first cultural movement to unite the thirteen colonies. It was associated with the democratization of religion, and a challenge to existing authorities and was an influence leading to the American Revolution.	107
5729566989	Jonathan Edwards	A leading minister during the Great Awakening, he delivered the famous sermon "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" promising that evildoers would pay a price on judgement day.	108
5729566990	African American Culture	Slave communities were rich with music, dance, basket-weaving, and pottery-making. Enslaved Africans brought them the arts and crafts skills of their various tribes.	109
5729566949	George Whitfield	English preacher who led the Great Awakening by traveling through the colonies	110
5729731136	Iroquois confederation	An elaborate organization of the mid-15th century that included at least five nations: Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida and Mohawk. Important because it shows the Indians had a diverse and organized political, social and economic structure and were not savages as the Europeans considered them.	111
5729741708	Federalist Party	A political party created in the 1790s and influenced by Alexander Hamilton that wanted to strengthen the federal government and promote industry and trade.	112

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AP US History 1 Chapter 6 Vocabulary Terms Flashcards

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6980043465	coureurs de bois	French-Canadian fur-trappers; literally, "runners of the woods".	0
6980043466	voyageurs	French-Canadian explorers, adventures, and traders.	1
6980043468	regulars	Trained professional soldiers, as distinct from militia or conscripts.	2
6980066117	domestic	Concerning the internal affairs of a country.	3
6980067701	minister	In politics, a person appointed by the head of state to take charge of some department or agency of government.	4
6980070561	autocratic	Marked by strict authoritarian rule, without consent or participation by the populace.	5
6980081694	peasant	a farmer or agricultural laborer, sometimes legally tied to the land.	6
6980085205	flotilla	A fleet of boats, usually smaller vessels.	7
6980086214	ecological	Concerning the relations between the biological organisms and their environment.	8
6980087805	mutinous	Concerning revolt by subordinate soldiers or seamen against their commanding officers.	9
6980090318	strategic	Concerning the placement and planned movement of large-scale military forces so as to gain advantage, or usually prior to actual engagement with the enemy.	10
6980098447	guerilla warfare	Unconventional combat waged by small military units using hit-and-run tactics.	11
6980101291	sallies	In warfare, very rapid military movements, usually by small units against an enemy force or position.	12
6980105008	commissions	An official certification granting a commanding rank in the armed forces.	13
7058284169	Huguenots	French Protestants that lived from about 1560 to 1629.	14
7058285740	Proclamation of 1763	An English law enacted after gaining territory from the French at the end of the French and Indian War. It forbade the colonists from settling beyond the Appalachian Mountains.	15
7058287561	Albany Congress	A conference in the colonies from June 19 through July 11, 1754. It advocated a union of the British colonies for their security and defense against French.	16

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AP US History: Reconstruction Flashcards

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5584011535	Ten Percent Plan	Lincoln's plan that allowed a Southern state to form its own government afetr ten percent of its voters swore an oath of loyalty to the United States	0
5584011536	Wade-Davis Bill	an 1864 plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office for anyone who had fought for the Confederacy...Lincoln refused to sign this bill thinking it was too harsh.	1
5584011537	Black Codes	Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War	2
5584011538	Freedmen's Bureau	created by Congress to provide clothing, shelter, education, food, and medicine to former slaves (vetoed by Johnson and overrode by Congress)	3
5584011539	Civil Rights Act of 1866	A federal law that authorized federal action against segregation in public accommodations, public facilities, and employment. (vetoed by Johnson and overrode by Congress)	4
5584011540	Fourteenth Amendment	guarantees equal protection of the law and rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the USA, including former slaves.	5
5584011541	Reconstruction Act of 1867	Act passed by Congress that abolished previous state governments and set up 5 temporary military districts run by Union generals.	6
5584011542	Fifteenth Amendment	guaranteed voting rights regardless of race or previous condition of servitude	7
5584011546	sharecropping	A system used on southern farms after the Civil War in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.	8
5584011548	scalawags	A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners	9
5584011549	carpetbaggers	A derogatory term applied to Northerners who migrated south during the Reconstruction to take advantage of opportunities to advance their own fortunes	10
5584011556	"Redemption"	Southern Democratic term for the end of Reconstruction and the return of white southern Democratic rule to the South.	11
5584011557	Ku Klux Klan	A secret society created by white southerners in 1866 that used terror and violence to keep African Americans from obtaining their civil rights.	12
5584011558	Enforcement Laws	Protected the freedman's rights under the 14th and 15th amendments, authorized military action to suppress terrorist movements	13
5584011559	Slaughter-House Cases	Undercut the power of the Fourteenth Amendment to protect African American rights.	14
5584011562	Andrew Johnson	United States President during Reconstruction; he was impeached by Congress for not agreeing with their plan to reconstruct the South.	15
5584011565	Ulysses S. Grant	President who used his authority to fight against the KKK and secure rights for freed slaves; scandals and public opinion slowed his effectiveness	16

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 20 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 20 Becoming a World Power, 1898-1917

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5522603986	William Seward	Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price. (p. 409)	0
5522603987	Monroe Doctrine	In 1823, a political policy of the United States by President James Monroe that stated the Western Hemisphere was closed to European interference. UPDATE	1
5522603988	French in Mexico	In 1865, Secretary of State William Seward invoked the Monroe Doctrine when Napoleon III sent French troops to occupy Mexico. He threatened U.S. military action unless France withdrew their troops, and they did. (p. 410)	2
5522603989	Alaska Purchase	In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 Million ("Seward's Folly"). (p. 410)	3
5522603990	Pan-American Conference (1889)	In 1889, this conference was called by Secretary of State James G. Blaine. It created an organization of cooperation between the United States and Latin American countries. (p. 412)	4
5522603991	James Blaine	Republican nominee for president in 1884, previously a Secretary of State UPDATE	5
5522603992	Venezuela boundary dispute	An issue between Venezuela and the neighbouring territory, the British colony of Guiana. The United States convince Great Britain to arbitrate the dispute. (p. 412)	6
5522603993	Cleveland and Olney	In 1895 and 1896, President Grover Cleveland and Secretary of State Richard Olney insisted that Great Britain agree to arbitrate the border dispute between Venezuela and the British colony of Guiana. (p. 412)	7
5522603994	Hawaii	In 1893, American settlers aided in the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani. President McKinley completed the annexation of Hawaii in 1898. (p. 415)	8
5522603995	Pearl Harbor	On December 7, 1941, this United States military base on Hawaii was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II.	9
5522603996	Queen Liliuokalani	The Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests. (p. 414)	10
5522603997	Cleveland blocks annexation	In 1893, President Grover Cleveland block the annexation of Hawaii because he opposed imperalism. However, in 1898, President McKinley did annex Hawaii. (p. 414)	11
5522603998	international Darwinism	Darwin's concept of the survival of the fittest was applied not only to competition in the business world but also to competition among nations. Therefore, in the international arena, the US had to demonstrate its strength by acquiring territories overseas, a sort of continuing of the manifest destiny	12
5522603999	business and imperialists competitors	UPDATE	13
5522604000	spreading religion and science	what were the two factors that pushed european nations across the atlantic ocean? UPDATE	14
5522604001	Josiah Strong	This reverend believed that Protestant American had a religious duty to colonize other lands in order to spread Christianity and the benefits of their superior civilization . (p. 411)	15
5522604002	expansionist politicians	Republican politicians generally endorsed the use of foreign affairs to search for new markets. (p. 411)	16
5522604003	steel and steam navy	By 1900, The United States had the third largest navy in the world. (p. 411)	17
5522604004	Alfred Thayer Mahan	He was a U.S. Navy captain whose ideas on naval warfare and the importance of seapower changed how America viewed its navy. (p. 411)	18
5522604005	nationalist media	UPDATE	19
5522604006	Cuban revolt	In 1895, Cuban nationalists sabotaged and laid waste to Cuban plantations. Spain sent General Valeriano Weyler who put civilians into armed camps where many died. (p. 413)	20
5522604007	Valeriano Weyler	A general sent by Spain to stop the Cuban revolt. He forced civilians into armed camps, where tens of thousands died of starvation and disease. (p. 413)	21
5522604008	jingoism	An intense form of nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy. (p. 412)	22
5522604009	yellow journalism	Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers. (p. 413)	23
5522604010	De Lome Letter	Spanish Ambassador's letter that was leaked to the press and and published by American newspapers. It criticized President McKinley in insulting terms. Many considered it an official Spanish insult against U.S. national honor. (p. 413)	24
5522604011	sinking of the Maine	On February 15, 1898, the USS Maine battleship exploded in Havana Harbor. The yellow press accused Spain of blowing up the ship even though experts later concluded that the explosion was probably an accident. (p. 413)	25
5522604012	Teller Amendment	A resolution authorizing war, but it promised the U.S. would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war. (p. 414)	26
5522604013	a splendid little war	The ambassador to England wrote to his friend, Teddy Roosevelt, with these words because of low casualties in the war against Spain. (p. 414)	27
5522604014	invade the Philippines	Commodore George Dewey led a U.S. fleet to the Philippines where he defeated Spain. (p. 414)	28
5522604015	George Dewey	A United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay, Philippines in the Spanish-American War. (p. 414)	29
5522604016	Rough Riders	Volunteer regiment of U.S. Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War. (p. 414)	30
5522604017	Theodore Roosevelt	He became that 26th President in 1901. He as an expansionist who increased the size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". He added the Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. His motto was to "speak softly and carry a big stick". He received the Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France. (p. 417)	31
5522604018	Treaty of Paris: Puerto Rico	This treaty was signed on December 10, 1898 with Spain. It provided for: 1) Cuban independence, 2) Purchase of Puerto Rico and Guam, 3) Purchase of the Philippines. (p. 415)	32
5522604019	Guam and Philippines	UPDATE	33
5522604020	Emilio Aguinaldo	Filipino nationalist leader who led guerrilla fighters in a three year war against U.S. control of the Philippines. (p. 415)	34
5522604021	Anti-Imperialist League	Lead by William Jennings Bryan, they opposed further expansion in the Pacific. (p. 415)	35
5522604022	Insular cases	A series of Supreme Court cases from 1901 to 1903 which arose when the United States acquired the Philippines and Puerto Rico. The court ruled that constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions and that the power to decide whether or not to grant such rights belonged to Congress. (p. 416)	36
5522604023	Platt Amendment	A 1901 amendment to an army appropriations bill that said Cuba would make no treaties that compromised its independence, permit the U.S. to maintain law and order in Cuba, and allow the U.S. to maintain naval bases in Cuba. (p 416)	37
5522604024	spheres of influence	The term when countries came to dominate trade and investment within a particular region and shut out competitors. In the 1890s, Russia, Japan, Great Britain, France, and Germany were all establishing close ties with China that disturbed the United States. (p. 417)	38
5522604025	John Hay	In 1899, as William McKinley's secretary of state, he sent a note to all the major countries involved in trade with China. He asked them to accept the concept of an Open Door, by which all nations would have equal trading privileges in China. The replies that he got were evasive, so he declared that all nations had accepted the Open Door policy. (p. 416)	39
5522604026	Open Door Policy	A policy proposed by the U.S. in 1899, under which all nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China. (p. 416)	40
5522604027	Boxer Rebellion	A 1900 rebellion in Beijing, China that was started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". An international force marched into Beijing and crushed the rebellion. (p. 417)	41
5522604028	U.S. joined international force	To protect American lives and property, U.S. troops participated in an international force that marched into Peking (Beijing) and quickly crushed the rebellion of the Boxers. (p. 417)	42
5522604029	Second Hay Note	In 1900, the U.S. was fearful that the international force sent to Beijing might try to occupy China. A second note was written to all the major imperialist countries, stating that China's territory must be preserved and that equal and impartial trade with all parts of China must be maintained. (p. 417)	43
5522604030	big-stick policy	Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy motto was to "speak softly and carry a big stick". By acting boldly and decisively in a number of situation, Roosevelt attempt to build the reputation of the United States as a world power. (p. 417)	44
5522604031	TR supports Panama revolt	In 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt orchestrated a revolt for Panama's independence from Columbia. The revolt succeeded quickly and with little bloodshed. (p. 418)	45
5522604032	Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903)	In 1903, the Panama government signed this treaty with the United States. It granted the U.S. all rights to the 51 mile long and 10 mile wide Canal Zone, in exchange for U.S. protection. (p. 418)	46
5522604033	building the Panama Canal	This canal was started in 1904 and completed 10 years later. The building of this large canal was important because it would benefit American commerce and military capability. (p. 418)	47
5522604034	George Goethals	United States army officer and engineer who supervised the construction of the Panama Canal. (p. 418)	48
5522604035	William Gorgas	Army physician who helped eradicate yellow fever and malaria from Panama, so work on the Panama Canal could proceed. (p. 418)	49
5522604036	Roosevelt Corollary	Theodore Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine. It stated that the United States would intervene in the Americas, on the behalf of European interests. (p. 418)	50
5522604037	Santo Domingo	The capital of the Dominican Republic. In 1904, European powers were ready to use military power here in order to force debt payments. (p. 418)	51
5522604038	Russo-Japanese War	In 1904, Russia and Japan went to war over imperial possessions in the region. In 1905, President Theodore Roosevelt arranged a successful treaty conference for the two foes at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. (p. 419)	52
5522604039	Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)	In 1905, the United States mediated the end of the Russo-Japanese War. Negotiating the treaty in the U.S. increased U.S. prestige. Roosevelt received a Nobel Peace Prize for the mediation. (p. 419)	53
5522604040	Nobel Peace Prize	For his work in settling the Russo-Japanese War, President Theodore Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906. (p. 420)	54
5522604041	segregation in San Francisco schools	In the early 20th century San Francisco schools required that Japanese American students attend segregated schools. In 1908, President Roosevelt worked out a "gentleman's agreement" with Japan, Japanese American students would be allowed to attend normal schools and Japan would restrict the emigration of Japanese workers to the United States. (p. 420)	55
5522604042	gentlemen's agreement	In 1908, an informal agreement between the United States and Japan. President Roosevelt agreed that Japanese American students would be allowed to attend normal schools in San Francisco and Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the U.S. (p. 420)	56
5522604043	Great White Fleet	Sixteen American battleships, painted white were sent around the world to display American naval power. (p. 4 )	57
5522604044	Algeciras Conference	In 1906, this conference held after the First Moroccan Crisis in which the dispute between Germany and France over control of Morocco was settled.	58
5522604045	Hague Conference	An 1899 (first under McKinley) conference at which the Great Powers discussed arms reduction, demonstrated internationalism.	59
5522604046	Root-Takahira Agreement	1908 - Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China.	60
5522604047	William Howard Taft	The 27th President of the United States (1909-1913) and later chief justice of the United States Supreme Court.	61
5522604048	role of American money		62
5522604049	railroads in China	President Taft succeeded in securing American participation in agreement in 1911 to buy railroads in China with Germany and France, US was excluded from buying railroads in Manchuria because of joint agreement between Russia and Japan, direct defiance of Open Door Policy	63
5522604050	Manchurian problem		64
5522604051	intervention in Nicaragua	Taft sent marines here when a civil war broke out, help in financial affairs, remained until 1933	65
5522604052	Henry Cabot Lodge	A Republican senator, he was in favor of the U.S. expanding around the world. He introduced the Lodge Corollary. (p. 411, 420)	66
5522604053	Lodge Corollary	In 1912, the Senate passed resolution to Monroe Doctrine. It stated that non-European powers (such as Japan) would be excluded from owning territory in Western Hemisphere. (p. 420)	67
5522604054	Woodrow Wilson	The 28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize.	68
5522604055	anti-imperialism	The belief that the U.S. should not expand its territory overseas and that the U.S. should just be a normal country and leave the other countries alone.	69
5522604056	William Jennings Bryan	United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)	70
5522604057	Jones Act	In 1916 this act granted the Philippines territorial status and promised independence as soon as stable government was achieved. (p. 422)	71
5522604058	Puerto Rico citizenship	In 1917 an act of Congress granted U.S. citizenship and limited self government for this island. (p. 422)	72
5522604059	Conciliation treaties	Wilson's commitment to democracy was shared by Bryan, project to negotiate treaties in which nations pledged to submit disputes to international commissions and observe a one-year cooling-off period before taking military action	73
5522604060	military intervention	Military action undertaken in order to change what is happening or might happen in another country	74
5522604061	Mexican civil war	Wilson's moral approach to foreign affairs was severely tested by a revolution and civil war in Mexico. Wanting democracy to triumph there, he refused to recognize the military dictatorship of General Victoriano Huerta, who had seized power in Mexico in 1913 by arranging to assassinate the democratically elected president.	75
5522604062	General Huerta	Mexican revolutionary whose bloody regime Wilson reused to recognize and who nearly ended up fighting the United States in 1914	76
5522604063	Tampico incident	In April 1914, some U.S. sailors were arrested in Tampico, Mexico. President Wilson used the incident to send U.S. troops into northern Mexico. His real intent was to unseat the Huerta government there. After the Niagara Falls Conference, Huerta abdicated and the confrontation ended.	77
5522604064	ABC powers	The South American countries of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, which attempted to mediate a dispute between Mexico and the United States in 1914.	78
5522604065	Pancho Villa	Mexican revolutionary leader (1877-1923) who did many good things, but killed a lot of people. Wanted to take money from the rich and give it to the poor. (p. 423)	79
5522604066	expeditionary force	The name given to the group set out to capture Pancho Villa in Mexico. (p. 423)	80
5522604067	John J. Pershing	The U.S. general who chased Pancho Villa over 300 miles into Mexico but didn't capture him. (p. 423)	81

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AP US History Unit 2 Flashcards

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5108021080	Mercantilism	idea that a country's economic wealth could be measured by the amount of gold in its treasury	0
5108021081	Navigation Laws	laws that regulated trade to benefit England's Mercantilist system- only allowed them to trade with Britain	1
5108021082	Enumerated Products	products tat had to be sent to Britain, even though there might be better prices	2
5108021083	Monetary Deflation	there wasn't enough money in the colonies- had to print their own	3
5108021084	Royal Veto	British right to nullify any legislation passed by the colonial system if it went against Mercantalism	4
5108021085	Salutary Neglect	time from after King William's War to the French and Indian war where Britain let the colonies run themselves	5
5108021086	John Hancock	rich colonist who made money by smuggling around the Navigation Laws	6
5108021088	George Grenville	the Prime Minister of Britain- ordered the navy to enforce the Navigation Acts- created the Sugar Act	7
5108021089	Sugar Act	1st law 1765- passed by Parliament that raised taxes of colonists- on imported sugar	8
5108021090	Quartering Act	1765- required colonists to provide food and shelter to British troops	9
5108021091	Stamp Act	1765- mandated use of stamps that taxed most paper products	10
5108021092	Admiralty Courts	trial where there is no jury- defendant was assumed to be guilty	11
5108021093	Virtual Representation	representatives in Parliament represented all citizens- colonists didn't believe and wanted their own reprentative	12
5108021094	Stamp Act Congress	1765- brought together 27 delegates from 9 colonies- asked King to repeal Act	13
5108021096	Sons of Liberty	enforced the Nonimportation Agreements- mobs violently ransacked officials' houses	14
5108021097	Daughters of Liberty	the female version of the Sons of Liberty	15
5108021098	Declaratory Act	Britain declares it has complete control over the colonies	16
5108021099	Charles Townshend	persuaded Parliament to pass the Townshend Acts	17
5108021100	Townshend Acts	act that put light taxes on lead, paper, paint and tea- hated by Americans because the profits were used to pay the government officials	18
5108021101	Red Coats	British soldiers- sent to enforce the Townshend Acts	19
5108021103	John Adams	defense attorney of the British troops in the Boston Massacre- future president	20
5108021104	King George III	King who tried to assert the power of the British monarchy	21
5108021105	Lord North	George's corrupt prime minister	22
5108021106	Samuel Adams	organizer of rebellion- started the committees of correspondence	23
5108021107	Committees of Correspondence	ways for the colonies to comunicated with each other- the future Congresses	24
5108021108	British East India Company	company was going to go bankrupt, British government let them sell left over tea to Americans at a cheap price, while still taxing it	25
5108021110	Boston Tea Party	colonists dressed up as Indians and dumped tea into the Boston Harbor- led to Intolerable Acts	26
5108021111	Intolerable Acts	acts that removed many of the rights of the colonists- Boston Port closes, British officials could be tried in England, the charter of Massachusetts revoked, guaranteed Catholicism to French-Canadians (good law)	27
5108021112	Boston Port Act	Britain closed the harbor as punishment until the damages were paid	28
5108021113	Quebec Act	French-Canadians were guaranteed Catholicism	29
5108021114	First Continental Congress	1774- ment in Philadelphia to discuss colony problems- came up with list of grievances (ignored by Britain), and Declaration of Rights, agreed to meet the next year	30
5108021115	The Association	organization that wanted a complete boycott of British goods	31
5108021116	Minutemen	name of the colonial militia	32
5108021117	Lexington	8 Americans are killed by Red Coats trying to seize power and capture Sam Adams and John Hancock- the first battle of the Revolutionary war	33
5108021118	Concord	Red coats pushed on, but were pushed back by colonists- one of the first battles of the war	34
5108021119	Hessians	professional German soldiers hired by the British to fight in the war- not really commited	35
5108021120	Loyalists	colonists who supported Britian	36
5108021121	Marquis de Lafayette	French general- helped fund the war for the Americans	37
5108021122	Continental Currency	money printed by the Continental Congress- worthless	38
5108021123	Valley Forge	cold battle in the winter where thecolonists were almost naked	39
5108021124	Patriots	name for American fighters and supporters	40
5108021125	Baron von Steuben	stern drillmaster- whipped the soldiers into shape	41

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AP US History Chapter 37 Flashcards

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6969167743	The Feminine Mystique	Written by Betty Friedan, journalist and mother of three children; described the problems of middle-class American women and the fact that women were being denied equality with men; said that women were kept from reaching their full human capacities	0
6969167744	Rock'n'roll	"jungle music" seen as evil/dangerous by adults	1
6969167745	Checkers Speech	Given by Richard Nixon on September 23, 1952, when he was the Republican candidate for the Vice Presidency. Said to have saved his career from a campaign contributions scandal	2
6969167746	McCarthyism	The term associated with Senator Joseph McCarthy who led the search for communists in America during the early 1950s through his leadership in the House Un-American Activities Committee	3
6969167747	Army-McCarthy Hearing	The Trials in which Senator McCarthey accused the U.S. Army of harboring possible communists.These trials were one of the first televised trials in America, and helped show America Senator McCarthey's irresponsibility and meanness	4
6969167748	Jim Crow	Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites	5
6969167749	Montgomery Bus boycott	In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal	6
6969167750	Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas	1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated	7
6969167751	Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)	Students whose purpose was coordinate a nonviolent attack on segregation and other forms of racism	8
6969167752	Operation Wetback	Program which apprehended and returned some one million illegal immigrants to Mexico - end of the Bracero program	9
6969167753	Federal Highway Act of 1956	Measure that provided federal funding to build a nationwide system of interstate and defense highways	10
6969167754	Policy of Boldness	Foreign policy that attempted to roll back communist influence around the globe; led to build-up of America's nuclear arsenal to threaten massive retaliation—the Cold War's arms race	11
6969167755	Hungarian Uprising	Hungarian nationalists staged huge demonstrations demanding non-communist parties be legalized; turned into armed rebellion and spread throughout the country	12
6969167756	Battle of Dien Bien Phu	The climactic battle of the First Indochina War between French Union forces of the French Far East Expeditionary Corps, and Vietnamese Viet Minh communist revolutionary forces. The battle occurred between March and May 1954, and culminated in a massive French defeat that effectively ended the war	13
6969167757	Suez Crisis	July 26, 1956, Nasser (leader of Egypt) nationalized the Suez Canal, Oct. 29, British, French and Israeli forces attacked Egypt. UN forced British to withdraw; made it clear Britain was no longer a world power	14
6969167758	Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)	An economic organization consisting primarily of Arab nations that controls the price of oil and the amount of oil its members produce and sell to other nations	15
6969167759	Sputnik	First artificial Earth satellite, it was launched by Moscow in 1957 and sparked U.S. fears of Soviet dominance in technology and outer space. It led to the creation of NASA and the space race	16
6969167760	Kitchen Debate	Debate between Nixon and Khrushechev. The two men discussed the merits of each of their respective economic systems, capitalism and communism. The debate took place during an escalation of the Cold War, beginning with the launch of Sputnik in 1957, through the U-2 Crisis in 1960. Most Americans believed Nixon won the debate	17
6969167761	The Eisenhower Doctrine	Eisenhower proposed and obtained a joint resolution from Congress authorizing the use of U.S. military forces to intervene in any country that appeared likely to fall to communism. Used in the Middle East	18
6969167762	Richard M. Nixon	was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974, when he became the only president to resign the office, started and ended US involvement in Veitnam, involved in Watergate Scandal and resigned due to possible impeachment	19
6969167763	Betty Friedan	1921-2006. American feminist, activist and writer. Best known for starting the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of her book "The Feminine Mystique".	20
6969167764	Elvis Presley	United States rock singer whose many hit records and flamboyant style greatly influenced American popular music (1935-1977)	21
6969167765	Joseph McCarthy	1950s; Wisconsin senator claimed to have list of communists in American gov't, but no credible evidence; took advantage of fears of communism post WWII to become incredibly influential; "McCarthyism" was the fearful accusation of any dissenters of being communists	22
6969167766	Rosa Parks	(LBJ) , United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement	23
6969167767	Martin Luther King Jr.	U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964)	24
6969167768	Earl Warren	Chief Justice during the 1950's and 1960's who used a loose interpretation to expand rights for both African-Americans and those accused of crimes	25
6969167769	John Foster Dulles	As Secretary of State. he viewed the struggle against Communism as a classic conflict between good and evil. Believed in containment and the Eisenhower doctrine	26
6969167770	Nikita Khrushchev	Aggressive Soviet leader whose failed gamble of putting missiles in Cuba cost him his job	27
6969167771	Ho Chi Minh	1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used guerrilla warfare to fight anti-communist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable	28
6969167772	Gamal Abdel Nasser	Arab leader, set out to modernize Egypt and end western domination, nationalized the Suez canal	29
6969167773	Fidel Castro	Communist leader of Cuba, Bay of Pigs	30
6969167774	John F. Kennedy	president during part of the cold war and especially during the superpower rivalry and the cuban missile crisis. he was the president who went on tv and told the public about hte crisis and allowed the leader of the soviet uinon to withdraw their missiles. other events, which were during his terms was the building of the berlin wall, the space race, and early events of the Vietnamese war	31
6969167775	Lyndon B. Johnson	signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid	32

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AMSCO AP US History Chapter 20 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 20 Becoming a World Power, 1898-1917

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6123898165	William Seward	Secretary of State who was responsible for purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price. (p. 409)	0
6123898166	Monroe Doctrine	This doctrine stated that European powers could not interfere in the Western Hemisphere. In 1895 and 1896, the U.S. applied this doctrine to push Great Britain to arbitrate a boundary dispute between Venezuela and British colony of Guiana. (p. 412)	1
6123898167	French in Mexico	In 1865, Secretary of State William Seward invoked the Monroe Doctrine when Napoleon III sent French troops to occupy Mexico. He threatened U.S. military action unless France withdrew their troops, and they did. (p. 410)	2
6123898168	Alaska Purchase	In 1867, Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 Million ("Seward's Folly"). (p. 410)	3
6123898169	Pan-American Conference (1889)	In 1889, this conference was called by Secretary of State James G. Blaine. It created an organization of cooperation between the United States and Latin American countries. (p. 412)	4
6123898170	James Blaine	In 1889, as secretary of state he arranged the first Pan-American Conference in Washington D.C. Various nations in the Western Hemisphere met to discuss trade and other issues. (p. 412)	5
6123898171	Venezuela boundary dispute	An issue between Venezuela and the neighbouring territory, the British colony of Guiana. The United States convince Great Britain to arbitrate the dispute. (p. 412)	6
6123898172	Cleveland and Olney	In 1895 and 1896, President Grover Cleveland and Secretary of State Richard Olney insisted that Great Britain agree to arbitrate the border dispute between Venezuela and the British colony of Guiana. (p. 412)	7
6123898173	Hawaii	In 1893, American settlers aided in the overthrow of Queen Liliuokalani. President McKinley completed the annexation of Hawaii in 1898. (p. 415)	8
6123898174	Queen Liliuokalani	The Hawaiian queen who was forced out of power by a revolution started by American business interests. (p. 414)	9
6123898175	Cleveland blocks annexation	In 1893, President Grover Cleveland block the annexation of Hawaii because he opposed imperalism. However, in 1898, President McKinley did annex Hawaii. (p. 414)	10
6123898176	international Darwinism	Darwin's concept of the survival of the fittest was applied not only to competition in the business world but also to competition among nations. Therefore, expansionist wanted the U.S. to demonstrate its strength by acquiring territories overseas. (p. 410)	11
6123898177	business and imperialists competitors	The United States was not alone in pursuing imperialism, which meant acquiring territory or gaining control over the political or economic life of other countries. Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan tried to influence or possess weaker countries around the world. (p. 410)	12
6123898178	spreading religion and science	Some Protestant Americans believed that the United States had a religious duty to colonize other lands in order to spread Christianity and our superior science technology. (p. 411)	13
6123898179	Josiah Strong	This reverend believed that Protestant American had a religious duty to colonize other lands in order to spread Christianity and the benefits of their superior civilization . (p. 411)	14
6123898180	expansionist politicians	Republican politicians generally endorsed the use of foreign affairs to search for new markets. (p. 411)	15
6123898181	steel and steam navy	By 1900, The United States had the third largest navy in the world. (p. 411)	16
6123898182	Alfred Thayer Mahan	He was a U.S. Navy captain whose ideas on naval warfare and the importance of seapower changed how America viewed its navy. (p. 411)	17
6123898183	nationalist media	Newspapers and magazines published printed stories about ]distant and exotic places. This increased public interest and stimulated demands for a larger U.S. role in world affairs. (p. 411)	18
6123898184	Cuban revolt	In 1895, Cuban nationalists sabotaged and laid waste to Cuban plantations. Spain sent General Valeriano Weyler who put civilians into armed camps where many died. (p. 413)	19
6123898185	Valeriano Weyler	A general sent by Spain to stop the Cuban revolt. He forced civilians into armed camps, where tens of thousands died of starvation and disease. (p. 413)	20
6123898186	jingoism	An intense form of nationalism calling for an aggressive foreign policy. (p. 412)	21
6123898187	yellow journalism	Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers. (p. 413)	22
6123898188	De Lome Letter	Spanish Ambassador's letter that was leaked to the press and and published by American newspapers. It criticized President McKinley in insulting terms. Many considered it an official Spanish insult against U.S. national honor. (p. 413)	23
6123898189	sinking of the Maine	On February 15, 1898, the USS Maine battleship exploded in Havana Harbor. The yellow press accused Spain of blowing up the ship even though experts later concluded that the explosion was probably an accident. (p. 413)	24
6123898190	Teller Amendment	A resolution authorizing war, but it promised the U.S. would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war. (p. 414)	25
6123898191	a splendid little war	The ambassador to England wrote to his friend, Teddy Roosevelt, with these words because of low casualties in the war against Spain. (p. 414)	26
6123898192	invade the Philippines	Commodore George Dewey led a U.S. fleet to the Philippines where he defeated Spain. (p. 414)	27
6123898193	George Dewey	A United States naval officer remembered for his victory at Manila Bay, Philippines in the Spanish-American War. (p. 414)	28
6123898194	Rough Riders	Volunteer regiment of U.S. Cavalry led by Teddy Roosevelt during the Spanish American War. (p. 414)	29
6123898195	Theodore Roosevelt	He became that 26th President in 1901. He as an expansionist who increased the size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". He added the Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. His motto was to "speak softly and carry a big stick". He received the Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France. (p. 417)	30
6123898196	Treaty of Paris: Puerto Rico	This treaty was signed on December 10, 1898 with Spain. It provided for: 1) Cuban independence, 2) Purchase of Puerto Rico and Guam, 3) Purchase of the Philippines. (p. 415)	31
6123898197	Guam and Philippines	On December 10, 1898, the Spanish-American War treaty was signed in Paris. Under the treaty the U.S. acquired Guam and also the Philippines. (p. 415)	32
6123898198	Emilio Aguinaldo	Filipino nationalist leader who led guerrilla fighters in a three year war against U.S. control of the Philippines. (p. 415)	33
6123898199	Anti-Imperialist League	Lead by William Jennings Bryan, they opposed further expansion in the Pacific. (p. 415)	34
6123898200	Insular cases	A series of Supreme Court cases from 1901 to 1903 which arose when the United States acquired the Philippines and Puerto Rico. The court ruled that constitutional rights were not automatically extended to territorial possessions and that the power to decide whether or not to grant such rights belonged to Congress. (p. 416)	35
6123898201	Platt Amendment	A 1901 amendment to an army appropriations bill that said Cuba would make no treaties that compromised its independence, permit the U.S. to maintain law and order in Cuba, and allow the U.S. to maintain naval bases in Cuba. (p 416)	36
6123898202	spheres of influence	The term when countries came to dominate trade and investment within a particular region and shut out competitors. In the 1890s, Russia, Japan, Great Britain, France, and Germany were all establishing close ties with China that disturbed the United States. (p. 417)	37
6123898203	John Hay	In 1899, as William McKinley's secretary of state, he sent a note to all the major countries involved in trade with China. He asked them to accept the concept of an Open Door, by which all nations would have equal trading privileges in China. The replies that he got were evasive, so he declared that all nations had accepted the Open Door policy. (p. 416)	38
6123898204	Open Door Policy	A policy proposed by the U.S. in 1899, under which all nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China. (p. 416)	39
6123898205	Boxer Rebellion	A 1900 rebellion in Beijing, China that was started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". An international force marched into Beijing and crushed the rebellion. (p. 417)	40
6123898206	U.S. joined international force	To protect American lives and property, U.S. troops participated in an international force that marched into Peking (Beijing) and quickly crushed the rebellion of the Boxers. (p. 417)	41
6123898207	Second Hay Note	In 1900, the U.S. was fearful that the international force sent to Beijing might try to occupy China. A second note was written to all the major imperialist countries, stating that China's territory must be preserved and that equal and impartial trade with all parts of China must be maintained. (p. 417)	42
6123898208	big-stick policy	Theodore Roosevelt's foreign policy motto was to "speak softly and carry a big stick". By acting boldly and decisively in a number of situation, Roosevelt attempt to build the reputation of the United States as a world power. (p. 417)	43
6123898209	TR supports Panama revolt	In 1903, President Theodore Roosevelt orchestrated a revolt for Panama's independence from Columbia. The revolt succeeded quickly and with little bloodshed. (p. 418)	44
6123898210	Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1903)	In 1903, the Panama government signed this treaty with the United States. It granted the U.S. all rights to the 51 mile long and 10 mile wide Canal Zone, in exchange for U.S. protection. (p. 418)	45
6123898211	building the Panama Canal	This canal was started in 1904 and completed 10 years later. The building of this large canal was important because it would benefit American commerce and military capability. (p. 418)	46
6123898212	George Goethals	United States army officer and engineer who supervised the construction of the Panama Canal. (p. 418)	47
6123898213	William Gorgas	Army physician who helped eradicate yellow fever and malaria from Panama, so work on the Panama Canal could proceed. (p. 418)	48
6123898214	Roosevelt Corollary	Theodore Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine. It stated that the United States would intervene in the Americas, on the behalf of European interests. (p. 418)	49
6123898215	Santo Domingo	The capital of the Dominican Republic. In 1904, European powers were ready to use military power here in order to force debt payments. (p. 418)	50
6123898216	Russo-Japanese War	In 1904, Russia and Japan went to war over imperial possessions in the region. In 1905, President Theodore Roosevelt arranged a successful treaty conference for the two foes at Portsmouth, New Hampshire. (p. 419)	51
6123898217	Treaty of Portsmouth (1905)	In 1905, the United States mediated the end of the Russo-Japanese War. Negotiating the treaty in the U.S. increased U.S. prestige. Roosevelt received a Nobel Peace Prize for the mediation. (p. 419)	52
6123898218	Nobel Peace Prize	For his work in settling the Russo-Japanese War, President Theodore Roosevelt was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906. (p. 420)	53
6123898219	segregation in San Francisco schools	In the early 20th century San Francisco schools required that Japanese American students attend segregated schools. In 1908, President Roosevelt worked out a "gentleman's agreement" with Japan, Japanese American students would be allowed to attend normal schools and Japan would restrict the emigration of Japanese workers to the United States. (p. 420)	54
6123898220	gentlemen's agreement	In 1908, an informal agreement between the United States and Japan. President Roosevelt agreed that Japanese American students would be allowed to attend normal schools in San Francisco and Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the U.S. (p. 420)	55
6123898221	Great White Fleet	Sixteen United States battleships, painted white, were sent around the world to display American naval power. (p. 419 )	56
6123898222	Algeciras Conference	In 1906, this conference held after the First Moroccan Crisis in which the dispute between Germany and France over control of Morocco was settled. (p. 420)	57
6123898223	Hague Conference	In 1907, the Second International Peace Conference at the Hague discussed rules for limiting warfare. (p. 420)	58
6123898224	Root-Takahira Agreement	In 1908, this executive agreement between the United States and Japan pledged mutual respect for each nation's possessions in the Pacific region and support for the Open Door policy in China. (p. 419)	59
6123898225	William Howard Taft	The 27th President of the United States, from 1909 to 1913. He adopted a foreign policy that was mildly expansionist but depended more on investors' dollars than on the military. His policy of promoting U.S. trade by supporting American business abroad was known as dollar diplomacy. (p. 420)	60
6123898226	role of American money	President Taft believed that private U.S. investment in China and Central America would lead to greater stability there. His policy, was thwarted by growing anti-imperliasm both in the U.S. and overseas. (p. 420)	61
6123898227	railroads in China	In 1911, President Taft succeeded in securing American participation in agreement to invest in railroads in China along with Germany and France. (p. 420)	62
6123898228	Manchurian problem	In 1911, the U.S. was excluded from investing in railroads in Manchuria because of a joint agreement between Russia and Japan, which was in direct defiance of the Open Door Policy. (p. 420)	63
6123898229	intervention in Nicaragua	In 1912, President Taft sent military troops here when a civil war broke out. (p. 420)	64
6123898230	Henry Cabot Lodge	A Republican senator, he was in favor building U.S. power through global expansion. He introduced the Lodge Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. (p. 411)	65
6123898231	Lodge Corollary	In 1912, the Senate passed this resolution as an addition to the Monroe Doctrine. It stated that non-European powers (such as Japan) would be excluded from owning territory in Western Hemisphere. (p. 420)	66
6123898232	Woodrow Wilson	The 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. This Democrats is known for his leadership during World War I, creating the Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification). He won the Nobel Peace Prize. (p. 421)	67
6123898233	anti-imperialism	President Woodrow Wilson differed from his Republican presidential predecessors. He believed that the U.S. should not expand its territory overseas. (p. 421)	68
6123898234	William Jennings Bryan	In 1913, he was Woodrow Wilson's secretary of state. He tried to demonstrate that the U.S. respected other nations' rights and would support the spread of democracy. (p. 421)	69
6123898235	Jones Act	In 1916, this act granted the Philippines full territorial status, guaranteed a bill of rights and universal male suffrage to Filipinos, and promised independence for the Philippines as soon as a stable government was established. (p. 422)	70
6123898236	Puerto Rico citizenship	In 1917, an act of Congress granted U.S. citizenship and limited self government for this island. (p. 422)	71
6123898237	Conciliation treaties	Wilson's commitment to democracy was shared by Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan. Bryan negotiated treaties in which nations pledged to submit disputes to international commissions and observe a one-year cooling-off period before taking military action. Thirty of these treaties were negotiated. (p. 422)	72
6123898238	military intervention	President Woodrow Wilson used military action to influence Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. (p. 423)	73
6123898239	Mexican civil war	President Wilson's moral approach to foreign affairs was severely tested by a revolution and civil war in Mexico. He refused to recognize the military dictatorship of General Victoriano Huerta, who had seized power in Mexico in 1913 by arranging to assassinate the democratically elected president. (p. 423)	74
6123898240	General Huerta	In 1913, this Mexican revolutionary seized power in Mexico by killing the democratically elected president. (p. 423)	75
6123898241	Tampico incident	In April 1914, some U.S. sailors were arrested in Tampico, Mexico. President Wilson used the incident to send U.S. troops into northern Mexico. His real intent was to unseat the Huerta government there. After the Niagara Falls Conference, Huerta abdicated and the confrontation ended. (p. 423)	76
6123898242	ABC powers	The South American countries of Argentina, Brazil, and Chile, which attempted to mediate a dispute between Mexico and the United States in 1914. (p. 423)	77
6123898243	Pancho Villa	This Mexican leader led raids across the U.S.-Mexican border and murdered several people in Texas and New Mexico. (p. 423)	78
6123898244	expeditionary force	The name given to the group sent to capture Pancho Villa in Mexico. (p. 423)	79
6123898245	John J. Pershing	The U.S. general who chased Pancho Villa over 300 miles into Mexico but didn't capture him. (p. 423)	80

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AP US History Chapter 14 Flashcards

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5395203465	Self-Reliance	Ralph Waldo Emerson lecture-essay talks about how frontiers people had to be self reliant	0
5395203466	Rendezvous	Meeting of fur trappers	1
5395203467	Ecological Imperialism	An aggressive and often heedless exploitation of the west. settlers often killed species to the point of extinction, and they farmed the lands dry. it was a hard land to live on, and ecological imperialism was sometimes the only way to survive and make a profit	2
5395203468	Ancient Order of Hibernians	Semisecret Irish organization that became a benevolent society aiding Irish immigrants in America	3
5395203469	Molly Maguires	A secret Irish organization of coal miners in regions of western Pennsylvania and West Virgina in the mid to late 1800's. The miners worked together to achieve better working conditions, and when demands weren't met, they protested by destroying mining equipment and other activities. They were eventually brought down by a Pinkerton detective, and some alleged members had trials and were hanged	4
5395203470	Tammany Hall	A political organization within the Democratic Party in New York city (late 1800's and early 1900's) seeking political control by corruption and bossism	5
5395203471	Know-Nothing Party (American Party)	Political party composed of Nativists that advocated rigid restrictions on immigration and naturalization and for laws authorizing the deportation of alien paupers	6
5395203472	Awful Disclosures	One of many sensational, mainly fictional books promoted by nativists in which nuns described the shocking sins they partook in, including the secret burial of babies, written by Maria Monk	7
5395203473	Cotton Gin	A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793	8
5395203474	Patent Office	Federal government bureau that reviews patent applications. A patent is a legal recognition of a new invention, granting exclusive rights to the inventor for a period of years	9
5395203475	Limited Liability	A form of business ownership in which the owners are liable only up to the amount of their individual investments	10
5395203476	Commonwealth v. Hunt	(1842) a landmark ruling of the MA Supreme Court establishing the legality of labor unions and the legality of union workers striking if an employer hired non-union workers	11
5395203477	Cult of Domesticity	Idealized view of women & home; women, self-less caregiver for children, refuge for husbands	12
5395203478	McCormick Reaper	Mechanized the harvest of grains, such as wheat, allowing farmers to cultivate larger plots; 1831; fueled the large-scale establishment of commercial agriculture in the Midwest	13
5395203479	Turnpike	An expressway on which tolls are collected	14
5395203480	Clipper Ships	American boats, built during the 1840's in Boston, that were sleek and fast but inefficient in carrying a lot of cargo or passengers. Mainly used to carry high value cargo	15
5395203481	Pony Express	A Mail carrying service; ran from 1860-1861; was established to carry mail speedily along the 2000 miles from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California; they could make the trek in 10 days	16
5395203482	Transportation Revolution	A period of rapid growth in the speed and convenience of travel because of new methods of transportation	17
5395203483	Market Revolution	Change in the way Americans made, bought, and sold goods. Brought about by the Transportation Revolution	18
5395203484	Samuel Slater	"Father of the Factory System" in America; escaped Britain with the memorized plans for the textile machinery; put into operation the first spinning cotton thread in 1791	19
5395203485	Eli Whitney	An American inventor who developed the cotton gin. Also contributed to the concept of interchangeable parts that were exactly alike and easily assembled or exchanged	20
5395203486	Elias Howe	American inventor whose sewing machine helped revolutionize garment manufacture in the factory and in the home	21
5395203487	Isaac Singer	American inventor and manufacturer, who made his fortune by improving on Elias Howe's sewing machine. His machine fueled the ready-made clothing industry in New England	22
5395203488	Samuel F. B. Morse	Invented the telegraph and Morse code	23
5395203489	John Deere	American blacksmith that was responsible for inventing the steel plow. This new plow was much stronger than the old iron version; therefore, it made plowing farmland in the west easier, making expansion faster. Helped to commercialize agriculture	24
5395203490	Cyrus McCormick	(1809-1884) American inventor and industrialist, he invented the mechanical reaper and harvesting machine that quickly cut down wheat. Helped to commercialize agriculture	25
5395203491	Robert Fulton	Along with Robert R Livingston, put the first steamboats into service in 1807	26
5395203492	DeWitt Clinton	Governor of New York who started the Erie Canal project. His leadership helped complete the canal, which boosted the economy greatly by cutting time traveled from west New York to the Hudson	27
5395203493	Cyrus Field	American businessman who laid the first telegraph wire across the Atlantic. This cut down the time it took for a message to be sent from Europe to American and vice-versa	28
5395203494	John Jacob Astor	Created one of the largest fur businesses, the American Fur Company. He bought skins from western fur traders and trappers who became known as montain men. Astoria was named after him	29

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AP US History Chapters 3 & 4 Flashcards

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4943870588	Martin Luther	95 theses bible only source of god's word ppl saved by faith	0
4943877850	John Calvin	Calvinism- predestination	1
4943883358	King Henry VIII	Anglican Church so he can get a divorce	2
4943885978	Puritans	ppl that want to completely modify church of england only visible saints should be admitted to the church	3
4943893352	King James I	harassed separatists out of England	4
4943897281	Pilgrims (separatists)	come from Holland Sail Mayflower(didn't settle in Plymouth immediately)	5
4943902949	Myles Standish	Great indian fighter & negotiator	6
4943905578	Mayflower Compact	model for future constitutions	7
4943909678	William Bradford	Chosen gov Plymouth 30 times fur, fish, lumber	8
4943912717	franchise	right 2 vote	9
4943914256	John Winthrop	governor or deputy for 19 yrs helping fur trading, fishing, and shipbuilding	10
4943920323	John Cotton	prominent clergy member immigrate to avoid persecution	11
4943925850	Anne Hutchinson	antinomianism~ a holy life was no sure sign of salvation and that the truly saved need not bother to obey the law of either God or man.	12
4943931898	Roger Williams	tried 2 completely separate from church of england~ radical idealist hounded his fellow clergymen to make a clean and complete break with the Church of England.	13
4943938948	Reverend Thomas Hooker	led an energetic group of Puritans west into Connecticut.	14
4944366392	1639	settlers of the new Connecticut River colony drafted in open meeting a trailblazing document called the Fundamental Orders. It was basically a modern constitution.	15
4944368438	new haven founded	1638	16
4944374882	Squanto	a Wampanoag, helped keep relative peace. In 1637, though, after mounting tensions exploded, English settlers and the powerful Pequot tribe fought in the Pequot War,	17
4944378465	King Philip	Metacom (called King Philip by the English) united neighboring Indians in a last-ditched attack that failed. The King Philip's War slowed the colonial western march, but Metacom was beheaded and quartered and his head was stuck on a sharp pike for all to see, his wife and son sold to slavery.	18
4944383572	New English Confederation	1643, four colonies banded together to form the New England Confederation. It was almost all Puritan. It was weak, but still a notable milestone toward American unity.	19
4944387425	Dominion of New England	created to bolster the colonial defense against Indians and tying the colonies closer to Britain by enforcing the hated Navigation Acts. The acts forbade American trade with countries other than Britain. As a result, smuggling became common. Head of the Dominion was Sir Edmund Andros. Establishing headquarters in Boston, he openly showed his association with the locally hated Church of England. His soldiers were vile-mouthed and despised by Americans. Andros responded to opposition by curbing town meetings, restricting the courts and the press, and revoking all land titles. He taxed the people without their consent. At the same time, the people of England staged the Glorious Revolution, instating William and Mary to the crown. Resultant, the Dominion of New England collapsed. Massachusetts got a new charter in 1691, but this charter allowed all landowners to vote, as opposed to the previous law of voting belonging only to the church members.	20
4944398886	Duke of York	1664, Charles II granted the area of modern-day New York to his brother, the Duke of York, and that year, British troops landed and defeated the Dutch, kicking them out, without much violence.	21
4944403625	Quakers	Quakers (characteristics) They "quaked" under deep religious emotion. They were offensive to religious and civil rule. They addressed everyone with simple "thee"s and "thou"s and didn't swear oaths because Jesus had said "Swear not at all," this last part creating a problem, since you had to swear a test oath to prove that you weren't Roman Catholic. Though stubborn and unreasonable, they were simple, devoted, democratic people against war and violence.	22
4944405766	William Penn	William Penn, a well-born Englishman, embraced the Quaker faith. In 1681, he managed to secure an immense grant of fertile land from the king. It was called Pennsylvania, in honor of Penn, who, being the modest person that he was, had insisted that it be called Sylvania. It was the best advertised of all the colonies.	23
4944411092	Benjamin Franklin	Benjamin Franklin, born in Boston, entered Philadelphia as a seventeen-year-old in 1720 with a loaf of bread under each arm and immediately found a congenial home in the urbane, open atmosphere of the city. Americans began to realize that not only were they surviving, but that they were also thriving.	24
4944436889	headright system	encouraged growth of the Chesapeake. Under this system, if an aristocrat sponsored an indentured servant's passage to America, the aristocrat earned the right to purchase 50 acres land, undoubtedly at a cheap price. This meant land was being gobbled by the rich, and running out for the poor. Early on, most of the laborers were indentured servants. Life for them was hard, but there was hope at the end of seven years for freedom. Conditions were brutal, and in the later years, owners unwilling to free their servants extended their contracts by years for small mistakes.	25
4944438775	Nathaniel Bacon	led a few thousand of these men in a rebellion against the hostile conditions. These people wanted land and were resentful of Virginia governor William Berkeley's friendly policies toward the Indians. Bacon's men murderously attacked Indian settlements after Berkeley refused to retaliate for a series of savage Indian attacks on the	26
4944442942	slave codes	clear up issues on slave ownership, the slave codes made it so that slaves and their children would remain slaves to their masters for life (chattels), unless they were voluntarily freed. Some laws made teaching slaves to read a crime, and not even conversion to Christianity might qualify a slave for freedom.	27
4944449578	controversy between witch trials	s Puritans began to worry about their children and whether or not they would be as loyal and faithful, and new type of sermon came about called "jeremiads." In jeremiads, earnest preachers scolded parishioners for their waning piety in hope to improve faith. Paradoxically, troubled ministers announced a new formula for church membership in 1662, calling it the "Half-Way Covenant." In the Half-Way Covenant, all people could come and participate in the church, even if they fell short of the "visible-saint" status and were somehow only half converted (with the exception of a few extremely hated groups). In the early 1690s, a group of Salem girls claimed to have been bewitched by certain older women. What followed was a hysterical witch-hunt that led to the executions of 20 people (19 of which were hanged, 1 pressed to death) and two dogs. Back in Europe, larger scale witch-hunts were already occurring. Witchcraft hysteria eventually ended in 1693. X. The New England Way of Life Due to the hard New England soil (or lack thereof), New Englanders became great traders. New England was also less ethnically mixed than its neighbors. The climate of New England encouraged diversified agriculture and industry. Black slavery was attempted, but didn't work. It was unnecessary since New England was made of small farms rather than plantations as down South. Rivers were short and rapid. The Europeans in New England chastised the Indians for "wasting" the land, and felt a need to clear as much land for use as possible. Fishing became a very popular industry. It is said New England was built on "God and cod."	28