| 4754274681 | ionizing radiation | enough energy to dislodge electrons from Atoms, forming ions; capable of causing cancer(gamma, X-rays, UV) | | 0 |
| 4754274682 | high quality energy | organized and concentrated, can perform useful work (fossil fuel and nuclear) | | 1 |
| 4754274683 | low quality energy | disorganized, disperse (heat in ocean or air wind, solar) | | 2 |
| 4754274684 | first law of thermodynamics | Energy is neither created nor destroyed, but may be converted from one form to another (law of conservation of energy) | | 3 |
| 4754274685 | second law of thermodynamics | when energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy, usually heat | | 4 |
| 4754274686 | natural radioactive decay | unstable radioisotopes decay releasing gamma rays, alpha particles, and beta particles | | 5 |
| 4754274687 | half life | The time it takes for 1/2 the mass of a radio isotope to decay | | 6 |
| 4754274688 | nuclear fission | nuclei of isotopes split apart when struck by neutrons | | 7 |
| 4754274689 | nuclear fusion | two isotopes of light elements forced together at high temperatures till they fuse to form a heavier nucleus. Processes expensive; break even point not reached yet | | 8 |
| 4754274690 | ore | A rock that contains a large enough concentration of a mineral making it profitable to mine | | 9 |
| 4754274691 | mineral reserve | identified deep deposits currently profitable to extract | | 10 |
| 4754274692 | best solution to energy shortage | conservation, increase efficiency, explore alternative energy options | | 11 |
| 4754274693 | surface mining | cheaper and can remove more minerals; less hazardous to workers | | 12 |
| 4754274694 | humus | organic, dark material remaining after decomposition by microorganisms | | 13 |
| 4754274695 | leaching | removal of dissolved materials from soil by water moving downwards | | 14 |
| 4754274696 | eluviation | deposit of leached materials in the lower soil layers | | 15 |
| 4754274697 | loam | perfect agricultural soil with optimal portions of sand, silt, clay (40%, 40%, 20%,) | | 16 |
| 4754274698 | solutions to soil erosion problems | conservation tillage, transportation, Contor plowing, organic fertilizers | | 17 |
| 4754274699 | parts of the water cycle | evaporation, transpiration, run off, condensation, precipitation, infiltration | | 18 |
| 4754274700 | aquifer | any water-bearing layer in the ground | | 19 |
| 4754274701 | salt water intrusion | near the coast, over pumping of groundwater causes salt water to move into the aquifer | | 20 |
| 4754274702 | what happened during el niño | trade winds and ocean currents pool warm water in the western Pacific allowing upwelling of nutrient rich water off the west coast of South America. decreasing food, chains increased rainfall less Atlantic hurricanes | | 21 |
| 4754274703 | nitrogen fixation | because atmospheric N2 cannot be used directly by plants in must first be converted into ammonia by bacteria | | 22 |
| 4754274704 | ammonification | decomposers convert organic waste into ammonia | | 23 |
| 4754274705 | nitrofication | ammonia is converted to nitrate ions | | 24 |
| 4754274706 | assimilation | inorganic nitrogen is converted into organic molecules such as DNA/amino acids and protein | | 25 |
| 4754274707 | denitrification | bacteria convert nitrate(NO2) and nitrate(NO3) back into N2 | | 26 |
| 4754274708 | excess phosphorous added | run off of animal waste, fertilizer, discharge of sewage | | 27 |
| 4754274709 | photosynthesis | plants convert atmospheric carbon(CO2)into complex carbohydrates(C6H12O6) | | 28 |
| 4754274710 | aerobic respiration | O2-consuming products, consumers and decomposers breakdown complex organic compounds and convert carbon back into CO2 | | 29 |
| 4754274711 | largest reservoirs of carbon | carbonate(CO3)2 rocks first, oceans second | | 30 |
| 4754274712 | biotic/abiotic | living and nonliving components of an ecosystem | | 31 |
| 4754274713 | producer/ autotroph | photosynthetic or chemosynthetic life | | 32 |
| 4754274714 | major trophic levels | producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, tertiary consumer | | 33 |
| 4754274715 | energy flow in food webs | only 10% of the usable energy is transferred because usable energy lost as heat (second law), not all biomass is digested and absorbed, predators expend energy to catch prey | | 34 |
| 4754274716 | 10% transferred | because usable energy is lost as heat | | 35 |
| 4754274717 | primary succession | development of communities in a lifeless area not previously inhabited by like for those in which the soil profile is totally destroyed(lava flows); begins with lichen action | | 36 |
| 4754274718 | secondary succession | Life progresses where soil remains (clear cut forest, fire) | | 37 |
| 4754274719 | mutualism | symbiotic relationship where both partners benefit | | 38 |
| 4754274720 | commensalism | symbiotic relationship where one partner partner benefits and the other is unaffected | | 39 |
| 4754274721 | parasitism | relationship in which one partner obtain nutrients at the expense of the host | | 40 |
| 4754274722 | niche | The position or function of an organism in a community of plants and animals | | 41 |
| 4754274723 | biome | large distinct terrestrial regions having similar climate, soil, plants and animals | | 42 |
| 4754274724 | carrying capacity | The number of individuals that can be sustained in an area | | 43 |
| 4754274725 | R-strategist | reproduce early in life, many small unprotected offspring | | 44 |
| 4754274726 | K-strategist | reproduce late in life; few offspring; care for offspring | | 45 |
| 4754274727 | natural selection | organisms that possesses favorable Aadaptations pass them onto the next generation | | 46 |
| 4754274728 | Thomas Malthus | said human population cannot continue to increase exponentially; consequences will be war, famine and disease | | 47 |
| 4754274729 | rule of 70 | 70 divided by the percent growth rate | | 48 |
| 4754274730 | replacement level fertility | The number of children a couple must have to replace themselves | | 49 |
| 4754274731 | World population size | 6.7 billion | | 50 |
| 4754274732 | preindustrial stage | (demographic transition) birth and death rates high, population growth slowly, and infant mortality high | | 51 |
| 4754274733 | transitional stage | (demographic transition ) death rate lower, better healthcare, population grows fast | | 52 |
| 4754274734 | industrial stage | (demographic transition)decline in birth rate, population growth slows | | 53 |
| 4754274735 | postindustrial stage | (demographic transition) Low birth and death rates | | 54 |
| 4754274736 | age structure diagram's | broad base = rapid growth; narrow base = negative growth; uniform shape = zero grow | | 55 |
| 4754274737 | baby boomers | A period of sharp increase in the birthrate, as that in the US following World War II | | 56 |
| 4754274738 | first and second most populous countries | China, India, US | | 57 |
| 4754274739 | most important thing affecting population growth | Low status of women | | 58 |
| 4754274740 | ways to decrease birthrate | family planning,contraception, economic rewards and penalties | | 59 |
| 4754274741 | how China enforced it's one child policy | meant to reduce the population | | 60 |
| 4754274742 | present type of water on earth by type | 97.5% seawater, 2.5% freshwater | | 61 |
| 4754274743 | Point vs nonpoint sources | Point, from specific locations such as a pipe. nonpoint, from over an area such as a runoff | | 62 |
| 4754274744 | biological oxygen demand(BOD) | amount of dissolved oxygen needed by a aerobic decomposers to break down organic material | | 63 |
| 4754274745 | eutrophication | rapid algal caused by an excess of nitrate and phosphates in water | | 64 |
| 4754274746 | primary air pollutants | produced by humans and nature (CO, CO2, SOX, and NOX) | | 65 |
| 4754274747 | secondary air pollutants | produced by humans and nature | | 66 |
| 4754274748 | particulate matter | source: Burning fossil fuels and diesel exhaust
effect:reduces visibility and respiratory irritation
reduction: filtering, electrostatic precipitates, alternative energy | | 67 |
| 4754274749 | allelopathy | suppression of growth of a plant by a toxin released from a nearby plant of the same for another species | | 68 |
| 4754274750 | nitrogen oxides as pollution | acid if defecation of lakes, respiratory irritation, leads to smog and O zone | | 69 |
| 4754274751 | Sulfur oxides as pollution | acid deposition , respiratory irritation, damages plants | | 70 |
| 4754274752 | carbon oxide's as pollution | CO binds to hemoglobin, reducing bloods availability to carry 02 | | 71 |
| 4754274753 | ozone layer | respiratory irritant, plant damage | | 72 |
| 4754274754 | photochemical smog | formed by chemical reactions involving sunlight | | 73 |
| 4754274755 | acid deposition | caused by sulfuric acid, resulting in lower pH of surface water | | 74 |
| 4754274756 | greenhouse gases | they trap outgoing infrared energy, causing earth to warm | | 75 |
| 4754274757 | effects of global warming | rising sea level, extreme weather, drought, famine, and extinction | | 76 |
| 4754274758 | ozone depletion | CFCs, methyl chloroform, trichloromethane, carbon tetrachloride, halon. all of which attack the stratospheric ozone | | 77 |
| 4754274759 | effects of ozone depletion | increase UV, skin cancer, cataracts, decreased plant growth | | 78 |
| 4754274760 | municipal solid waste | mostly paper | | 79 |
| 4754274761 | sanitary landfill problems and solutions | problem, leachate; solution, liner with collection system
problem, methane gas; solution, collect gas and burn
problem, volume of garbage; solution, compact and reduce | | 80 |
| 4754274762 | waste incineration advantages | volume of waste produced by 90%, and waste heat can be used | | 81 |
| 4754274763 | waste incineration disadvantages | toxic emissions, scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators needed, ash disposal | | 82 |
| 4754274764 | keystone species | speciey more important than others, such as a sea otter, see stars, grizzly bear, prairie dog | | 83 |
| 4754274765 | indicator species | species that serve as early warnings that ecosystem is being damaged example trout | | 84 |
| 4754274766 | advantages of pesticides | saves lives from insect transmitted disease, increases food supply, increases profits for farmers | | 85 |
| 4754274767 | disadvantages of pesticides | genetic resistance, economic system in imbalance, pesticide treadmill, persistence, bioaccumulation, biological magnification | | 86 |
| 4754274768 | biological pest control | agricultural practices, genetically resistant plants, natural enemies, biopesticides, sex attractants | | 87 |
| 4754274769 | how electricity is generated by heat source | using steam from water boiled by fossil fuel's or nuclear reactions; falling water to turn a turbine to a power generator | | 88 |
| 4754274770 | how petroleum forms | Microscopic aquatic organisms in sediments converted by heat and pressure into a mixture of hydrocarbons | | 89 |
| 4754274771 | pros of petroleum | relatively cheap, easily transported, high-quality energy | | 90 |
| 4754274772 | cons of petroleum | reserves depleted soon, pollution during drilling, transport and refining; burning makes CO2 | | 91 |
| 4754274773 | types of coal | Peat, lignite, bituminous,anthracite | | 92 |
| 4754274774 | major parts of a nuclear reaction | core, control rods, steam generator, turbine, containment building | | 93 |
| 4754274775 | two most serious nuclear accident | Chernobyl, Ukraine(1986), three-mile Island, PA (1979) | | 94 |
| 4754274776 | alternate energy source | Wind, solar, biomass, geothermal, fuel cells | | 95 |
| 4754274777 | LD50 | amount of chemical that kills 50% of the animals in a test population | | 96 |
| 4754274778 | mutagen, teratogen,carcinogen | causes hereditary changes through mutation; positive fetus deformities, causes cancer | | 97 |
| 4754274779 | multiple use US public land | National Forest and national resources lands | | 98 |
| 4754274780 | moderately restricted use land | nation wildlife refuges | | 99 |
| 4754274788 | restricted use lands | National parks, national wilderness preservation system | | 100 |
| 4754274789 | volcanoes contribution to the greenhouse effect | volcanoes generate about 200,000,000 tons of carbon dioxide annually causing compromises to the greenhouse effect | | 101 |
