AP Psychology THINKING & LANGUAGE Flashcards
Thinking Problem Solving Creativity and Language
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| 6727855177 | cognition | all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. |  | 0 |
| 6727855178 | Concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people |  | 1 |
| 6727855179 | Prototype | a standard or typical example (Is that a computer screen that BENDS?!) |  | 2 |
| 6727855180 | algorithm | a precise rule (or set of rules) specifying how to solve some problem |  | 3 |
| 6727855181 | Heuristic | a commonsense rule (or set of rules) intended to increase the probability of solving some problem |  | 4 |
| 6727855182 | Insight | A cognitive form of learning involving the mental rearragnment or restructuring of the elements in a problem to achieve an understanding or the problem and arrive at a solution |  | 5 |
| 6727855183 | Creativity | the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas |  | 6 |
| 6727855184 | Confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions |  | 7 |
| 6727855185 | fixation | the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set |  | 8 |
| 6727855186 | Mental Set | a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past |  | 9 |
| 6727855187 | Functional fixedness | the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving (Is a shoe just a shoe?) |  | 10 |
| 6727855188 | Representative heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevent information |  | 11 |
| 6727855189 | Availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common |  | 12 |
| 6727855190 | Overconfidence | total certainty or greater certainty than circumstances warrant |  | 13 |
| 6727855191 | Belief Perseverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited |  | 14 |
| 6727855192 | Intuition | instinctive knowing (without the use of rational processes) |  | 15 |
| 6727855193 | Framing | the way an issue is posed |  | 16 |
| 6727855194 | Language | spoken, written or signed words, and the ways we use them to communicate. |  | 17 |
| 6727855195 | Phoneme | (linguistics) the smallest distinctive unit of sound |  | 18 |
| 6727855196 | Morpheme | smallest meaningful language unit |  | 19 |
| 6727855197 | Grammar | a system of linguistic rules that enables communication |  | 20 |
| 6727855198 | Semantics | the study of language meaning |  | 21 |
| 6727855199 | Syntax | the rules for grammatical arrangement of words in sentences |  | 22 |
| 6727855200 | Babbling Stage | beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household lanuage. |  | 23 |
| 6727855201 | One-word Stage | the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words |  | 24 |
| 6727855202 | Two-word stage | beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements | | 25 |
| 6727855203 | Telegraphic speech | early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--'go car'--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting 'auxiliary' words |  | 26 |
| 6727855204 | Linguistic determinism | Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think |  | 27 |
| 6727855205 | Noam Chomsky | American linguist whose theory of generative grammar argued that language and grammar are innate, that we have a language acquisition device built in. |  | 28 |
| 6727855206 | B.F Skinner | pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that language development is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments |  | 29 |
| 6727855207 | Benjamin Whorf | Linguist who theorized the concept of "liguistic determinism" or how language impacts thought |  | 30 |
