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AP Language and Composition Flashcards

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4832575354alliterationRepetition of the same sound beginning several words in sequence0
4832577916allusionBrief reference to a person, event, or place, real, or fictitious, or to a work of art1
4832579668anaphoraRepetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines2
4832581582antimetaboleRepetition of words in reverse order3
4832582644antithesisOpposition, or contrast, of ideas or words in a balanced or parallel construction4
4832584514archaic dictionOld-fashioned or outdated choice of words5
4832585754asyndetonOmission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words6
4832587853cumulative sentenceSentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence, and then builds and adds on7
4832588957hortative sentenceSentence that exhorts, advises, calls to action8
4832592169imperative sentenceSentence used to command, enjoin, implore, or entreat9
4832593013inversionInverted order of words in a sentence10
4832593874juxtapositionPlacement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts11
4832595120metaphorFigure of speech that says one thing is another in order to explain by comparison12
4832596207metonymyUsing a single feature to represent the whole13
4832596749oxymoronParadoxical juxtaposition of words that seem to contradict one another14
4832597907parallelismSimilarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses15
4832599214periodic sentenceSentence whose main clause is withheld until the end16
4832599895personificationAttribution of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object or idea17
4832601708rhetorical questionFigure of speech in the foreman a question posed for rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer18
4832602976zeugmaUse of two different words in a grammatically similar way but producing different, often incongruous, meanings19

AP Language: Syntax Review Flashcards

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6802306281Simple- one subject, one verb-one independent clause.0
6802306282Simple Scheme Example- I went running.1
6802306283Compound- two independent clauses joined by a conjunction or semicolon.2
6802306284Compound- independent clause joined by one or more subordinate clauses.3
6802306285Compound Scheme Example- I burned dinner but not the cake.4
6802306286Compound-Complex- two or more independent clauses and one or more subordinate clause.5
6802306287Compund-Complex Scheme Example- Although Frodo is naughty sometimes, I love him, and he loves me.6
6802306288Loose/Cumulative- the main idea is stated at the start of the sentence and followed by extra information. - draws attention to the action.7
6802306289Loose/Cumulative Scheme Example- She quit work, the pressure had been too much to handle.8
6802306290Periodic- main idea is withheld until the end of the sentence. - creates tension & suspense by placing emphasis on the things leading up to the action.9
6802306291Periodic Scheme Example- After working 60 hour weeks and making numerous sacrifices, Mia finally paid off her student loans.10
6802306292Antithesis- placing two opposites next to each other in order to create emphasis. - involves balance.11
6802306293Antithesis Scheme Example- India is a poetic nation yet it demands new electrical plants.12
6802306294Declarative Sentence Pattern- a statement. - "I have work today."13
6802306295Interrogative Sentence Pattern- a question. - "How was your day?'14
6802306296Imperative Sentence Pattern- a command. - "Get our your homework now."15
6802306297Exclamatory Sentence Pattern- an exclamation. - "Dogs are the best!"16
6802306298Juxtaposition- un-associated ideas, words, or phrases are placed next to one another. - creates a relationship where one would not usually see one, shows contrast. - involves balance.17
6802306299Juxtaposition Scheme Example- The apparition of these faces in the crowd / Petals on a white black bough.18
6802306300Parallelism- structural similarity between sentences or parts of a sentence. - creates a sense of equality among all actions. - each word has a grammatical "friend".19
6802306301Parallelism Scheme Example- I ate the pie, washed the dishes, and brushed my teeth.20
6802306302Repetition- words, sounds, & ideas used more than once. - enhances rhythm and creates emphasis.21
6802306303Repetition Scheme Example- "government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth."22
6802306304Rhetorical Question- a question that expects no response. - used to show that the answer is so obvious it goes w/out saying.23
6802306305Rhetorical Question Scheme Example- "Do I really look that stupid to you?"24
6802306306Alliteration- repetition of constant sounds at the beginning or in the middle of two or more adjacent words. - often used to create tone.25
6802306307Alliteration Scheme Example- Bumble bees fight feverishly for their flowers.26
6802306308Asydenton- the deliberate omission of conjunctions in a series of related clauses. - often results in a rushed and passionate tone.27
6802306309Asydenton Scheme Example- "I came, I saw, I conquered." - Julius Caesar28
6802306310Polysyndenton- deliberate use of many conjunctions for special emphasis. - makes a list seem even longer.29
6802306311Polysydenton Scheme Example- I had so many things to do. I had to do a calc problem set and walk my dog and clean the bathroom and go food shopping.30
6802306312Zeugma- usage of a verb that has 2 different meanings with objects that compliment both meanings. - creates a sense of equality.31
6802306313Zeugma Scheme Example- Nick saved both the bug and the day.32
6802306314Parenthesis- interruption of the flow of a passage in order to provide necessary, on the spot information. - often creates a conversational tone.33
6802306315Parenthesis Scheme Example- Sports nights always attracted the wannabe jocks- who would expect any different?- who were overly eager to start on varsity.34
6802306316Appositive- two coordinating elements are set side by side, and the second explain or modifies the first.35
6802306317Appositive Scheme Example- Marie Curie, a world-renowned scientist, would be amazed by all of the recent discoveries in chemistry.36
6802306318Climax- the repetition of words, phrases, or clauses in order of increasing number or importance. - draws attention to the last item in the list.37
6802306319Climax Scheme Examples- Their quest was for gold, glory, and God.38
6802306320Inversion- invert basic sentence pattern for emphasis. - draws attention on the inverted phrase & leads to a more formal tone. - think Yoda.39
6802306321Inversion Scheme Example- He could never forgive this. This he could never forgive.40

Base Terminology AP Language Flashcards

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7551731174Speakerthe person or group who creates the text in question. The person who gave a speech, writes a story, or political cartoon.0
7551731175Audiencethe listener, viewer, or reader of the text. The audience can be one person or group. The attitude of the audience will allow us to have a better understanding of the text.1
7551731176Subjectthe topic of the work. This is not the purpose of the work, the subject is connected to both the author and the audience.2
7551731177Speaker to Audiencehow the speaker affects/influences the audience.3
7551731178Speaker to Subjectthe author is trying to further examine their subject and they explain why they are writing about it.4
7551731179Audience to Speakerthe emotions of the audience may affect the tone of the speaker.5
7551731180Audience to Subjectthe audience's particular feelings on an issue may influence the way the speaker approaches their work.6
7551731181Subject to Speakergives the speaker a reason to write.7
7551731182Subject to Audiencethe predisposition the audience has on the subject.8
7551731183Subjectthe overall topic of the writing9
7551731184Occasionthe reason the text is written10
7551731185Audiencethe intended recipient of the writing11
7551731186Purposewhat the speaker is trying to achieve, their goal12
7551731187Speakerthe person speaking in the text13
7551731188Tonethe attitude that is being taken by the speaker in the work14
7551731189Ethoswhat the speaker uses to allow the audience to understand they are a credible and trustworthy source15
7551731190Automatic Ethosthe speaker's reputation and credentials are enough to establish trust, the audience already knows who the speaker is16
7551731191Building Ethosspeakers will need to build trust in the text by sounding reasonable and well-informed17
7551731192Logosused to make the audience understand that their argument is made up of clear, rational ideas. The present a clear main idea, and present it using specific details, examples, facts, statistics, and expert testimony18
7551731193Counterargumentused to anticipate the objections that could exist19
7551731194Concedingfirst agree that an opposing view may be true or reasonable20
7551731195Refutingwork to deny the validity of all or part of that counterargument21
7551731196Pathosused to draw a particular audience. An appeal to the emotional aspects of an intended audience, either positive or negative.22

AP Language Vocabulary Unit 3 Flashcards

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4808468962AntagonismHostility; active opposition0
4808523095AntithesisDirect opposite1
4808524635ApocryphalOf doubtful authenticity; counterfeit; fictitious2
4808526123ArduousHard to do; strenuous; difficult3
4808527991ArticulateAble to put one's thoughts into words easily and clearly; speaking well4
4808531562AssuageTo calm or soothe; to satify5
4808534478AtrophyTo waste away6
4808535759AugmentTo increase or enlarge; to become greater in size; add to7
4808539842AustereStern in manner or appearance; strict in morals8
4808541859AuthoritarianA person who supports the principle of subjection to authority instead of individual freedom; one who favors blind submission to authority9

AP Language Rhetoric and Argument Flashcards

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6759948106slippery slopeA fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented0
6759948107bandwagonA fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.1
6759948108post hocArguments confuse chronology with causation: the belief that one event cannot occur after another without being caused by it.2
6759948109straw mana logical fallacy that involves the creation of an easily refutable position; misrepresenting, then attacking an opponent's position3
6759948110ad hominemAn argument based on the failings of an adversary rather than on the merits of the case; a logical fallacy that involves a personal attack.4
6759948111inductive reasoningA method of reasoning in which a number of specific facts or examples are used to make a generalization.5
6759948112deductive reasoningA type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise.6
6759948113backingsupports the warrant7
6759948116telegraphic sentencesshorter than 5 words8
6759948124compound sentencecontains two independent clauses joined by a coordinate conjunction (FANBOYS) or by a semicolon9
6759948125complex sentencescontains an independent clause and one or more subordinate (dependent) clauses10
6759948126loose sentenceA sentence that could end before the modifying phrases without losing its coherence 'We observe today not a victory of party but a celebration of freedom, symbolizing an end as well as a beginning, signifying renewal as well as change.'" - Kennedy11
6759948127periodic sentenceA complex sentence that only makes sense when the end of the sentence is reached ex. That morning, after a long flight, we reached Edmonton.12
6759948132appositivesset off by commas, adds information ex. My teacher, the lovely Mrs. Ayer, does not assign that much homework.13
6759948140apostrophea form of personification in which the absent, the dead, or abstract concepts are spoken to as if present14
6759948149jargonconsists of words and expressions characteristic of a particular trade, profession or pursuit15
6759948154connotationthe implications of words or phrases as well as its/their exact meaning16
6759948155denotationthe strict, literal, dictionary definition of the word devoid of emotion, attitude or color17
6759948156allegorya prolonged metaphor, a narrative in which characters, objects, and events have underlaying political, religious, moral, or social meanings18
6759948157anachronismassignment of something to a time when it was not in existence19
6759948159conceitunusual and elaborate comparison between two very different things20
6759948167synecdochea part of something stands for the whole. Ex: all hands on deck21
6759948171In Medias ResIn the middle of things. it is the literary device of opening the story in the middle of the action. The narrative generally unfolds via flashback, as is logical22
6759948197syllogismA form of deductive reasoning consisting of a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.23
6759948213non sequituran attempt to tie together unrelated ideas24
6759948214red herringinformation that is related to the topic, but not germane to the argument25
6759948215faulty syllogismattempts to get more out of the premise than is warranted26
6759948216false analogycomparing two events or issues that do not have that much in common27
6759948217either/or; false dichotomy; black/white fallacylimits a complex issue to just two options28
6759948218argument from ignorance; appeal to ignorancethe argument that, since it can't be proven untrue, it must be true29
6759948219false authoritywhen people offer themselves or unreliable/suspicious sources as authorities on the subject30
6759948220begging the question; circular reasoningsupporting the premise with the premise31
6760253484compound complex sentenceA sentence with multiple independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.32
6760990650cumulative sentencea sentence in which the main independent clause is elaborated by the successive addition of modifying clauses or phrases begins with a main clause that is followed by phrases and/or clauses that modify the main clause. These phrases or clauses add information to the main or independent clause33
6761042806contextit refers to the situation--the time, place, or audience--in which a text is either written or read34

AP Language Vocab (Lesson 3) Flashcards

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4969233614bombastimpressive but meaningless language0
4969234814bona fidein good faith1
4969235925boora rude or impolite person2
4969235926bovinepertaining to cows or cattle3
4969238449bowdlerizeto remove offensive passages of a play, novel, etc.4
4969241829brevitybriefness; short duration5
4969244788bucolicpertaining to the countryside; rural, music6
4969246774cajoleto coax, persuade, wheedle7
4969249144callowyoung and inexperienced8
4969250927carcinogena substance that causes cancer9
4969253865carnalsensual, sexual10
4969256097carriondecaying flesh11
4969257710cataclysma violent change12
4969257711cataractlarge waterfall; abnormality of the eye13
4969260694caveata warning14

AP Language Vocab (Lesson 7) Flashcards

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4969629277factiouscausing disagreement0
4969631363fastidioushard to please; fussy1
4969631364fatuousfoolish, inane2
4969633156fecundfertile, productive3
4969635441ferretverb-to search or drive out noun-a small animal of the weasel family4
4969639672ferventeager, earnest5
4969653704fetishan object that receives respect or devotion6
4969655707finessediplomacy; tact; artful management7
4969658121fiscalpertaining to finances8
4969660277fissurean opening; a groove; a split9
4969661588flaccidflabby10
4969664023flagellateto whip; lash11
4969664024flauntto show off12
4969666109floutto ridicule; show contempt for13
4969668035fomentto stir up; incite14

AP HUGE: Language Flashcards

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5665219484British Received Pronunciation (BRP)the dialect of English associated with upper-class Britons living London and now considered standard in the United Kingdom0
5665229328creole/creolized languagea language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated1
5665239855Denglishcombination of German and English2
5665242630dialecta regional variety of language distinguished by language, spelling, and pronunciation3
5665244839Ebonicsdialect spoken by some African Americans4
5665253129extinct languagea language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used5
5665255813Franglaisa term used by the French for English words that have entered the French language; a combination of français and anglais, the the French words for "French" and "English"6
5665267006ideogramsthe system of writing used in China and other East Asian countries in which each symbol represents an idea or concept rather than a specific sound7
5665275430isoglossa boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate8
5665279523isolated languagea language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not connected to any language family (i.e. Basque)9
5665289973languagea system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning10
5665295378language brancha collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago; differences between languages are not quite extensive or old11
5665306057language familycollection of languages related through common ancestor long before recorded history12
5665311832language groupcollection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary13
5665322959linga francaa language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages14
5665327069literary traditiona language that is written as well as spoken15
5665331386official languagethe language adopted for used by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents16
5665335455pidgin languagea form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca; used for communications among speakers of two different languages17
5665345598Spanglishcombination of Spanish and English spoken by Hispanic Americans18
5665350242standard languagethe form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications19
5665357190Vulgar Latina form of Latin used in daily conversation by ancient Romans, as opposed to the standard dialect, which was used for official documents20

AP LANGUAGE LITERARY TERMS 1 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7686610580ALLITERATIONRepetition of the same or similar consonant sounds in words that are close together.0
7686617641ANAPHORARepetition of a word, phrase, or clause at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row. This is a deliberate form of repetition and helps make the writer's point more coherent.1
7686617642ANECDOTEBrief story, told to illustrate a point or serve as an example of something, often shows character of an individual.2
7686635099APOSTROPHECalling out to an imaginary, dead, or absent person, or to a place or thing, or a personified abstract idea.3
7686635100CLICHEA word of phrase, often a figure of speech, that has become lifeless because of overuse.4
7686639396COLLOQUIALISMA word of phrase in everyday use in conversation and informal writing but is inappropriate for formal situations.5
7686639397EPITHETAn adjective or adjective phrase applied to a person or thing that is frequently used to emphasize a characteristic quality.6
7686641950FIGURATIVE LANGUAGEWords which are inaccurate if interpreted literally, but are used to describe. Similes and metaphors are common forms.7
7686641951FLASHBACKA scene that interrupts the normal chronological sequence of events in a story to depict something that happened at an earlier time.8
7686641952FORESHADOWINGThe use of hints and clues to suggest what will happen later in a plot.9
7686644533HYPERBOLEA figure of speech that uses an incredible exaggeration of overstatement, for effect.10
7686644534IMAGERYThe use of language to evoke a picture or a concrete sensation of a person, a thing, a place, or an experience.11
7686644535JUXTAPOSITIONThe fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect.12
7686648305METAPHORA figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.13
7686648306METONYMYA figure of speech in which a person, place, or thing is referred to by something closely associated with it.14
7686651345OXYMORONA figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.15
7686651346PUNA "play on words" based on the multiple meanings of a single word or on words that sound alike but mean different things.16
7686651347SIMILEA figure of speech that makes an explicitly comparison between two unlike things, using words such as like, as, than, or resembles.17
7686654157SOLILOQUYA long speech made by a character in a play while no other characters are on stage.18
7686654158SYNECDOCHEA figure of speech in which a part represents the whole.19
7686656158UNDERSTATEMENTA statement that says less than what is meant.20
7686656159ZEUGMAA figure of speech in which a word applies to two others in different senses.21
7686668742ASSONANCEThe repetition of similar vowel sounds followed by different consonant sounds especially in words that are together.22

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