AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!
| 5152166982 | Arrector Pili | Raiser of hair | 0 | |
| 5152166983 | Corn | Horn | 1 | |
| 5152166984 | Cut | Skin | 2 | |
| 5152166985 | Cyan | Blue | 3 | |
| 5152166986 | Derm | Skin | 4 | |
| 5152166987 | Folix | Small bag | 5 | |
| 5152166988 | Kerat | Horn | 6 | |
| 5152166989 | Lunul | Crescent | 7 | |
| 5152166990 | Melan | Black | 8 | |
| 5152166991 | -oma | Tumor | 9 | |
| 5152166992 | Papil | Nipple | 10 | |
| 5152166993 | Parie | Wall | 11 | |
| 5152166994 | Seb | Grease | 12 | |
| 5152166995 | Sub | Under | 13 | |
| 5152166996 | Sudor | Sweat | 14 |
| 9861546329 | psychology | the study of behavior and mental processes | 0 | |
| 9861546330 | psychology's biggest question | Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture? | 1 | |
| 9861546331 | psychology's three levels of analysis | biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together) | 2 | |
| 9861546332 | biological approach | genetics, close-relatives, body functions | 3 | |
| 9861546333 | evolutionary approach | species - helped with survival (ancestors) | 4 | |
| 9861546334 | psychodynamic approach | (Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes | 5 | |
| 9861546335 | behavioral approach | learning (classical and operant) observed | 6 | |
| 9861546336 | cognitive approach | thinking affects behavior | 7 | |
| 9861546337 | humanistic approach | becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance) | 8 | |
| 9861546338 | social-cultural approach | cultural, family, environment | 9 | |
| 9861546339 | two reasons of why experiments are important | hindsight bias + overconfidence | 10 | |
| 9861546340 | types of research methods | descriptive, correlational, and experimental | 11 | |
| 9861546341 | descriptive methods | case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT) | 12 | |
| 9861546342 | case study | studies one person in depth may not be typical of population | 13 | |
| 9861546343 | survey | studies lots of people not in depth | 14 | |
| 9861546344 | naturalistic observation | observe + write facts without interference | 15 | |
| 9861546345 | correlational method | shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research | 16 | |
| 9861546346 | correlation coefficient | + 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases) | 17 | |
| 9861546347 | experimental method | does show cause and effect | 18 | |
| 9861546348 | population | type of people who are going to be used in experiment | 19 | |
| 9861546349 | sample | actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias) | 20 | |
| 9861546350 | random assignment | chance selection between experimental and control groups | 21 | |
| 9861546351 | control group | not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo | 22 | |
| 9861546352 | experimental group | receiving treatment/drug | 23 | |
| 9861546353 | independent variable | drug/procedure/treatment | 24 | |
| 9861546354 | dependent variable | outcome of using the drug/treatment | 25 | |
| 9861546355 | confounding variable | can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control | 26 | |
| 9861546356 | scientific method | theory hypothesis operational definition revision | 27 | |
| 9861546357 | theory | general idea being tested | 28 | |
| 9861546358 | hypothesis | measurable/specific | 29 | |
| 9861546359 | operational definition | procedures that explain components | 30 | |
| 9861546360 | mode | appears the most | 31 | |
| 9861546361 | mean | average | 32 | |
| 9861546362 | median | middle | 33 | |
| 9861546363 | range | highest - lowest | 34 | |
| 9861546364 | standard deviation | how scores vary around the mean | 35 | |
| 9861546365 | central tendency | single score that represents the whole | 36 | |
| 9861546366 | bell curve | (natural curve) |  | 37 |
| 9861546367 | ethics of testing on animals | need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans | 38 | |
| 9861546368 | ethics of testing on humans | consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality | 39 | |
| 9861546369 | sensory neurons | travel from sensory receptors to brain | 40 | |
| 9861546370 | motor neurons | travel from brain to "motor" workings | 41 | |
| 9861546371 | interneurons | (in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons | 42 | |
| 9861546565 | neuron |  | 43 | |
| 9861546372 | dendrites | receive messages from other neurons | 44 | |
| 9861546373 | myelin sheath | protects the axon | 45 | |
| 9861546374 | axon | where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal | 46 | |
| 9861546375 | neurotransmitters | chemical messengers | 47 | |
| 9861546376 | reuptake | extra neurotransmitters are taken back | 48 | |
| 9861546377 | excitatory charge | "Let's do it!" | 49 | |
| 9861546378 | inhibitory charge | "Let's not do it!" | 50 | |
| 9861546379 | central nervous system | brain and spinal cord | 51 | |
| 9861546380 | peripheral nervous system | somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system | 52 | |
| 9861546381 | somatic nervous system | voluntary movements | 53 | |
| 9861546382 | autonomic nervous system | involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems) | 54 | |
| 9861546383 | sympathetic nervous system | arousing | 55 | |
| 9861546384 | parasympathetic nervous system | calming | 56 | |
| 9861546385 | neural networks | more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used | 57 | |
| 9861546386 | spinal cord | expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved | 58 | |
| 9861546387 | endocrine system | slow uses hormones in the blood system | 59 | |
| 9861546388 | master gland | pituitary gland | 60 | |
| 9861546389 | brainstem | extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival | 61 | |
| 9861546390 | reticular formation (if stimulated) | sleeping subject wakes up | 62 | |
| 9861546391 | reticular formation (if damaged) | coma | 63 | |
| 9861546392 | brainstem (if severed) | still move (without purpose) | 64 | |
| 9861546393 | thalamus | sensory switchboard (does not process smell) | 65 | |
| 9861546394 | hypothalamus | basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry) | 66 | |
| 9861546395 | cerebellum | nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements | 67 | |
| 9861546396 | cerebellum (if damaged) | difficulty walking and coordinating | 68 | |
| 9861546397 | amygdala | aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions | 69 | |
| 9861546398 | amygdala (if lesioned) | subject is mellow | 70 | |
| 9861546399 | amygdala (if stimulated) | aggressive | 71 | |
| 9861546400 | hippocampus | process new memory | 72 | |
| 9861546401 | cerebrum | two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing | 73 | |
| 9861546402 | cerebral cortex | only in higher life forms | 74 | |
| 9861546403 | association areas | integrate and interpret information | 75 | |
| 9861546404 | glial cells | provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons | 76 | |
| 9861546405 | frontal lobe | judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident) | 77 | |
| 9861546406 | parietal lobe | math and spatial reasoning | 78 | |
| 9861546407 | temporal lobe | audition and recognizing faces | 79 | |
| 9861546408 | occipital lobe | vision | 80 | |
| 9861546409 | corpus callosum | split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures) | 81 | |
| 9861546410 | Wernicke's area | interprets auditory and hearing | 82 | |
| 9861546411 | Broca's area | speaking words | 83 | |
| 9861546412 | plasticity | ability to adapt if damaged | 84 | |
| 9861546413 | sensation | what our senses tell us | 85 | |
| 9861546414 | bottom-up processing | senses to brain | 86 | |
| 9861546415 | perception | what our brain tells us to do with that information | 87 | |
| 9861546416 | top-down processing | brain to senses | 88 | |
| 9861546417 | inattentional blindness | fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere | 89 | |
| 9861546418 | cocktail party effect | even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc. | 90 | |
| 9861546419 | change blindness | giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice | 91 | |
| 9861546420 | choice blindness | when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed | 92 | |
| 9861546421 | absolute threshold | minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time | 93 | |
| 9861546422 | signal detection theory | we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying) | 94 | |
| 9861546423 | JND (just noticeable difference) | (Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion | 95 | |
| 9861546424 | sensory adaptation | tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?" | 96 | |
| 9861546425 | rods | night time | 97 | |
| 9861546426 | cones | color | 98 | |
| 9861546427 | parallel processing | notice color, form, depth, movement, etc. | 99 | |
| 9861546428 | Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory | 3 corresponding color receptors (RGB) | 100 | |
| 9861546429 | Hering's opponent-process theory | after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB) | 101 | |
| 9861546430 | trichromatic + opponent-process | Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex | 102 | |
| 9861546431 | frequency we hear most | human voice | 103 | |
| 9861546432 | Helmoltz (hearing) | we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches) | 104 | |
| 9861546433 | frequency theory | impulse frequency (low pitches) | 105 | |
| 9861546434 | Helmholtz + frequency theory | middle pitches | 106 | |
| 9861546435 | Skin feels what? | warmth, cold, pressure, pain | 107 | |
| 9861546436 | gate-control theory | small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses | 108 | |
| 9861546437 | memory of pain | peaks and ends | 109 | |
| 9861546438 | smell | close to memory section (not in thalamus) | 110 | |
| 9861546439 | grouping | Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole | 111 | |
| 9861546440 | grouping groups | proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure | 112 | |
| 9861546441 | make assumptions of placement | higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front | 113 | |
| 9861546442 | perception = | mood + motivation | 114 | |
| 9861546443 | consciousness | awareness of ourselves and the environment | 115 | |
| 9861546444 | circadian rhythm | daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake) | 116 | |
| 9861546445 | circadian rhythm pattern | - activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin | 117 | |
| 9861546446 | What messes with circadian rhythm? | artificial light | 118 | |
| 9861546447 | The whole sleep cycle lasts how long? | 90 minutes | 119 | |
| 9861546448 | sleep stages | relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep) | 120 | |
| 9861546449 | purpose of sleep | 1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more) | 121 | |
| 9861546450 | insomnia | can't sleep | 122 | |
| 9861546451 | narcolepsy | fall asleep anywhere at anytime | 123 | |
| 9861546452 | sleep apnea | stop breathing in sleep | 124 | |
| 9861546453 | night terrors | prevalent in children | 125 | |
| 9861546454 | sleepwalking/sleeptalking | hereditary - prevalent in children | 126 | |
| 9861546455 | dreaming (3) | 1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries | 127 | |
| 9861546456 | purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES) | 1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence | 128 | |
| 9861546457 | 1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible? | 1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE)) | 129 | |
| 9861546458 | depressants | slows neural pathways | 130 | |
| 9861546459 | alcohol | ((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect | 131 | |
| 9861546460 | barbituates (tranquilizers) | ((depressant)) reduce anxiety | 132 | |
| 9861546461 | opiates | ((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain | 133 | |
| 9861546462 | stimulants | hypes neural processing | 134 | |
| 9861546463 | methamphetamine | ((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine | 135 | |
| 9861546464 | caffeine | ((stimulant)) | 136 | |
| 9861546465 | nicotine | ((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine | 137 | |
| 9861546466 | cocaine | ((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine | 138 | |
| 9861546467 | hallucinogen | excites neural activity | 139 | |
| 9861546468 | ecstasy | ((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin | 140 | |
| 9861546469 | LSD | ((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin | 141 | |
| 9861546470 | marijuana | ((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation | 142 | |
| 9861546471 | learning | organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events) | 143 | |
| 9861546472 | types of learning | classical operant observational | 144 | |
| 9861546473 | famous classical psychologists | Pavlov and Watson | 145 | |
| 9861546474 | famous operant psychologist | Skinner | 146 | |
| 9861546475 | famous observational psychologists | Bandura | 147 | |
| 9861546476 | classical conditioning | outside stimulus | 148 | |
| 9861546477 | Pavlov's experiment | Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation) | 149 | |
| 9861546478 | Watson's experiment | white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry) | 150 | |
| 9861546479 | generalization | any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now | 151 | |
| 9861546480 | discriminate | any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry | 152 | |
| 9861546481 | extinction | stop "treating" with conditioned response | 153 | |
| 9861546482 | spontaneous recovery | bring stimulus back after a while | 154 | |
| 9861546483 | operant conditioning | control by organism | 155 | |
| 9861546484 | Skinner's experiment | operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping) | 156 | |
| 9861546485 | shaping | get animal closer to doing what you want them to do | 157 | |
| 9861546486 | reinforcers | want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging) | 158 | |
| 9861546487 | punishments | want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone) | 159 | |
| 9861546488 | fixed ratio | happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card) | 160 | |
| 9861546489 | variable ratio | happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery) | 161 | |
| 9861546490 | organism must do these (2 times) | fixed ratio and variable ratio | 162 | |
| 9861546491 | fixed interval | happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM) | 163 | |
| 9861546492 | variable interval | happens at any time (receive texts from friends) | 164 | |
| 9861546493 | these things happen regardless (2 times) | fixed interval and variable interval | 165 | |
| 9861546494 | Which (fixed/variable) conditions better? | variable | 166 | |
| 9861546495 | criticisms of Skinner | doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation | 167 | |
| 9861546496 | intrinsic motivation | doing something for yourself, not the reward | 168 | |
| 9861546497 | extrinsic motivation | doing something for reward | 169 | |
| 9861546498 | Skinner's legacy | use it personally, at school, and at work | 170 | |
| 9861546499 | famous observational experiment | Bandura's Bobo doll | 171 | |
| 9861546500 | famous observational psychologist | Bandura | 172 | |
| 9861546501 | mirror neurons | "feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals | 173 | |
| 9861546502 | Bobo doll experiment legacy | violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil | 174 | |
| 9861546503 | observational learning | biological behaviors work best | 175 | |
| 9861546504 | habituation | get used to it -> stop reacting | 176 | |
| 9861546505 | examples for observational learning | lectures and reading | 177 | |
| 9861546506 | serotonin involved with memory | speeds the connection between neurons | 178 | |
| 9861546507 | LTP | ((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed) | 179 | |
| 9861546508 | CREB | protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories | 180 | |
| 9861546509 | glutamate involved with memory | neurotransmitter that enhances LTP | 181 | |
| 9861546510 | glucose involved with memory | released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered)) | 182 | |
| 9861546511 | flashbulb memory | type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment | 183 | |
| 9861546512 | amygdala (memory) | boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight | 184 | |
| 9861546513 | cerebellum (memory) | forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning)) | 185 | |
| 9861546514 | hippocampus (memory) | active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours)) | 186 | |
| 9861546515 | memory | learning over time contains information that can be retrieved | 187 | |
| 9861546516 | processing stages | encoding -> storage -> retrieval | 188 | |
| 9861546517 | encoding | information going in | 189 | |
| 9861546518 | storage | keeping information in | 190 | |
| 9861546519 | retrieval | taking information out | 191 | |
| 9861546520 | How long is sensory memory stored? | seconds | 192 | |
| 9861546521 | How long is short-term memory stored? | less than a minute | 193 | |
| 9861546522 | How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory? | 7 | 194 | |
| 9861546523 | How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory? | 4 | 195 | |
| 9861546524 | How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory? | 2 | 196 | |
| 9861546525 | short term memory goes to ______________ | working memory | 197 | |
| 9861546526 | working memory | make a connection and process information to mean something | 198 | |
| 9861546527 | working memory goes to _________________ | long-term memory | 199 | |
| 9861546528 | How much is stored in long-term memory? | LIMITLESS | 200 | |
| 9861546529 | implicit memory | naturally do | 201 | |
| 9861546530 | explicit memory | need to explain | 202 | |
| 9861546531 | automatic processing | space, time, frequency, well-learned information | 203 | |
| 9861546532 | effortful processing | processing that requires effort | 204 | |
| 9861546533 | spacing effect | spread out learning over time | 205 | |
| 9861546534 | serial position effect | primary/recency effect | 206 | |
| 9861546535 | primary effect | remember the first things in a list | 207 | |
| 9861546536 | recency effect | remember the last things in a list | 208 | |
| 9861546537 | effortful processing (4 things) | 1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect | 209 | |
| 9861546538 | semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to | make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you | 210 | |
| 9861546539 | if we can't remember a memory... | 1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story | 211 | |
| 9861546540 | misinformation effect | not correct information | 212 | |
| 9861546541 | imagination inflation | imagine or visualize something that isn't real | 213 | |
| 9861546542 | source amnesia | what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?) | 214 | |
| 9861546543 | priming | association (setting you up) | 215 | |
| 9861546544 | context | environment helps with memory | 216 | |
| 9861546545 | state-dependency | you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high) | 217 | |
| 9861546546 | mood-congruency | emotion will bring back similar emotional memories | 218 | |
| 9861546547 | forgetting curve | forget after 5 days forget after 5 years | 219 | |
| 9861546548 | the forgetting curve was created by | Ebbinghaus | 220 | |
| 9861546549 | proactive interference | old information interferes with the new | 221 | |
| 9861546550 | retroactive interference | new information interferes with the old | 222 | |
| 9861546551 | children can't remember before age __ | 3 | 223 | |
| 9861546552 | Loftus | connected to abuse cases/childhood | 224 | |
| 9861546553 | prototypes | generalize | 225 | |
| 9861546554 | problem-solving (4) | trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!" | 226 | |
| 9861546555 | against problem-solving | fixation | 227 | |
| 9861546556 | mental set | what has worked in the past | 228 | |
| 9861546557 | functional fixedness | only way to do this is with this | 229 | |
| 9861546558 | Chomsky (nature or nurture?) | "born with language" (nature) | 230 | |
| 9861546559 | Skinner (nature or nurture?) | language is learned (nurture) | 231 | |
| 9861546560 | grammar is _________ | universal | 232 | |
| 9861546561 | phonemes | smallest sound unit | 233 | |
| 9861546562 | morphemes | smallest meaning unit | 234 |
| 5163253254 | Founded la solidaridad | Graciano Jaena | 0 | |
| 5163253255 | First tagalog newspaper about the cruelty of the spaniards | Diaryong Tagalog | 1 | |
| 5163290816 | Newspaper of the propaganda movement | La solidaridad | 2 | |
| 5163290817 | An org Founded by jose rizal | La liga filipina | 3 | |
| 5163290818 | Ordered the execution of jose rizal in dapitan., | G.G. Despujol | 4 | |
| 5163290819 | Peacful movement against the spaniards | Propaganda | 5 | |
| 5163290820 | Accused of leading cavite mutiny. Sentenced to die in garrote in 1872 | GomBurZa | 6 | |
| 5163290821 | Implemented sticter policies and opposed liberalism | Rafael izquierdo | 7 | |
| 5163290822 | Supported liberalism, made all the punishments lower. Peaceful. | Carlos dela Torre | 8 | |
| 5163290823 | Filipinos learned about americans, improvement of trade and illustrados were more | World trade to manila advantages | 9 | |
| 5163290824 | Filipinos who studied abroad | Illustrados | 10 | |
| 5163290825 | Travel time from europe to manila becamse shorter, cheaper books and periadicals, and liberal ideas came. | Opening of suez canal | 11 | |
| 5163290826 | Diego silang, hermano pule and francisco dagohoy | Early revolts | 12 | |
| 5163290827 | Unfair labor practises | Why -Diego silang | 13 | |
| 5163290828 | Did not want to make him priest | Why- hermano pule | 14 | |
| 5163290829 | Did not want to bless his dead brother | Why- Francisco Dagohoy | 15 | |
| 5163290830 | Oppresion, cruelty Unfair labor prices No freedom | Reasons of Filipinos recolt against spain | 16 | |
| 5163290831 | Lead by mariano gomez, jose burgos and jacibto zamora for equal rights of secular priests and regular priests | Secularization campeign | 17 | |
| 5163290832 | Lead by ferdinand la madrid | Cavite mutiny | 18 | |
| 5163306620 | Known as the plebian and supremo. Leader. | Andres bonifacio | 19 | |
| 5163306621 | Editor of kartilla and brains of the katipunan. Second in command. | Emilio jacinto | 20 | |
| 5163306622 | Father of the revolution, first president of the filipino republic | Emilio aguinaldo | 21 | |
| 5163306623 | Brains of the rebolution and sublime paralytic | Apolinario mabini | 22 | |
| 5163306624 | Best general of the revolution | Antonio luna | 23 | |
| 5163306625 | Tandang sora. Nurse. | Melchora aquino | 24 | |
| 5163306626 | Lakambini. Kept inportant documents and wife of andres bonifacio | Gregoria de jesus | 25 | |
| 5163306627 | Teaching of the katipunan. Has 13 articles | Kartilla | 26 | |
| 5163306628 | Newspaper of the katipunan | Kalayaan | 27 | |
| 5163306629 | By andres bonifacio, guide to the katipuneros | True decalouge | 28 | |
| 5163306630 | Fight for freedom theough revolution | Katipunan | 29 | |
| 5163316523 | Confessed the katipunan to his sister who confessed to priest | Teodoro Patiño | 30 | |
| 5163316524 | Filipinos went to pugad lawin and tore their cedulas starting the first cry of independence | Cry of pugad lawin | 31 |
| 9376879783 | Endocrine System | The internal system of communication involving hormones, the ductless glands that secrete hormones, and the molecular receptors on or in target cells that respond to hormones; functions in concert with the nervous system to effect internal regulation and maintain homeostasis. |  | 0 |
| 9376879784 | Endocrine Gland | A ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the interstitial fluid, from which they diffuse into the bloodstream. | 1 | |
| 9376879785 | Pheromones | A small molecule released into the environment that functions in communication between members of the same species. |  | 2 |
| 9376879786 | Epinephrine | a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; mediates "fight or flight" responses to short-term stresses; also released by some neurons as a neurotransmitter; also known as adrenaline. |  | 3 |
| 9376879787 | Pancreas | A gland with the following dual functions: the non-endocrine portion functions in digestion, secreting enzymes into the small intestine via a duct; the ductless endocrine portion functions in homeostasis, secreting the hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood. |  | 4 |
| 9376879788 | Negative Feedback | A form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process; in physiology, a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts/inhibits the initial change. |  | 5 |
| 9376879789 | Insulin | A hormone secreted by pancreatic beta cells that lowers blood glucose levels. It promotes the uptake of glucose by most body cells and the synthesis and storage of glycogen in the liver and also stimulates protein and fat synthesis. |  | 6 |
| 9376879790 | Glucagon | A hormone secreted by pancreatic alpha cells that raises blood glucose levels. it promotes glycogen break-down and release of glucose by the liver. |  | 7 |
| 9376879791 | Islets of Langerhans | Clusters of endocrine cells within the pancreas that produce and secrete the hormones glucagon (from alpha cells) and insulin (from beta cells). |  | 8 |
| 9376879792 | Diabetes Mellitus | An endocrine disorder marked by inability to maintain glucose homeostasis. The type 1 form results form autoimmune destruction of insulin-secreting cells; treatment usually requires daily insulin injections. The type 2 form most commonly results from reduced responsiveness of target cells to insulin; obesity and lack of exercise are risk factors. |  | 9 |
| 9376879793 | Hypothalamus | The ventral part of the vertebrate forebrain; functions in maintaining homeostasis especially in coordinating the endocrine and nervous systems; secrets hormones of the posterior pituitary and releasing factors that regulate the anterior pituitary. |  | 10 |
| 9376879794 | Pituitary Gland | Master gland found at the base of the hypothalamus |  | 11 |
| 9376879795 | Posterior Pituitary | gland that secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) made in the hypothalamus; a temporary storage site for these hormones. |  | 12 |
| 9376879796 | Anterior Pituitary | gland that synthesizes and secretes several tropic and nontropic hormones | 13 | |
| 9376879797 | Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) | A peptide hormone that promotes water retention by the kidneys. Produced in the hypothalamus and released from the posterior pituitary. Also has activities in the brain. |  | 14 |
| 9376879798 | Tropic Hormone | A hormone that has another endocrine gland as a target. |  | 15 |
| 9376879799 | GH (Growth Hormone) | A hormone that is produced and secreted by the anterior pituitary and that has both direct (nontropic) and tropic effects on a wide variety of tissues. |  | 16 |
| 9376879800 | Adrenal Gland | located adjacent to the kidneys in mammals. Endocrine cells in the outer portion (cortex) respond to this by secreting steroid hormones that help maintain homeostasis during long-term stress. Neurosecretory cells in the central portion (medulla) secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to nervous inputs triggered by short-term stress. |  | 17 |
| 9376879801 | Androgen | Any steroid hormone, such as testosterone, that stimulates the development and maintenance of the male reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. | 18 | |
| 9376879802 | Estrogen | Any steroid hormone, such as estradiol, that stimulates the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. |  | 19 |
| 9376879803 | Progesterone | A steroid hormone that prepares the uterus for pregnancy; the major progestin in mammals. | | 20 |
| 9376879804 | G-protein | A cell surface receptor associated with an intracellular protein that binds and hydrolyzes GTP. When GTP is bound, the protein is active, and can regulate the activity of adenylyl cyclase; this modifies the intracellular levels of second messenger cAMP. When the GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP, the protein becomes inactive again. | 21 | |
| 9376879805 | signal transduction pathway | a series of molecular changes that convert a signal on the target cell's surface to a specific response within the cell; crucial to many cellular functions | 22 | |
| 9376879806 | protein kinase | a general term for enzymes that activate or inactivate other proteins by phosphorylating them | 23 | |
| 9376879807 | autocrine | chemicals that exert their effects on the same cells that secrete them | 24 | |
| 9376879808 | paracrine | cell signaling where target is nearby | 25 | |
| 9376879809 | steroid hormone | Lipids that act as chemical messengers; synthesized from cholesterol | 26 | |
| 9376879810 | peptide hormone | Polar hormones incapable of permeating the cell membrane that bind to surface receptors and act through secondary messengers. | 27 | |
| 9376879811 | gene expression | Conversion of the information encoded in a gene first into messenger RNA and then to a protein; activation or deactivation of genes | 28 | |
| 9376879812 | positive feedback | A form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process; in physiology, a control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers a response that reinforces or amplifies the change. | 29 |
For the conversation part of the AP French test
| 5954394768 | tout d'abord | first of all | 0 | |
| 5954394769 | premièrement | firstly | 1 | |
| 5954394770 | pour commencer | to begin | 2 | |
| 5954394771 | pour ma part | as far as I'm concerned | 3 | |
| 5954394772 | à mon sens | as I see it | 4 | |
| 5954394773 | j'estime que | I consider that | 5 | |
| 5954394774 | je soutiens que | I maintain that | 6 | |
| 5954394775 | ensuite | next | 7 | |
| 5954394776 | de plus | in addition | 8 | |
| 5954394777 | en outre | furthermore | 9 | |
| 5954394778 | en deuxième lieu | secondly | 10 | |
| 5954394779 | cependant | however | 11 | |
| 5954394780 | au contraire | on the contrary | 12 | |
| 5954394781 | néanmoins | nevertheless | 13 | |
| 5954394782 | pourtant | yet | 14 | |
| 5954394783 | en dernier lieu | lastly | 15 | |
| 5954394784 | enfin | finally | 16 | |
| 5954394785 | pour finir | to finish up with | 17 | |
| 5954394786 | tout bien réfléchi | all in all | 18 | |
| 5954394787 | en somme | in short | 19 | |
| 5954394788 | en conclusion | in conclusion | 20 |
| 8768506725 | Math Formula Sheet | Your best friend that holds all the math equations you will need to know for the class. | 0 | |
| 8768506726 | Standard Deviation | A quantity calculated to indicate the extent of deviation for a group as a whole (S= Standard Deviation, Xi= Individual data point, X with line above= mean, n= size of sample). |  | 1 |
| 8768506727 | Standard Error | A measure of the statistical accuracy of an estimate, equal to the standard deviation of the theoretical distribution of a large population of such estimates. |  | 2 |
| 8768506728 | Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium | Theory that states that in absence of evolutionary factors, allele frequency within a population will remain constant through out each generation (p= frequency of dominant allele in a population, q= frequency of the recessive allele in a population). |  | 3 |
| 8768506729 | Chi Square |  | 4 | |
| 8768506730 | Mean | Average of numbers (Add up all numbers and divide the sum by the amount numbers ). | 5 | |
| 8768506731 | Median | Number in the middle when ordered from least to greatest or greatest to least (If two numbers then find the average or mean between the two). | 6 | |
| 8768506732 | Mode | The number that appears the most in a set of numbers. | 7 | |
| 8768506733 | Dilution | Used to create a dilute solution from a concentration stock solution. (i= initial (Starting), C= Concentration, f= final (desired), V= volume of solution) |  | 8 |
| 8768506734 | Surface Area | The measure of how much exposed area a solid object has show in squared units. | 9 | |
| 8768506735 | Surface Area of a Sphere | (r= Radius) |  | 10 |
| 8768506736 | Surface Area of a Cube | (a= surface area of one side of a cube) |  | 11 |
| 8768506737 | Surface Area of a Rectangular Solid | Sum of surface area of each side (2lw+2lh+2wh) (l= length, w= width, h= height) |  | 12 |
| 8768506738 | Volume | The amount of space in a solid figure. | 13 | |
| 8768506739 | Volume of a Sphere | (r= Radius) |  | 14 |
| 8768506740 | Volume of a Cube or Rectangular Prism | (l= length, w= width, h= height) |  | 15 |
| 8768506741 | Volume of a Column | Pi x r^2 x h (r= radius, h= height, x= multiplication symbol) | 16 | |
| 8768506742 | Rate | dY/dt (d= change, Y= the amount of something, t= time aka dY= amount of change and dt= amount of time changed) | 17 | |
| 8768506743 | Population Growth | dN/dT=B-D (N= Population size, B= Birth rate, D= Death Rate, T= Time) | 18 | |
| 8768506744 | Logistic Growth Equation | (r= maximum per capita growth rate of an population, K= carrying capacity) |  | 19 |
| 8768506745 | Exponential Growth Equation | dN/dT= r (or r max)N | 20 | |
| 8768506746 | Gibbs Free Energy |  | 21 |
| 6594430302 | 1.Adieu | good bye | 0 | |
| 6594430303 | 2.Admixture | mixture | 1 | |
| 6594430304 | 3.Anesthetist | one who gives pain killers | 2 | |
| 6594430305 | 4.Appassionato | with passion and strong feeling | 3 | |
| 6594430306 | 5.Arcady | valley in ancient Greece | 4 | |
| 6594430307 | 6.Armada | battle ships together | 5 | |
| 6594430308 | 7.Bawd | woman in charge of a brothel | 6 | |
| 6594430309 | 8.Betide | happen | 7 | |
| 6594430310 | 9.Blanched | immerse briefly in boiling water | 8 | |
| 6594430311 | 10.Bodice | woman's sleeveless undergarment | 9 | |
| 6594430312 | 11.Boughs | tree limbs | 10 | |
| 6594430313 | 12.Bourn | boundary marker; hilly stream | 11 | |
| 6594430314 | 13.Brede | ornamental embroidery | 12 | |
| 6594430315 | 14.Caper | dance | 13 | |
| 6594430316 | 15.Casement | window that opens outward | 14 | |
| 6594430317 | 16.Catcalls | booing from an audience | 15 | |
| 6594430318 | 17.Chanticleer | rooster | 16 | |
| 6594430319 | 18.Charact'ry | letters of the alphabet | 17 | |
| 6594430320 | 19.Citadel | mountain fortress | 18 | |
| 6594430321 | 20.Clamor | noise | 19 | |
| 6594430322 | 21.Colloquialism | regional spoken language | 20 | |
| 6594430323 | 22.Communion | eating the bread and drinking the wine in church | 21 | |
| 6594430324 | 23.Concupiscent | strong sexual desire | 22 | |
| 6594430325 | 24.CPR | cardiopulmonary resuscitation | 23 | |
| 6594430326 | 25.Delectation | enjoyment, pleasure | 24 | |
| 6594430327 | 26.Deluge | flood | 25 | |
| 6594430328 | 27.Dionysos | god of wine | 26 | |
| 6594430329 | 28.Disheveled | unkempt | 27 | |
| 6594430330 | 29.Ditties | short simple song | 28 | |
| 6594430331 | 30.Doppelganger | one's double | 29 | |
| 6594430332 | 31.Eddies | swirls in water | 30 | |
| 6594430333 | 32.Effacement | to erase or take away | 31 | |
| 6594430334 | 33.Eglantine | climbing vine flower; sweet briar | 32 | |
| 6594430335 | 34.Equipage | horse carriage | 33 | |
| 6594430336 | 35.Erratically | an uneven manner w/out pattern | 34 | |
| 6594430337 | 36.Euphony | sweet sound | 35 | |
| 6594430338 | 37.Excrementa | feces; waste | 36 | |
| 6594430339 | 38.Expostulation | to reason earnestly with someone | 37 | |
| 6594430340 | 39.Fay | fairy | 38 | |
| 6594430341 | 40.Filigree | ornamental work of fine wire, gold or silver | 39 | |
| 6594430342 | 41.Finale | the ending of something | 40 | |
| 6594430343 | 42.Flog | beat | 41 | |
| 6594430344 | 43.Flux | rate of flow; change | 42 | |
| 6594430345 | 44.Furrow | long narrow trench in field ready for planting | 43 | |
| 6594430346 | 45.Furtive | stealthy | 44 | |
| 6594430347 | 46.Garden-croft | fenced in closure of land next to a farm house | 45 | |
| 6594430348 | 47.Garland | decorative wreath or cord | 46 | |
| 6594430349 | 48.Gaunt | thin | 47 | |
| 6594430350 | 49.Gleaner | one who picks over the remains of a harvest | 48 | |
| 6594430351 | 50.Gull | sea bird; seagull | 49 | |
| 6594430352 | 51.Haddam | town in Connecticut | 50 | |
| 6594430353 | 52.Heifer | unbred female cow | 51 | |
| 6594430354 | 53.Hell's Kitchen | neighborhood in NYC | 52 | |
| 6594430355 | 54.Hover | to hang suspended in air | 53 | |
| 6594430356 | 55.Hydrant | street-based pipe fixture where water comes out | 54 | |
| 6594430357 | 56.Innuendo | allusive or oblique remark | 55 | |
| 6594430358 | 57.Insidious | proceeding in a gradual way but with harmful effects | 56 | |
| 6594430359 | 58.Intoxication | drunk | 57 | |
| 6594430360 | 59.Jocund | joking; humorous | 58 | |
| 6594430361 | 60.Laden | weighed down with a load | 59 | |
| 6594430362 | 61.Lethe | River of forgetfulness in Greek mythology | 60 | |
| 6594430363 | 62.Levitating | hanging in the air | 61 | |
| 6594430364 | 63.Loth | reluctant | 62 | |
| 6594430365 | 64.Lowing | sound a cow makes | 63 | |
| 6594430366 | 65.Lustre | sheen, shiny | 64 | |
| 6594430367 | 66.Manna | bread from heaven | 65 | |
| 6594430368 | 67.Marrowy | flexible tissue in the interior of bones | 66 | |
| 6594430369 | 68.Marsala | sweet red wine | 67 | |
| 6594430370 | 69.Medlar | fruit eaten when it is rotten | 68 | |
| 6594430371 | 70.Melding | blending; combining | 69 | |
| 6594430372 | 71.Morbidity | state of being morbid; diseased, thoughts of death | 70 | |
| 6594430373 | 72.Nauseous | feeling like vomiting | 71 | |
| 6594430374 | 73.Neanderthals | Ancient humanoids | 72 | |
| 6594430375 | 74.Nicodemus | Man who questioned Jesus about how to be saved | 73 | |
| 6594430376 | 75.Nun | woman who has taken a vow for religious life | 74 | |
| 6594430377 | 76.Oblique | not direct, at an angle | 75 | |
| 6594430378 | 77.Opiate | drug meant to mitigate pain | 76 | |
| 6594430379 | 78.Orgasm | sudden discharge of accumulated sexual excitement | 77 | |
| 6594430380 | 79.Orphic | having to do with Orpheus the mythological lyre player | 78 | |
| 6594430381 | 80.Pagan | other than mainstream religions | 79 | |
| 6594430382 | 81.Palsy | disease of the nervous system resulting in uncontrollable shakes | 80 | |
| 6594430383 | 82.Pantomime | meaning through gestures without vocalization | 81 | |
| 6594430384 | 83.Paperweight | weighted object meant to hold down papers | 82 | |
| 6594430385 | 84.Phallus | penis, especially when erect | 83 | |
| 6594430386 | 85.Plaits | braids in hair | 84 | |
| 6594430387 | 86.Preciosity | overly fastidiousness | 85 | |
| 6594430388 | 87.Proteus | god of the sea capable of changing shape | 86 | |
| 6594430389 | 88.Pussyfoot | act cautiously or in a noncommittal manner | 87 | |
| 6594430390 | 89.Rack | physical or mental pain | 88 | |
| 6594430391 | 90.Reprimand | formal expression of disapproval | 89 | |
| 6594430392 | 91.Requiem | service for the dead | 90 | |
| 6594430393 | 92.Retort | vessel used for distilling | 91 | |
| 6594430394 | 93.Romance | chivalric literature having to do with knights | 92 | |
| 6594430395 | 94.Ruth | character in the Bible who was far from home | 93 | |
| 6594430396 | 95.Sedge | grass like plant found in wet ground | 94 | |
| 6594430397 | 96.Sentried | guarded; standing guard | 95 | |
| 6594430398 | 97.Shawl | cloth material used to wrap over shoulders | 96 | |
| 6594430399 | 98.Sluicing | wash or rinse with stream of water | 97 | |
| 6594430400 | 99.Sono io | I am (Italian) | 98 | |
| 6594430401 | 100.Sorb Apple | delicious fruit that is eaten when rotten | 99 | |
| 6594430402 | 101.Spasm | involuntary muscle contraction | 100 | |
| 6594430403 | 102.Spectre | ghost | 101 | |
| 6594430404 | 103.Stalwart | brave, strong | 102 | |
| 6594430405 | 104.Steed | horse | 103 | |
| 6594430406 | 105.Subservient | prepared to obey another unquestioningly | 104 | |
| 6594430407 | 106.Swaddlings | cloth wrappings for babies | 105 | |
| 6594430408 | 107.Swath | a line of corn or wheat as it falls or lies when mown | 106 | |
| 6594430409 | 108.Thrall | hold captive | 107 | |
| 6594430410 | 109.Timex | inexpensive watch brand | 108 | |
| 6594430411 | 110.Trinkets | small ornament or jewelry that is of little value | 109 | |
| 6594430412 | 111.Triton | messenger of the sea (Greek mythology) | 110 | |
| 6594430413 | 112.Troglodyte | prehistoric human who lived in a cave | 111 | |
| 6594430414 | 113.Trolley | cart; vehicle that moves on tracks by electrical means | 112 | |
| 6594430415 | 114.Undulating | moving with smooth wave-like action | 113 | |
| 6594430416 | 115.Verduous | greenery | 114 | |
| 6594430417 | 116.Vermilion | deep purple | 115 | |
| 6594430418 | 117.Vulgar | common, lack of good breeding; low class | 116 | |
| 6594430419 | 118.Winnowing | act of separating wheat from chaff with a current of air | 117 | |
| 6594430420 | 119.Countenance | facial appearance | 118 | |
| 6594430421 | 120.Dearth | scarcity | 119 |
| 6204063264 | Phylum Chordata (Chordates) | 1) notochord 2) dorsal tubular nerve cord 3) pharyngeal pouches 4) Postanal tail | 0 | |
| 6204063265 | notochord | dorsal supporting rod located just below the nerve cord (embryonic) | 1 | |
| 6204063266 | dorsal tubular nerve cord | becomes the brain in most chordates | 2 | |
| 6204063267 | pharyngeal pouches | becomes gills or modified for various purposes | 3 | |
| 6204063268 | cephalochordates | nonvertebrate chordates; lancelets (look like surgical knife) shallow water along most coasts feed on microscopic particles | 4 | |
| 6204063269 | urochordates | nonvertebrate chordates live on ocean floor squirt out water from their excurrent siphon when disturbed bbilaterally symmetrical as larva sessile adults numerous cilia | 5 | |
| 6204063270 | vertebrates | 1) vertebral column 2) skull 3) endoskeleton 4) internal organs | 6 | |
| 6204063272 | tetrapods | have four limbs | 7 | |
| 6204063273 | amniotes | embryo surrounded by an amniotic membrane that encloses the amniotic fluid | 8 | |
| 6204063274 | fishes | largest group of vertebrates | 9 | |
| 6204063276 | Agnathans | jawless fish cartilaginous skeleton and persistent notochord cylindrical smooth, nonscaly skin lamphreys: parasitic or filter feeders | 10 | |
| 6204063277 | Jawed Fishes | 1) Ectothermy 2) gills 3) cartilaginous or bony exoskeleton 4) scales | 11 | |
| 6204063279 | Chondrichthyes | cartilaginous fishes sharks, rays, skates, and chimeras 5-7 gill slits spiracles dermal denticles- tiny teeth-like scales sense electric currents, lateral line system, keen sense of smell biggest sharks are filter feeders | 12 | |
| 6204063285 | Osteichthymes | bony fishes | 13 | |
| 6204063288 | swim bladder | a gas-filled sac into which fish can secrete gases or from which they can absorb gases; altering its pressure; changes buoyancy | 14 | |
| 6204063290 | amphibians | 1) limbs (tetrapods) 2) smooth and nonscaly skin 3) lungs 4) double-loop circulatory pathway 5) sense organs 6) ectothermy 7) aquatic reproduction | 15 | |
| 6204063291 | cloaca | terminal chamber common to the urinary, digestive and genital tract in amphibians | 16 | |
| 6204063293 | Reptiles | 1) paired limbs 2) thick and dry skin (impermeable to water) 3) efficient breathing 4) efficient circulation 5) efficient excretion 6) ectothermy 7) well-adapted reproduction (amniotic egg) | 17 | |
| 6204063294 | Birds | 1) feathers 2) modified skeleton 3) modified respiration 4) endothermy 5) well-developed sense organs & nervous system | 18 | |
| 6204063295 | Mammals | 1) hair 2) mammary glands 3) skeleton 4) internal organs 5) internal development | 19 | |
| 6204063296 | Monotremes | egg-laying mammals that include only the duckbill platypus | 20 | |
| 6204063297 | Marsupials | pouched mammals kangaroos, Tasmanian devils, wombats, sugar gliders | 21 | |
| 6204063298 | Placental mammals | dominant group of mammals; dependent on placenta during development | 22 | |
| 6204063299 | placenta | an organ of exchange between maternal blood and fetal blood | 23 |
| 5419759893 | blanket primaries | elections to select party nominees in which voters are presented with a list of candidate from all the parties. Voters can then select some Democrats and some Republicans if they like | 0 | |
| 5419759895 | coalition government | when two or more parties join together to form a majority in a national legislature. This form of government is quite common in the multiparty system of Europe | 1 | |
| 5419759896 | closed primaries | election to select party nominees in which only people who have registered in advance with the party can vote for that party's candidates, thus encouraging greater party loyalty | 2 | |
| 5419759897 | coalition building | the process by which different groups or individuals come together for a particular cause or legislation | 3 | |
| 5419759898 | critical election | an electoral "earthquake" whereby new issues emerge, new coalitions replace old ones, and the majority party is often displaced by the minority party. Critical election periods are sometimes marked by a national crisis and may require more than one election to bring about a new party era | 4 | |
| 5419759899 | factions | interest groups arising from the unequal distribution of property or wealth that James Madison attacked in Federalist Paper No. 10. Today's parties or interest groups are what Madison had in mind when he warned of the instability in government caused by factions. | 5 | |
| 5419759900 | linkage institution | the channels or access points through which issues and people's policy preferences get on the government's policy agenda. In the United States, elections, political parties, interest groups, and the mass media are the three main linkage institutions. | 6 | |
| 5419759901 | national chairperson | one of the institutions that keeps the party operating between conventions. The national chairperson is responsible for the day-to-day activities of the party and is usually selected by the presidential nominee. | 7 | |
| 5419759902 | national committee | one of the institutions that keeps the party operating between conventions. The national committee is composed of representatives from the states and territories. | 8 | |
| 5419759903 | national convention | the meeting of party delegates every four years to choose a presidential ticket and write the party's platform. | 9 | |
| 5419759904 | New Deal coalition | a coalition forged by the Democrats, who dominated American politics from the 1930s to 1960s. Its basic elements were the urban working class, ethnic groups, Catholic and Jews, the poor. Southerners, African Americans, and intellectuals. | 10 | |
| 5419759905 | open primaries | elections to select party nominees in which voters can decide on Election Day whether they want to participate in the Democratic or Republican contest. | 11 | |
| 5419759906 | party competition | the battle of the parties for control of public offices. Ups and downs of the two major parties are one of the most important elements in American politics. | 12 | |
| 5419759907 | party dealignment | the gradual disengagement of people and politician from the parties, as seen in part by shrinking party identification. | 13 | |
| 5419759908 | party eras | historical periods in which a majority of voters clings to the party in power, which tends to win a majority of the elections. | 14 | |
| 5419759910 | party identification | the self-proclaimed preference for one or the other party. | 15 | |
| 5419759911 | party image | the voter's perception of what the Republicans or Democrats stand for, such as conservatism or liberalism. | 16 | |
| 5419759912 | party machine | a type of political party organization that relies heavily on material inducements, such as patronage, to win votes and to govern. | 17 | |
| 5419759913 | party realignment | the displacement of the majority party by the minority party, usually during a critical election period. | 18 | |
| 5419759914 | patronage | one of the key inducements used by political machines. A patronage job, promotion, or contract is one that is given for political reasons rather than for merit or competence alone. | 19 | |
| 5419759915 | political party | according to Anthony Downs, a "term of men [and women] seeking to control the governing apparatus by gaining office in a duly constituted election." | 20 | |
| 5419759916 | proportional representation | an electoral system used throughout most of Europe that awards legislative seats to political parties in proportion to the number of votes won in an election. | 21 | |
| 5419759917 | rational choice theory | a popular theory in political science to explain the actions of voters as well as politicians. It assumes that individuals act in their own best interest, carefully weighing the costs and benefits of possible alternatives. | 22 | |
| 5419759918 | reapportionment | the process of reallocating scats in the House of Representatives every ten years on the basis of the results of the census. | 23 | |
| 5419759920 | third parties | electoral contenders other than the two major parties. American third parties are not unusual, but they rarely win elections. | 24 | |
| 5419759921 | ticket splitting | voting with one party for one office and with another party for other offices. It has become the norm in Americans voting behavior. | 25 | |
| 5419759922 | winner-take-all system | an electoral system in which legislature seats are awarded only to the candidates who come in first in their constituencies. In American presidential elections, the system in which the winner of the popular votes in a state receives all the electoral votes of that state. | 26 | |
| 5419759923 | campaign strategy | the way candidates use scarce resources to achieve the nomination or win office. | 27 | |
| 5419759924 | caucus (electoral) | a private meeting of political party members in order to seek agreement on a common course of action, to select delegates for a state or national nominating convention, or to show preference for a presidential candidate. | 28 | |
| 5419759925 | direct mail | the use of targeted mailings to prospective supporters, usually compiled from lists of those who have contributed to candidates and parties in the past. | 29 | |
| 5419759926 | Federal Election Campaign Act: 1974 | legislation designed to regulate campaign contributions and limit campaign expenditures. | 30 | |
| 5419759927 | Federal Election Commission (FEC) | the principal enforcement agency for the Federal Election Campaign act of 1971. The six member commission has the power to prescribe regulations to implement and clarify campaign laws and to issue advisory opinion to guide compliance with federal election law. | 31 | |
| 5419759928 | frontloading | states' decisions to move their presidential primaries and caucuses to earlier in the nomination season in order to capitalize on media attention. | 32 | |
| 5419759929 | general election | an election used to fill an elective office. This generally is a contest between major party members previously selected by the voters in a primary election. | 33 | |
| 5419759930 | matching funds | money provided to qualifying presidential candidates from the Presidential Election Campaign Fund, the amount of which is determined by the amount of contributions raised by the candidate. | 34 | |
| 5419759931 | McGovern Fraser Commission | a committee in the Democratic party charged with recommending changes in party rules to promote more representation of women and minorities in the delegate selection process., Democratic nominee in election of 1972, required the delegates of the democratic party need to represent more minorities | 35 | |
| 5419759932 | national party convention | a meeting of the delegates from each state to determine the party's nominee for president. | 36 | |
| 5419759933 | national primary | a proposal by critics of the caucuses and presidential primaries systems who would replace these electoral methods with a nationwide primary held early in the election year. | 37 | |
| 5419759934 | nomination | a party's official endorsement of a candidate for office. | 38 | |
| 5419759935 | open primary | a primary election in which voters choose, on election-day, the party primary in which they will vote. They may vote for candidates of either party. | 39 | |
| 5419759936 | party platform | a statement of the general and specific philosophy and policy goals of a political party. This usually occurs at the national convention. | 40 | |
| 5419759937 | Political Action Committee (PAC) | a legal entity formed expressly for the purpose of contributing money to candidates and influencing electoral outcomes. | 41 | |
| 5419759938 | Presidential Election Campaign Fund | money from the $3 federal income tax check-off goes into this fund, which is then distributed to qualified candidates to subsidize their presidential campaigns. | 42 | |
| 5419759939 | presidential primaries | a state-level election to determine which candidate the state's delegates will support. | 43 | |
| 5419759940 | primary election | an election, prior to the general election, in which the voters select the candidates who will run on each party's ticket. The Presidential Primary is held to select delegates to the national nominating convention of the major parties. | 44 | |
| 5419759941 | regional primaries | a proposal by critics of the caucuses and presidential primaries to replace these electoral methods with a series of primaries held in each geographic region. | 45 | |
| 5419759942 | selective perception | the act of paying the most attention to things that one already agrees with or has a predisposition towards. | 46 | |
| 5419759943 | soft money | money raised by political parties for voter registration drives and the distribution of campaign material at the grass roots level, now banned at the national level. | 47 | |
| 5419759944 | straight ticket | voting for candidates who are all of the same party. For example, voting for the Republican candidate for President, Senate, & House. | 48 | |
| 5419759945 | superdelegates | delegates to the Democratic Party's national convention | 49 | |
| 5419759946 | 527 groups | independent groups that seek to influence the political process but are not subject to contribution restrictions because they do not directly advocate the election of a particular candidate. | 50 | |
| 5419759947 | civic duty | a belief in the obligation to vote. | 51 | |
| 5419759948 | electoral college | the system of choosing the President in which representatives of each state cast the final ballots that actually elect the President. | 52 | |
| 5419759949 | electoral dealignment | a lessening of the importance of party loyalties in voting decisions. | 53 | |
| 5419759950 | electoral realignment | the changes in voting patterns that occurs after a critical election. | 54 | |
| 5419759951 | initiative | a procedure allowing voters to submit a proposed law to a popular vote by obtaining a required number of signatures. | 55 | |
| 5419759952 | Initiative petition | a direct democracy technique that allows proposed legislative items to be placed on a statewide ballot when enough signatures are obtained. | 56 | |
| 5419759953 | legitimacy | a widely shared belief that a democratic government was elected fairly and freely. | 57 | |
| 5419759954 | mandate theory of elections | the belief that the election winner has a mandate to implement policy promises. | 58 | |
| 5419759955 | Motor Voter Act | a bill passed by Congress in 1993 making it easier for Americans to register to vote. [The law, which went into effect in 1995, requires states to allow voter registration by mail, when one applies for a driver's license, and at state offices that serve the disabled and poor.] | 59 | |
| 5419759956 | policy voting | occurs when people base their choices on how close a candidate's issues positions are to their own issue preferences. | 60 | |
| 5419759957 | political efficacy | the belief that ordinary people can influence government. | 61 | |
| 5419759958 | referendum | the practice of submitting a law to a popular vote at election time. The law may be proposed by the legislature or a voter's initiative. | 62 | |
| 5419759959 | retrospective voting | voting theory that suggests that individuals who feel that they are better off as a result of certain policies are likely to support candidates who pledge to continue those policies, and those who feel worse off are inclined to support opposition candidates. | 63 | |
| 5419759960 | suffrage (franchise) | the right to vote. [In 1870, the 15th Amendment held that suffrage shall not be denied "on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." In 1920, the 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote.] | 64 | |
| 5419759961 | voter registration | a requirement that citizens register to vote before the election is held | 65 | |
| 5419759962 | actual group | a group composed of those in the potential group who are members of the interest group. | 66 | |
| 5419759963 | amicus curiae briefs | "friend of the court" briefs filed by interest groups to inform the court of their position and to state how their welfare would be affected by a ruling. | 67 | |
| 5419759964 | class action lawsuits | a technique used by interest groups which allows groups of people with similar complaints to combine their grievances into a single suit. | 68 | |
| 5419759965 | collective good | something of value which cannot be withheld from individuals in the potential group. | 69 | |
| 5419759966 | direct lobbying | influencing government decision makers through direct contact, argument, or campaign contributions by a lobbyist. | 70 | |
| 5419759967 | electioneering | helping sympathetic candidates get into office. | 71 | |
| 5419759968 | elite theory | argues that because only a few groups have enough power to influence policy, power is concentrated into a few interlocking power centers. | 72 | |
| 5419759969 | free rider problem | a person who doesn't join or work for a group, but benefits from the group's activities or lobbying efforts. | 73 | |
| 5419759970 | grassroots lobbying | influencing government decision makers though indirect pressure (usually in the form of letters, emails, phone calls) from large numbers of constituents. This is also called indirect lobbying. | 74 | |
| 5419759971 | hyperpluralist theory | argues that too many groups are getting what they want at the expense of the unrepresented and that this behavior leads to incoherent public policy. | 75 | |
| 5419759972 | interest group | an organization of people with shared policy goals entering the policy process at several points to try to achieve those goals. Interest groups purse their goals in many arenas. | 76 | |
| 5419759973 | lobbying | a communication by someone other than a citizen acting on his or her own behalf, directed to a governmental decision maker with the hope of influencing his or her decision. | 77 | |
| 5419759974 | lobbyist | a member of an interest group organized to influence government decisions, especially legislation. | 78 | |
| 5419759975 | Olson's law of large groups | suggests that the larger the group, the more difficult it will be to secure enough of the collective good to encourage participation. | 79 | |
| 5419759976 | pluralist theory | argues that interest group activities provide additional representation and compete against each other to influence political outcomes. | 80 | |
| 5419759977 | political action committee (PAC) | a committee set up by and representing a corporation, labor union, or other special interest group that raises and spends campaign contributions on behalf of one or more candidates or causes. | 81 | |
| 5419759978 | potential group | a group composed of all people who share some common interest. | 82 | |
| 5419759979 | public interest group | an organization that seeks a collective good that will not selectively and materially benefit the members of the group. | 83 | |
| 5419759980 | public interest lobbies | organizations that seek a collective good which does not only benefit their membership. | 84 | |
| 5419759981 | right-to-work law | a state law that forbids the requirement of union membership as a condition of employment. | 85 | |
| 5419759982 | selective benefits | these benefits are goods that a group can restrict to those who are members | 86 | |
| 5419759983 | single issue groups | groups which have very narrow interests, shun compromise, and single-mindedly pursue goals. | 87 | |
| 5419759984 | subgovernments (Iron Triangle) | exclusive relationships composed of interest groups leaders, government agency personnel, and members of congressional committees who perform mutually beneficial services for each other at the public's expense. | 88 |
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