| 7977554519 | Agriculture | The practice of raising crops or livestock on a continual and controlled basis. |  | 0 |
| 7977554522 | Eurasia | The large landmass that includes both Europe and Asia. |  | 1 |
| 7977554523 | Animism | The belief that animals, Rivers, and other elements of nature embody spirits. | | 2 |
| 7977554525 | Irrigation | A way of supplying water to an area of land, the people would use water from the rivers to irrigate their crops. |  | 3 |
| 7977554526 | Metallurgy | The science of the study of metals. |  | 4 |
| 7977554528 | Monotheism | The belief in one God. | | 5 |
| 7977554529 | Paleolithic Period | Old Stone Age, where humans used stone tools and weapons. |  | 6 |
| 7977554530 | Specialization of labor | The division of labor that aids the development of skills in a particular type of work. |  | 7 |
| 7977554537 | Neolithic Revolution | The switch from nomadic lifestyles to a settled agricultural lifestyle. |  | 8 |
| 7977554538 | Bronze Age | The period in ancient human culture when people began to make and use bronze. |  | 9 |
| 7977554539 | Civilization | The stage of human social development and organization that is considered most advanced. |  | 10 |
| 7977554546 | Patriarchal | Relating to a society in which men hold the greatest legal and moral authority. |  | 11 |
| 7977554550 | Tigris and Euphrates Rivers | Flow south from modern day Turkey through what is now Iraq to empty into the Persian Gulf. |  | 12 |
| 7977554551 | Mesopotamia | Land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers where many ancient civilizations arose from. |  | 13 |
| 7977554552 | Fertile Crescent | An arc of fertile land from the Mediterranean Sea to the Persian Gulf . |  | 14 |
| 7977554553 | Sumerians | Group of nomadic pastoralists that migrated into Mesopotamia and created a civilization of Sumer that provided the core and the foundation of several other civilizations. |  | 15 |
| 7977554554 | Ziggurats | Temples built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses they worshipped. |  | 16 |
| 7977554556 | Indus River Valley | Developed near water and became the core and foundation of later civilizations in the region. | | 17 |
| 7977554560 | Mesoamerica | An area of ancient civilization in what is now Central America. |  | 18 |
| 7977554563 | Polytheistic | Belief in many gods. |  | 19 |
| 7977554564 | Ziggurats | Temples built by Sumerians to honor the gods and goddesses they worshipped. | | 20 |
| 7977554567 | Abraham | Founder of Judaism. | | 21 |
| 7977554575 | Vedas | A collection of Aryan religious hymns, poems, and songs. |  | 22 |
| 7977554582 | Golden Age | A period in which a society or culture is at its peak. | | 23 |
| 7977554583 | Mandate of Heaven | A just rulers power was bestowed by the gods. |  | 24 |
| 7977554588 | City-State | Typically covered several hundred square miles and were independent each with its own government. |  | 25 |
| 7977554591 | Scribes | Individuals who were charged first with record-keeping and later with the writing of history and myths. |  | 26 |
| 7977554592 | The Epic of Gilgamesh | An epic poem from Mesopotamia, is among the earliest surviving works of literature. | | 27 |
| 7977554593 | Empire | Large territory that included diverse cultural groups. | | 28 |
| 7977554594 | Babylonians | Persians who took control of Mesopotamia and built a new capital city called Babylon. | | 29 |
| 7977554595 | Hammurabi | Babylonian king who codified the laws of Sumer and Mesopotamia (died 1750 BC), and created a set of laws called the Code of Hammurabi. |  | 30 |
| 7977554596 | Code of Hammurabi | Law code introduced when Hammurabi of Babylon took over Sumer in 1760 BC, that dealt with topics such as property rights, wages, contracts, marriage, and various crimes. |  | 31 |
| 7977554597 | Phoenicians | Most powerful traders along the Mediterranean, that occupied parts of present day Lebanon, Israel, and Jordan around 3000 B.C.E. |  | 32 |
| 7977554598 | Carthage | A Phoenician colony on the coast of North Africa, that became a significant outpost in the region. | | 33 |
| 7977554601 | Nile River | The river in which early kingdoms in Egypt were centered around. |  | 34 |
| 7977554602 | Old Kingdom | A period in Egyptian history that lasted from about 2700 BC to 2200 BC. |  | 35 |
| 7977554603 | Middle Kingdom | A period of order and stability that lasted until about 1750 BC. |  | 36 |
| 7977554604 | New Kingdom | The period during which Egypt reached the height of its power and glory. |  | 37 |
| 7977554605 | Pharaoh | A king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader. |  | 38 |
| 7977554610 | Hittites | Had military advantage over the Egyptians because they were beginning to use iron tools and weapons. |  | 39 |
| 7977554613 | Shang Dynasty | Ruled for 600 years, conquered neighboring peoples and established an empire, wielded tremendous economic and religious power. |  | 40 |
| 7977554621 | Ahura Mazda | In Zoroastrianism, the good god who rules the world. | | 41 |
| 7977554622 | Alexander the Great | Alexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India. | | 42 |
| 7977554626 | Aryans | Indo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization; their role in causing this collapse is still debated by historians. | | 43 |
| 7977554630 | Axum | Classical-era kingdom of East Africa, in present-day Eritrea and northern Ethiopia; flourished | | 44 |
| 7977554638 | Brahmins | The priestly caste of India. | | 45 |
| 7977554639 | Buddhism | The cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama | | 46 |
| 7977554644 | Confucianism | The Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order. | | 47 |
| 7977554646 | Constantine | Roman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe. | | 48 |
| 7977554648 | Cyrus (the Great) | Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation. | | 49 |
| 7977554650 | Daoism | A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi. | | 50 |
| 7977554654 | Filial piety | The honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism. | | 51 |
| 7977554657 | Gupta Empire | An empire of India (320-550 C.E.). | | 52 |
| 7977554658 | Han dynasty | Dynasty that ruled China from 206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E., creating a durable state based on Shihuangdi's state-building achievement. | | 53 |
| 7977554659 | Hellenistic era | The period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors. | | 54 |
| 7977554660 | helots | The dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society. | | 55 |
| 7977554661 | Herodotus | Greek historian known as the "father of history" (ca. 484-ca. 425 B.C.E.). His Histories enunciated the Greek view of a fundamental divide between East and West, culminating in the Greco-Persian Wars of 490-480 B.C.E. | | 56 |
| 7977554662 | Hinduism | A word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions. | | 57 |
| 7977554678 | Legalism | A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments. | | 58 |
| 7977554680 | Mandate of Heaven | The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently. | | 59 |
| 7977554681 | Mauryan Empire | A major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India. | | 60 |
| 7977554682 | Maya | The major classical civilization of Mesoamerica; flourished from 250 to 900 C.E. | | 61 |
| 7977554683 | Moche of Andean South America | An important regional civilization of Peru, governed by warrior-priests; flourished from around 100 to 800 C.E. | | 62 |
| 7977554687 | Niger Valley Civilization | Distinctive city-based civilization that flourished from about 300 B.C.E. to about 900 C.E. in the floodplain of the middle Niger and that included major cities like Jenne-jeno; the Niger Valley civilization is particularly noteworthy for its apparent lack of centralized state structures, having been organized instead in clusters of economically specialized settlements. | | 63 |
| 7977554688 | Nirvana | The end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion. | | 64 |
| 7977554690 | Patricians | Wealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society. | | 65 |
| 7977554691 | Pax Romana | The "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E. | | 66 |
| 7977554692 | Peloponnesian War | Great war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age. | | 67 |
| 7977554693 | Pericles | A prominent and influential statesman of ancient Athens (ca. 495-429 B.C.E.); presided over Athens's Golden Age. | | 68 |
| 7977554694 | Persepolis | The capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great. | | 69 |
| 7977554695 | Persian Empire | A major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E. | | 70 |
| 7977554697 | Plebians | Poorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics. | | 71 |
| 7977554699 | Punic Wars | Three major wars between Rome and Carthage in North Africa, fought between 264 and 146 B.C.E., that culminated in Roman victory and control of the western Mediterranean. | | 72 |
| 7977554701 | Qin Dynasty | A short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period. | | 73 |
| 7977554709 | Socrates | The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.). | | 74 |
| 7977554712 | Teotihuacán | The largest city of pre-Columbian America, with a population between 100,000 and 200,000; seemingly built to a plan in the Valley of Mexico, flourished between 300 and 600 C.E., during which time it governed or influenced much of the surrounding region. The name is an Aztec term meaning "city of the gods." | | 75 |
| 7977554717 | Tikal | Major Maya city, with a population of perhaps 50,000 people. | | 76 |
| 7977554718 | Untouchables | An Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work. | | 77 |
| 7977554721 | Vedas | The earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E. | | 78 |
| 7977554722 | Wang Mang | A Han court official who usurped the throne and ruled from 8 C.E. to 23 C.E.; noted for his reform movement that included the breakup of large estates. | | 79 |
| 7977554724 | Wudi | Han emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats. | | 80 |
| 7977554730 | Zoroastrianism | Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra. | | 81 |
| 7977554731 | Roman Empire | stretched from modern day Britain to modern day Iran. |  | 82 |
| 7977554733 | filial piety | The honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism. | | 83 |
| 7977554735 | Han | Chinese dynasty that ruled from 202 B.C.E.-220 C.E, embraced Confucianism. | | 84 |
| 7977554739 | Roman roads | were built throughout the empire for trade and transportation; over 50,000 miles | | 85 |
| 7977554740 | Silk Roads | Which trade route is indicated by the map? |  | 86 |
| 7977554743 | sanskrit | Primary sacred language of hinduism | | 87 |
| 7977554744 | reincarnation | Hindu and Buddhist belief that souls are reborn into new bodies over and over. | | 88 |
| 7977554745 | Four Noble Truths | as taught by the Buddha, the four basic beliefs that form the foundation of Buddhism | | 89 |
| 7977554748 | Five Basic Relationships | ruler/subject; father/son; husband/wife; older brother/younger brother; friend/friend | | 90 |
| 7977554749 | Daoist architecture | Chinese building style influenced by one of the main philosophies that emerged during the period of Warring States |  | 91 |
| 7977554751 | Athens | A Greek city-state and the birthplace of democracy. | | 92 |
| 7977554752 | Sparta | a greek city-state known for its strength and trained warriors | | 93 |
| 7977554753 | Peloponnesian War | 30 year conflict between Sparta and Athens that ended with a Spartan victory but left Greece weak | | 94 |
| 7977554754 | Hellenism | Cultural syncretism that blended five of the greatest classical civilizations after Alexander the Great |  | 95 |
| 7977554756 | Great Wall of China | Boundary built in the northern part of China to keep invaders from attacking |  | 96 |
| 7977554757 | Hadrian's Wall | Northern border of the Roman Empire in Britannia |  | 97 |
| 7977554758 | Pataliputra | The capital of both Mauryan and Gupta empires | | 98 |
| 7977554759 | Alexandria | An ancient city in Egypt built by Alexander the Great; center of Hellenism | | 99 |
| 7977554760 | Constantinople | The capital of the eastern Roman Empire and later of the Byzantine Empire | | 100 |
| 7977554761 | corvee labor | Labor tax; peasants had to work for free for part of the year | | 101 |
| 7977554764 | Huns | A tribe originating north of China; one of the last barbarian groups to invade Western Europe; helped bring an end to the Han, Gupta, and Romans | | 102 |
| 7977668308 | Huang He | Where the first Chinese civilizations developed | | 103 |
| 7977668309 | Yellow Turban Rebellion | A major Chinese peasant revolt that helped cause the fall of the Han dynasty. | | 104 |
