| 9652807579 | The Feminine Mystique | Best-selling book by feminist thinker Betty Friedan that was published in 1963. This work challenged women to move beyond the drudgery of suburban housewifery and helped launch what would become second-wave feminism |  | 0 |
| 9652807580 | rock 'n' roll | "Crossover" musical style that rose to dominance in the 1950s, merging black rhythm and blues with white bluegrass and country. Featuring a heavy beat and driving rhythm, rock 'n' roll music became a defining feature of the 1950s youth culture |  | 1 |
| 9652807581 | Checkers Speech | Nationally televised address by vice-presidential candidate Richard Nixon during which he defended himself against allegations of corruption. Using the new mass medium of television shortly before the 1952 election, the vice-presidential candidate saved his place on the ticket by saying the only campaign gift he had received was a cocker spaniel named Checkers |  | 2 |
| 9652807582 | Montgomery bus boycott | Protest by black Alabamians against segregated seating on city buses, sparked by Rosa Park's defiant refusal to move to the back of the bus. This lasted from December 1, 1955, until December 26, 1956, and became one of the foundational moments of the civil rights movement. It led to the rise of Martin Luther King Jr., and ultimately to a Supreme Court decision opposing segregated busing |  | 3 |
| 9652807583 | Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas | Landmark Supreme Court decision in 1954 that overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and abolished racial segregation in public schools. The Court reasoned that "separate" was inherently "unequal," rejecting the foundation of the Jim Crow system of racial segregation in the South. This decision was the first major step toward the legal end of racial discrimination and a major accomplishment for the civil rights movement |  | 4 |
| 9652807584 | Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) | Youth organization founded by southern black students in 1960 to promote civil rights. Drawing on its members' youthful energies, this in its early years coordinated demonstrations, sit-ins, and voter registration drives | | 5 |
| 9652807585 | Operation Wetback | A government program in 1954 to round up and deport as many as 1 million illegal Mexican migrant workers in the United States. The program was promoted in part by the Mexican government and reflected burgeoning concerns about non-European immigration to America |  | 6 |
| 9652807586 | Federal Highway Act of 1956 | Federal legislation signed by Dwight D. Eisenhower to construct thousands of miles of modern highways in the name of national defense. Officially called the National Interstate and Defense Highways Act, this bill dramatically increased the move to the suburbs, as white middle-class people could more easily commute to urban jobs |  | 7 |
| 9652807588 | Hungarian uprising | Series of demonstrations in Hungary in 1956 against the Soviet Union. Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev violently suppressed this pro-Western uprising, highlighting the limitations of America's power in Eastern Europe |  | 8 |
| 9652807590 | Suez crisis | International crisis launched in 1956 when Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez canal, which had been owned mostly by French and British stockholders. This led to a British and French attack on Egypt, which failed without aid from the United States. This marked an important turning point in the post-colonial Middle East and highlighted the rising of oil in world affairs |  | 9 |
| 9652807591 | Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) | Cartel comprising Middle Eastern states and Venezuela first organized in 1960. This aimed to control access to and prices of oil, wresting power from Western oil companies and investors. In the process, it gradually strengthened the hand of non-Western powers on the world stage |  | 10 |
| 9652807592 | Sputnik | Soviet satellite first launched into earth orbit on October 4, 1957. This scientific achievement marked the first time human beings had put a man-made object into orbit and pushed the USSR noticeably ahead of the United States in the space race. A month later, the Soviet Union sent a larger satellite, Sputnik II, into space, prompting the United States to redouble its space exploration efforts and raising American fears of Soviet superiority |  | 11 |
| 9652807593 | kitchen debate | Televised exchange in 1959 between Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev and American vice president Richard Nixon. Meeting at the American National Exhibition in Moscow, the two leaders sparred over the relative merits of capitalist consumer culture versus Soviet state planning. Nixon won applause for his staunch defense of American capitalism, helping lead him to the Republican nomination for president in 1960 |  | 12 |
| 9652807594 | military-industrial complex | Term popularized by President Dwight Eisenhower in his 1961 Farewell Address, referring to the political and economic ties between arms manufacturers, elected officials, and the U.S. armed forces that created self-sustaining pressure for high military spending during the Cold War. Eisenhower also warned that this powerful combination left unchecked could "endanger our liberties or democratic process," favoring defense concerns over more peaceful goals that balanced security and liberty |  | 13 |
| 9652807596 | International Style | Archetypal, post-World War II modernist architectural style, best known for its "curtain-wall" designs of steel-and-glass corporate high-rises |  | 14 |
| 9652807597 | Beat Generation | A small coterie of mid-twentieth-century bohemian writers and personalities, including Jack Kerouac, Allen Ginsberg, and William S. Burroughs, who bemoaned bourgeois conformity and advocated free-form experimentation in life and literature |  | 15 |
| 9652807598 | Southern Renaissance | A literary outpouring among mid-twentieth-century southern writers, begun by William Faulkner and marked by a new critical appreciation of the region's burdens of history, racism, and conservatism |  | 16 |
| 9652807599 | New Frontier | President Kennedy's nickname for his domestic policy agenda. Buoyed by youthful optimism, the program included proposals for the Peace Corps and efforts to improve education and health care. It ran from 1961 to 1963 |  | 17 |
| 9652807600 | Peace Corps | A federal agency created by President Kennedy in 1961 to promote voluntary service by Americans in foreign countries. This provides labor power to help developing countries improve their infrastructure, health care, educational systems, and other aspects of their societies. Part of Kennedy's New Frontier vision, the organization represented an effort by postwar liberals to promote American values and influence through productive exchanges across the world |  | 18 |
| 9652807601 | Apollo | Program of manned space flights run by America's National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) from 1961 to 1975. The project's highest achievement was the landing of Apollo 11 on the moon on July 20, 1969 |  | 19 |
| 9652807602 | Berlin Wall | Fortified and guarded barrier between East and West Berlin erected on orders from Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev in 1961 to stop the flow of people to the West. Until its destruction in 1989, the wall was a vivid symbol of the divide between the communist and capitalist worlds |  | 20 |
| 9652807603 | European Economic Community (EEC) | Free-trade zone in Western Europe created by Treaty of Rome in 1957. Often referred to as the "Common Market," this collection of countries originally included France, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. The body eventually expanded to become the European Union, which by 2005 included twenty-seven member states |  | 21 |
| 9652807604 | Bay of Pigs invasion | CIA plot in 1961 to overthrow Fidel Castro by training Cuban exiles to invade and supporting them with American airpower. The mission failed and became a public relations disaster early in John F. Kennedy's presidency |  | 22 |
| 9652807605 | Cuban missile crisis | Standoff between John F. Kennedy and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev in October 1962 over Soviet plans to install nuclear weapons in Cuba. Although the crisis was ultimately settled in America's favor and represented a foreign-policy triumph for Kennedy, it brought the world's superpowers perilously close to the brink of nuclear confrontation |  | 23 |
| 9652807606 | Freedom Riders | Organized mixed-race groups who rode interstate buses deep into the South to draw attention to and protest racial segregation, beginning in 1961. This effort to challenge racism, which involved the participation of many northern young people as well as southern activists, proved a political and public relations success for the civil rights movement |  | 24 |
| 9652807607 | Voter Education Project | Effort by SNCC and other civil rights groups to register the South's historically disenfranchised black population. The project, which lasted from 1962 to 1968, typified a common strategy of the civil rights movement, which sought to counter racial discrimination by empowering people at grassroots levels to exercise their civic rights through voting |  | 25 |
| 9652807608 | March on Washington | Massive civil rights demonstration in August 1963 in support for Kennedy-backed legislation to secure legal protections for American blacks. One of the most visually impressive manifestations of the civil rights movement, this was the occasion of Martin Luther King's famous "I Have a Dream" speech |  | 26 |
| 9652807609 | Richard Nixon | When he was elected there was high inflation and economic recession from high spending in the war. His greatest success was easing cold war tensions and with foreign countries. He was impeached because of the Watergate Scandal but resigned before he was removed from office. | | 27 |
| 9652807610 | Betty Friedan | Feminist author of "The Feminine Mystique" in 1960. Her book sparked a new consciousness among suburban women and helped launch the second-wave feminist movement | | 28 |
| 9652807611 | Elvis Presley | White singer born in 1935 in Tupelo, Mississippi; chief revolutionary of popular music in the 1950s, fused black rhythm and blues with white bluegrass and country styles; created a new musical idiom known forever after as rock and roll. Was "The King". | | 29 |
| 9652807612 | Rosa Parks | United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913) | | 30 |
| 9652807613 | Martin Luther King, Jr. | U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. Nobel Peace Prize (1964) | | 31 |
| 9652807614 | Earl Warren | Liberal Californian politician appointed Chief Justice the Supreme Court by Eisenhower in 1953, he was principally known for moving the Court to the left in defense of civil and individual rights in such cases as Brown v. Board of Education (1954), Griswold v. Connecticut (1965), and Miranda v. Arizona (1966). | | 32 |
| 9652807615 | John Foster Dulles | As Secretary of State. he viewed the struggle against Communism as a classic conflict between good and evil. Believed in containment and the Eisenhower doctrine. | | 33 |
| 9652807616 | Nikita Khrushchev | Premier of the Soviet Union from 1958-1964, he was a communist party official who emerge from the power struggle after Stalin's death in 1953 to lead the USSR. He crushed a pro-Western uprising of Hungary in 1956, and, in 1958, issued an ultimatum for Western evacuation of Berlin. Defended Soviet-style economic planning in the Kitchen Debate with Richard Nixon in 1959 and attempted to send missiles to Cuba in 1962 but backed down when confronted by JFK. | | 34 |
| 9652807617 | Ho Chi Minh | Vietnamese revolutionary nationalist leader, he organized Vietnamese opposition to foreign occupation, first against the Japanese and then the French; became leader of North Vietnam. He led the war to unify the country in the face of increased military opposition from the United States | | 35 |
| 9652807619 | Fidel Castro | Cuban revolutionary who overthrew Batista dictatorship in 1958 and assumed control of the island country. His connections with the Soviet Union led to a cessation of diplomatic relations with the United States in such internationl affairs as the Bay of Pigs invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis. Oversaw his country through the end of the Cold War and through nearly a half-century of trade embargo with the US | | 36 |
| 9652807620 | John F. Kennedy | President of the United States who narrowly defeated the incumbent vice-president Nixon in 1960 to become the youngest person ever elected president. Launched New Frontier programs and urged legislation to improve civil rights; assumed the blame for the Bay of Pigs ivasion and was credited as well for the superb handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis. He was assasinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22, 1963, by Lee Harvey Oswald | | 37 |
| 9652807621 | Lyndon Baines Johnson | President of the United States who rose to tremendous power in the Senate during the New Deal. Tapped to be JFK's running mate in 1960 and was chosen largely to help solidfy support for the Democratic ticket in the anti-Catholic south, he assumed the presidency after Kennedy's assination in 1963. Was responsible for liberal programs such as the Great Society, War on Poverty, and civil rights legislation, as well as the escalation of the Vietnam war | | 38 |
| 9652807623 | Andy Warhol | An American commercial illustrator and artist famous for his Campbell's soup painting. He was the founder of the pop-art movement, which like all other art movements in history reflected something back on the present society. | | 39 |
| 9652807624 | Jack Kerouac | United States writer who was a leading figure of the beat generation (1922-1969) | | 40 |
| 9652807625 | Allen Ginsberg | "Howl"; viewed as spokesman of the Beat Generation, book seized by American government for obscenity charges; about America's false hopes and broken promises | | 41 |
| 9652807626 | "The Long Telegram" | The 'Long Telegram' was sent by George Kennan from the United States Embassy in Moscow to Washington, where it was received on February 22nd 1946. The telegram was prompted by US enquiries about Soviet behaviour, especially with regards to their refusal to join the newly created World Bank and International Monetary Fund.
In his text, Kennan outlined Soviet belief and practice and proposed the policy of 'containment', making the Telegram a key document in the history of the Cold War. The name 'long' derives from the telegram's 8000 word length.
Ex: Containment was first outlined in George Kennan's 'Long Telegram' sent from his position in the US Embassy in Moscow to the United States.
*February 1946
*George F Kennan- Leading expert on Russian history and affairs. Lived in Soviet union. Stated that Soviets cannot be reasoned with.
* Motivated containment policy. | | 42 |
| 9652807628 | Robert F. Kennedy | Younger brother of JFK who entered public life as U.S. Attorney General during the Kennedy Administration. Later elected senator from New York, he became an anti-war, pro-civil rights presidential candidate in 1968, launching a popular challenge to incumbent President Johnson. Amid that campaign, he was assassinated in California on June 6, 1968. | | 43 |
| 9652807629 | Robert S. McNamara | Cabinet officer who promoted "flexible response" but came to doubt the wisdom of the Vietnam War he had presided over. | | 44 |
| 9652807630 | Ngo Dinh Diem | American ally in South Vietnam from 1954 to 1963; his repressive regime caused the Communist Viet Cong to thrive in the South and required increasing American military aid to stop a Communist takeover. Killed in a coup in 1963. | | 45 |
| 9652807631 | James Meredith | First black student admitted to the University of Mississippi, shot during a civil rights march in 1966. | | 46 |
