AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

AMSCO AP US History Chapter 19 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 19 The Politics of the Gilded Age, 1877-1900

Terms : Hide Images
9824027621laissez-faire economics and politicsThe idea that government should do little to interfer with the free market. (p. 380)0
9824027622divided electorateIn the late 1800s, Republicans kept memories of the Civil War alive to remind war veterans of the pain caused by the Southern Democrats. Democrats could count on winning every former Confederate state. (p. 381)1
9824027623identity politicsPolitical activity and ideas based on the shared experiences of an ethnic, religious, or social group emphasizing gaining power and benefits for the group rather than pursuing ideological goals. (p. 381)2
9824027624"Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion"In the 1884 election, the Democratic party was labeled with this phrase. (p. 383)3
9824027625close electionsNational elections between 1856 and 1912, were very evenly matched. The objective was to get out the vote and not alienate voters on the issues. (p. 381)4
9824027626divided governmentGovernance divided between the parties, as when one party holds the presidency and the other party controls one or both houses of Congress. (p. 381)5
9824027627weak presidentsThe Gilded Age presidents were not memorable and only served one term. (p. 380)6
9824027628patronage politicsThe use of government resources to reward individuals for their electoral support. (p. 381)7
9824027629corrupt politiciansParty patronage, the process of providing jobs to faithful party members was more important than policy issues during the Gilded Age. (p. 381)8
9824027630Union veterans, "bloody shirt"A form of politics that involved reminding Union veterans of how the Southern Democrats had caused the Civil War. (p. 381)9
9824027631Whig past, pro-businessRepublicans followed the tradition of Hamilton and the Whigs, supporting a pro-business economic program of high protective tariffs. (p. 381)10
9824027632Hamiltonian traditionThe Hamilton tradition supported a strong central government. (p. 381)11
9824027633social reformers, temperanceThe core of Republican support came from middle-class Anglo-Saxon Protestants who supported temperance or prohibition, along with business men. (p. 381)12
9824027634Anglo-Saxon heritageMost supported Republicans and temperance or prohibition. (p. 381)13
9824027635Protestant religionThese religious groups usually supported Republicans. (p. 381)14
9824027636African AmericansAround 1890, a bill to protect voting rights of African Americans passed the House but was defeated in the Senate. (p. 386)15
9824027637former Confederacy, "Solid South"From 1877 until the 1950s, the Democrats could count on winning every election here. (p. 381)16
9824027638states rights, limited governmentDemocrats of the Gilded Age were in favor of these ideas. (p. 381)17
9824027639Jeffersonian traditionDemocrats of the Gilded Age followed this tradition, which included states rights and limited government. (p. 381)18
9824027640big-city political machinesIn the North, one source of Democratic strength came from big-city political machines. (p. 381)19
9824027641immigrant voteIn the North, one source of Democratic strength came from the immigrant vote. (p. 381)20
9824027642against prohibitionThe Catholics, Lutherans, and Jews were generally against this policy. (p. 381)21
9824027643Catholics, Luterans, JewsDemocrats were usually from these religions and they were against temperance and prohibition campaigns. (p. 381)22
9824027644federal government jobsDuring the Gilded Age, these jobs were given to those who were loyal their political party. (p. 381)23
9824027645Stalwarts, Halfbreeds, and MugwumpsGroups which competed for lucrative jobs in the patronage system. (p. 381)24
9824027646Election of 1880In 1880, James A. Garfield was elected president in a very close election. His vice president was Chester A. Arthur. (p. 382)25
9824027647assassination of James GarfieldPresident James Garfield was shot while preparing to board a train. He died after an 11 week struggle. (p. 383)26
9824027648Chester A. ArthurHe became president after James Garfield died of a gun shot wound. (p. 383)27
9824027649Pendleton Act of 1881Set up by the Civil Service Commission, it created a system where federal jobs were awarded based on competitive exams. (p. 384)28
9824027650civil service reformPublic outrage over the assassination of President Garfield pushed Congress to remove some jobs from control of party patronage. (p. 384)29
9824027651election of 1884Grover Cleveland won the 1884 presidential election. (p. 383)30
9824027652Grover ClevelandIn 1884, he was elected president of the United States. He was the first Democratic president since 1856. (p. 383)31
9824027653high tariffIn the 1890s, tariffs provided more than half of the federal revenue. Some Democrats objected to the tariffs because the raised the price on consumer goods and made it for difficult for farmers to sell to export because foreign countries enacted their own tariffs. (p. 385)32
9824027654business vs. consumersSome people objected to the high tariffs because the raised the prices on consumer goods. (p. 385)33
9824027655Cleveland threatens lower tariffToward the end of Grover Cleveland's first term he urged Congress to lower the tariff rates. (p. 385)34
9824027656McKinley Tariff of 1890In 1890, this tariff raised the tax on foreign products to a peacetime high of 48 percent. (p 386)35
9824027657Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894This tariff provided a moderate reduction in tariff rates and levied a 2 percent income tax. (p. 388)36
9824027658Dingley Tariff of 1897Increased the tariff rate to more than 46 percent and made gold the official standard of U.S. currency. (p. 390)37
9824027659"hard" money vs. "soft" moneyMoney backed by gold vs. paper money not backed by specie (gold or silver). (p. 384)38
9824027660banks, creditors vs. debtorsDebtors wanted more "easy, soft" money in circulation. On the opposite side creditors stood for "hard, sound" money - meaning currency backed by gold. (p. 384)39
9824027661Panic of 1873, "Crime of 73"Congress stopped making silver coins. (p. 385)40
9824027662Specie Resumption Act of 1875Congress sided with creditors and investors when it passed this act which withdrew all greenbacks (paper money not backed by gold or silver) from circulation. (p. 385)41
9824027663Greenback partyThis political party was formed by supporters of paper money not backed by gold or silver. (p. 384)42
9824027664James B. WeaverIn 1892, he was the Populist candidate for president. He is one of the few third party candidates in history to have ever won any electoral votes. (p. 387)43
9824027665Bland-Allison Act of 1878In 1878, this act allowed a limited coinage of silver each month at the standard silver-to-gold ratio of 16 to 1. (p. 385)44
9824027666Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890This act increased the coinage of silver but it was not enough to satisfy the farmers and miners. (p. 386)45
9824027667run on gold reserves, J.P. Morgan bail outA decline in silver prices encouraged investors to trade their silver dollars for gold dollars. The gold reserve fell dangerously low and President Grover Cleveland was forced to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890. The president then turned to J.P. Morgan to borrow $65 million in gold to support the dollar and the gold standard. (p. 387)46
9824027668repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase ActA decline in silver prices encouraged investors to trade their silver dollars for gold dollars. The gold reserve fell dangerously low and President Grover Cleveland was forced to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890. (p. 387)47
9824027669election of 1888, Harrison "Billion Dollar Congress"In 1888, the Republican Benjamin Harrison became the president and the Republicans controlled Congress. They passed the first billion dollar budget in U.S. history. (p. 386)48
9824027670rise of the Populist PartyIn 1892, delegates met in Omaha, Nebraska to draft a political platform that would reduce the power of trusts and bankers. They nominated James Weaver as their candidate for president. (p. 386)49
9824027671Farmers' Alliances in South and WestIn 1890, this group of discontented farmers elected senators, representatives, governors, and majorities in state legislatures in the West. (p. 386)50
9824027672Alliance of whites and blacks in SouthThe Populist party tried to form a political alliance with these poor farmers. (p. 387)51
9824027673Thomas WatsonHe was from Georgia and he appealed to poor farmers of both races to join the Populists party. (p. 387)52
9824027674reformers vs. rasism in SouthIn the presidential election of 1892, Southern Democrats feared the Populist party and used every technique possible to keep blacks from voting. (p. 387)53
9824027675Omaha PlatformIn 1892, the Populist party met in Omaha, Nebraska to draft this political platform and nominate a presidential candidate. (p 386)54
9824027676government regulation and ownershipThe Populist movement attacked laissez-faire capitalism and attempted to form a political alliance between poor whites and poor blacks. (p. 387)55
9824027677election of 1892, Cleveland returnsThe 1892 presidential election was between President Benjamin Harrison and former president Grover Cleveland. Cleveland became the only president to win a presidential election after having left the office. (p. 387)56
9824027678Panic of 1893In 1893, the stock market crashed as a result of speculation in railroad companies. One of the worst and longest depressions in U.S. history. (p. 387)57
9824027679Coxey's Army, March on WashingtonIn 1894, Populist Jacob A. Coxey led a march to Washington to demand that the federal government spend $500 million on public works programs. (p. 388)58
9824027680Coin's Financial SchoolIn 1894, this book taught Americans that unlimited silver coining would end the economic problems. (p. 388)59
9824027681William Jennings BryanThe 1896 Democratic nominee for president. (p. 388)60
9824027682"Cross of Gold" SpeechWilliam Jennings Bryan gave this speech at the 1896 Democratic convention. The prosilver and anti-gold speech assured him of the nomination. (p. 389)61
9824027683fusion of Democrats and PopulistsIn the 1896 presidential election the Democrats and Populists both nominated William Jennings Bryan for president in fused campaign. (p. 389)62
9824027684unlimited coinage of silver at 16 to 1In 1896, the Democrats favored silver coinage at this traditional but inflationary rate. (p. 389)63
9824027685"Gold Bug" DemoratsDemocrats who favored gold. (p. 389)64
9824027686Mark Hanna, Money and mass mediaA master of high-finance politics, he managed William McKinley's winning presidential campaign by focusing on getting favorable publicity in newspapers. (p. 390)65
9824027687McKinley victoryWilliam McKinley won the presidential election of 1896 by carrying the all the Northeast and the upper Midwest. (p. 389)66
9824027688gold standard and higher tariffIn 1897, William McKinley became president just as gold discoveries in Alaska increased the money supply under the gold standard. The Dingley Tariff increased the tariff rate to 46 percent. (p. 390)67
9824027689rise of modern urban industrial societyThe 1896 election was a victory for big business, urban centers, conservative economics, and moderate middle-class values. Rural America lost its dominance of American politics. (p. 390)68
9824027690decline of traditional rural-agricultualThe 1896 election marked the point of decline of rural America's power in national politics. (p. 390)69
9824027691start of the modern presidencyWilliam McKinley emerged as the first modern president, he would make America an important country in international affairs. (p. 390)70
9824027692era of Republican dominanceThe election of McKinley in 1896 started an era of Republican dominance of the presidency (seven of next nine elections) and Congress. (p. 390)71
Powered by Quizlet.com

AMSCO AP US History Chapter 21 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 21 The Progressive Era, 1901-1917

Terms : Hide Images
9824037642urban middle classMost Progressives were urban middle-class men and women. They included: doctors, lawyers, ministers, storekeepers, office workers, and middle managers. (p. 432)0
9824037643male and femaleThe Progressive were composed of both men and women. (p. 432)1
9824037644white, old stock ProtestantsNative-born, their churches preached against vice and taught social responsibility. (p. 432)2
9824037645professional associationsGroups of individuals who share a common profession and are often organized for common political purposes related to that profession. (p. 432)3
9824037646PragmatismIn the early 20th century this philosophy focused on using a practical approach to morals, ideals, and knowledge. They encouraged experimentation to find solutions that would produce a well-functioning democratic society. (p. 433)4
9824037647William JamesIn the early 20th century, he was an advocate of the new philosophy of pragmatism. He argued that people should take a practical approach to morals, ideals, and knowledge. (p. 433)5
9824037648John DeweyHe was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. (p. 433)6
9824037649Frederick W. TaylorAn engineer who sought to eliminate wasted motion. Famous for scientific-management, especially time-management studies. (p. 433)7
9824037650scientific managementA management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operation, then find ways to minimize the time needed to complete the work. (p. 433)8
9824037651Henry Demarest LloydIn 1894, he wrote the book "Wealth Against Commonwealth". He attacked the practices of Standard Oil and the railroads. (p. 434)9
9824037652Standard Oil CompanyAn oil trust with control of many oil refinery companies, which created a monopoly in the oil industry. (p. 434)10
9824037653Lincoln SteffansHe wrote "The Shame of the Cities" (1904) which described in detail the corruption that characterized big-city politics. (p. 434)11
9824037654Ida TarbellA leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1902 series "The History of the Standard Oil Company". (p. 434)12
9824037655Jacob RiisIn 1890, he wrote "How The Other Half Lives", which showed the terrible conditions of the tenement houses of the big cities where immigrants lived during the late 1800s. (p. 434)13
9824037656Theodore DreiserAn American author who wrote "The Financier" and "The Titan", novels which portrayed the avarice and ruthlessness of an industrialist. (p. 434)14
9824037657Australian ballotA government printed ballot of uniform size and shape to be cast in secret that was adopted by many states around 1890. (p. 435)15
9824037658direct primaryA nominating process where voters directly select the candidates who will run for office. (p. 435)16
9824037659Robert La FollettIn 1903, this Progressive Wisconsin Governor introduced a new system which allowed the voters to directly choose party candidates (direct primary), rather than being selected by party bosses. (p. 435)17
9824037660Seventeenth AmendmentIn 1913, this constitutional amendment was passed. It required that all U.S. senators be elected by a popular vote. (p. 435)18
9824037661direct election of senatorsIn 1899, Nevada became the first state to elect U.S. senators directly. Previously state legislatures had chosen them. (p. 435)19
9824037662initiative, referendum, and recallAmendments to state constitutions made changes to politics. An initiative allowed reformers to circumvent state legislatures by submitting new legislature to the voters in a general direct election. A referendum is the method by which actions of the legislature could be returned to the electorate for approval. A recall allowed voters to remove a politician from office before their term was completed. (p. 435)20
9824037663municipal reformCity bosses and their corrupt alliance with local businesses such as trolley lines and utility companies were targeted for reform by Progressives. (p. 436)21
9824037664Samuel M. JonesThis Toledo mayor used "Golden Rule" as his middle name. He instituted free kindergartens, night schools, and public playgrounds. (p. 436)22
9824037665Tom L. JohnsonThis Cleveland mayor devoted himself to the cause of tax reform and three-cent trolley fares. He fought for public controlled city utilities and services, but failed. (p. 436)23
9824037666commission planA city's government would be divided into several departments, which would each be placed under the control of an expert commissioner. (p. 436)24
9824037667city manager planLegislation designed to break up political machines and replace traditional political management of cities with trained professional urban planners and managers. (p. 436)25
9824037668Charles Evans HughesIn New York, he battled fraudulent insurance companies. (p. 436)26
9824037669Hiram JohnsonIn California, he fought against the economic and political power of the Southern Pacific Railroad. (p. 436)27
9824037670Wisconsin IdeaA series of Progressive measures that included a direct primary law, tax reform, and state regulatory commissions. (p. 436)28
9824037671regulatory commissionsProgressives created state regulatory commissions to monitor railroads, utilities, and business such as insurance. (p. 436)29
9824037672state Prohibition lawsBy 1915, two-thirds of the states had passed these laws which prohibited the sale of alcohol. (p 437)30
9824037673National Child Labor CommitteeThey proposed child labor laws which were adopted by many of the states. (p. 437)31
9824037674compulsory school attendanceMany states passed laws, which made it mandatory for children to go to public schools. (p. 437)32
9824037675Florence KelleyShe was a reformer who promoted state laws which protected women from long working hours. (p. 437)33
9824037676National Consumers' LeagueThis organization was formed in the 1890's, under the leadership of Florence Kelly. They attempted to mobilize the power of women as consumers to force retailers and manufacturing to improve wages and working conditions. (p. 437)34
9824037677Lochner v. New YorkA 1905, this Supreme Court case ruled against a state law that limited workers to a ten-hour workday. (p 437)35
9824037678Muller v. OregonA 1908 Supreme Court case, it ruled that women needed special protection against working long hours. (p. 437)36
9824037679Triangle Shirtwaist fireIn 1911, a high-rise garment factory burned, killing 146 people, mostly women. (p. 437)37
9824037680Square DealEconomic policy by President Theodore Roosevelt that favored fair relationships between companies and workers. (p. 438)38
9824037681anthracite coal miners' strike 1902Pennsylvania coal miners went on strike for an increase in pay and a shorter working day. When the mine owners refused to negotiate, President Theodore Roosevelt threatened to seize control of the mines. A compromise was finally agreed upon. (p. 438)39
9824037682trust-bustingPresident Theodore Roosevelt broke up the railroads and Standard Oil by using the Sherman Antitrust Act. (p. 438)40
9824037683bad vs. good trustsPresident Theodore Roosevelt did make a distinction between breaking up "bad trusts", which harmed the public and stifled competition, and regulating "good trusts" which through efficiency and low prices dominated a market. (p. 438)41
9824037684Elkins ActThis 1903 act allowed the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to stop railroads from granting rebates to favored customers. (p. 438)42
9824037685Hepburn ActThis 1906 act tightened existing railroad regulation. It empowered the Interstate Commerce Commission to set maximum railroad rates and to examine railroad's financial records. (p. 438)43
9824037686Uptown Sinclair; "The Jungle"He wrote "The Jungle" which described the Chicago stockyards and meatpacking industry. (p. 438)44
9824037687Pure Food and Drug ActThis 1906 act forbade the manufacture or sale of mislabeled or adulterated food or drugs, it gave the government broad powers to ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs in order to abolish the "patent" drug trade. (p. 438)45
9824037688Meat Inspection ActThis 1906 act provided federal inspectors to visit meatpacking plants to insure that they met sanitation standards. (p. 439)46
9824037689conservation of public landsPresident Theodore Roosevelt's most original and lasting contribution in domestic policy may have been his efforts to protect the nation's natural resources. (p. 439)47
9824037690Newlands Reclamation ActA 1902 act that provide public land for irrigation projects in western states. (p. 439)48
9824037691White House Conference of GovernorsA conference at the White House which publicized the need for conservation. (p. 439)49
9824037692Gifford PinchotFirst head of the U.S. Forest Service under President Theodore Roosevelt (p. 439)50
9824037693Socialist Party of AmericanThis third party was dedicated to the welfare of the working class. Their platform called for radical reforms such as public ownership of the railroads, utilities, and even some major industries such as oil and steel. (p. 440)51
9824037694Eugene V. DebsOne of the founders of the Socialist party and the party's presidential candidate from 1900 to 1920. (p. 440)52
9824037695Bull Moose PartyNickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to nominate Theodore Roosevelt in the 1912 presidential election. (p. 441)53
9824037696New Nationalism; New FreedomIn the election of 1912, the Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson were the main competitors. Roosevelt called for a "New Nationalism", with more government regulation of business and unions, women's suffrage (voting rights), and more social welfare programs. Wilson supported a "New Freedom", which would limit both big business and big government, bring about reform by ending corruption, and revive competition by supporting small business. (p. 441)54
9824037697Mann-Elkins ActThis 1910 act gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to suspend new railroad rates and oversee telephone, telegraph, and cable companies. (p. 432)55
9824037698Sixteenth Amendment, federal income taxRatified in 1913, this constitutional amendment, explicitly permitted Congress to levy a federal income tax. (p. 439)56
9824037699Payne-Aldrich Tariff 1909In 1909, President William Howard Taft signed this bill which raised the tariffs on most imports. (p. 440)57
9824037700firing of PinchotIn 1910, he was head of the Forest Service, but was fired by President Taft. (p. 440)58
9824037701Underwood TariffIn 1913, this tariff substantially lowered tariffs for the first time in over 50 years. To compensate for the reduced tariff revenues, the bill included a graduated income tax with rates from 1 to 6 percent. (p. 442)59
9824037702Federal Reserve ActIn 1914, this act created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal Reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the United States with a sound yet flexible currency. It still plays a major role in the American economy today. (p. 442)60
9824037703Federal Reserve BoardThis board was organized to supervise twelve district banks in the Federal Reserve Bank system. (p. 442)61
9824037704Clayton Antitrust ActIn 1914, this antitrust legislation strengthened the provisions in the Sherman Antitrust Act for breaking up monopolies. It exempted unions from being prosecuted as trusts. (p. 442)62
9824037705Federal Trade CommisionA federal regulatory agency, established in 1914 to prevent unfair business practices and help maintain a competitive economy. (p. 442)63
9824037706Federal Farm Loan ActA 1916, 12 regional federal farm loan banks were established to provide farm loans at low interest rates. (p. 443)64
9824037707racial segregation lawsIn the Progressive era (1901 - 1917), racial segregation was the rule in the South and the unofficial policy in the North. (p. 443)65
9824037708increased lynchingIn the Progressive era, thousands of blacks were lynched (hung) by racist mobs. (p. 443)66
9824037709Booker T. WashingtonThis African American progressive argued that African Americans should concentrate on learning industrial skills in order to get better wages. (p. 443)67
9824037710W. E. B. Du BoisThis African American was a northerner with a college education. He argued that African American should demand equal political and social rights, which he believed were a prerequisite for economic independence. (p. 444)68
9824037711National Association for the Advancement of Colored PeopleThis organization's mission was to abolish all forms of segregation and to increase educational opportunities for African Americans. (p. 444)69
9824037712National Urban LeagueFormed in 1911, this organization helped African Americans migrating from the south to northern cities. (p. 444)70
9824037713Carrie Chapman CattA suffragette, she worked to obtain the right for women to vote. She was president of the National Women's Suffrage Association, and founder of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. Instrumental in obtaining passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920. (p. 445)71
9824037714National American Woman Suffrage AssociationA group formed in the late 1800s to organize the women's suffrage movement. (p. 445)72
9824037715Alice PaulA suffragette who focused on obtaining an amendment to the Constitution for women's suffrage (voting rights). (p. 445)73
9824037716National Woman's partyIn 1916, Alice Paul formed this organization to focus on winning the support of Congress and the president for a Constitutional amendment for women's suffrage. (p. 445)74
9824037717Nineteenth AmendmentIn 1920, this amendment passed which gave women the right to vote. (p. 445)75
9824037718League of Woman VotersOrganized by Carrie Chapman Catt. A civic organization dedicated to keeping voters informed about candidates and issues. (p. 445)76
9824037719Margaret SangerShe founded an organization the became Panned Parenthood. They advocated for birth-control education. (p. 445)77
Powered by Quizlet.com

AMSCO AP US History Chapter 26 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 26 Truman and the Cold War 1945-1952

Terms : Hide Images
9824085950Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 (GI Bill)Signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 22, 1944, it was also known as the GI Bill. It provided veterans of the Second World War with funds for college education, unemployment insurance, and housing. (p. 557)0
9824085951early marriagesOne sign of confidence in post World War II era was an explosion of marriages at a younger age and new births. (p. 558)1
9824085952baby boomBetween 1945 and 1960, 50 million babies were born. This generation would profoundly affect the nation's social institutions and economic life. (p. 558)2
9824085953suburban growthLow interest rates on mortgages that were government-insured and tax deductible made the move from the city to the suburb affordable for almost any family. In a single generation the majority of middle-class Americans became suburbanites. (p. 558)3
9824085954LevittownWilliam Levitt used mass production techniques to build 17,000 inexpensive homes on Long Island, New York. It became a symbol of the movement to the suburbs in the years after World War II. (p. 558)4
9824085955SunbeltAfter World War II, many Americans moved to southern states. They were attracted by a warmer climate, lower taxes, and defense-related industry jobs. (p. 558)5
9824085956Harry TrumanA moderate Democrat, he became president when Franklin Roosevelt died. He was a decisive, honest and unpretentious leader. (p. 558)6
9824085957Employment Act of 1946President Truman's act included progressive measures such as increased minimum wage and efforts to maintain full employment. (p. 559)7
9824085958Council of Economic AdvisersEstablished by Truman's Employment Act of 1946, they counseled the president and Congress on promoting national economic welfare. (p. 559)8
9824085959inflation and labor unionsRelaxed controls on the Office of Price Administration resulted in an inflation rate of about 25 percent during the first year and a half after World War II. Workers and unions wanted wages to increase after years of wage controls during World War II. (p. 559)9
9824085960Committee on Civil RightsIn 1946, President Truman used his executive powers to create this committee to challenge racial discrimination. (p. 559)10
9824085961racial integration of militaryIn 1948, President Truman ordered the end of racial discrimination throughout the federal government including the armed forces. The end of segregation changed life on military bases, many of which were in the South. (p. 559)11
982408596222nd AmendmentIn response to Franklin Roosevelt's four elections, Congress passed this constitutional amendment, which limited a president to a maximum of two full terms in office. (p. 560)12
9824085963Taft-Hartley ActIn 1947, President Truman called it a "slave labor" bill and vetoed it, but Congress overrode his veto. It established limits on unions by outlawing the closed shop, permitting states to pass "right to work" laws, outlawing secondary boycotts, and giving the president the power to invoke an 80-day cooling off period for some strikes. (p. 560)13
9824085964Progressive PartyIn 1948, liberal Democrats who thought President Truman's aggressive foreign policy threatened world peace, formed this new party. (p. 560)14
9824085965Henry WallaceIn 1948, this former vice president was nominated as the Progressive party's presidential candidate. (p. 560)15
9824085966States-Rights party (Dixiecrats)In 1948, Southern Democrats formed this new party in reaction the President Truman's support of civil rights. (p. 560)16
9824085967J. Strom ThurmondThe South Carolina Governor, who the States-Rights party (Dixiecrats) chose as their 1948 presidential nominee. (p. 560)17
9824085968Thomas DeweyThis Republican New York governor started the 1948 presidential election as the expected winner. He lost to Harry Truman after running a cautious and unexciting campaign. (p. 560)18
9824085969Fair DealPresident Truman's attempt at extending the New Deal with national health insurance, federal aid to education, civil rights legislation, public housing, and a new farm program. Most of the Fair Deal was defeated because of Truman's political conflicts with Congress and the pressing foreign policy concerns of the Cold War. (p. 561)19
9824085970Cold WarFrom the late 1940's to 1991, it dominated international relations. The Communist empire of the Soviet Union against the Western democracy of the United States. It was fought mainly through diplomacy rather than armed conflict, but brought the world dangerously close to a nuclear war. (p. 561)20
9824085971Soviet UnionA Communist nation, consisting of Russia and 14 other states, that existed from 1922 to 1991. (p. 561)21
9824085972Joseph StalinThe leader of the Soviet Union during World War II. In the Nonaggression Pact of 1939, he and Hitler agreed to divide up Eastern Europe. The Soviets later fought Hitler in World War II. They were unhappy when the British and Americans waited until 1944 to open a second battle front in France. (p. 562)22
9824085973United NationsIn the fall of 1945, this worldwide organization was founded and allowed membership of all countries. It had a 15-member Security Council that was to maintain international security and authorize peacekeeping missions. It is often referred to as the U.N. (p. 562)23
9824085974Security CouncilWithin the United Nations, this council consisted of 15 members. There were five permanent members that had veto power: United States, Great Britain, France, China, and the Soviet Union. (p. 562)24
9824085975World BankCreated at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944. The bank's initial purpose was to fund rebuilding after World War II. Also know as International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. The Soviets declined to join because they saw the bank as an instrument of capitalism. (p. 562)25
9824085976Communist satellitesCentral and Eastern European nations ruled by Communist dictators, most of them loyal to the Soviet Union. They included: Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia, and others. (p. 562)26
9824085977Occupation zonesAt the end of World War II, Germany was divided into four regions controlled by the Soviets, United States, Britain, and France. These areas were supposed to be temporary but the Soviets maintained control of the eastern area. (p. 563)27
9824085978Iron CurtainThe term popularized by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill to describe the Soviet Union's policy of isolating and controlling the Soviet satellite states of Eastern Europe. (p. 563)28
9824085979Winston ChurchillAfter World War II he declared, "An iron curtain has been descended across the continent". He called for a partnership between Western democracies to halt the expansion of communism. (p. 563)29
9824085980historians: traditionalists vs. revisionistsTraditional historians believe the Cold War was started by the Soviet government subjugating the countries of Eastern Europe in the late 1940s. In the 1960s, revisionist historians began to argue that the United States contributed to starting the Cold War. (p. 572)30
9824085981George KennanHelped formulate Truman's containment policy. Expert on Soviet Affairs, in an influential article he wrote that only "a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies" would eventually cause the Soviets to back off their Communist ideology of world domination and live in peace with other nations. (p. 563)31
9824085982Dean Achesonundersecretary of state who helped formulate Truman's containment policy (p.32
9824085983containment policyIn 1947, President Truman adopted the advice of three top advisers on how to contain Soviet aggression. This policy called for a long-term, firm, and vigilant containment of the Soviet's expansion tendencies. They believed this would eventually cause them to back off their Communist ideology of world domination. (p. 563)33
9824085984Truman DoctrineThis doctrine was in response to a Communist-led uprising against the government in Greece and Soviet demand for some control of a water route in Turkey. In 1947, President Truman asked Congress for $400 million in economic and military aid to assist Greece and Turkey against totalitarian regimes. (p. 564)34
9824085985Marshall PlanA 1947 plan of U.S. economic aid to help European nations revive their economies and strengthen democratic governments, after the devastation of World War II. This plan offered $12 billion in aid to western and southern Europe. The Soviet Union refused to take any of the aid and the result was a deepening rift between non-Communist West and the Communist East. (p. 564)35
9824085986Berlin airliftThe Soviets cut off all access by land to West Berlin. The United States flew planes in with supplies to help the people. At the same time, the U.S. sent 60 bombers capable of carrying atomic bombs to bases in England. Stalin chose not to challenge the airlift and war was averted. (p. 564)36
9824085987East GermanyAfter World War II, this country was the German Democratic Republic, a satellite of the Soviet Union. (p. 564)37
9824085988West GermanyAfter World War II, this country was the Federal Republic of Germany, a U.S. ally. (p. 564)38
9824085989North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationA military alliance, commonly known as NATO. It consists of the United States, Canada, and ten European nations. Its purpose was to defend Western Europe against outside attack. (p. 565)39
9824085990National Security ActIn 1947, this act provided for 1) a centralized Department of Defense to coordinate the operations of the military, 2) creation of the National Security Council (NSC) to coordinate the making of foreign policy in the Cold War, 3) creation of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to employ spies to gather information on foreign governments. (p. 566)40
9824085991Nuclear arms raceSoviet and American scientists were in an arms race to develop superior weapons systems. From 1945 to 1949 the U.S. was only country to have atomic bombs. In 1949 the Soviets tested their first atomic bomb. President Truman responded by approving the development of a hydrogen bomb which would be 1000 times more powerful than the atomic bomb. (p. 566)41
9824085992NSC-68A 1950 secret report in which the National Security Council that U.S must fight the Cold War by: 1) quadruple U.S. defense spending to 20% of GNP 2) form alliances with non-Communist countries 3) convince Americans that a costly arms build up was necessary for defense (p. 566)42
9824085993U.S. - Japanese Security TreatyA 1951 treaty, in which Japan surrendered its claims to Korea and islands in the Pacific and the U.S. ended formal occupation of Japan. U.S troops remained on military bases in Japan to protect it from external enemies. (p. 567)43
9824085994Douglas MacArthurPopular general who aggressively directed American forces during the Korean War. He clashed with President Truman, who removed him from command in 1951. (p. 566)44
9824085995Chinese civil warThe war between Communist Mao Zedong and Nationalist Chiang-Kai Shek. The United States gave $400 million in aid to the Nationalists, but 80 percent of it landed in Communist hands. The Communists took over China and forced the Nationalists to retreat to Taiwan. The U.S. did not recognize the People's Republic of China until 1979. (p. 567)45
9824085996Chiang Kai-shekNationalist leader of China, forced out of China by the Communists. He retreated to Taiwan, where the U.S. continued to support him. (p. 567)46
9824085997TaiwanWhen the Communists took control of the China mainland, the Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-shek were forced to retreat to this island. (p. 567)47
9824085998Mao ZedongThe Communist leader of the People's Republic of China. He overthrew Chiang Kai-shek and the Nationalists. (p. 567)48
9824085999People's Republic of ChinaCommonly known as China, it is the largest country in East Asia. A socialist republic ruled by the Communist Party of China under a single-party system. (p. 567)49
9824086000Korean WarOn June 25, 1950 the North Korean army invaded South Korea. General Douglas MacArthur led a United Nations force consisting of mostly U.S. troops to help the South Korean army. By the time a peace agreement was signed in 1953 the north and south border was nearly in the same location, but 2.5 million people, including 54,000 Americans had died. (p. 568)50
9824086001Kim Il SungThe Communist leader of North Korea during the Korean War. (p. 568)51
9824086002Syngman RheeThe nationalist leader of South Korea during the Korean War. (p. 568)52
9824086003U.N. police actionThe term to describe the Korean War because Congress supported the use of U.S. troops under the U.N. but had never declared war. (p. 568)53
982408600438th parallelAfter World War II Japan gave up its former colony Korea and the country was divided along this parallel. The northern area was occupied by the Soviet forces and the south by the U.S. forces. (p. 568)54
9824086005soft on communismThe Republican's term to describe the Democrats after China adopted Communism and the Korean War stalemate. (p. 569)55
9824086006Loyalty Review BoardIn 1947 under pressure from the Republicans this board was established to investigate the background of more than 3 million employees. (p. 570)56
9824086007Smith ActIn 1940, this act made it illegal to advocate or teach the overthrow of the government by force or belong to an organization with this objective. (p. 570)57
9824086008Dennis et al. v. United StatesIn 1951, the Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of the Smith Act. (p. 570)58
9824086009McCarran Internal Security ActIn 1950, Congress passed this act over Truman's veto which did the following: 1) Made it unlawful to advocate or support the establishment of a totalitarian government. 2) Restrict the employment and travel of those joining Communist -front organizations. 3) Authorized the creation of detention camps for subversives. (p. 570)59
9824086010House Un-American Activities CommitteeAfter World War II, this House of Representative committee investigated Communist influence in the government and within organizations such as the Boy Scouts and Hollywood film industry. Many were called to testify before the committee and some were blacklisted. (p. 570)60
9824086011Hollywood blacklistsThe House Un-American Activities Committee created a list of people who would be denied work in the film industry. (p. 570)61
9824086012freedom of expression in artsThe Second Red Scare, the search for Communists, had a chilling effect on freedom of expression. (p. 570)62
9824086013Alger HissHe was a state department official who assisted Roosevelt at the Yalta conference. He denied that he was a Communist and had given secret documents to Whittaker Chambers. In 1950, he was convicted of perjury and sent to prison. (p. 571)63
9824086014Whittaker ChambersA confessed Communist and witness for the House Un-American Activities Committee. (p. 571)64
9824086015Rosenberg caseThis couple, Julius and Ethel, were charged with running a spy ring for the Soviets in New York. In 1953, they were convicted of treason and executed. (p 571)65
9824086016Joseph McCarthyA Republican senator from Wisconsin, who recklessly accused many government officials of being Communists. In December 1954 censured by the Senate which brought an end to his era. (p. 571)66
9824086017McCarthyismDuring the early 1950s, this term was applied to the process of recklessly accusing people in the government and the arts of being Communists. (p. 571)67
Powered by Quizlet.com

AMSCO AP US History Chapter 19 Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Chapter 19 The Politics of the Gilded Age, 1877-1900

Terms : Hide Images
5754166363"Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion"In the 1884 election, the Democratic party was labeled with this phrase.0
5754166365divided governmentGovernance divided between the parties, as when one party holds the presidency and the other party controls one or both houses of Congress.1
5754166368corrupt politiciansParty patronage, the process of providing jobs to faithful party members was more important than policy issues during the Gilded Age.2
5754166369Union veterans, "bloody shirt"A form of politics that involved reminding Union veterans of how the Southern Democrats had caused the Civil War.3
5754166376former Confederacy, "Solid South"From 1877 until the 1950s, the Democrats could count on winning every election here.4
5754166377states rights, limited governmentDemocrats of the Gilded Age were in favor of these ideas.5
5754166384Stalwarts, Halfbreeds, and MugwumpsGroups which competed for lucrative jobs in the patronage system. (p. 381)6
5754166385Election of 1880In 1880, James A. Garfield was elected president in a very close election. His vice president was Chester A. Arthur. (p. 382)7
5754166386assassination of James GarfieldPresident James Garfield was shot while preparing to board a train. He died after an 11 week struggle. (p. 383)8
5754166387Chester A. ArthurHe became president after James Garfield died of a gun shot wound. (p. 383)9
5754166388Pendleton Act of 1881Set up by the Civil Service Commission, it created a system where federal jobs were awarded based on competitive exams. (p. 384)10
5754166389civil service reformPublic outrage over the assassination of President Garfield pushed Congress to remove some jobs from control of party patronage. (p. 384)11
5754166390election of 1884Grover Cleveland won the 1884 presidential election. (p. 383)12
5754166391Grover ClevelandIn 1884, he was elected president of the United States. He was the first Democratic president since 1856. (p. 383)13
5754166392high tariffIn the 1890s, tariffs provided more than half of the federal revenue. Some Democrats objected to the tariffs because the raised the price on consumer goods and made it for difficult for farmers to sell to export because foreign countries enacted their own tariffs. (p. 385)14
5754166393business vs. consumersSome people objected to the high tariffs because the raised the prices on consumer goods. (p. 385)15
5754166394Cleveland threatens lower tariffToward the end of Grover Cleveland's first term he urged Congress to lower the tariff rates. (p. 385)16
5754166395McKinley Tariff of 1890In 1890, this tariff raised the tax on foreign products to a peacetime high of 48 percent. (p 386)17
5754166396Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894This tariff provided a moderate reduction in tariff rates and levied a 2 percent income tax. (p. 388)18
5754166397Dingley Tariff of 1897Increased the tariff rate to more than 46 percent and made gold the official standard of U.S. currency. (p. 390)19
5754166398"hard" money vs. "soft" moneyMoney backed by gold vs. paper money not backed by specie (gold or silver). (p. 384)20
5754166399banks, creditors vs. debtorsDebtors wanted more "easy, soft" money in circulation. On the opposite side creditors stood for "hard, sound" money - meaning currency backed by gold. (p. 384)21
5754166400Panic of 1873, "Crime of 73"Congress stopped making silver coins. (p. 385)22
5754166401Specie Resumption Act of 1875Congress sided with creditors and investors when it passed this act which withdrew all greenbacks (paper money not backed by gold or silver) from circulation. (p. 385)23
5754166402Greenback partyThis political party was formed by supporters of paper money not backed by gold or silver. (p. 384)24
5754166403James B. WeaverIn 1892, he was the Populist candidate for president. He is one of the few third party candidates in history to have ever won any electoral votes. (p. 387)25
5754166404Bland-Allison Act of 1878In 1878, this act allowed a limited coinage of silver each month at the standard silver-to-gold ratio of 16 to 1. (p. 385)26
5754166405Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890This act increased the coinage of silver but it was not enough to satisfy the farmers and miners. (p. 386)27
5754166406run on gold reserves, J.P. Morgan bail outA decline in silver prices encouraged investors to trade their silver dollars for gold dollars. The gold reserve fell dangerously low and President Grover Cleveland was forced to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890. The president then turned to J.P. Morgan to borrow $65 million in gold to support the dollar and the gold standard. (p. 387)28
5754166407repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase ActA decline in silver prices encouraged investors to trade their silver dollars for gold dollars. The gold reserve fell dangerously low and President Grover Cleveland was forced to repeal the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890. (p. 387)29
5754166408election of 1888, Harrison "Billion Dollar Congress"In 1888, the Republican Benjamin Harrison became the president and the Republicans controlled Congress. They passed the first billion dollar budget in U.S. history. (p. 386)30
5754166409rise of the Populist PartyIn 1892, delegates met in Omaha, Nebraska to draft a political platform that would reduce the power of trusts and bankers. They nominated James Weaver as their candidate for president. (p. 386)31
5754166410Farmers' Alliances in South and WestIn 1890, this group of discontented farmers elected senators, representatives, governors, and majorities in state legislatures in the West. (p. 386)32
5754166411Alliance of whites and blacks in SouthThe Populist party tried to form a political alliance with these poor farmers. (p. 387)33
5754166412Thomas WatsonHe was from Georgia and he appealed to poor farmers of both races to join the Populists party. (p. 387)34
5754166413reformers vs. rasism in SouthIn the presidential election of 1892, Southern Democrats feared the Populist party and used every technique possible to keep blacks from voting. (p. 387)35
5754166414Omaha PlatformIn 1892, the Populist party met in Omaha, Nebraska to draft this political platform and nominate a presidential candidate. (p 386)36
5754166415government regulation and ownershipThe Populist movement attacked laissez-faire capitalism and attempted to form a political alliance between poor whites and poor blacks. (p. 387)37
5754166416election of 1892, Cleveland returnsThe 1892 presidential election was between President Benjamin Harrison and former president Grover Cleveland. Cleveland became the only president to win a presidential election after having left the office. (p. 387)38
5754166417Panic of 1893In 1893, the stock market crashed as a result of speculation in railroad companies. One of the worst and longest depressions in U.S. history. (p. 387)39
5754166418Coxey's Army, March on WashingtonIn 1894, Populist Jacob A. Coxey led a march to Washington to demand that the federal government spend $500 million on public works programs. (p. 388)40
5754166419Coin's Financial SchoolIn 1894, this book taught Americans that unlimited silver coining would end the economic problems. (p. 388)41
5754166420William Jennings BryanThe 1896 Democratic nominee for president. (p. 388)42
5754166421"Cross of Gold" SpeechWilliam Jennings Bryan gave this speech at the 1896 Democratic convention. The prosilver and anti-gold speech assured him of the nomination. (p. 389)43
5754166422fusion of Democrats and PopulistsIn the 1896 presidential election the Democrats and Populists both nominated William Jennings Bryan for president in fused campaign. (p. 389)44
5754166423unlimited coinage of silver at 16 to 1In 1896, the Democrats favored silver coinage at this traditional but inflationary rate. (p. 389)45
5754166424"Gold Bug" DemoratsDemocrats who favored gold. (p. 389)46
5754166425Mark Hanna, Money and mass mediaA master of high-finance politics, he managed William McKinley's winning presidential campaign by focusing on getting favorable publicity in newspapers. (p. 390)47
5754166426McKinley victoryWilliam McKinley won the presidential election of 1896 by carrying the all the Northeast and the upper Midwest. (p. 389)48
5754166427gold standard and higher tariffIn 1897, William McKinley became president just as gold discoveries in Alaska increased the money supply under the gold standard. The Dingley Tariff increased the tariff rate to 46 percent. (p. 390)49
5754166428rise of modern urban industrial societyThe 1896 election was a victory for big business, urban centers, conservative economics, and moderate middle-class values. Rural America lost its dominance of American politics. (p. 390)50
5754166429decline of traditional rural-agricultualThe 1896 election marked the point of decline of rural America's power in national politics. (p. 390)51
5754166430start of the modern presidencyWilliam McKinley emerged as the first modern president, he would make America an important country in international affairs. (p. 390)52
5754166431era of Republican dominanceThe election of McKinley in 1896 started an era of Republican dominance of the presidency (seven of next nine elections) and Congress. (p. 390)53
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP US History 1 Chapter 8 Vocabulary Terms Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7109663822mercenariesA person hired for service in the army of a foreign country. For example, in the late 1760's George III hired German soldiers (Hessians) to fight in the British army against Americans0
7109665452natural rights theoryThe theory that people are born with certain "natural rights," rights which cannot be taken away. Jefferson, in the Declaration of Independence, said these included the rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.1
7109668650privateeringPrivately owned armed ships specifically authorized by Congress to prey on enemy shipping and smuggle in needed supplies.2
7109673360Second Continental CongressMet in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775. They took on governmental duties and united all the colonies for the war effort.3
7109678637Common SenseA pamphlet written in 1776 that was one of the most potent publications ever. It called for the colonists to realize their mistreatment and push for independence from England.4
7109681715Declaration of IndependenceThis was formally approved by the Congress on July 4, 1776. The document sharply separated Loyalists from Patriots and helped to start the revolution by allowing England to hear of the colonists' disagreements with British authority.5
7109685748American Whigs(Patriots)The colonists of the Thirteen Colonies who rebelled against British control leading to the American Revolution.6
7109698615republicanismAn ideology of being a citizen in a state as a republic under which the people hold popular sovereignty.7
7109712015popular consentPeople should be able to participate directly in the governing of their own societies.8
7109714191civic virtueMorality or a standard of righteous behavior in relationship to a citizen's involvement in society.9
Powered by Quizlet.com

Pages

Subscribe to CourseNotes RSS

Need Help?

We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.

For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.

If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.

Need Notes?

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!