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AP Flashcards

7202325052	population pyramid	a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a population	0
7202325725	International migration	WW1,WW2,Korean war	1
7202326223	Folk culture	a culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups. Oral tradition	2
7202326529	Popular culture	Culture based on the tastes of ordinary people rather than an educated elite.	3
7202327076	Ethnicity	the fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition.	4
7202328433	Race	A group of people identified as distinct from other groups because of supposed physical or genetic traits shared by the group.	5
7202328434	Supranational Organization	a type of multinational political union where negotiated power is delegated to an authority by governments of member states. The EU,UN,International Monetary Fund	6
7202329176	Unclos	the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea	7
7202329677	What does Unclos do?	a belt of coastal waters extending at most 12 nautical miles from the baseline of a coastal state.	8
7202330144	Von Thunen's agricultural model	Ranching and live stock- Animals can be raised far from the city because they are self transporting and thus have lower transportation costs Grains and field crops-Crops last longer allowing a location further from the city Forests-timber and firewood produced for fuel and building. Wood is heavy and very difficult to transport. Dairy Farming-highest profits but also the highest transportation costs,vunerable and perishable Market Gardening-Goods that need to be closer to the city.	9
7202331629	Gmos in food	Genes of commercial interest are transferred from one organism to another. Two primary methods currently exist for introducing transgenes into plant genomes.	10
7202336361	Basic sectors of economic activity	1.extraction of raw material-miner 2.manufacturing-Technican 3.services-Detective	11
7202339058	Economic Development	can increase population growth and also decrease it.	12
7202339456	Burgess model	Earliest theoretical model to explain urban social structures.	13
7202339457	food desert	parts of the country vapid of fresh fruit, vegetables, and other healthful whole foods, usually found in impoverished areas.	14

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AP Flashcards

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4915951433	Chattel slavery	A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold like property	0
4915951434	Encomienda	A grant of Indian labor in Spanish America given in the 16th century by the Spanish kings to prominent men. Encomenderos extracted tribute from these Indians in exchange for granting them protection and Christian instruction.	1
4915951435	Columbian exchange	The massive global exchange of living things, including people, animals, plants, and diseases, between the Eastern and Western hemispheres that began after the voyages of columbus.	2
4915951436	Mercantilism	Our system of political economy based on government regulations. Beginning in 1650, Britain enacted navigation acts that controlled colonial commerce and manufacturing for the enrichment of Britain	3
4915951437	House of Burgesses	Organ of government in colonial Virginia made up of an assembly of representatives elected by the colony's inhabitants	4
4915951438	Royal Colony	In the English system, a royal colony was chartered by the crown. The colony's governor was appointed by the crown insert according to the instructions of the board of trade.	5
4915951439	Headright system	A system of land distribution, pioneered in Virginia and used in several other colonies, that granted land usually 50 acres - to anyone who paid the passage of a new arrival. Buy this means, large planters amassed huge land holdings as they imported large numbers of servants and slaves.	6
4915951440	Indentured servitude	Workers contracted for service for a specified period. In exchange for agreeing to work for four or five years (or more) without wages in the colonies, indentured workers received passage across the Atlantic, room and board, and status as a free person at the end of the contract period.	7
4915951441	Pilgrims	One of the first protestant groups to come to America, seeking a separation from the church of England. They founded Plymouth, the first permanent community in new England, in 1620.	8
4915951442	Puritans	Dissenters from the church of England who wanted a genuine re-formation rather than the partial re-formation sought by Henry VIII. The Puritans religious principles emphasized the importance of an individual's relationship with God developed through Bible study, prayer, and introspection.	9
4915951443	Covenant of works	That would save the well behaved	10
4915951444	Covenant of grace	The Christian idea that God's elect are granted salvation as a pure gift of grace. This doctrine holds that nothing people do can erase their sentence or earn them a place in heaven.	11
4915951445	Town meeting	A system of local government in new England in which all male heads of households that regularly to elect selectmen, levy local taxes, and regulate markets, roads, and schools.	12
4915951446	Openchancanough	Powhatan's younger brother and successor	13
4915951447	Lord Baltimore	Catholic aristocrat Cecilius Calvert	14
4915951448	John Winthrop	Well educated country Squire who became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony.	15
4915951449	Roger Williams	The Puritans minister in Salem	16
4915951450	Anne Hutchinson	The wife of a merchant and mother of seven, Hutchinson held weekly prayer meetings for woman and accused various Boston clergymen of placing undue emphasis on good behavior.	17
4915951451	Metacom	Wampanoag leader known as King Philip	18

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AP French-Family and Community Flashcards

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6008906285	un adulte	adult	0
6008906286	un ancêtre	ancestor	1
6008906287	une tante	aunt	2
6008906288	un copain	boyfriend	3
6008906289	un petit ami	boyfriend	4
6008906290	une mariée	bride	5
6008906291	un frère	brother	6
6008906292	un beau-frère	brother-in-law, stepbrother	7
6008906293	un enfant	child	8
6008906294	les proches	close relatives	9
6008906295	les conjoints	couple	10
6008906296	un cousin/ une cousine	cousin	11
6008906297	une fille	daughter	12
6008906298	une bru	daughter-in-law	13
6008906299	un père	father	14
6008906300	un beau-père	father-in-law, stepfather	15
6008906301	un fiancé/ une fiancée	fiancé	16
6008906302	une copine	girlfriend	17
6008906303	une petite amie	girlfriend	18
6008906304	un parrain	godfather	19
6008906305	une marraine	godmother	20
6008906306	une petite fille	granddaughter	21
6008906307	un grand-père	grandfather	22
6008906308	une grand-mère	grandmother	23
6008906309	un petit fils	grandson	24
6008906310	un arrière grand parent	great grandparent	25
6008906311	un marié	groom	26
6008906312	un demi-frère	half brother	27
6008906313	une demi-soeur	half sister	28
6008906314	un mari	husband	29
6008906315	la belle famille	in-laws	30
6008906316	un amant/ une amante	lover	31
6008906317	une mère	mother	32
6008906318	une belle-mère	mother-in-law, stepmother	33
6008906319	un neveu	nephew	34
6008906320	un nouveau-né	newborn	35
6008906321	une nièce	niece	36
6008906322	l'aîné	older sibling	37
6008906323	un/une enfant unique	only child	38
6008906324	un ophelin/ une orpheline	orphan	39
6008906325	un parent	parent	40
6008906326	la compagne	partner	41
6008906327	le compagnon	partner	42
6008906328	un partenaire/ une partenaire	partner	43
6008906329	un père célibataire	single father	44
6008906330	une mère célibataire	single mother	45
6008906331	une soeur	sister	46
6008906332	une belle-soeur	sister-in-law, stepsister	47
6008906333	un fils	son	48
6008906334	un gendre	son-in-law	49
6008906335	un conjoint/ une conjointe	spouse	50
6008906336	un époux/ une épouse	spouse	51
6008906337	une belle-fille	stepdaughter	52
6008906338	un beau-fils	stepson	53
6008906339	un adolescent	teenager	54
6008906340	un jumeau/ une jumelle	twin	55
6008906341	un oncle	uncle	56
6008906342	une veuve	widow	57
6008906343	un veuf	widower	58
6008906344	une femme	wife	59
6008906345	le cadet/ la cadette	younger sibling	60
6008906346	maman	mom	61
6008906347	mémé	grandma	62
6008906348	papa	dad	63
6008906349	pépé	grandpa	64
6008906350	un ado	teen	65
6008906351	un/une gosse	kid (brat)	66
6008906352	un/une môme	kid	67
6008906353	adopté	adopted	68
6008906354	autonome	autonomous	69

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AP Le Roissignol Flashcards

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5011567119	le rossignol	the nightingale	0
5381034899	dont	from which (2)	1
5381041399	un lai	a lay, type of medieval poem (2)	2
5381048619	chevaliers	knights (9)	3
5381050472	demeures	residence / where one lives (10)	4
5381081796	la valeur	valor (11)	5
5381052574	renom	fame (12)	6
5381055868	courtoisie	courtly manners; of the court (14)	7
5381060260	la parfaite conduite	perfect behavior (15)	8
5381067845	célibataire	single; unmarried (17)	9
5381069655	renommé	renowned or famous (18)	10
5381072705	pairs	peers (18)	11
5381076774	prouesse	achievement or prowess (19)	12
5381086452	fastueuse	extravagant (20)	13
5381088284	tournois	tournaments (21)	14
5381090908	les largesses	generosity (22)	15
5381099139	s'éprit	in love with (23)	16
5381105282	voisin	neighbor (23)	17
5381108959	requêtes	queries (24)	18
5381112168	valoir	to be worth (26)	19
5381117670	prenant soin	being careful (30)	20
5381121189	se cacher	to hide oneself (30)	21
5381127778	soupçonnés	suspected (32)	22
5381134982	se lançaient	would throw (44)	23
5381137051	bonheur	happiness (46)	24
5381139356	se rejoindre	to meet (47)	25
5381139357	guise	wish (48)	26
5381146557	empêcher	to prevent (54)	27
5381150275	de loin	from a distance (56)	28
5381154804	bois et prés	woods and meadows (59)	29
5381162419	reverdi	to grow green again (59)	30
5381164653	doucement	softly (61)	31
5381168242	tout autant	as much as (75)	32
5381179156	éveillée	awake (76)	33
5381184944	goûtaient	tasted (77)	34
5381189773	puisque	since, because (78)	35
5381194186	suscita	provoked or aroused (80)	36
5381197654	la colère	anger (80)	37
5381200051	celui qui	the one who or that (85)	38
5381207011	un sourire moqueur	sinister or mocking smile (92)	39
5381210862	prendre...au piège	to catch in a trap, to entrap, ensnare (94)	40
5381216349	noisetiers...châtaigniers	hazelnut...chestnut trees (98)	41
5381227155	la glu	strong glue to catch birds (99)	42
5381235427	veiller	to stay awake (108)	43
5381237496	Désormais	from now on (109)	44
5381240853	pure méchanceté	pure wickedness (114)	45
5381245561	en lui tordant le cou	twisting its neck (115)	46
5381251483	tache	to stain (118)	47
5381255319	maudit	curse (122)	48
5381257144	ont trahi	betrayed (123)	49
5381260077	l'ont privée	deprived her (125)	50
5381265158	Hélas	Alas (126)	51
5381269740	délaisse	neglect or abandon (131)	52
5381273375	une étoffe de soie	piece of silk (135)	53
5381277369	a brodé	embroidered (136)	54
5381283350	chagrin	sorrow (147)	55
5381285172	agir	to act (148)	56
5381287638	homme courtois	courtly man (148)	57
5381289288	un coffret	treasure box (149))	58
5381290782	fer...acier	iron...steel (150)	59
5381294065	serti	set with jewels (151)	60
5381298182	un couvercle	a lid (153)	61
5381300067	sceller	to seal (155)	62
5381300081	châsse	shrine (155)	63

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AP Literature Poetry Terms Flashcards

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6495445741	Alliteration	the occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.	0
6495445742	Allusion	an expression designed to call something to mind without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference.	1
6495449139	Assonance	in poetry, the repetition of the sound of a vowel or diphthong in nonrhyming stressed syllables near enough to each other for the echo to be discernible (e.g., penitence, reticence ).	2
6495449140	Ballad	a poem or song narrating a story in short stanzas. Traditional ballads are typically of unknown authorship, having been passed on orally from one generation to the next as part of the folk culture. Written in quatrains.	3
6495451526	Caesura	(in modern verse) a pause near the middle of a line.	4
6495456790	Cosonance	the recurrence of similar sounds, especially consonants, in close proximity (chiefly as used in prosody).	5
6495456791	Couplet	two lines of verse, usually in the same meter and joined by rhyme, that form a unit.	6
6495458833	Dramatic Monologue	a poem in the form of a speech or narrative by an imagined person, in which the speaker inadvertently reveals aspects of their character while describing a particular situation or series of events.	7
6495458834	Elegy	a sad poem, usually written to praise and express sorrow for someone who is dead.	8
6495460855	End-stopped lines	a poetic device in which a pause comes at the end of a syntactic unit (sentence, clause or phrase); this pause can be expressed in writing as a punctuation mark such as a colon, semi-colon, period or full stop.	9
6495460856	Enjambment	(in verse) the continuation of a sentence without a pause beyond the end of a line, couplet, or stanza.	10
6495463856	Free verse	poetry that does not rhyme or have a regular meter.	11
6495463857	Hyperbole	exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.	12
6495463858	Iamb	a metrical foot consisting of one short (or unstressed) syllable followed by one long (or stressed) syllable.	13
6495465492	Imagery	visually descriptive or figurative language, especially in a literary work.	14
6495465493	Kenning	a conventional poetic phrase used for or in addition to the usual name of a person or thing, especially in Icelandic and Anglo-Saxon verse, as "a wave traveler" for "a boat.".	15
6495465494	Metaphor	a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable.	16
6495467552	Meter	a stressed and unstressed syllabic pattern in a verse or within the lines of a poem.	17
6495467553	Metonymy	the substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant, for example suit for business executive, or the track for horse racing.	18
6495467554	Ode	a lyric poem in the form of an address to a particular subject, often elevated in style or manner and written in varied or irregular meter.	19
6495469514	Paradox	a statement that is self contradictory because it often contains two statements that are both true, but in general, cannot both be true at the same time.	20
6495469515	Personification	the attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman, or the representation of an abstract quality in human form.	21
6495474049	Petrarchan/ Italian Sonnet	a sonnet consisting of an octave rhyming abba abba and a sestet rhyming in any of various patterns (as cde cde or cdc dcd)	22
6495474050	Quatrain	a stanza of four lines, especially one having alternate rhymes.	23
6495476143	Refrain	a verse, a line, a set, or a group of some lines that appears at the end of stanza, or appears where a poem divides into different sections.	24
6495478831	Rhyme	correspondence of sound between words or the endings of words, especially when these are used at the ends of lines of poetry.	25
6495480569	Slant Rhyme	a type of rhyme formed by words with similar but not identical sounds. In most instances, either the vowel segments are different while the consonants are identical, or vice versa.	26
6495488657	Approximate, Masculine Rhyme	when a poet keeps the same vowel sounds, but uses words with different ending consonant sounds. For example, 'grudge' and 'love'. The vowel sounds in these two words are the same, but the 'dg' sound is similar to, but not the exact same as, the 'v' sound.	27
6495490413	Feminine, Internal Rhyme	a rhyme between stressed syllables followed by one or more unstressed syllables (e.g., stocking / shocking, glamorous / amorous .).	28
6495493079	Shakespearean Sonnet	The sonnet form composed of three quatrains and a terminal couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg. Also called Elizabethan sonnet, English sonnet.	29
6495493080	Simile	a figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid (e.g., as brave as a lion, crazy like a fox ). Uses like or as.	30
6495493081	Sonnet	a poem of fourteen lines using any of a number of formal rhyme schemes, in English typically having ten syllables per line.	31
6495495132	Speaker	the voice behind the poem—the person we imagine to be saying the thing out loud.	32
6495495133	Symbolism	the use of symbols to signify ideas and qualities by giving them symbolic meanings that are different from their literal sense.	33
6495497482	Synechdoche	A figure of speech in which a term for a part of something refers to the whole of something or vice versa.	34
6495497483	Synesthesia	refers to a technique adopted by writers to present ideas, characters or places in such a manner that they appeal to more than one senses like hearing, seeing, smell etc. at a given time.	35
6495499334	Terza Rima	an arrangement of triplets, especially in iambs, that rhyme aba bcb cdc, etc., as in Dante's Divine Comedy.	36
6495499335	Tercet, Triplet	A 3-lined stanza.	37
6495501147	Tone	The poet's attitude toward the poem's speaker, reader, and subject matter, as interpreted by the reader.	38
6495501148	Villanelle	a nineteen-line poem with two rhymes throughout, consisting of five tercets and a quatrain, with the first and third lines of the opening tercet recurring alternately at the end of the other tercets and with both repeated at the close of the concluding quatrain.	39
6495504397	Visual or concrete Poetry	poetry in which the meaning or effect is conveyed partly or wholly by visual means, using patterns of words or letters and other typographical devices.	40

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9845168552	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9845168553	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9845168554	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9845168555	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9845168556	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9845168557	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9845168558	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9845168559	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9845168560	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9845168561	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9845168562	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9845168563	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9845168564	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9845168565	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9845168566	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9845168567	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9845168568	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9845168569	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9845168570	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9845168571	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9845168572	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9845168573	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9845168574	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9845168575	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9845168576	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9845168577	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9845168578	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9845168579	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9845168580	theory	general idea being tested	28
9845168581	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9845168582	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9845168583	mode	appears the most	31
9845168584	mean	average	32
9845168585	median	middle	33
9845168586	range	highest - lowest	34
9845168587	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9845168588	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9845168589	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9845168590	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9845168591	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9845168592	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9845168593	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9845168594	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9845168786	neuron		43
9845168595	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9845168596	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9845168597	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9845168598	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9845168599	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9845168600	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9845168601	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9845168602	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9845168603	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9845168604	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9845168605	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9845168606	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9845168607	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9845168608	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9845168609	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9845168610	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9845168611	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9845168612	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9845168613	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9845168614	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9845168615	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9845168616	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9845168617	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9845168618	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9845168619	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9845168620	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9845168621	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9845168622	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9845168623	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9845168624	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9845168625	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9845168626	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9845168627	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9845168628	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9845168629	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9845168630	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9845168631	occipital lobe	vision	80
9845168632	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9845168633	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9845168634	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9845168635	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9845168636	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9845168637	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9845168638	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9845168639	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9845168640	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9845168641	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9845168642	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9845168643	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9845168644	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9845168645	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9845168646	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9845168647	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9845168648	rods	night time	97
9845168649	cones	color	98
9845168650	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9845168651	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9845168652	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9845168653	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9845168654	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9845168655	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9845168656	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9845168657	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9845168658	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9845168659	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9845168660	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9845168661	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9845168662	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9845168663	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9845168664	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9845168665	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9845168666	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9845168667	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9845168668	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9845168669	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9845168670	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9845168671	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9845168672	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9845168673	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9845168674	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9845168675	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9845168676	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9845168677	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9845168678	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9845168679	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9845168680	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9845168681	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9845168682	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9845168683	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9845168684	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9845168685	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9845168686	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9845168687	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9845168688	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9845168689	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9845168690	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9845168691	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9845168692	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9845168693	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9845168694	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9845168695	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9845168696	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9845168697	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9845168698	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9845168699	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9845168700	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9845168701	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9845168702	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9845168703	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9845168704	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9845168705	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9845168706	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9845168707	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9845168708	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9845168709	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9845168710	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9845168711	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9845168712	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9845168713	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9845168714	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9845168715	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9845168716	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9845168717	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9845168718	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9845168719	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9845168720	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9845168721	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9845168722	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9845168723	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9845168724	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9845168725	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9845168726	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9845168727	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9845168728	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9845168729	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9845168730	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9845168731	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9845168732	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9845168733	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9845168734	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9845168735	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9845168736	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9845168737	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9845168738	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9845168739	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9845168740	encoding	information going in	189
9845168741	storage	keeping information in	190
9845168742	retrieval	taking information out	191
9845168743	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9845168744	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9845168745	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9845168746	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9845168747	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9845168748	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9845168749	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9845168750	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9845168751	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9845168752	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9845168753	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9845168754	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9845168755	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9845168756	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9845168757	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9845168758	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9845168759	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9845168760	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9845168761	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9845168762	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9845168763	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9845168764	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9845168765	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9845168766	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9845168767	context	environment helps with memory	216
9845168768	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9845168769	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9845168770	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9845168771	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9845168772	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9845168773	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9845168774	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9845168775	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9845168776	prototypes	generalize	225
9845168777	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9845168778	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9845168779	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9845168780	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9845168781	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9845168782	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9845168783	grammar is _________	universal	232
9845168784	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9845168785	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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6183789448	Counter Reformation	Also known as Catholic Reformation	0
6183789449	English Civil War	A conflict over royal verses. Parliamentary rights caused by king Charles the first arrested of his parliamentary critics and ended with his execution its outcome checked the royal grow absolutism and with the glorious Revolution of 1688 and the English Bill of Rights of 1689 ensure that Anglina would be a constitutional monarchy	1
6183789450	Oliver Cromwell	Partían general -Replaced Charles the first and began monarchy with a republic	2
6183789451	Charles II (England)	Paid William Penn in 1682 a huge grant for territory in Pennsylvania because he owned Penn's father	3
6183789452	Versailles	The huge palace built for French king Louis 14th S. Paris in the town of the same name. The power is symbolized the prominence of French power and architecture in Europe and triumph of royal authority over the French nobility	4
6183789453	Holy Roman empire	Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities headed by an emperor elected by the princes it lasted from 962 to 1806	5
6183789454	Witchhunt	The pursuit of people suspected of witchcraft especially in northern Europe in the late 16th and 17th centuries. 2/3 women	6
6183789455	Scientific revolution	Intellectual movement in Europe intentionally associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics that by the 17th century I'd lay the groundwork for modern science	7
6183789456	enlightenment	Philosophical movement in 18th century Europe that fast of the belief that no one could reform society by discovering rational laws that govern social behavior and we're just a scientific as the laws of physics	8
6183789457	bourgeoisie	Modern Europe the class of well-off town dwellers who is wealth came for manufacturing, finance, commerce and allied professions	9
6183789458	joint-stock company	A business often backed by government charter that sold shares to individuals to raise money for its trading enterprises and to spread the risk/profits among many investors	10
6183789459	Medici	Wealthiest family	11
6183789460	Habsburg	A powerful European family that provided many holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian empire and ruled 16th and 17th century Spain	12
6183789461	Henry VIII (England)	Strong defender of the Papcy against Lutheran criticism. He wanted to get divorce from Catherine of Aragon and basically started a war with the catholic church established Church of England	13
6183789462	Henry IV (France)	Bourbon king, son of King Louis XIII, supported the Catholic Church	14
6183789463	James II (England))	Refused to accept Parliament's rights and had his heir baptized a Roman Catholic and then they exiled him and the Glorious Revolution of 1688 started.	15
6183789464	Saint Bartholomew's day Massacre	The St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (French: Massacre de la Saint-Barthélemy) in 1572 was a targeted group of assassinations and a wave of Catholic mob violence, directed against the Huguenots (French Calvinist Protestants) during the French Wars of Religion.	16
6183789465	Potosi	Located in Bolivia, one of the richest silver mining centers in most populous cities in colonial Spanish America	17
6183789466	Encomienda	A grant of authority over a population of Amerindians in the Spanish colonies. He provided the grant holder with a supply of cheap labor and periodic payments of goods by the Amerindians	18
6183789467	Mita	Andean Labor system based on sharing obligations to help kinsman and work on behalf of the ruler and will just organizations	19
6183789468	New Laws of 1542	(Bartolomé de las Casas) prohibited American Indian slavery and suggested alternative of using African slaves	20
6183789469	Chattel slavery	Chattel slavery is what most people have in mind when they think of the kind of slavery that existed in the United States before the Civil War, and that existed legally throughout many parts of the world as far back as recorded history. Slaves were actual property who could be bought, sold, traded or inherited.	21
6183789470	Triangular trade	The route taken by people or whatever across the Atlantic ocean	22
6183789471	Middle passage	Worst part of triangular trade route, part where slaves are shipped across ocean	23
6183789472	Columbian exchange	The exchange of plants and animals diseases and technologies in the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus' voyages	24
6183789473	Hidalgos/Peninsulares	White, Spanish	25
6183789474	Creoles	White, born in America but parents are Spanish	26
6183789475	Mesfizos	Mix of Spanish and indigenous ancestry	27

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9848418948	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9848418949	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9848418950	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9848418951	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9848418952	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9848418953	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9848418954	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9848418955	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9848418956	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9848418957	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9848418958	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9848418959	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9848418960	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9848418961	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9848418962	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9848418963	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9848418964	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9848418965	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9848418966	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9848418967	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9848418968	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9848418969	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9848418970	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9848418971	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9848418972	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9848418973	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9848418974	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9848418975	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9848418976	theory	general idea being tested	28
9848418977	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9848418978	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9848418979	mode	appears the most	31
9848418980	mean	average	32
9848418981	median	middle	33
9848418982	range	highest - lowest	34
9848418983	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9848418984	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9848418985	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9848418986	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9848418987	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9848418988	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9848418989	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9848418990	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9848419184	neuron		43
9848418991	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9848418992	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9848418993	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9848418994	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9848418995	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9848418996	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9848418997	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9848418998	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9848418999	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9848419000	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9848419001	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9848419002	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9848419003	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9848419004	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9848419005	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9848419006	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9848419007	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9848419008	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9848419009	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9848419010	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9848419011	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9848419012	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9848419013	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9848419014	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9848419015	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9848419016	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9848419017	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9848419018	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9848419019	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9848419020	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9848419021	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9848419022	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9848419023	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9848419024	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9848419025	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9848419026	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9848419027	occipital lobe	vision	80
9848419028	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9848419029	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9848419030	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9848419031	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9848419032	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9848419033	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9848419034	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9848419035	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9848419036	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9848419037	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9848419038	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9848419039	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9848419040	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9848419041	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9848419042	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9848419043	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9848419044	rods	night time	97
9848419045	cones	color	98
9848419046	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9848419047	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9848419048	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9848419049	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9848419050	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9848419051	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9848419052	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9848419053	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9848419054	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9848419055	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9848419056	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9848419057	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9848419058	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9848419059	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9848419060	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9848419061	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9848419062	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9848419063	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9848419064	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9848419065	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9848419066	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9848419067	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9848419068	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9848419069	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9848419070	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9848419071	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9848419072	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9848419073	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9848419074	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9848419075	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9848419076	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9848419077	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9848419078	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9848419079	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9848419080	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9848419081	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9848419082	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9848419083	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9848419084	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9848419085	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9848419086	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9848419087	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9848419088	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9848419089	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9848419090	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9848419091	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9848419092	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9848419093	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9848419094	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9848419095	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9848419096	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9848419097	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9848419098	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9848419099	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9848419100	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9848419101	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9848419102	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9848419103	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9848419104	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9848419105	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9848419106	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9848419107	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9848419108	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9848419109	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9848419110	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9848419111	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9848419112	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9848419113	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9848419114	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9848419115	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9848419116	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9848419117	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9848419118	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9848419119	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9848419120	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9848419121	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9848419122	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9848419123	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9848419124	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9848419125	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9848419126	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9848419127	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9848419128	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9848419129	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9848419130	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9848419131	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9848419132	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9848419133	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9848419134	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9848419135	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9848419136	encoding	information going in	189
9848419137	storage	keeping information in	190
9848419138	retrieval	taking information out	191
9848419139	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9848419140	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9848419141	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9848419142	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9848419143	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9848419144	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9848419145	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9848419146	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9848419147	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9848419148	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9848419149	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9848419150	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9848419151	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9848419152	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9848419153	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9848419154	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9848419155	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9848419156	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9848419157	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9848419158	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9848419159	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9848419160	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9848419161	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9848419162	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9848419163	context	environment helps with memory	216
9848419164	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9848419165	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9848419166	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9848419167	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9848419168	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9848419169	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9848419170	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9848419171	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9848419172	prototypes	generalize	225
9848419173	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9848419174	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9848419175	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9848419176	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9848419177	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9848419178	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9848419179	grammar is _________	universal	232
9848419180	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9848419181	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9848623294	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9848623295	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9848623296	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9848623297	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9848623298	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9848623299	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9848623300	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9848623301	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9848623302	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9848623303	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9848623304	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9848623305	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9848623306	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9848623307	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9848623308	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9848623309	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9848623310	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9848623311	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9848623312	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9848623313	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9848623314	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9848623315	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9848623316	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9848623317	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9848623318	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9848623319	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9848623320	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9848623321	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9848623322	theory	general idea being tested	28
9848623323	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9848623324	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9848623325	mode	appears the most	31
9848623326	mean	average	32
9848623327	median	middle	33
9848623328	range	highest - lowest	34
9848623329	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9848623330	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9848623331	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9848623332	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9848623333	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9848623334	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9848623335	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9848623336	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9848623528	neuron		43
9848623337	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9848623338	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9848623339	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9848623340	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9848623341	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9848623342	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9848623343	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9848623344	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9848623345	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9848623346	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9848623347	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9848623348	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9848623349	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9848623350	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9848623351	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9848623352	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9848623353	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9848623354	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9848623355	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9848623356	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9848623357	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9848623358	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9848623359	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9848623360	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9848623361	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9848623362	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9848623363	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9848623364	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9848623365	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9848623366	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9848623367	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9848623368	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9848623369	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9848623370	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9848623371	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9848623372	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9848623373	occipital lobe	vision	80
9848623374	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9848623375	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9848623376	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9848623377	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9848623378	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9848623379	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9848623380	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9848623381	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9848623382	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9848623383	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9848623384	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9848623385	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9848623386	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9848623387	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9848623388	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9848623389	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9848623390	rods	night time	97
9848623391	cones	color	98
9848623392	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9848623393	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9848623394	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9848623395	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9848623396	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9848623397	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9848623398	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9848623399	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9848623400	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9848623401	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9848623402	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9848623403	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9848623404	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9848623405	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9848623406	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9848623407	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9848623408	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9848623409	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9848623410	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9848623411	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9848623412	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9848623413	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9848623414	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9848623415	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9848623416	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9848623417	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9848623418	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9848623419	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9848623420	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9848623421	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9848623422	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9848623423	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9848623424	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9848623425	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9848623426	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9848623427	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9848623428	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9848623429	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9848623430	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9848623431	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9848623432	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9848623433	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9848623434	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9848623435	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9848623436	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9848623437	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9848623438	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9848623439	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9848623440	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9848623441	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9848623442	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9848623443	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9848623444	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9848623445	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9848623446	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9848623447	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9848623448	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9848623449	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9848623450	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9848623451	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9848623452	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9848623453	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9848623454	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9848623455	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9848623456	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9848623457	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9848623458	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9848623459	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9848623460	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9848623461	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9848623462	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9848623463	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9848623464	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9848623465	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9848623466	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9848623467	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9848623468	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9848623469	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9848623470	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9848623471	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9848623472	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9848623473	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9848623474	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9848623475	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9848623476	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9848623477	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9848623478	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9848623479	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9848623480	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9848623481	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9848623482	encoding	information going in	189
9848623483	storage	keeping information in	190
9848623484	retrieval	taking information out	191
9848623485	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9848623486	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9848623487	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9848623488	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9848623489	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9848623490	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9848623491	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9848623492	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9848623493	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9848623494	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9848623495	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9848623496	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9848623497	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9848623498	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9848623499	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9848623500	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9848623501	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9848623502	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9848623503	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9848623504	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9848623505	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9848623506	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9848623507	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9848623508	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9848623509	context	environment helps with memory	216
9848623510	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9848623511	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9848623512	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9848623513	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9848623514	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9848623515	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9848623516	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9848623517	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9848623518	prototypes	generalize	225
9848623519	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9848623520	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9848623521	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9848623522	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9848623523	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9848623524	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9848623525	grammar is _________	universal	232
9848623526	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9848623527	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

9849936262	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9849936263	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9849936264	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9849936265	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9849936266	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9849936267	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9849936268	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9849936269	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9849936270	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9849936271	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9849936272	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9849936273	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9849936274	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9849936275	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9849936276	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9849936277	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9849936278	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9849936279	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9849936280	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9849936281	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9849936282	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9849936283	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9849936284	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9849936285	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9849936286	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9849936287	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9849936288	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9849936289	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9849936290	theory	general idea being tested	28
9849936291	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9849936292	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9849936293	mode	appears the most	31
9849936294	mean	average	32
9849936295	median	middle	33
9849936296	range	highest - lowest	34
9849936297	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9849936298	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9849936299	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9849936300	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9849936301	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9849936302	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9849936303	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9849936304	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9849936497	neuron		43
9849936305	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9849936306	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9849936307	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9849936308	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9849936309	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9849936310	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9849936311	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9849936312	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9849936313	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9849936314	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9849936315	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9849936316	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9849936317	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9849936318	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9849936319	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9849936320	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9849936321	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9849936322	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9849936323	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9849936324	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9849936325	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9849936326	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9849936327	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9849936328	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9849936329	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9849936330	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9849936331	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9849936332	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9849936333	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9849936334	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9849936335	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9849936336	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9849936337	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9849936338	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9849936339	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9849936340	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9849936341	occipital lobe	vision	80
9849936342	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9849936343	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9849936344	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9849936345	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9849936346	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9849936347	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9849936348	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9849936349	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9849936350	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9849936351	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9849936352	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9849936353	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9849936354	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9849936355	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9849936356	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9849936357	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9849936358	rods	night time	97
9849936359	cones	color	98
9849936360	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9849936361	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9849936362	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9849936363	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9849936364	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9849936365	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9849936366	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9849936367	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9849936368	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9849936369	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9849936370	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9849936371	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9849936372	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9849936373	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9849936374	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9849936375	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9849936376	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9849936377	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9849936378	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9849936379	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9849936380	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9849936381	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9849936382	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9849936383	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9849936384	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9849936385	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9849936386	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9849936387	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9849936388	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9849936389	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9849936390	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9849936391	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9849936392	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9849936393	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9849936394	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9849936395	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9849936396	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9849936397	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9849936398	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9849936399	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9849936400	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9849936401	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9849936402	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9849936403	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9849936404	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9849936405	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9849936406	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9849936407	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9849936408	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9849936409	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9849936410	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9849936411	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9849936412	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9849936413	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9849936414	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9849936415	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9849936416	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9849936417	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9849936418	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9849936419	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9849936420	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9849936421	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9849936422	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9849936423	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9849936424	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9849936425	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9849936426	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9849936427	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9849936428	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9849936429	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9849936430	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9849936431	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9849936432	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9849936433	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9849936434	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9849936435	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9849936436	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9849936437	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9849936438	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9849936439	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9849936440	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9849936441	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9849936442	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9849936443	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9849936444	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9849936445	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9849936446	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9849936447	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9849936448	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9849936449	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9849936450	encoding	information going in	189
9849936451	storage	keeping information in	190
9849936452	retrieval	taking information out	191
9849936453	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9849936454	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9849936455	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9849936456	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9849936457	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9849936458	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9849936459	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9849936460	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9849936461	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9849936462	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9849936463	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9849936464	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9849936465	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9849936466	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9849936467	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9849936468	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9849936469	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9849936470	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9849936471	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9849936472	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9849936473	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9849936474	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9849936475	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9849936476	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9849936477	context	environment helps with memory	216
9849936478	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9849936479	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9849936480	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9849936481	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9849936482	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9849936483	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9849936484	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9849936485	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9849936486	prototypes	generalize	225
9849936487	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9849936488	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9849936489	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9849936490	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9849936491	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9849936492	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9849936493	grammar is _________	universal	232
9849936494	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9849936495	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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