AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!
10 Rules
| 7197063131 | 1 | No horseplay | 0 | |
| 7197063132 | 2 | Noise should be minimal | 1 | |
| 7197063133 | 3 | No food | 2 | |
| 7197063134 | 4 | No phone | 3 | |
| 7197063135 | 5 | Classroom should be kept clean | 4 | |
| 7197063136 | 6 | Replace chairs before leaving | 5 | |
| 7197063137 | 7 | In seat before bell | 6 | |
| 7197063138 | 8 | Remain in classroom | 7 | |
| 7197063139 | 9 | Have necessary materials | 8 | |
| 7197063140 | 10 | Leave when excused | 9 |
| 6453756300 | Cross-sectional research | a research design that compares groups of people who differ in age but are similar in other important characteristics |  | 0 |
| 6453756301 | Longitudinal research | a research design in which the same individuals are followed over time and their development is repeatedly assessed |  | 1 |
| 6453756302 | Teratogens | agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm |  | 2 |
| 6453756303 | Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) | a group of birth defects caused by the effects of alcohol on an unborn child |  | 3 |
| 6453756304 | Newborn reflexes | a newborns reactions to certain stimulus |  | 4 |
| 6453756305 | Attachment | an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation; studied by Harlow and Ainsworth |  | 5 |
| 6453756306 | Harry Harlow's attachment research | studied infant attachment using monkey |  | 6 |
| 6453756307 | Mary Ainsworth's strange situation | an experimental method designed to measure the nature of attachment between mothers and babies |  | 7 |
| 6453756308 | Secure attachments | constantly explored when parent was present; distressed when they left and came to parents when they returned |  | 8 |
| 6453756309 | Avoidant attachments | infants with this may resist being held by the parents and will explore novel environment; they don't go to parents for comforts when they return after an absence |  | 9 |
| 6453756311 | Authoritarian parents | parents who make arbitrary rules, expect unquestioned obedience from their children, punish misbehavior, and value obedience to authority; children often grow up unable to make their own decisions |  | 10 |
| 6453756312 | Permissive parents | parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of their children; children grow up not wanting to follow authority of others |  | 11 |
| 6453756313 | Authoritative parents | parents who set high but realistic and reasonable standards, enforce limits, and encourage open communication and independence; children grow up as good decision-makers |  | 12 |
| 6453756314 | Oral stage | Freud's first stage of personality development, from birth to about age 2, during which the instincts of infants are focused on the mouth as the primary pleasure center |  | 13 |
| 6453756315 | Anal stage | Freud's second stage of personality development, from about age 2 to about age 3, during which children learn to control the immediate gratification they obtain through defecation and to become responsive to the demands of society |  | 14 |
| 6453756316 | Phallic stage | Freud's third stage of personality development, from about age 4 through age 7, includes the Oedipus Conflict and Electra Complex, as well as identification |  | 15 |
| 6453756317 | Genital stage | Freud's last stage of personality development, from the onset of puberty through adulthood, during which the sexual conflicts of childhood resurface (at puberty) and are often resolved during adolescence |  | 16 |
| 6453756318 | Erik Erikson's psychosocial developmental theory | neo-freudian who believed in the basics of Freud's theory but adapted it to fit his own observation with social development |  | 17 |
| 6453756319 | Trust versus mistrust | first stage of personality development in which the infant's basic sense of trust or mistrust develops as a result of consistent or inconsistent care |  | 18 |
| 6453756320 | Autonomy versus shame and doubt | Erikson's second crisis of psychosocial development. Toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their own actions and bodies. In this stage, toddlers begin to exert their will over their own bodies for the first time. |  | 19 |
| 6453756321 | Initiative versus guilt | Erikson's third psychosocial crisis, in which children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them. In this stage, children ask many questions. |  | 20 |
| 6453756322 | Industry versus inferiority | the fourth of Erikson's eight psychosexual development crises, during which children attempt to master many skills, developing a sense of themselves as either industrious or inferior, competent or incompetent |  | 21 |
| 6453756323 | Identity versus role confusion | Erikson's term for the fifth stage of development, in which the person tries to figure out "Who am I?" but is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt |  | 22 |
| 6453756324 | Intimacy versus isolation | Erikson's sixth stage of development. Adults see someone with whom to share their lives in an eduring and self-sacrificing commitment. Without such commitment, they risk profound aloneness |  | 23 |
| 6453756325 | Generativity versus stagnation | Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, in which the middle-aged adult develops a concern with establishing, guiding, and influencing the next generation or else experiences a sense of inactivity or lifelessness |  | 24 |
| 6453756326 | Integrity versus despair | the final stage of Erik Erikson's developmental sequence, in which older adults seek to integrate their unique experiences with their vision of community |  | 25 |
| 6453756327 | cognitive developmental theory | children do not think like adults, their thought processes have their own distinct order and special logic; theory created by Jean Piaget |  | 26 |
| 6453756328 | Schema | mental representations of how we expect the world to be |  | 27 |
| 6453756329 | Assimilation | according to Piaget, the process by which new ideas and experiences are absorbed and incorporated into existing mental structures and behaviors |  | 28 |
| 6453756330 | Accommodation | according to Piaget, the process by which existing mental structures and behaviors are modified to adapt to new experiences | | 29 |
| 6453756331 | Sensorimotor stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities |  | 30 |
| 6453756332 | Object permanence | the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived |  | 31 |
| 6453756333 | Preoperational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic |  | 32 |
| 6453756334 | Egocentric | self-centered |  | 33 |
| 6453756335 | Concrete operations | Piaget's stage in which children learn such concepts as conservation and mathematical transformations; about 7 - 11 years of age |  | 34 |
| 6453756336 | Concepts of conservation | children realize that properties of objects remain the same even when their shapes change. demonstrates how different aspects of objects are conserved even when their arrangement changes |  | 35 |
| 6453756337 | Formal operations | in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts |  | 36 |
| 6453756338 | Metacognition | thinking about thinking |  | 37 |
| 6453756339 | moral developmental theory | Lawrence Kohlberg |  | 38 |
| 6453756340 | Preconventional stage | a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor; The children avoided punishment. |  | 39 |
| 6453756341 | Conventional stage | a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules |  | 40 |
| 6453756342 | Postconventional stage | a stage of moral development at which the morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values |  | 41 |
| 5546722162 | albedo | percentage of sunlight reflected off of a surface | 0 | |
| 5546722163 | saturation point | maximum amount of water vapor that can be in the air at a given temperature | 1 | |
| 5546722164 | adiabatic cooling | lower pressure causing air to expand in volume so lowers the temp in the air | 2 | |
| 5546722165 | adiabatic heating | air sinking gets higher pressure causing the air to decrease in volume and raises the pressure of the air | 3 | |
| 5546722166 | latent heat release | whenever water vapor in the atmosphere condenses, the air will become warmer and the warm air will rise | 4 | |
| 5546722167 | Polar cells | similar to Hadley cells at 60* N anD South and falls at 90*N and S | 5 | |
| 5546722168 | Intertropical convergence zone ITZC | Where the sun is directly hitting the earth. changes between 23.5N to 23.5 S throughout the year. Hadley cells are formed around it. this causes seasonal precipitation in the tropics | 6 | |
| 5546722169 | Coriolis | deflection of an objects path due to Earths rotation | 7 | |
| 5546722170 | Gyres | large scale patterns of water circulation like the clockwise in north and counter in south | 8 | |
| 5546722171 | upwelling | upward movement of water toward the surface due to divergence near the west coasts of most continents. Deep waters rise to replace water being moved away and bring nutrients and therefore fish arrive | 9 | |
| 5546722172 | thermohaline circulation | water traveling from the ocean surfave and to the floor due to changes in salinity after evaporation. Salt=cold. this connects all of the oceans | 10 | |
| 5546722173 | El Niño | trade winds reverse in the pacific causing warm water to move from east to west. this prevents upwelling of cold deep water on the west coasts 3-7 years dry weather in africa and southeast Asia and wet cool conditions in the US | 11 | |
| 5546722174 | mangrove trees | salt tolerant and protects coast line from erosion and storm damage | 12 | |
| 5546731172 | intertidal zone | narrow band of coastline that exist between the levels of high tide and low tide; tidepools | 13 |
| 4776864704 | un/une stagaire | apprentice | 0 | |
| 4776864705 | l'oeuvre | art work | 1 | |
| 4776864706 | le chef d'oeuvre | masterpiece | 2 | |
| 4776864707 | le projet | the plan | 3 | |
| 4776864708 | la forme | the shape | 4 | |
| 4776864709 | cibler | to focus on something | 5 | |
| 4776864710 | une toile | a canvas | 6 | |
| 4776864711 | la tendance | the trend | 7 | |
| 4776864712 | important | prominent | 8 | |
| 4776864713 | classique | classical | 9 | |
| 4776864714 | l'aquarelle | watercolor | 10 | |
| 4776864715 | la nature morte | still life | 11 | |
| 4776864716 | le peintre | the painter | 12 | |
| 4776864717 | la peinture | the paint, the painting | 13 | |
| 4776864718 | le dessin | the design | 14 | |
| 4776864719 | l'ombre / l'ombrage | the shading | 15 | |
| 4776864720 | l'emploi | the use | 16 | |
| 4776864721 | le pinceau | the brush | 17 | |
| 4776864722 | la touche | the stroke | 18 | |
| 4776864723 | le chevalet | the easel | 19 | |
| 4776864724 | courbé | curved | 20 | |
| 4776864725 | droit, réglé | straight | 21 | |
| 4776864726 | sombre, foncé | dark | 22 | |
| 4776864727 | leger, clair | light | 23 | |
| 4776864728 | vif / vive | lively | 24 | |
| 4776864729 | le paysage | the landscape | 25 | |
| 4776864730 | l'équilibre | balance | 26 | |
| 4776864731 | la profondeur | depth | 27 | |
| 4776864732 | l'atelier | studio | 28 | |
| 4776864733 | le croquis | sketch | 29 | |
| 4776864734 | le cadre | the frame | 30 | |
| 4776864735 | le godet | container | 31 | |
| 4776864736 | le chiffon | rag | 32 | |
| 4776864737 | le tableau | picture | 33 | |
| 4776864738 | la copie | 34 | ||
| 4776864739 | déformer | twist | 35 |
| 2728768714 | Autonomic Nervous System | The ANS consists of motor neurons that: Innervate smooth and cardiac muscle and glands Make adjustments to ensure optimal support for body activities Operate via subconscious control Have viscera as most of their effectors | 0 | |
| 2728770444 | Effectors | The effectors of the (somatic)SNS are skeletal muscles The effectors of the ANS are cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands | 1 | |
| 2728771485 | Efferent Pathways | Heavily myelinated axons of the somatic motor neurons extend from the CNS to the effector Axons of the ANS are a two-neuron chain The preganglionic (first) neuron has a lightly myelinated axon The ganglionic (second) neuron extends to an effector organ | 2 | |
| 2728771852 | Neurotransmitter effects | All somatic motor neurons release Acetylcholine (ACh), which has an excitatory effect In the ANS: Preganglionic fibers release ACh Postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine or ACh and the effect is either stimulatory or inhibitory ANS effect on the target organ is dependent upon the neurotransmitter released and the receptor type of the effector | 3 | |
| 2728772839 | Divisions of ANS | ANS divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic The sympathetic mobilizes the body during extreme situations The parasympathetic performs maintenance activities and conserves body energy The two divisions counterbalance each other | 4 | |
| 2728773417 | Paraymphathetic division | Concerned with keeping body energy use low Involves the D activities - digestion, defecation, and diuresis Its activity is illustrated in a person who relaxes after a meal Blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rates are low Gastrointestinal tract activity is high The skin is warm and the pupils are constricted | 5 | |
| 2728774040 | Sympathetic roles | The sympathetic division is the "fight-or-flight" system Involves E activities - exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment Promotes adjustments during exercise - blood flow to organs is reduced, flow to muscles is increased Its activity is illustrated by a person who is threatened Heart rate increases, and breathing is rapid and deep The skin is cold and sweaty, and the pupils dilate | 6 | |
| 2728775255 | Anatomy of ANS | sympathetic: Thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord parasympathetic: Cranialsacral Brain and sacral spinal cord | 7 | |
| 2728777005 | Sympathetic Outflow | Arises from spinal cord segments T1 through L2 Sympathetic neurons produce the lateral horns of the spinal cord Preganglionic fibers pass through the white rami communicantes and synapse in the chain (paravertebral) ganglia Fibers from T5-L2 form splanchnic nerves and synapse with collateral ganglia Postganglionic fibers innervate the numerous organs of the body | 8 | |
| 2728777371 | Sympathetic trunk and pathways | The paravertebral ganglia form part of the sympathetic trunk or chain Typically there are 23 ganglia - 3 cervical, 11 thoracic, 4 lumbar, 4 sacral, and 1 coccygeal | 9 | |
| 2728778395 | Sympathetic trunk and pathways | A preganglionic fiber follows one of three pathways upon entering the paravertebral ganglia Synapse with the ganglionic neuron within the same ganglion Ascend or descend the sympathetic chain to synapse in another chain ganglion Pass through the chain ganglion and emerge without synapsing | 10 | |
| 2728778769 | Pathways with synapses in chain ganglia | Postganglionic axons enter the ventral rami via the gray rami communicantes These fibers innervate sweat glands and arrector pili muscles Rami communicantes are associated only with the sympathetic division | 11 | |
| 2728782701 | Pathways to the head | Preganglionic fibers emerge from T1-T4 and synapse in the superior cervical ganglion These fibers: Serve the skin and blood vessels of the head Stimulate dilator muscles of the iris Inhibit nasal and salivary glands | 12 |
| 9037519627 | skeletal system | _____ _____ structural functions: - support of soft tissue - protection (axial skeleton protects heart and lungs, and helps with breathing) - movement (appendicular skeleton) | 0 | |
| 9037542283 | skeletal system | _____ _____ physiological functions: - electrolyte balance (Ca and P ions make salts hard and therefore protect soft tissue) - acid base homeostasis (buffering with PO4 and CO3 salts) - hematopoiesis (in marrow cavities) | 1 | |
| 9037570573 | hematopoiesis | formation of blood cells in marrow cavities | 2 | |
| 9037585650 | shape, ossification process, and location | 3 ways bones can be classified | 3 | |
| 9037591512 | diaphysis | shaft of long bone, mostly composed of compact (dense) bone | 4 | |
| 9037594711 | epiphysis | expanded ends of long bone | 5 | |
| 9037597317 | metaphysis | region in long bone of transition from cartilage to bone at each end of the primary marrow cavity | 6 | |
| 9037616484 | medullary cavity | central cavity of diaphysis in long bone where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored | 7 | |
| 9037653668 | articular cartilage | cover each joint surface in long bone hyaline | 8 | |
| 9037674280 | osteoarthritis | deficiency of articular cartilage | 9 | |
| 9037695896 | compact bone, spongy bone, marrow | types of long bone | 10 | |
| 9037698703 | compact | _____ bone is dense | 11 | |
| 9037702089 | weight | spongy bone is used as a _______ saving adaptation | 12 | |
| 9037705867 | red | ____ marrow actively makes RBC's and is mostly found in children | 13 | |
| 9037712416 | yellow | ____ marrow is made of fat, and is used for long term energy storage RBC's are now in maintenance (adulthood) | 14 | |
| 9037742815 | long bone | bone such as the femur or humerus that is markedly longer than wide and that generally serves as a lever | 15 | |
| 9037748610 | flat bone | most cranial bones, sternum, scapula, ribs, hips | 16 | |
| 9037751919 | flat bone | ___ ____ structure: spongy bone sandwich adapted for protection and weightsaving everything from neck up lacuna with canaliculi to connect | 17 | |
| 9037768338 | central cavity | canal in compact bone containing blood vessels and nerves | 18 | |
| 9037796068 | spongy bone | contains trabeculae and spicules (boney spikes) benefit: lightweight drawback: strength most affected by osteoporosis because of surface area | 19 | |
| 9040130499 | connective | bone is _______ tissue | 20 | |
| 9040137261 | cells, fibers, ground substance | bone histology (3 characteristics) | 21 | |
| 9040146672 | calcium balance | function of bone cells | 22 | |
| 9040149502 | 10 mg/dL | normal calcium level in blood | 23 | |
| 9040162208 | osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes | bone cells derived from mesenchyme | 24 | |
| 9040167267 | osteogenic cells | derived from mesenchyme, critical for growth and repair (still have them well into adulthood), differentiation (divisions produce osteoblasts) | 25 | |
| 9040195238 | osteoblasts | arise from osteogenic cells bone forming cells (osteoid--->bone) immature bone cell secretes organic components of matrix which crystallizes divisions produce osteocytes | 26 | |
| 9040227504 | osteocytes | mature bone cell formed when an osteoblast becomes surrounded by its own matrix and entrapped in lacuna communicate via canaliculi can build or break down bone tissue | 27 | |
| 9040236018 | canaliculi | slender channels connecting lacunae | 28 | |
| 9040251490 | osteoclasts | break down the bone matrix (osteolysis), can result in osteoporosis release Ca2+ to help heart, muscles and nerves (resorption) multinucleate (many nuclei) derived from monocyte/macrophage cell line | 29 | |
| 9040279753 | osteolysis | destruction or disappearance of bone tissue | 30 | |
| 9040299165 | hydroxyapatite | what is the ground substance of bone tissue made of? | 31 | |
| 9040307904 | calcium, phosphate, carbonate salt | what is hydroxyapatite made of? | 32 | |
| 9040311625 | hydroxyapatite | ground substance crystalline structure of Calcium, phosphate, and carbonate salt gives bone rigidity also found in tooth enamel subject to demineralization (with acidity - meth, lemons, bulimia, etc) | 33 | |
| 9040328497 | demineralization | hydroxyapatite is subject to _____ | 34 | |
| 9040331306 | gives bone rigidity | function of hydroxyapatite (ground substance) | 35 | |
| 9040338822 | collagen | fibers of bone tissue | 36 | |
| 9040343991 | gives bone flexibility | function of collagen (bone fibers) | 37 | |
| 9040347683 | sacrificial bonds | hold collagen (bone fibers) together can tear and pop back (only so many times) less of them as you get older | 38 | |
| 9040365251 | trabeculae | thin plate or layer of tissue in spongy bone | 39 | |
| 9040392775 | ossification | formation of bone | 40 | |
| 9040395369 | endochondral ossification | bone formation with a hyaline cartilage precursor most bones develop this way | 41 | |
| 9040401612 | intramembranous ossification | bone formation with a mesenchyme precursor produces flat bones of skull and most of clavicle | 42 | |
| 9040440885 | 100% | what percentage of inorganic substances in your bones are replaced within the first year | 43 | |
| 9040447235 | 10% per year | what percentage of inorganic substances in your bones are replaced as an adult | 44 | |
| 9040465127 | the number of osteoclasts = the number of osteoblasts | one can maintain bone density if | 45 | |
| 9040471858 | appositional growth | occurs by intramembranous ossification at the bone surface increasing diameter of bone (outer layer deposited, inner layer resorbed) | 46 | |
| 9040477492 | greater bone density and diameter | increased stress on bones = | 47 | |
| 9040487926 | muscle contraction and nerve transmission | essential functions of Ca homeostasis | 48 | |
| 9040649193 | calcitriol and PTH | which hormones increase blood Ca levels | 49 | |
| 9040652831 | calcitonin | which hormone decreases blood Ca levels | 50 | |
| 9040655861 | calcitriol | aka vitamin D (synthesized by UV light) increases blood Ca levels by: - increasing Ca absorption in intestines - increasing osteolysis - inhibiting Ca excretion in the kidneys | 51 | |
| 9040688359 | parathyroid hormone | increases blood Ca levels response: osteoclasts stimulated, kidneys resorb more Ca2+ kidneys synthesize calcitriol (intestines more permeable to Ca2+) inhibit collagen synthesis in osteoblasts (bone deposition inhibited) | 52 | |
| 9040745817 | t tubule | extensions of the cell membrane that penetrate into the center of skeletal muscle cells permit rapid transmission of the action potential into the cell, and also play an important role in regulating cellular calcium concentration |  | 53 |
| 9040784539 | calcitonin | opposes affects of PTH (decreases blood Ca level) response: - osteoclasts inhibited Ca2+ reabsorption inhibited at kidney tubules (=excretion) Ca2+ reabsorption inhibited at intestines | 54 | |
| 9121627989 | skeletal muscle | function of _____ _____: skeletal mvmt maintain posture protection and support of soft tissue regulation of digestive and excretory passage temperature homeostasis | 55 | |
| 9121649700 | skeletal muscle | properties of ____ ____: excitability conductivity contractility extensibility elasticity | 56 | |
| 9121670381 | epimysium | dense irregular CT surrounding entire muscle group, allowing them to slide over each other | 57 | |
| 9121676678 | perimysium | surrounds bundles of muscle fibers in fascicles | 58 | |
| 9121687133 | endomysium | surrounds individual muscle fibers | 59 | |
| 9121701490 | myoblasts | muscle stem cells (like mesenchyme is to bone) many nuclei divide and merge w/ others | 60 | |
| 9121718415 | many | myoblasts have _____ nuclei | 61 | |
| 9121722249 | satellite cells | myoblasts that remain between endomysium and plasma membrane can "wake up" and repair themselves during injury | 62 | |
| 9121771290 | innervated | individual muscle fibers are ________ by neurons control based on # of branches | 63 | |
| 9121783900 | muscle fiber | a muscle cell is also known as a _____ _____ | 64 | |
| 9121792263 | multinucleated | muscle fibers are _________ (many nuclei) | 65 | |
| 9121796723 | sarcolemma | plasma membrane of muscle cell | 66 | |
| 9121799927 | polarized | the sarcolemma is _____ (the charges are separated, the reason it is excitable) | 67 | |
| 9121809745 | myofibrils | allow muscles to contract made of actin and myosin | 68 | |
| 9121816499 | actin and myosin | myofibrils are made of what? | 69 | |
| 9121824642 | mitochondria | muscle fibers have tons of ________ | 70 | |
| 9121828023 | t tubule | allow stimuli to move into the interior of the cell (transmit electrical signals) continuous with sarcolemma | 71 | |
| 9121843467 | transmit electrical signals | function of t tubules | 72 | |
| 9121845957 | sarcoplasmic reticulum | organelle that stores Ca ions responds to stimulus (closely associated with the T tubules, penetrates between them) | 73 | |
| 9121863246 | T tubules | the sarcoplasmic reticulum penetrates between the _____ ______ | 74 | |
| 9121872200 | triad | adjacent terminal cisternae and t tubule (TC - t tubule - TC) | 75 | |
| 9121878578 | sarcomere | fundamental unit of contraction composed of: myofilaments stabilizing proteins regulating proteins | 76 | |
| 9121892505 | myosin | thick filaments are made of _____ | 77 | |
| 9121895410 | actin and regulating proteins | thin filaments are made of _____ and ______ ______ | 78 | |
| 9121909705 | striated | _____ muscle has a banded appearance A band = darker I band = lighter |  | 79 |
| 9121920670 | A band | darker portion of striated muscle made of thick filaments | 80 | |
| 9121926297 | I band | lighter portion of striated muscle made of thin filaments | 81 | |
| 9121937464 | A band | the M line, H zone, and 2 zones of overlap are all structures of the ___ _____ | 82 | |
| 9121944551 | m line | middle of A band gives it structural support attaches thick filaments | 83 | |
| 9121962079 | h zone | structure of A band made of thick filaments only gets smaller as muscle contraacts | 84 | |
| 9390996532 | I band | made of only thin filaments z line and titin | 85 | |
| 9391003548 | actin and regulatory proteins | thin filaments are made primarily of ____ and _____ _____ (tropomyosin and tropoin) | 86 | |
| 9391012342 | tropomyosin | covers myosin binding sites on thin filaments | 87 | |
| 9391016428 | troponin | controls tropomyosin winding binds to Ca+ when muscle is stimulated caused conformational change of tropomyosin | 88 | |
| 9391024867 | low to high | ATP moves myosin from a ____ to ___ energy state | 89 | |
| 9391029360 | myosin | thick filaments are made primarily of | 90 | |
| 9391043647 | motor unit | motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates | 91 | |
| 9391050753 | -70 mV | the resting membrane potential is normally ____ | 92 | |
| 9391073232 | latent period | delay between the onset of a stimulus and the onset of a twitch | 93 | |
| 9391078198 | incomplete tetanus | muscle relaxes partially between stimuli wiggles at the end on a myogram | 94 | |
| 9391082467 | complete tetanus | twitches fuse into a single nonfluctuating contraction due to high frequency doesn't happen naturally in humans | 95 | |
| 9391089882 | muscle tone | continuous low-level contraction of muscles consumes continuous energy | 96 | |
| 9391092240 | isometric contraction | muscle contraction in which the muscle length does not change tension = load | 97 | |
| 9391098123 | isotonic contraction | muscle contraction in which the muscle length changes concentric or eccentric | 98 | |
| 9391101634 | concentric | type of isotonic contraction muscle shortens tension > load (lifting) | 99 | |
| 9391107779 | eccentric | type of isotonic contraction muscle lengthens tension < load (lowering) | 100 | |
| 9391972210 | ATP | required for contraction oxidative respiration and fermentation | 101 | |
| 9392003704 | fermentation | pathway of ATP synthesis Enables a cell to produce ATP w/o need for oxygen produces lactic acid which must be removed from the muscle and disposed of by the liver | 102 | |
| 9392022629 | oxidative respiration | pathway of ATP synthesis much more efficient use of energy you already have happens in mitochondria | 103 | |
| 9392037310 | ATP, creatine phosphate, glycogen | energy sources (first to last) | 104 | |
| 9392039307 | creatine phosphate | created during rest 7-15 sec of contraction ADP + CP <--> ATP + creatine (now myosin can use!) | 105 | |
| 9392049339 | glycogen | glucose chains (easily broken off one at a time on demand) anaerobic storage (2 min) aerobic use (40 min) - after this you get energy from the circulatory system | 106 | |
| 9392072529 | fatty acids | a muscle at rest is fueled by _____ _____ | 107 | |
| 9392082570 | aerobic | _____ activity: moderate glycogen consumed, ATP concentration drops glycogen ---> glucose | 108 | |
| 9392087503 | anaerobic | _____activity: strenuous anaerobic fermentation (glycolysis) CP consumed, lactic acid produced | 109 | |
| 9392255445 | Cori cycle | lactic acid removal from a muscle by the liver lactic acid --> pyruvic acid --> glucose endergonic (requires ATP) | 110 | |
| 9392328707 | hypertrophy | muscles get bigger muscles increase # of myofilaments | 111 | |
| 9392406385 | VO2 max | rate of uptake where increasing workload does not increase O2 uptake plateau of oxygen consumption | 112 | |
| 9392434144 | brain and spinal cord | ____ and _____ ____ make up the CNS | 113 | |
| 9392438662 | sensory and motor | ____ and ____ division make up the PNS | 114 | |
| 9392454992 | excitability | respond to environmental changes (stimuli) | 115 | |
| 9392479793 | conductivity | respond by producing electrical signal conducted to other cells | 116 | |
| 9392488056 | afferent | sensory neurons are ____ | 117 | |
| 9392490822 | afferent | sensor to control center (ascending) | 118 | |
| 9392497526 | sensory neurons | part of the PNS afferent somatic/visceral receptors | 119 | |
| 9392518795 | somatic | ______ receptors: exteroceptors (receive external stimuli) and proprioceptors (tell us where muscles are) | 120 | |
| 9392528200 | visceral | _____ receptors: interoceptors (BP and body temp) | 121 | |
| 9392535054 | interneurons | part of CNS neurons within control centers (brain nuclei) integrate info, coordination of motor activity | 122 | |
| 9392542360 | motor neurons | part of PNS efferent much less abundant in the body somatic/visceral | 123 | |
| 9392555541 | efferent | control center to effector (exiting brain) | 124 | |
| 9392563151 | somatic | ____ motor neurons send the message from the control center to skeletal muscle | 125 | |
| 9392588275 | visceral | ____ motor neurons send the message from the control center to the smooth/cardiac muscle and glands | 126 | |
| 9392643636 | perikaryon | cytoplasm of a neuron produces neurotransmitters | 127 | |
| 9392651256 | dendrites | receive incoming messages and conduct signals to soma branching extensions from soma, interact with other neurons | 128 | |
| 9392705872 | axon | single branch from cell body | 129 | |
| 9392709160 | axoplasm | axon cytoplasm | 130 | |
| 9392709161 | axolemma | axon cell membrane, separates charges | 131 | |
| 9392714249 | axon hillock | origination of axon from cell body (soma) | 132 | |
| 9392716402 | telodendria | multiple branchings from axon | 133 | |
| 9392758410 | synapse | space between 2 neurons | 134 | |
| 9392768525 | anterograde | axonal transport soma ---> axon | 135 | |
| 9392771584 | retrograde | axonal transport axon ---> soma (backward) | 136 | |
| 9392809679 | ependymal cells, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia | CNS neuroglia (4 types) | 137 | |
| 9392816962 | ependymal cells | CNS neuroglia epithelial cells line brain ventricles and central canal of spinal cord produce/maintain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | 138 | |
| 9392840321 | astrocytes | CNS neuroglia maintain blood-brain barrier (cover entire brain surface) CNS structure repair certain parts of neurons (very limited) brain development controlling interstitial environment | 139 | |
| 9392892753 | oligodendrocytes | CNS neuroglia myelination of axons in CNS internodes nodes of Ranvier structure | 140 | |
| 9392929434 | nodes of ranvier | gaps between internodes | 141 | |
| 9392931225 | microglia | CNS neuroglia primary immune cells of the nervous system removes waste/debris via phagocytes | 142 | |
| 9392977752 | satellite cells and schwann cells | PNS neuroglia (2 types) | 143 | |
| 9392982684 | satellite cells | PNS neuroglia regulate interstitial environment (like astrocytes) | 144 | |
| 9393976598 | schwann cells | myelinate PNS cell axons (like oligodendrocytes) repair of PNS (damaged nerve fibers) | 145 | |
| 9393993825 | hyperpolarization | making membrane potential more negative (open K+ channels) | 146 | |
| 9393995473 | repolarization | bringing back to resting membrane potential | 147 | |
| 9393997163 | depolarization | making membrane potential more positive (open Na+ channels) | 148 | |
| 9393999853 | graded potential | small change in membrane potential localized anything before threshold gate ion channels (chemically/mechanically) | 149 | |
| 9394004455 | mechanically | _____ gated ion channels: respond to physical change in the membrane, can be opened or closed | 150 | |
| 9394006176 | chemically | _____ gated ion channels: respond to the binding of chemicals can be opened or closed | 151 | |
| 9394007690 | voltage | ____ gated ion channels: respond to changes in the transmembrane potential transmit action potentials open, closed, or locked (refractory period) | 152 | |
| 9394019731 | action potential | rapid voltage change in which the membrane briefly reverses electrical polarity chain reaction of depolarization along axon (wave) | 153 | |
| 9394030522 | refractory period | state in which the neuron is unavailable to stimulation prevents backward polarization | 154 | |
| 9394036211 | continuous | ____ propagation: unmyelinated axons along entire axon (baby steps) | 155 | |
| 9394039979 | saltatory | _____ propagation: myelinated axons occurs at nodes of ranvier (jumps) more rapid | 156 | |
| 9394044109 | increases | myelination _____ propagation speed because the myelin sheath insulates the axon | 157 | |
| 9394045968 | increases | an axon with a thicker diameter ____ propagation speed | 158 | |
| 9394048732 | A | type ___ fibers: large diameter, myelinated (fastest) afferent: balance, light touch efferent: skeletal muscle | 159 | |
| 9394053826 | B | type ___ fibers: thinner, myelinated (medium speed) afferent: skin pain, temp efferent: smooth muscle | 160 | |
| 9394056421 | C | type ___ fibers: thin, unmyelinated (slowest) afferent: internal pain, temp efferent: cardiac muscle, glands | 161 | |
| 9394061243 | electrical | _____ synapse: rare immediate/ direct propagation of impulse via gap junctions | 162 | |
| 9394063534 | chemical | ____ synapse: release of neurotransmitters can be excitatory or inhibitory | 163 | |
| 9394077504 | divergent | ___ neuronal pool: individual neuron sends signals to multiple downstream neurons ex: one motor neuron stimulating thousands of muscle fibers | 164 | |
| 9394079762 | convergent | ____ neuronal pool: many inputs to one neuron ex: different sensory stimuli can all elicit the same memory | 165 | |
| 9394082225 | reverberating | ___ neuronal pool: positive feedback ex: rhythmic activities (breathing, maintaining consciousness) | 166 | |
| 9394084583 | parallel after discharge | ___ neuronal pool: input - chain - ouput | 167 |
| 5261060818 | carpal | wrist | 0 | |
| 5261060819 | genital | reproductive organs | 1 | |
| 5261060820 | axillary | armpit | 2 | |
| 5261060821 | cubital | elbow | 3 | |
| 5261060822 | gluteal | buttocks | 4 | |
| 5261060823 | dorsal | back | 5 | |
| 5261063686 | cervical | neck | 6 | |
| 5261063687 | brachial | arm | 7 | |
| 5261063688 | buccal | cheek | 8 | |
| 5261066266 | crural | leg | 9 | |
| 5261066267 | cephalic | head | 10 | |
| 5261066268 | antecubital | front of elbow | 11 |
| 7198955114 | Flashflood | Rumaragasang agos ng tubig | 0 | |
| 7198955115 | Lindol | Pagyanig ng lupa | 1 | |
| 7198955116 | Kalamidad | Pangyayaring di maiiwasan | 2 | |
| 7198955117 | Baha | Pagtaas ng tubig | 3 | |
| 7198955118 | Mata | Sentro ng bagyo | 4 | |
| 7198955119 | Bagyo | Malakas na hangin na may malakas na ulan | 5 | |
| 7198955120 | Global warming | Pagtaas ng temperatura | 6 | |
| 7198955121 | Climate change | Pagbabago ng panahon | 7 | |
| 7198955122 | 0.7kg | Averge basura | 8 | |
| 7198955123 | Pagmimina | Pakuha ng mineral sa ilalim ng lupa | 9 | |
| 7719112125 | Typhoon | West pacific ocean | 10 | |
| 7719112126 | Surface mining | Pagkayod sa ibabaw ng lupa | 11 | |
| 7719112127 | Seismograph | Pagtatala ng lakas ng lupa | 12 | |
| 7719112128 | Seismoscope | Malaman tiyak na oras ng lindol | 13 | |
| 7719112129 | Volcanism | Binubuga palabas | 14 | |
| 7719112130 | Eyewall | Pulopulong ulap | 15 | |
| 7719112131 | Super typhoon | 220 mph | 16 | |
| 7719112132 | Deforestation | Paglinis ng gubat | 17 | |
| 7719112133 | Greenhouse gasses | 1% ng daigdig | 18 | |
| 7719112134 | Quarrying | Pagkuha ng bato | 19 | |
| 7719112135 | Tsunami | Malaking alon | 20 | |
| 7719112136 | Green house gasses | GHG | 21 | |
| 7719112137 | BahaDepartment of labor and employment | DOLE | 22 | |
| 7719112138 | Business processing outsourcing | BPO | 23 | |
| 7719112139 | Department of education | DepEd | 24 | |
| 7719112140 | Technical education and skills development authority | TESDA | 25 | |
| 7719112141 | World trade organization | WTO | 26 | |
| 7719112142 | General agreement of tariff and trade | GATT | 27 | |
| 7719112143 | Baha | Pagtaas ng tubig | 28 | |
| 7719112144 | Mudslide | Pagragasa ng putik | 29 | |
| 7719112145 | Landslide | Pagguho ng lupa | 30 | |
| 7719112146 | Epidemya | Pagtaas ng nakakahawang sakit | 31 | |
| 7719112147 | Rain bands | Ulap na nakapalibot | 32 | |
| 7719112148 | Storm surge | Hindi normal na pagtaas ng tubig | 33 | |
| 7719112149 | Surface wind speed | Upang malaman kung may bagyo | 34 | |
| 7719112150 | Cyclone | South pacific | 35 | |
| 7719112151 | Hurricane | Atlantic ocean | 36 | |
| 7719112152 | Tectonic plates | Pagbago ng posisyon ng lupa | 37 | |
| 7719112153 | RA 9225 | Citizenship retention act of 2003 | 38 | |
| 7719112154 | RA BLG 9003 | Ecological waste management act of 2000 | 39 | |
| 7719112155 | PD BLG 1151 | Philippine environment policy | 40 | |
| 7719112156 | BLG 1152 | Philippine environment code | 41 | |
| 7719112157 | Special allotment release order | SARO | 42 | |
| 7719112158 | Priority development assistance fund | PDAF | 43 | |
| 7719112159 | Kakulangan sa pagtutulungan Kalamidad Corruption Digmaan Pagmamalapis Krisis Maling trato sa pulubi Ivang prayoridad ng may hawak ng pera Kakulangan sa pangangalaga sa mga halaman at hayop Pagtatago ng pera ng ilan Kakulangan ng desiplina | Mga dahilan kung bakit parin patuloy na naghihirap ang ating bansa | 44 | |
| 7719112160 | Kalamidad Kakapusan sa tubig Paglaganap ng sakit Social dislocation Implikasyon ng seguridad sa pagkain | Epecto ng global warming | 45 | |
| 7719112161 | Reduce Reuse Recycle Restore | Apat na R | 46 | |
| 7719112162 | UTI Tuberculosis Cancer Stroke Heart attack Hypertension HIV | Sakit | 47 | |
| 7719112163 | Malaria | Sensitive disease | 48 | |
| 8276965853 | Typhoon | West pacific ocean | 49 | |
| 8276965854 | Surface mining | Pagkayod sa ibabaw ng lupa | 50 | |
| 8276967190 | Seismograph | Pagtatala ng lakas ng lupa | 51 | |
| 8276970679 | Seismoscope | Malaman tiyak na oras ng lindol | 52 | |
| 8276970680 | Volcanism | Binubuga palabas | 53 | |
| 8276970681 | Eyewall | Pulopulong ulap | 54 | |
| 8276970682 | Super typhoon | 220 mph | 55 | |
| 8276970683 | Deforestation | Paglinis ng gubat | 56 | |
| 8276970684 | Greenhouse gasses | 1% ng daigdig | 57 | |
| 8276970685 | Quarrying | Pagkuha ng bato | 58 | |
| 8276972939 | Tsunami | Malaking alon | 59 | |
| 8276972940 | Green house gasses | GHG | 60 | |
| 8276972941 | BahaDepartment of labor and employment | DOLE | 61 | |
| 8276972942 | Business processing outsourcing | BPO | 62 | |
| 8276972943 | Department of education | DepEd | 63 | |
| 8276972944 | Technical education and skills development authority | TESDA | 64 | |
| 8276972945 | World trade organization | WTO | 65 | |
| 8276972946 | General agreement of tariff and trade | GATT | 66 | |
| 8276972947 | Baha | Pagtaas ng tubig | 67 | |
| 8276972948 | Mudslide | Pagragasa ng putik | 68 | |
| 8276972949 | Landslide | Pagguho ng lupa | 69 | |
| 8276972950 | Epidemya | Pagtaas ng nakakahawang sakit | 70 | |
| 8276972951 | Rain bands | Ulap na nakapalibot | 71 | |
| 8276974598 | Storm surge | Hindi normal na pagtaas ng tubig | 72 | |
| 8276974599 | Surface wind speed | Upang malaman kung may bagyo | 73 | |
| 8276974600 | Cyclone | South pacific | 74 | |
| 8276974601 | Hurricane | Atlantic ocean | 75 | |
| 8276974602 | Tectonic plates | Pagbago ng posisyon ng lupa | 76 | |
| 8276974603 | RA 9225 | Citizenship retention act of 2003 | 77 | |
| 8276974604 | RA BLG 9003 | Ecological waste management act of 2000 | 78 | |
| 8276974605 | PD BLG 1151 | Philippine environment policy | 79 | |
| 8276974606 | BLG 1152 | Philippine environment code | 80 | |
| 8276974607 | Special allotment release order | SARO | 81 | |
| 8276974608 | Priority development assistance fund | PDAF | 82 | |
| 8276974609 | Kakulangan sa pagtutulungan Kalamidad Corruption Digmaan Pagmamalapis Krisis Maling trato sa pulubi Ivang prayoridad ng may hawak ng pera Kakulangan sa pangangalaga sa mga halaman at hayop Pagtatago ng pera ng ilan Kakulangan ng desiplina | Mga dahilan kung bakit parin patuloy na naghihirap ang ating bansa | 83 | |
| 8276974610 | Kalamidad Kakapusan sa tubig Paglaganap ng sakit Social dislocation Implikasyon ng seguridad sa pagkain | Epecto ng global warming | 84 | |
| 8276974611 | Reduce Reuse Recycle Restore | Apat na R | 85 | |
| 8276974612 | UTI Tuberculosis Cancer Stroke Heart attack Hypertension HIV | Sakit | 86 | |
| 8276974613 | Malaria | Sensitive disease | 87 |
| 5071414062 | Oblivious | not conscious or aware of someone or something (adjective) | 0 | |
| 5071414063 | Pathological | extreme in a way that is not normal or that shows an illness or mental problem (adjective) | 1 | |
| 5071414064 | Coerce | To compel by force (verb) | 2 | |
| 5071414065 | Autonomous | Not subject to control from outside; independent (adjective) | 3 | |
| 5071414066 | Litany | a prayer in a Christian church service in which the people at the service respond to lines spoken by the person who is leading the service (noun) | 4 | |
| 5071414067 | Perambulate | to travel over or through especially on foot (verb) | 5 | |
| 5071414068 | Continuum | a range or series of things that are slightly different from each other and that exist between two different possibilities (noun) | 6 | |
| 5071414069 | Ubiquitous | seeming to be seen everywhere (adjective) | 7 | |
| 5071414070 | Omnipresent | present in all places at all times (adjective) | 8 | |
| 5071414071 | Concede | to admit (something) usually in an unwilling way (verb) | 9 | |
| 5071414072 | Assert | To state (something) in a strong and definite way (verb) | 10 | |
| 5071414073 | Digress | to speak or write about something that is different from the main subject being discussed (verb) | 11 | |
| 5071414074 | Insidious | causing harm in a way that is gradual or not easily noticed (adjective) | 12 | |
| 5071414075 | Facetious | used to describe speech that is meant to be funny but that is usually regarded as annoying, silly, or not proper (adjective) | 13 |
| 6634230483 | au contraire | on the contrary | 0 | |
| 6634230484 | cependant | however | 1 | |
| 6634230485 | depuis longtemps | for a long time | 2 | |
| 6634230486 | dès que | as soon as | 3 | |
| 6634230487 | en effet | as a matter of fact | 4 | |
| 6634230488 | pendant que | while | 5 | |
| 6634230489 | avoir tort (tu as tort) | to be wrong (you're wrong) | 6 | |
| 6634230490 | avoir raison (tu as raison) | to be right (you're right) | 7 | |
| 6634230491 | avoir hâte (de faire quelque chose) | to look forward to (can't wait to do something) | 8 | |
| 6634230492 | par contre | on the other hand | 9 | |
| 6634230493 | C'est une question de... | It's a question of... | 10 | |
| 6634230494 | Il s'agit de... | It's about... | 11 | |
| 6634230495 | Il paraît que.... | It seems that... | 12 | |
| 6634230496 | Pour ma part... | As far as I'm concerned... | 13 | |
| 6634230497 | Je trouve que... | I think that... | 14 | |
| 6634230498 | Je crois que... | I think that... | 15 | |
| 6634230499 | Je pense que... | I think that... | 16 | |
| 6634230500 | Quant à moi... | As for me... | 17 | |
| 6634230501 | A mon avis... | In my opinion... | 18 | |
| 6634230502 | Cela dépend de... | That depends on... | 19 | |
| 6634230503 | Ce n'est pas juste. | That's not fair. | 20 | |
| 6634230504 | C'est à dire... | That is to say... | 21 | |
| 6634230505 | donc | therefore | 22 | |
| 6634230506 | en bref | in brief (in short) | 23 | |
| 6634230507 | de plus | moreover | 24 | |
| 6634230508 | pour conclure | in conclusion | 25 | |
| 6634230509 | pourtant | however | 26 | |
| 6634230510 | quand même | even though | 27 | |
| 6634230511 | selon | according to | 28 | |
| 6634230512 | tout de même | all the same | 29 | |
| 6634230513 | effectivement | actually | 30 | |
| 6634230514 | en réalité | actually | 31 | |
| 6634230515 | particulièrement | especially | 32 | |
| 6634230516 | surtout | above all | 33 | |
| 6634230517 | en tout cas | in any case | 34 | |
| 6634230518 | par conséquence | therefore | 35 | |
| 6634230519 | pas du tout | not at all | 36 | |
| 6634230520 | malgré tout | in spite of everything | 37 | |
| 6634230521 | malgré cela | in spite of that | 38 | |
| 6634230522 | sans doute | without a doubt | 39 | |
| 6634230523 | aux Etats-Unis | in the US | 40 | |
| 6634230524 | en France | in France | 41 | |
| 6634230525 | parce que | because | 42 | |
| 6634230526 | à cause de | because of | 43 | |
| 6634230527 | d'après... | according to | 44 | |
| 6634230528 | Je suis accord avec.... | I agree with... | 45 | |
| 6634230529 | Je ne suis pas d'accord. | I don't agree. | 46 | |
| 6634230530 | En ce cas-là... | In that case... | 47 |
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