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AP US History Period 4: 1800 - 1848, Reform Movements Flashcards

AMSCO United States History 2015 Edition, Period 4: 1800 - 1848 Chapter 7 - 11

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5588387119Second Great AwakeningsBegan in the early decades of the 19th century. Partly a reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenment and the American Revolution. It affected all sections of the country, but in the northern states it touched off social reform that drove the reform movements of this period. (p. 207)0
5588387120market revolutionStarting in the early 19th century, this revolution produced vast economic growth. Farmers fed the workers in the cities, the cities provided farm families with an array of mass produced goods.1
5588387121Thomas JeffersonHe was George Washington's first secretary of state. A Democrat-Republican, he was the nation's third president from 1801 to 1809. He stressed the basic principles of constitutional government and limited central government. He appeased the Federalists by maintaining the national bank and debt repayment plan of Hamilton, carried on the neutrality policies of Washington and Adams, reduced the size of the military. He eliminated some federal jobs, repealed excise taxes, and lowered the national debt. In 1803, he made the Louisiana Purchase from France.2
5588387122Battle of New OrleansGeneral Andrew Jackson won this battle in New Orleans against the British on January 8, 1815. The War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent two weeks earlier, but word had not yet reached the United States.3
5588387123Era of Good FeelingsTerm to describe James Monroe's period as president (1817-1825). The Democratic-Republicans party dominated politics. On the surface everything looked fine, however there were conflicts over tariffs, the national bank, internal improvements, and public land sales.4
5588387124Jacksonian DemocracyThe time period 1829 to 1837 when Andrew Jackson was president. This era was also known as the Age of the Common Man.5
5588387125American Indian removalPresident Andrew Jackson supported the land-hungry citizens who want to take over lands held by the American Indians. In 1830, he passed the Indian Removal Act, which forced the resettlement o many thousands of American Indians. By 1835 most of the eastern tribes had reluctantly moved to an area in today's Oklahoma.6
5588387126Romanticism in paintings and literature - romantic movementEvoked the wonder of the nation's landscape. The Hudson River School of painters were the most prominent. Noted authors of the period included Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Washington Irving, and James Fenimore Cooper.7
5588387127Nullification CrisisIn 1832, South Carolina passed a resolution forbidding the collection of tariffs in the state. This was nullifying a federal law at the state level. President Andrew Jackson threatened use of federal troops against South Carolina and a compromise was reached.8
5588387128Elizabeth Cady StantonA women's rights reformer who was not allowed to speak at an antislavery convention.9
5588387129cotton ginThis machine was invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It removed seeds from cotton fibers so cotton could be processed quickly and cheaply. As a result more cotton was grown in the South and more slaves were needed to pick cotton in the fields.10
5588387130War HawksThe 1810 congressional election brought a group of young Democratic-Republicans to Congress. Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun they gained influence in the House of Representatives. They argued that war with Britain was the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy American Indian resistance on the frontier.11
5588387131William Lloyd GarrisonAdvocated the immediate emancipation of slaves without compensation to their owners. He was also the writer of the "Liberator."12
5588387132Lucretia MottEarly feminist who advocated for women's rights and against slavery.13
5588387133Republican Motherhood/Cult of DomesticityAfter industrialization occurred women became the moral leaders in the home and educators of children. Men were responsible for economic and political affairs.14
5588387134Sectionalism: The NorthLargely urban population that worked in factories.15
5588387135Sectionalism: The SouthLargely agricultural, mostly cotton from 1830-1850.16
5588387136Sectionalism: The WestLargely trapping and hunting, citizens lived a secluded life away from others.17
5588387137Democratic-RepublicansFavored the common man, weak central government, hated the National Bank, was pro-immigration, wanted slow and cautious westward expansion.18
5588387138FederalistsFavored the wealthy and educated, strong central government, supported the National Bank, limited immigration, slow/against westward expansion.19
5588387139National RepublicansFavored the wealthy and educated, strong central government, supported the National Bank, favored internal improvements.20
5588387140WhigsFavored the wealthy and educated, strong central government, supported the National Bank and Internal Improvements, limited immigration, slow/against westward expansion; above all else HATED Andrew Jackson.21
5588387141ImpressmentPractice of the British navy of stealing Americans and forcing them into service in the British Navy.22
5588387142Treaty of GhentEnded the War of 1812, establish status quo antebellum.23
5588387143Oliver Hazard Perry"We have met the enemy, and they are ours." Battle of Lake Erie.24
5588387144Frances Scott KeyWrote the Star Spangled banner at the Battle of Fort McHenry.25
5588387145Monroe DoctrineWarning European powers to refrain from seeking any new territories in the Americas. The United States largely lacked the power to back up the pronouncement, which was actually enforced by the British, who sought unfettered access to Latin American markets.26
5588387146Missouri CompromiseAn 1820 compromise crafted by Henry Clay, it consisted of three bills. * Admit Missouri as a slave-holding state * Admit Maine as a free state * Prohibit slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36 30.27
5588387147King AndrewNickname given to President Andrew Jackson when his opponents did not like his use of the veto power.28
5588387148Nat Turner RebellionIn 1831, this Virginia slave led a revolt in which 55 whites were killed. In retaliation, whites killed hundreds of African American and put down the revolt.29
5588387149Marbury v. MadisonEstablished the Supreme Court's policy of judicial review.30
5588387150American SystemHenry Clay, a leader in the House of Representatives proposed this system to advance the nation's economy. It consisted of: * Protective Tariffs: * National Bank * Internal Improvements31
5588387151The Lowell Mill FactoryThe system that recruited young farm women to work in the textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts. The were housed in company dormitories near the mills.32
5588387152Seneca Falls ConventionIn 1848, this was the first women's rights convention in U.S. history. They wrote a "Declaration of Sentiments", modeled after the Declaration of Independence, which declared all men and women equal and listed grievances.33
5588387153TranscendentalistsThey questioned the doctrines of established churches and business practices of the merchant class. Mystical and intuitive way of thinking to discover inner self and look for essence of God in nature. Artistic expression was more important than pursuit of wealth. They valued individualism and supported the antislavery movement.34
5588387154Virginia and Kentucky ResolutionsIn 1799, Democratic-Republican leaders passed resolutions in two state legislatures that challenged federal laws enacted by the Federalist party. The states argued that they had the right to nullify laws passed at the federal level.35
5588387155Trail of TearsIn 1838 the U.S. Army forced 15,000 Cherokees to leave Georgia and move to Oklahoma. 4,000 Cherokees died on the march.36
5588387156Hartford Convention (1814)In December 1814, a special convention was held due to opposition to the the War of 1812, some radical Federalist in the Northeast want to secede from the United States, but that it was rejected. However, to limit the power of the Democratic-Republicans they adopted a proposal that a two-thirds vote of both houses would be required for any future declaration of war.37
5588387157Panic 1837Was a result of Jackson's defeat of the National Bank.38
5588387158Martin Van BurenBecame President after Andrew Jackson, won the election because of Jackson's popularity. Was faced with economic troubles.39
5588387159Tippecanoe and Tyler Too!William Henry Harrison's campaign slogan.40
5588387160Tecumseh"They have pushed us from the seas to the lakes, we can go no further." Advocated fighting Americans to stop westward progression and renew British alliances.41
5588387161The ProphetAdvocated relocation rather than fighting Americans westward progression in order to preserve remnants of Native culture.42
5588387162The Embargo of 1807Cut off all US trade with the world, attempting to maintain American neutrality.43
5588387163Non-intercourse ActAllowed the US to trade with any nations other than Great Britain and France44
5588387164Macon's Bill no. 2Allowed the US to trade with either Great Britain or France depending on who recognized American sovereignty and neutrality first.45
5588387165Adams-Onis TreatyGrave the United States Florida in exchange for taking on Spain's $5 million debt to American citizens.46
5588387166Old HickoryNickname for Andrew Jackson gained from the Battle of New Orleans.47
5588387167Treaty of 1818Granted the United States join occupation of Oregon with Great Britain.48
5588387168Worcester v. GeorgiaSupreme Court case regarding Cherokee rights to land in the United States.49
5588387169John Q. AdamsElected in 1824 as a result of a bargain struck by Henry Clay.50
5588387170The Tariff of 1828Increased taxes on imported goods to almost 50%; which positively effected American manufacturing.51
5588387171Force BillPermitted Andrew Jackson to organize troops to prevent South Carolina from secession.52
5588387172Increased Voter Turnout-elimination of landownership, -increased news circulation, -increased education/literacy -changes to candidate selection53
5588387173Henry ClayCreated the Tariff of 1833 to solve the Nullification Crisis, developed the American System, Speaker of the House, Secretary of State under JQA, Whig leaders, leader of the War Hawks (face it the most awesome historical figure after the death of GW)54
5588387174Virginia DynastyThomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe55
5588387175Results of the War of 1812-American Nationalism -War Heroes -Death of the Federalist Party56
5588387176AbolitionistA person who strongly favors doing away with slavery57
5588387177Elizabeth Cady Stanton(1815-1902) A suffragette who, with Lucretia Mott, organized the first convention on women's rights, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. Issued the Declaration of Sentiments which declared men and women to be equal and demanded the right to vote for women. Co-founded the National Women's Suffrage Association with Susan B. Anthony in 1869.58
5588387178Fredrick DouglassAmerican abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published an autobiography, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.59
5588387179Horace MannA leader of educational reform, he became the head of the Massachusetts Board Of Education in 1837; he lengthened the school year to six months, doubled teachers' salaries, and improved curriculum and teacher training60
5588387180Harriet TubmanUnited States abolitionist born a slave on a plantation in Maryland and became a famous conductor on the Underground Railroad leading other slaves to freedom in the North (1820-1913)61
5588387181Lucretia MottWas a Quaker, helped fugitive enslaved workers and organized the Philadelphia Female Anti- Slavery Society. Met Elizabeth Cady Stanton at the world antislavery convention in London, and organized Seneca Falls Convention in 1848.62
5588387182Seneca Falls ConventionA women's right convention organized in 1848 by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott, two female abolitionists, in New York; they advocated women's right to vote and the right to enter all-male trades, professions, and businesses63
5588387183Soujourner TruthFrom her home in New York she waged a constant battle for the abolition of slavery. Former slave, also a prominent figure in the fight for women's rights.64
5588387184SuffrageTerm that refers to the right to vote. The most controversial issue at the Seneca Fall Convention.65
5588387185Susan B. AnthonyA leader in the struggle for women's rights, she advocated equal pay for women, college training for girls, coeducation, and women's right to vote. She continued the suffrage movement until her death in 1906.66
5588387186Temperance movementA crusade that used lectures, pamphlets, and revival-style rallies to warn people of dangers of alcohol67
5588387187William Lloyd GarrisonOne of the first white abolitionists to call for the immediate and complete emancipation of enslaved people, he started the New England Antislavery Society in 1832 and the American Antislavery Society the next year. Founded the newspaper, The Liberator.68
5588387188Second Great Awakeninga religious revival that started in the early 19th century and ended in the mid 1800s. It inspired social reforms and a change in music, art, and literature.69
5588387189Dorothea DixShe advocated for Asylum reform, rather than placing mentally and physically disabled persons in regular prisons70
5588387190Charles FinneyA leading evangelist of the Second Great Awakening, he preached that each person had capacity for spiritual rebirth and salvation and that through individual effort could be saved. His concept of "utility of benevolence" proposed the reformation of society as well as of individuals.71
5588387191Hudson River SchoolFounded by Thomas Cole, first native school of landscape painting in the U.S.; attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition, painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River72
5588387192Utopian communitiesIdealistic and impractical communities. Who, Rather than seeking to create an ideal government or reform the world, withdrew from the sinful, corrupt world to work their miracles in microcosm, hoping to imitate the elect state of affairs that existed among the Apostles. ex) Brook Farm, Oneida, New Harmony73
5588387193transcendentalismA philosophy pioneered in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.74
5588387194Ralph Waldo EmersonAmerican transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom; prime example of a transcendentalist; "Nature" & "Self-Reliance"75
5588387195Henry David ThoreauAmerican transcendentalist who was against a government that supported slavery. He wrote down his beliefs in Walden. He started the movement of civil-disobedience when he refused to pay the toll-tax to support him Mexican War.76
5588387196John James AudubonAmerican artist who drew birds, mammals, plants, and other subjects of nature giving special attention to the relationship between animals and their habitats.77
5588387197James FortenAn African American business leader and abolitionist who owned a sailmaking company and was active in the Underground Railroad78
5588387198American Colonization SocietyOrganization established with the goal of transporting free blacks to a colony in Africa; founded Liberia in 1821-2279
5588387199Elijah LovejoyAmerican Presbyterian minister, journalist, and news paper editor who was murdered by a mob for his abolitionist views80
5588387200Richard AllenAn African American preacher who helped start the free African society and the African Methodist Episcopal church81
5588395443John Marshallcreated the precedent of judicial review; ruled on many early decisions that gave the federal government more power, especially the Supreme Court. Supported Federalists.82
5588403812McCulloch vs. MarylandThe state of Maryland taxed banknotes produced by the Bank of the United States, claiming that the Bank was unconstitutional. Using implied powers, Marshall countered that the Bank was constitutional and ruled that Maryland was forbidden from taxing the Bank.83
5588410030Gibbons vs. OgdenOnly Congress can regulate interstate commerce84
5588423474Talmadge Amendmentamendment to MO statehood bill that would prohibit introduction of slaves into MO and provide gradual emancipation of slaves already there85
5588444354Cyrus McCormickInvented the mechanical reaper86
5588448538National RoadThe first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West.87
5588452066Seminole WarsIndian resistance -Seminole Indians refused to leave their land. Led by Osceola fought 7 - year war against US Army 1842 finally forced moved west88
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Ap US History period 3 Flashcards

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7670933766The French and Indian War1754-1763 War between French and British in American colonies part of 7 years0
7670933767The Proclamation of 1763Line drawn by British Parliament, colonists not allowed to settle past Appalachian mountains1
7670933768Stamp Act1765 direct tax on a stamp that must be put on paper, office documents, etc.2
7670933769The Coercive Acts1774 intolerable acts3
7670933770Common Sense1776 pamphlet written by Thomas Paine to get people to want independence4
7670933771The Declaration Of Independence1776 document written by colonist elites to British King and Parliament stating independence and what all was wrong with British rule and the King5
7670933772Battle of SaratogaHead to head battle between the British and Americans in country side, Americans win by a lot and show they have a chance6
7670933773French American AllianceFormed after battle of Saratoga when Americans proved to French they can win and French are allies because they want to damage an age old enemy7
7670933774Treaty of Paris1783 ended the American Revolutionary War Granted the land British gave Indians as American land now American colonies recognized as their own independent country8
7670933775Articles of confederationFirst form of government A lot of weaknesses No strong central government Strong state governments Causes economical problems and failure9
7670933776The Northwest Ordinance of 1787Land in Northwest is divided into 5 states (Michigan, Illinois, Ohio, Wisconsin, Indiana) they are all seen as equal to the 13 original states Reach a certain pop you can apply for statehood and be part of congress and slavery was outlawed10
7670933777Shay's Rebellion1786 farmers debt rebellion agriculture depression, economical failure and 2 out of 3 were being sued11
7670933778The ConstitutionNew format of government focuses more on a central national power and less on states 3 branch government that limit each other12
7670933779FederalismOne central power over all13
7670933780The Great CompromiseNew Jersey and Virginia plans together and create the senate and House of Representatives senate equal vote house of rep by population14
7670933781The Three-Fifths compromiseSlaves count as population for vote in congress 3 slaves for every 5 white were counted15
7670933782The Federalists papersEssays written by Federalists to get people to ratify the constitution plubis16
7670933783FederalistsSupported the ratification of the constitution one central strong government17
7670933784Anti federalistsAgainst ratification of the constitution18
7670933785The Bill of rightsFirst ten amendments of the constitution19
7670933786George Washington's presidency1st president formed the cabinets 2nd term strictly followed constitution left office to tell everyone they needed to be unified established framework of Supreme Court and how they will be decided judiciary20
7670933787HamiltonTackle debt- grant money back to people, national bank create national government, manufacturing establish tax revenue21
7670933788JeffersonWanted state governments against Hamilton 3rd president vice under John Adams voting process not fix yet and he got 2nd place22
7670933789Washington's farewell addressUnity and against foreign policies23
7670933790XYZ Affair3 agents from France try to bribe Americans who came as ambassadors to see the rulers of France common in Europe but Americans took offense and John Adams published what happened for all Americans to see decreasing support of republicans because they are Franco files24
7670933791Alien and Sedition ActsSedition- speaking false against congress or president Alien- allow president to prison or deport suspicious foreign during war Cut of increase of republicans25
7670933792Kentucky and Virginia ResolutionsIdea of nullification Legislatures that constitution was written by sovereign states so they could revoke the unconstitutional laws26
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AP US History Chapter 21 Flashcards

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9148826359American ExceptionalismThe idea that the American experience was different or unique from others, and therefore America had a unique or special role in the world, such as a "city upon a hill."0
9148826360"Remember the Maine"A slogan of the Spanish-American war referring to the sinking of a battleship in Cuba. Stirred up by yellow journalism, this lead McKinley to declare war.1
9148826361Teller AmendmentLegislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war.2
9148826362Insular CasesA series of Supreme Court cases from 1901-1903 in which the SC ruled that constitutional rights (citizenship) were not automatically extended to territorial possessions. It decided that the power of whether or not to grant Constitutional rights (citizenship) to territories belonged to Congress.3
9148826363Platt AmendmentA rider to the Army Appropriations Bill of 1901, it specified the conditions under which the U.S. could intervene in Cuba's internal affairs, and provided that Cuba could not make a treaty with another nation that might impair its independence. Its provisions where later incorporated into the Cuban Constitution.4
9148826364open door policyA policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China. US Secretary of State John Hay , fearing being shut out, sent those powers a note in 1899 claiming the right of equal trade5
9148826365Root-Takahira AgreementAgreement between Japan and America in which they pledged to respect each other's terratorial claims in the Pacific and also maintained an "open door" policy for trade with China It confirmed principles of free oceanic commerce and recognizing Japan's authority over Manchuria6
9148826366Panama Canal(TR) , The United States built this to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build it, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the it.7
9148826367Roosevelt CorollaryRoosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force actually turned the monroe doctrine upside down : instead of US protecting its neighbors from Europe and help them preserve their independence, it asserted the US's unrestricted right to to regulate Caribbean affairs was not a treaty but a unilateral declaration sanctioned only by America's military economic might8
9148826368Zimmerman telegramGerman Arthur Zimmerman sent a telegram to the German minister in Mexico City telling him to promise the Mexican President German help if Mexico went to war with the U.S. the telegram was intercepted and decoded by the British, shocked the American public.9
9148826369War Industries BoardThis government agency oversaw the production of all American factories during WWI. It determined priorities, allocated raw materials, and fixed prices; it told manufacturers what they could and could not produce.10
9148826370National War Labor BoardA federal agency founded in 1918 that established an eight-hour day for war workers (with time-and-a-half pay for overtime), endorsed equal pay for women, and supported workers' right to organize.11
9148826371Committee on Public InformationIt was headed by George Creel. The purpose of this committee was to mobilize people's minds for war, both in America and abroad. Tried to get the entire U.S. public to support U.S. involvement in WWI. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees. He proved that words were indeed weapons. April 1917 Wilson formed this - a government propaganda agency headed by George Creel12
9148826372Four-Minute MenName given to thousands of volunteers enlisted by the Committee on Public Information to deliver short prowar speeches at movie theaters, as part of an effort to galvanize public support for the war and suppress dissent.13
9148826373Sedition Act of 1918Wartime law that prohibited any words or behavior that might promote resistance to the United States or help in the cause of its enemies.14
9148826374Great MigrationBeginning during World War I, the movement of millions of African Americans from the rural South to cities in the North and Midwest in order to take jobs in industry.15
9148826375National Woman's PartyPolitical party founded in 1916 that fought for an Equal Rights Amendment to the U. S. Constitution in the early 20th century. headed by Alice Paul16
9148826376Fourteen PointsPresident Woodrow Wilson's 1918 plan for peace after World War I; at the Versailles peace conference, however, he failed to incorporate all of the points into the treaty. The Allies chose to base the talk on his ......................... - a blue print for peace that he presented a year earlier in a speech to congress17
9148826377League of NationsA world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.18
9148826378Treaty of Versailles1919 treaty that officially ended World War I; the immense penalties it placed on Germany are regarded as one of the causes of World War II.19
9148826379Theodore Roosevelt1858-1919. 26th President. Increased size of Navy, "Great White Fleet". Added Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine. "Big Stick" policy. Received Nobel Peace Prize for mediation of end of Russo-Japanese war. Later arbitrated split of Morocco between Germany and France.20
9148826380Alfred MahanAmerican Naval officer and historian. He is most famous for his book "The Influence of Sea Power on History" which defined Naval strategy. His philosophies had a major influence on the Navies of many nations resulting in a igniting of naval races between countries.21
9148826381Queen LiliuokalaniHawaiian Ruler, who called for new constitution to increase the monarch's power and restore political power to Hawaiians. 1893 she was overthrown by American businessman Sanford Dole.22
9148826382Emilio AguinaldoLeader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (1895-1898). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901.23
9148826383Porfirio DiazPresident of Mexico Mad American now backing up Francisco Madero - an advocate of constitutional government 1911 Madero forced ................ to resign and made himself prez24
9148826384Woodrow Wilson28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize. formed the Committee on Public Information (CPI) - a government propaganda agency headed by George Creel25
9148826385Herbert HooverA republican, emerged from the war as one of the nation's most admired public figures Led the most successful wartime agency (the Food Administration) created in August 1917, he convinced farmers to nearly double their acreage: slogan " Food will win the war"26
9148826386Alice PaulHead of the National Woman's party that campaigned for an equal rights amendment to the Constitution. She opposed legislation protecting women workers because such laws implied women's inferiority. Most condemned her way of thinking.27
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AP US History Chapter 9: Sectionalism Flashcards

Created by Matthew Piccolella

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7976463624Sectionalismloyalty to a particular region, led to the Civil War0
7976463625The Northconsisted of NE and Old NW, bound together by improved transportation and a high economic growth rate based on commercial farming and industrial innovation, vast majority still involved in AGRICULTURE, most populous, high birthrate and immigration1
7976463626Northeastconsisted of New England and the Middle Atlantic States2
7976463627Old Northweststretched from Ohio to Minnesota3
7976463628Industrial Northeastthis region had initially centered on the textile industry, but by the 1830s it was producing many different products4
7976463629Organized Laborindustrial development led many people to be dependent on factory owners for wages, problems of low pay, long hours, and unsafe working conditions led them to organize, first US labor party in 1828 in Philadelphia elected a few members to city council5
7976463631Labor Problemsdespite union efforts, workers were limited by periodic depressions, employers and courts that were hostile, and an abundant supply of cheap immigrant labor6
7976463632Urban Life1850 comprised 15% of total population, cities like Boston and Baltimore grew, slums expanded, crowded housing, poor sanitation, infectious diseases, high crime rates, despite these problems, new opportunities still brought immigrants7
7976463633African Americans250,000 African Americans lived in the North in 1860, only 1%, represented 50% of all free blacks, could maintain a family and sometimes own land, but they didn't have equality because of prejudices that prevented them from voting and holding jobs, brought in as strikebreakers8
7976463636John Deereinvented the steel plow9
7976463639Immigrationby 1832, immigration grew drastically, 4 million new arrivals in 20 year period, arrived in Boston, NY, or Philly, few journeyed to the South, many stayed where they land, strengthened the US economy by providing a steady stream of cheap labor and increased demand10
7976463640Reasons for Immigrationdevelopment of inexpensive and rapid ocean transportation, famines and revolutions in Europe, growing reputation of America as a land of opportunity and freedom11
7976463641Irishhalf of the immigrants, mostly tenant farmers driven to US by potato famine, had limited interest in farming and little money, discriminated against as Roman Catholics, congregated for mutual support in North, entered politics, joined the Democratic party12
7976463643Germanseconomic hardships and failure of democratic revolutions caused 1 million to seek refuge in US, most had moderate skills as farmers and artisans, moved westward in search of cheap farmland, established Homesteads, generally prospered, slowly became more active in public life, supporters of public education and opponents of slavery13
7976463644Nativistsmany native-born Americans feared the new immigrants would take their jobs and weaken the Anglo culture, Protestants who distrusted the Roman Catholicism and Germans, rioting and formation of a new party, faded in importance as the Civil War approached14
7976463645Know-Nothing Partynativist party preceded by the nativist movement in the 1840s, Supreme Order of the Star-Spangled Banner15
7976463646Th Southdistinct region that permitted slavery, including border states who didn't join the confederacy16
7976463648King Cottondevelopment of textile mills, Whitney's cotton gin made cotton cloth affordable, Britain depended on South's cotton to run its mills, moved west into new states, depleted the soil, provided 2/3 of all US exports17
7976463650Peculiar Institutionuneasiness with the fact that slaves were human beings and the need continually to defend slavery, colonial times had been justified as economic necessity, 19th century argued it was beneficial for both18
7976463651Slave Populationcotton boom led to fourfold increase in the number of slaves, 4 million in 1860, most came from natural reproduction, though many had been smuggled in, 75% of population led legislatures to increase slave codes to prevent rebellion19
7976463653Slave Lifeconditions varied from plantation to plantation, some were treated humanely, others routinely beaten, all had been deprived of freedom, families could be separated, vulnerable to sexual exploitation, African Americans managed to maintain a strong sense of family and religious faith20
7976463654Resistanceslaves contested their status using work slowdowns, sabotage, escape, and revolt, a few major slave uprisings, revolts were quickly suppressed, had a lasting impact, gave hope to enslaved African Americans, drove southern states to tighten slave codes, demonstrated the evils of lave21
7976463657Free African Americans250,000 in South, many slaves were emancipated during American Revolution, others were mulatto children, others through self-purchase who were paid wages for extra work, most lived in cities they they could own property, were not equal, were not permitted to vote, barred from certain occupation, had to show legal papers proving their free status22
7976463658Free Blacks in Southremained there, some wanted to be near family members who were in bondage, others believed the South to be home and the North to offer no greater opportunities23
7976463659Aristocracyperson usually had to own at least 100 slaves and farm at least 1000 acres, maintained political power by dominating state legislatures of the South and enacting laws that favored the large landholders' economic interests24
7976463660Farmersvast majority of slaveholders had fewer than 20 slaves working several hundred acres, produced bulk of the cotton crop, worked in the fields with their slaves, lived as modestly as Northern farmers25
7976463661Poor Whites3/4 owned no slaves, could not afford river-bottom land, many lived as subsistence farmers26
7976463662Hillbilliespoor whites who lived in hills as subsistence farmers, defended the slave system, thinking they could own slaves one day and be superior27
7976463663Mountain Peoplesmall number of farmers lived in isolation from the rest, slopes of Appalachian and Ozark mountains, disliked planters and their slaves, many would remain loyal to the Union28
7976463665Southern Thoughtsouth developed a culture uniquely its own, slavery became the basis of its political thought, other nations began to grow hostile toward it29
7976463666Code of Chivalryagricultural South was a largely feudal society, a strong sense of personal honor, the defense of womanhood, the paternalistic treatment of all who were deemed inferior30
7976463667Educationupper class valued a college education for their children, more than North did, acceptable professions were farming, law, ministry, and military, lower classes schooling beyond grade school was not a possibility, to avoid slave revolts slaves weren't given any education31
7976463668Religionslavery question affected church membership, Methodist and Baptist churches gained in membership while splitting with Northern counterparts, Unitarians challenged slavery and faced declining numbers, Catholics and Episcopalians declined32
7976463669The Westchanging definition as the result of increased expansion, consisted of California and Oregon in the 1800s33
7976463671Native American Exodus1850s vast majority were living west of Mississippi River, those in east had been killed off, emigrated reluctantly, been forced to leave their land by treaty or military action, Great Plains provided little relief34
7976463672Life on the Plainshorses proved to be a revolutionary benefit, allowed many groups like the Cheyenne and Sioux to become nomadic herders following the buffalo, could more easily avoid advancing settlers, etc.35
7976463673The Frontierconcept remained same across generations, movement represented a fresh start and new opportunities waiting, place promising greater freedom for ethnic groups36
7976463675White Settlers on Frontierlife for white settlers was similar to that of early colonists, worked hard from sunrise to sunset, lived in log cabins and other improvised shelters, more died at an early age from disease and malnutrition37
7976463676Women in Westperformed a myriad of tasks, doctor, teacher, seamstress, cook, chief assistant in the fields, isolation, endless work, rigors of childbirth meant limited lifespan38
7976463677Environmental Damagesettlers wold clear entire forests, had exhausted soil after only 2 generations with poor farming methods, trappers and hunters decimated beaver and buffalo populations39
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US AP History Period 1 Flashcards

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4939881904How did early Americans reach North and South America?They crossed a land bridge from Asia0
4939881905When was the land bridge formed? What was it made of?During the ice age, ice/land1
4939881906What were the Indians doing when they crossed the land bridge?Following food or herds2
4939881907What were the most complex Indian communities?Mayan, Inca and Aztecs3
4939881908What did the cultivation of maize do?Transform nomadic hunter-gather societies into settled farming communities4
4939881909What kinds of items did Europeans desire from Persia and China?Silk, Spices, Oils/Perfumes5
4939881910What were the Spanish 3 motives for exploration?1. God 2. Gold 3. Glory6
4939881911Which direction did Portugal head to reach Asia and India?South along the West coast of Africa.7
4939881912Who married to make Spain whole?Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille8
4939881913Where did Columbus land?Hispainola9
4939881914Columbus died thinking what?That he had found a trade route to Asia and that he had landed on the outskirts of India10
4939881915When Spain and Portugal went to the pope to see how to divide the world, the pope made what?The Treaty of Tordesillas11
4939881916What did the Treaty of Tordesillas say?Divided the trade routes to Asia: Spain gets the route across the Atlantic and Portugal gets the route around Africa. Also, Spain got a lot of land in the New World and Portugal got present-day Brazil.12
4939881917Who came to the New World once it was discovered?Spanish conquistadors13
4939881918Who conquered the Aztecs? Who conquered the Incas?Cortes-Aztecs Pizzaro- Incas14
4939881919What are the 2 things the Spanish give the Indians in exchange for their work (in the Encomienda System)1. Provide food, shelter, and good treatment to the Indians 2. Convert them to Christians15
4939881920What was the Encomienda System basically?Slavery16
4939881921Who worked for Indian's rights?Bartolome de las Casas17
4939881922What happened when the Spanish ran out of Indians to do work?They went and got Africans18
4939881923Who was the explorer sent by England to the New World? Where did he explore?John Cabot- coastline of North America19
4939881924Who was an explorer sent by Spain to the New World? (not Columbus) Where did he explore?Vasco Nunez de Balboa- Pacific Ocean20
4939881925What is Ferdinand Magellan credited with?The 1st circumnavigation of the earth21
4939881926When the Spanish moved north, what did they establish? Where?A fort (outpost) in St. Augustine, Fl22
4939881927What is the Biological (Columbian) Exchange?Exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between Old World and New World after the time of Columbus.23
4939881928What 3 crops from the Americas ended up being staple crops in Europe?1. Corn 2. Beans 3. Potatoes24
4939881929What was the "big" animal brought to the Americas that changed Indian life?Horses25
4939881930What diseases were from the Old World and went to the New World?Smallpox, malaria, yellow fever, influenza26
4939881931What disease did the Indians give Europeans?Syphillis27
4939881932Columbian ExchangeAn exchange of goods, ideas and skills from the Old World (Europe, Asia and Africa) to the New World (North and South America) and vice versa.28
4939881933EncomiendaA grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it29
4939881934Atlantic slave tradeLasted from 16th century until the 19th century. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas. 98% of Africans were sent to the Caribbean, South and Central America.30
4939881935Bartolome de las CasasFirst bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor; however his suggestion to replace Natives with Africans was won he would regret.31
4939881936MaizeAn early form of corn grown by Native Americans32
4939881937AnasaziA Native American who lived in what is now southern Colorado and Utah and northern Arizona and New Mexico and who built cliff dwellings33
4939881938IroquoisA later native group to the eastern woodlands. They blended agriculture and hunting living in common villages constructed from the trees and bark of the forests34
4939881939CherokeeAre a Native American people historically settled in the Southeastern United States (principally Georgia, the Carolinas and Eastern Tennessee). Linguistically, they are part of the Iroquoian-language family. In the 19th century, historians and ethnographers recorded their oral tradition that told of the tribe having migrated south in ancient times from the Great Lakes region, where other Iroquoian-speaking peoples were located.35
4939881940InuitA member of a people inhabiting the Arctic (northern Canada or Greenland or Alaska or eastern Siberia)36
4939881941MayaMesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.37
4939881942Aztec(1200-1521) 1300, they settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.38
4939881943IncaTheir empire stretched from what is today Ecuador to central Chili in the Andes Mountain region of South America. Called the Children of the Sun.39
4939881944TenochtitlanCapital of the Aztec Empire, located on an island in Lake Texcoco. Its population was about 150,000 on the eve of Spanish conquest. Mexico City was constructed on its ruins.40
4939881945Aztec calendar365 days, divided into 18 months each with 20 days.41
4939881946Terrace farmingThe cutting out of flat areas (terraces) into near vertical slopes to allow farming. Terrace farms appears as steps cut into a mountainside. This adaptation allowed both the early Chinese, and the Inca of Mesoamerica to grow enough food for their large populations.42
4939881947NomadEarly, simplistic man that migrated across the land bridge.43
4939881948Causes for European interest in exploration?The Holy Crusades, Renaissance and The Protestant Reformation.44
4939881949Martin LutherBroke away from the Catholic Church because of his 95 problems with the Catholic Church.45
4939881950King Henry VIIIBroke away from the Catholic Church because of his disagreement with his inability to get divorced; which eventually led to civil unrest in his country.46
4939881951New FranceEstablished in Canada and along the Mississippi River, focused on fur trade.47
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AP US History Chapter 10 Flashcards

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5514166768Characteristics of America at the time (late 1780s to 1790s)- Population doubling every 25 years - Still 90% rural - 5% lived West of Mountains - KY, TN, and OH resistive and not loyal because the Spanish and British agents offered them independence0
5514166769George Washington won the election _________unanimously1
5514166770George Washington's Cabinet- Constitution didn't mention it - Washington's administration - President "may require" written opinions of the heads of the executive branch departments2
5514166771Three department heads at the time- Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson - Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton - Secretary of War Henry Knox3
5514166772Anti-feds criticized the Constitution because of the lack of...guarantees of rights4
5514166773Two ways amendments could be added to the Constitution- New Constitutional Convention requested by 2/3 of the states - 2/3 vote of both houses of Congress5
5514166774James Madison- Feared a new convention might make the Federalists lose - Made the Bill of Rights - "Father of the Constitution"6
5514166775Bill of Rights1791 - First 10 Amendments - American principles like natural rights, jury, no cruel and unusual punishments, etc.7
55141667769th and 10th Amendment- 9th - Rights not listed in the Constitution are still rights - 10th - Anything the Constitution says Congress doesn't have is up to the states and the people8
5514166777Judiciary Act of 1789- Established a Supreme Court with a chief justice & five associates, federal districts & circuit courts, and an established office of the attorney general - John Jay became the first Chief Justice9
5514166778National debt at the time$75 million10
5514166779Economic plan of Alexander Hamilton- Wanted to shape policies of the government to favor wealthy groups - Would lend government monetary and political support - Prosperity would trickle down (BEFAT)11
5514166780Funding at parFederal government would pay off its debts at face value plus accumulated interest (would sell bonds from federal to state to ensure credibility)12
5514166781Why was funding at par made?There was no public funding for Alex because of the lack of confidence from the public13
5514166782Government bonds- People didn't trust the Treasury with his plan, so the value of them depreciated by 10 to 15¢ each - Some had many and bought more when Congress passed the plan14
5514166783Assumption- State debts regarded as national debt because of the Revolution - Would chain states more to the "federal chariot" - Would shift attachment of wealthy creditors from states to federal government15
5514166784Results of Assumption- States with heavy debt, like MA, appreciated it - States without tax, like VA, wanted some compensation16
5514166785The capital was moved because...Virginia in the assumption of debt wanted the DOC to be on Potomac River to gain commerce and prestige, so it was passed by Congress17
5514166786Why did Alexander Hamilton believe national debt was a blessing?More creditors the government owed money to meant more people with a personal stake in enterprise18
5514166787Hamilton's financial structure19
5514166788Tariff law- Revenues would pay for debt, and profits depended on foreign trade - 8% of value of imports - Also designed to put protection around smaller industries (not in Hamilton's original plan — he wanted it to be for larger manufacturers)20
5514166789Excise tax- Tax on a few domestic items, notably whiskey - 7¢ a gallon - Whiskey was used as currency because it flowed freely in the backcountry21
5514166790Explain the idea of the Bank of the United States- Hamilton took the model of the English bank - Private institution with government being the primary stockholder - Federal Treasury would keep its money - Federal funds would stimulate business by remaining in circulation - Could print money when needed22
5514166791Thomas Jefferson's rebuttal for Hamilton's bank idea- Said they had no power to make it — believed it was the states' rights - "Strict Constitution"23
5514166792Hamilton's response to Thomas Jefferson- Believed that Congress could pass anything necessary and proper - Government explicitly empowered to collect taxes and regulate trade - "Implied powers" or "loose constitution" - "Elastic clause"24
5514166793Responses to Hamilton from the public- Support from North because of commercial and financial centers - Opposition came from the South with agriculture25
5514166794Established bank of the US- Chartered for 20 years - 1791 in Philidelphia - Capital of $10 million - 1/5 owned by federal government - Stock thrown to the public - sold out in two hours26
5514166795Whiskey RebellionBy the Whiskey Boys in SW PN 1794 - Countrymen challenged national government - High excise tax was a burden on economic necessity - Made whiskey poles - like liberty poles - Tarred and feathered revenue officers - brought collections to a halt27
5514166796Reactions and results to the Whiskey Rebellion- GW summoned 13,000 militiamen - GW government gained a new respect for strength and authority - Brutal force to crush a small rebellion28
5514166797Emergence of political parties- Economic plan restored credibility but infringed upon states' rights - Madison and Jefferson made an opposition group to Hamiltonians - Originally supposed to be confined to Congress29
5514166798Loyal oppositionParty out of power balances wishes of their political party30
5514166799French Revolution- Against Louis XVI - Americans cheered for liberty - second part of their revolt - Only a few Federalists were hostile to them - France declared war on Austria - won and declared itself a republic31
5514166800Issues with the end of the French Revolution- King beheaded in 1793 - Church attacked - Reign of terror began32
5514166801Issues in America about the French Revolution- Federalist aristocrats feared Jeffersonian masses - "Lukewarm" Federalists approval of the revolution changed to disapproval - Jeffersonians disregarded bloodshed - thought a few thousand deaths were necessary for freedom33
5514166802George Washington in the war between France and Britain- Believed war had to be avoided at all costs - Nation was unstable and disunited - Strategy of delay allowed population to increase, stabilize the nation, and then assert its power34
5514166803Neutrality Proclamation1793 - GW proclaimed the government's official neutrality - Warned citizens to be impartial to armed camps35
5514166804Citizen Edmond Genêt- Came to Charleston, SC to negotiate - Fit out privateers and took advantage of alliance - Believed Neutrality Proclamation didn't reflect the true wishes of Americans - Recruited armies to invade Spanish Florida, Louisiana, and British Canada (in *America*!!!) - Threatened to appeal over the head of "Old Washington." - President demanded his withdrawal36
5514166805How was America useful to France by being neutral?It supplied the French West Indies needed foodstuffs. If they were in war, Britain would have blockaded the Yankees off37
5514166806Little Turtle- War Chief of Miamis - Defeated armies led by Josiah Harmar and Arthur St. Clair - Gave notice to the Miami Confederacy that there were divided borders38
5514166807Miami Confederacy- Alliance of eight Indian nations who terrorized Americans invading their lands - Received firearms and firewater from British agents39
5514166808Battle of Fallen Timbers1794 - New army under General "Mad Anthony" Wayne - British refused to shelter Indians - Treaty of Grenville offered40
5514166809Treaty of GrenvilleAugust 1795 - Confederacy gave up Old Northwest - Received $20k with $9k annually by Americans - Right to hunt lands - Recognition of status41
5514166810British Royal Navy- Struck the American ships giving supplies to French West Indies - Patriotic Americans wanted to fight George III - Federalists wanted peace — Hamilton's economic plan depended on trade with Britain42
5514166811Jay's Treaty- Britain would pay back for captured ships - Evacuate claims on US soil - Didn't say anything about future maritime seizures - Forced Jay to pay debts43
5514166812Why didn't the Jeffersonians like Jay's TreatyThey would have to pay their debts44
5514166813Pinckney's Treaty- Spain granted navigation of rivers - Warehouse rights at New Orleans - West Florida - Feared Anglo-American alliance45
5514166814Farewell Address- GW delivered it written out Four pieces of advice 1) Don't get involved in European affairs 2) Don't make "permanent alliances" in foreign affairs 3) Don't form political parties 4) Avoid sectionalism46
5514166815Results of George Washington's presidency- Established two-term tradition - Central government established - Expanded West - Merchant trading safer - Kept out of foreign affairs47
5514166816John Adams' presidency- Won presidential election 71-68 especially in New England - Jefferson became VP - No appeal to the masses - Couldn't fulfill GW's position as well48
5514166817XYZ Affair- John Adams sent three men to meet Charles Maurice de Tallyrand - Named X, Y, and Z - French asked for $250k to talk to them - Americans found it intolerable49
5514166818Charles Maurice de TallyrandMan who was at the XYZ affair meeting the American delegates50
5514166819"War" between France and America- Navy Department made - Three-ship Navy expanded - Marine Corps reestablished - 10,000 men army51
5514166820Results in France — the quarrel between America and France- Talleyrand realized another war would add another enemy - New American minister sent should be treated with respect52
5514166821Results in America — the quarrel between America and France- Adams got respect - Convention of 180053
5514166822Convention of 1800- France agreed to end 22-year-old treaty - America agreed to pay damage claims54
5514166823Alien Laws- Federalists raised citizen requirement to be from 5 years to 14 years - President could deport foreigners in times of peace and deport/imprison them in times of hostility55
5514166824Sedition ActAnyone who hindered policies of government or defamed its officials would be liable to a heavy penalty and imprisonment56
5514166825Results of the Alien and Sedition Acts- 10 Jeffersonians brought to trial with Federalist judges - Made converts for Jeffersonians - Made expire in 1801 so it couldn't be used against them if they lost the election57
5514166826Congressman Matthew Lyon"Spitting Lion" - Spit in a Federalist's face and got the nickname - Was sent to jail for four months (not because of spitting)58
5514166827Kentucky Resolution- Jefferson feared Federalists were wiping out Jeffersonians and other rights - Made a series of resolutions approved by KY legislature59
5514166828Virginia ResolutionJames Madison made a similar but less extreme resolution approved by VA legislature60
5514166829The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions- Made in opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts - 13 states were individual judges of whether or not authority was abused - Tried to preserve union - Crystalize opposition to Federalists61
5514166830Results to the VA and KY Resolutions- 1st statement of states' rights - Opened for nullification controversy and secession later on62
5514166831Federalist vs Democratic-Republican (Google Doc)http://preview.tinyurl.com/comparison-of-parties63
5514166832Jeffersonian beliefs- Only educated whites should vote- - Believed slaves were essential - without them, poor whites would have to provide labor - Strong appeal to middle class and underprivileged64
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