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AP English Flashcards

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4918495924IntrepidADJ Bold, fearless0
4918495925VenerableADJ respected because of age or impress dignity1
4918495926QuerulousADJ complaining, irritable SYN petulant, carping2
4918495927SagacityN foresight, discernment or keen perception; ability to make good Judgments, wisdom3
4918495928ParagonN a model of excellence or perfection SYN quintessence4
5047576463AbstemiousADJ Sparing or moderate in eating and drinking; temperate in diet5
5047582844EnvenomV To cause bitterness and bad feeling6
5047586211EnsconceV To establish firmly in a position7
5047588255EnshroudV To cover completely8
5047590609NullifyV To counter; make unimportant9

AP Flashcards

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7258005115likas na yamanmahalagang biyaya mula sa kalikasan0
7258005116populasyonbilang tao1
7258005117sustainable developmentpag unlad na tumutugon sa mga pangangailangan ng tao sa kasalukuyan2
7258461803Yamang Lupapinakamahalaga sa lahat ng likas na yaman3
7258461804Mining Act of 1995Ipinatupad ito sa bansa upang pagbawalan ang nga dayuhang korporasyon na magmina4
7258461805Yamang GubatBatay sa 2009 Philippine Forestry Statiatics ng DENR mula sa 30 miluong ektarya ng lupain ng Pilipinas , binubuo ng humugit-kumulang na 15 milyong ektarya ang sakop ng lupang pangkubatan ng bansa5
7258461806Tropical Rainforestng bansa ay nagtataglay ng mahigut 3000 uri ng punungkahoy6
7258461807Endemicmga hayop na matatagpuan sa Pilipinas lamang7
7258461808Yamang Tubigang tubig ay buhay8
7258461809Commercial Fishingpangingisda sa lapt mg karagatan9
7258461810Municipal Fishingpangingisda sa dagat10
7258461811aquacultureproduksiyon ng isda sa mga itinayong fishpond11
7258461812Yamang Enerhiyamaituturing na yaman ang mga enerhiyang nakukuha mula sa kalikasan12
7258461813mula sa lupaenerhiyang geothermal13
7258461814mula sa tubigenerhiyang hydroelectric14
7258461815mula sa mineral na panggatonghalimbawa nito ang Malampaya Gas Field15
7258461816mula sa arawenerhiyang solar16
7258461817mula sa hanginenerhiyang dulot ng windmill17
7258461818Pagkonsumoparaan ng pagbibili at paggamit ng isang produkto o serbisyo18
7258461819konsumerismoisang samahan ng pagkilos19
7258461820maaksayang pagkonsumopagkonsumong nagdudulot ng pag-aaksaya20
7258461821mapanganib na pagkonsumopagkonsumong nagdudulot ng panganib sa tao21
7258461822produktibong pagkonsumongPagkonsumo na nakalilikha o nakakabuo pa ng ibang produkto o serbisyo22
7258461823tuwirang pagkonsumopagkonsumong daglian23
7258461824kakayahang bumilihigit na nagagawang bumili ng marami ang may kaya o mayayamang tao24
7258461825Okasyonmarami ang nabibilhing paghanda kapag may okasyon25
7258461826Presyokapag ang presyo ng produkto ay mataas o mababa26
7258461827Panahontumutukoy ito sa kalagayan ng panahon27
7258461828Edad at panlasa ng taonagkakaiba ang estilo ng pagkonsumo ng kabataan kaysa sa nakatatanda28
7258461829Pag-aanunsiyomalaki ang epekto ng pag-aanunsiyo sa pagkonsumo29
7258461830Kasarianang lalaki at babae ay may magkaibang pangangailangan30
7258461831kakayahangpang-entreprenyurkakayahan ng isang tao na mag organisa at mamahala sa pagpapatakbo ng negosyo31
7258461832kapitalmga bagay na ginagamit sa paggawa ng mga bago at iba pang produkto32
7258461833production functionrelasyon ng dami ng input at ng output33
7258461834produksiyonisang proseso ng paglikha ng bagay na nakatugon sa mga pangangailangan ng tao34
7258461835Hindi nagbabagong balik sa proporsiyon (constant returns to scale)sitwasyon na ang dami ng karagdagang input ng produksiyon ay inaasahang magbubunga ng parehong dami ng produkto o output35
7258461836Pataas na proporsiyon (increasing return to scale)sitwasyon na ang dami ng karagdagang input ng produksiyon ay maaring magbunga36
7258461837pababang proporsiyon (decreasing returns to scale)sitwasyon na ang karagdagang dami ng input ng produksiyon37
7258461838lupang agrikulturalmga lupang pansakahan38
7258461839moratoriumlegal na pahintulot39
7258461840repormang kasamahanpagbabago sa kalakaran40
7258461841CARPComprehensive Agrarian Reform Program41
7258461842lupapinagmumulan ng lahat ng mga hilaw na materyales42
7258461843paggawalumilikha ng mga puhunang produkto. Pinakamahalagang salik sa produksiyon43
7258461844kontraktuwal na manggagawamanggagawang nakasalalay sa kontrata44
7258461845regular na manggagawamaaring permanente sa trabaho45
7258461846kapitalmahalagang salik46
7258461847imbentaryouri ng kalakal at hilaw na materyales47
7258461848interesbayad sa hiniram48

AP Flashcards

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6353008841Association of South-East Asian NationASEAN0
6353008842World Trade OrganizationWTO1
6353032244Department of HealthDOH2
6353032245Bureau of Internal RevenueBIR3
6353032246Asian Pacific Economic CooperationAPEC4
6353032247Social Security SystemSSS5
6353032248Government Service Insurance SystemGSIS6
6353032249Organization of Petroleum and Exporting CountriesOPEC7
6353032250Commission on Higher EducationCHED8
6353032251Government Owned and Controlled CorporationGOCC9
6353032252Philippine Overseas Employment AdministrationPOEA10
6353032253Bureau of Labor and Employment StatisticsBLES11
6353032254Department of Trade and IndustryDTI12
6353032255National Bureau of InvestigationNBI13
6353032256Comprehensive Agrarian Reform ProgramCARP14

APES Evolution Flashcards

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8599930232evolutionchange in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms0
8599930233speciationformation of new species1
8599930235natural selectionprocess by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest2
8599930236gene poolall of the alleles (gene variations) in all the individuals that make up a population3
8599930238reproductive isolationseparation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring4
8599930239convergent evolutionprocess by which unrelated species become more similar as they adapt to the same kind of environment5
8599930241parallel evolutionthe development, through natural selection, of similar characteristics (morphology, behavior) in two unrelated species subjected to similar environmental conditions.6
8599930244genetic driftchanges in gene pool of a population due to chance rather than viability of offspring7
8599930245population bottleneckform of genetic drift in which a population becomes extremely small; may lead to differences in allele frequencies and a loss in genetic variability8
8599930246microevolutionshort time scale events (generation-to-generation) that change phenotypic ratios9
8599930247macroevolutionlong time scale events that cause extinction and speciation10

AP Biology - Ecology Review Flashcards

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9580384470ecologystudy of the distribution and abundance of organisms and their interactions with other organisms and with their physical environment0
9580384471populationgroup of individuals of the same species living in the same area1
9580384472communitygroup of populations of different species living in the same area2
9580384473ecosysteminterrelationships between organisms in a community and their physical environment3
9580384474biospherecomposed of all the regions of the earth that contain living things (hydrosphere, geosphere, and atmosphere)4
9580384475habitattype of place where an organism usually lives; descriptions typically include the organisms and the physical and chemical characteristics of the environment5
9580384476nicheall biotic and abiotic resources in the environment used by an organism6
9580384477bioticliving7
9580384478abioticnonliving8
9580384479climatelong-term prevailing weather conditions in a given area; major components include temperature, precipitation, sunlight, and wind9
9580384480macroclimateglobal, regional, or local climate example: changing angle of earth with respect to the sun, bodies of water, mountains that exert long-term effects10
9580384481microclimatefine-scale variations, like sunlight and temperature under a log11
9580384482biomelarge region of the earth whose distribution depends on the amount of precipitation and temperature in an area; characterized by dominant vegetation and animal life12
9580384483major biomes of the worldtropical rainforest, temperate grasslands, conifer forest (taiga), desert, temperate deciduous forest, tropical seasonal (dry) forest, tundra, savanna, chaparral, and aquatic biomes13
9580384484tropical rainforestabundant rainfall, stable temperature, high humidity most biodiversity of any biome14
9580384485desertlittle to no rainfall, greatly varying temperatures, no humidity plants are drought-resistant and animals are typically active only at night15
9580384486temperate grasslandscovers huge areas in temperate and tropical regions of the world low total annual rainfall, uneven seasonal rainfall, occasional fires grazing and burrowing mammals; soil is rich in nutrients and is great for agriculture16
9580384487temperate deciduous foresttrees drop their leaves in winter vertical stratification of plants and animals soil is rich due to decomposition17
9580384488conifer forest/taigadominated by conifer forests fresh water lakes and ponds very cold winters, heavy snowfall largest terrestrial biome large mammals flying insects and birds in summer18
9580384489tundracharacterized by permafrost "frozen desert" gently rolling plains with many lakes, ponds, and bogs insects are abundant large to medium mammals19
9580384490savannagrasses and some trees dominant herbivores include insects fire is a dominant abiotic factor plant growth increases during rainy season, but low otherwise20
9580384491chaparraldominated by dense, spiny, evergreen shrubs coastal areas with mild rainy winters and long, hot, dry summers plants are adapted to fires21
9580384492aquatic biomes include...freshwater, estuaries, marine22
9580384493primary way to distinguish aquatic biomessalinity23
9580384494vertical stratification in aquatic biomesphotic zone: enough light for photosynthesis aphotic zone: very little light benthic zone: bottom of biome with sand, detritus, and inorganic matter24
9580384495thermoclinenarrow layers of fast temperature change that separate a warm upper layer of water and cold deeper waters25
9580384496littoral zonein fresh, standing bodies of water, it is the well-lit shallow water near the shore that contains rooted and floating aquatic plants26
9580384497limnetic zonein fresh, standing bodies of water, it is the well-lit open surface waters farther from shore that are occupied by phytoplankton27
9580384498oligotrophic lakesdeep lakes that are nutrient-poor, oxygen-rich, and contain sparse phytoplankton28
9580384499eutrophic lakesshallower, higher-nutrient content, lower oxygen content, high concentration of phytoplankton29
9580384500primary way to characterize moving bodies of watercurrent30
9580384501marine biomelargest and most stable biome temperature varies little because of water's high heat capacity31
9580384502marine biome zonesintertidal zone: land meets water, as in tide pools neritic zone: beyond intertidal zone; shallower water over continental shelves pelagic zone: vast realm of open blue water coral reef: biome created by corals, varying in shape and support the growth of other organisms32
9580384503population ecologystudy of the growth, abundance, and distribution of populations33
9580384504population growth is described by...biotic potential, carrying capacity, and limiting factors34
9580384505population sizesymbolically represented by N it is the total number of individuals in the population35
9580384506population densitytotal number of individuals per area or volume occupied36
9580384507population dispersiondescribes how individuals in a population are distributed37
9580384508clumped dispersionmost common pattern, like humans in cities or schools of fish38
9580384509uniform dispersionlike trees in an orchard, or plants with toxins39
9580384510random dispersionlike trees in a forest; occurs because of special attractions or repulsions40
9580384511age structuredescribes the abundance of individuals of each age41
9580384512survivorship curvesdescribe how mortality of individuals in a species varies during their lifetimes42
9580384513type I survivorship curvedescribe a species in which most individuals survive to middle age; after that age, mortality is high. example: humans43
9580384514type II survivorship curvedescribe organisms in which the length of survivorship is random, that is, the likelihood of death is the same at any age example: rodents, invertebrates44
9580384515type III survivorship curvedescribe species in which most individuals die young, with only a relative few surviving to reproductive age and beyond example: oysters, species with free-swimming larvae45
9580384516biotic potentialmaximum growth rate of a population under ideal conditions with unlimited resources and without any growth restrictions46
9580384517factors that contribute to biotic potentialage at reproductive maturity, clutch size, frequency of reproduction, reproductive lifetime, survivorship of offspring to reproductive maturity47
9580384518carrying capacitymaximum number of individuals of a population that can be sustained by a particular habitat48
9580384519limiting factorselements that prevent a population from attaining its biotic potential49
9580384520types of limiting factorsdensity-dependent factors and density-independent factors50
9580384521density-dependent factorslimiting effect becomes more intense as the population density increases examples: parasites and disease, competition, toxic effect of waste products, predation, stress51
9580384522density-independent factorsoccur independently of the density of a population examples: natural disasters and climate extremes52
9580384523r-strategist (or r-selected species)rapid, exponential growth quickly invade a habitat, quickly reproduce, then die offspring are small, quickly maturing, and require little to no parental care53
9580384524k-strategist (or k-selected species)slower, logistic growth size of mature population remains relatively constant small number of large offspring extensive parental care reproduction repeats throughout lifetime54
9580384525exponential growthoccurs when reproductive rate is greater than zero; forms a J-shaped curve on a graph55
9580384526logistic growthoccurs when limiting factors restrict the size of a population to the carrying capacity of the habitat; forms an S-shaped curve on a graph56
9580384527life historydescribes an organism's strategy for maximum fitness57
9580384528reproductive successmeasure of fitness - how well an organism survives and reproduces58
9580384529reproductive success depends on four variablesage of reproductive maturity frequency of reproduction number of offspring per reproductive event how long the organism lives59
9580384530community ecologyconcerned with the interaction of different populations60
9580384531interspecific competitioncompetition between two different species via... - competitive exclusion principle (Gause's principle) - resource partitioning - realized niche - character displacement (niche shift)61
9580384532Competitive Exclusion (Gause's principle)when two species compete for exactly the same resources, or occupy the same niche, one is likely to be more successful62
9580384533resource partitioningsome species coexist in spite of apparent competition for the same resources. they actually occupy slightly different niches.63
9580384534fundamental nicheniche that an organism occupies in the absence of competition64
9580384535realized nichewhen competitors are present, one or both species may be able to coexist by occupying realized niches. here, any niche overlap is absent. they do not compete for the same resources.65
9580384536character displacementniche shift certain characteristics may enable individuals to obtain resources in their partitions more successfully. this reduces competition and leads to a divergence of features.66
9580384537predationpredator totally or partly consumes a plant or other animal67
9580384538true predatorkills and eats other animals68
9580384539parasitespends most or all of its live living on or in a host; obtains nourishment by feeding on host tissues69
9580384540parasitoidinsect that lays eggs on a host, usually an insect or spider, and after hatching the larvae consume the host70
9580384541herbivoreanimal that eats plants; some act like predators and totally consume the organism whereas others may only eat a part of the plant71
9580384542symbiosistwo species that live together in close contact during a portion or all of their lives72
9580384543types of symbiotic relationshipsmutualism commensalism parasitism73
9580384544mutualismboth species benefit74
9580384545commensalismone species benefits while the second is neither helped nor harmed75
9580384546parasitismparasite benefits while the host is harmed76
9580384547coevolutionevolution of one species in response to new adaptations that appear in another species - evolutionary arms race77
9580384548secondary compoundstoxic chemicals produced in plants that discourage would-be herbivores78
9580384549cryptic colorationcamouflage; any color, pattern, shape, or behavior that enables an animal to blend in with its surroundings79
9580384550aposematic colorationwarning coloration; conspicuous pattern or coloration of animals that warns predators that they sting, bite, taste bad, or are otherwise to be avoided80
9580384551mimicrytwo or more species resemble one another in appearance81
9580384552mullerian mimicryseveral animals, all with some special defense mechanism, share the same or similar coloration82
9580384553batesian mimicryan animal without any special defense mechanism mimics the coloration of an animal that does possess a defense83
9580384554ecological successionchange in the composition of species over time; one community is gradually and predictably replaced by another community84
9580384555climax communityfinal successional stage of constant species composition; persists relatively unchanged until destroyed by a catastrophic event, like fire85
9580384556in succession, resident species may alter...substrate texture, soil pH, soil water potential, light, and crowding86
9580384557pioneer speciesspecies that are the first to colonize a newly exposed habitat; work to break down rock into smaller rock, then into sand, and finally into soil as succession progresses87
9580384558primary successionoccurs where no soil was previously present; begins on rock. pioneer species and other plants break down rock into pebbles, then sand, then soil. as organisms die and decompose, it nourishes the soil allowing for more and larger organisms to grow or live in that area88
9580384559secondary successionoccurs as primary succession, except soil is already present89
9580384560food chainlinear flow chart of who eats whom example: grass >>> zebra >>> lion >>> vulture90
9580384561food webexpanded, more complete version of a food chain that shows all major plants in the ecosystem, various animals that eat them, and the animals that eat the animals91
9580384562autotrophsobtain energy from light or inorganic material92
9580384563heterotrophsconsumer other organisms for organic material and/or a source of energy93
9580384564ecological pyramidsshow relationships between trophic levels94
9580384565trophic levelan organism's place in a food chain or food web95
9580384566primary producersautotrophs that perform photosynthesis96
9580384567primary consumersherbivores, heterotrophs that eat primary producers97
9580384568secondary consumerscarnivores/omnivores, heterotrophs that eat primary consumers98
9580384569tertiary consumerscarnivores/omnivores, heterotrophs that eat secondary consumers99
9580384570quaternary consumerscarnivores/omnivores, heterotrophs that eat tertiary consumers100
9580384571detritivoresheterotrophs that obtain their energy by consuming dead plants and animals (detritus)101
9580384572why will you typically not see more than five levels in a food chain, pyramid, or web?only 10% of the energy at one trophic level is available for the next trophic level. 90% of the energy is used, stored, or lost. there's not enough energy in any ecosystem to support more than 5 levels. this is called ecological efficiency.102
9580384573primary productivityamount of organic matter produced through photosynthetic activity per unit of time103
9580384574dominant speciesmost abundant species or species that contributes the greatest biomass to a community104
9580384575keystone speciesone that has a strong influence on the health of a community or ecosystem; removal of a keystone species results in dramatic changes in the makeup of species that comprise other trophic levels105
9580384576invasive speciesintroduced species that proliferates and displaces native species because it is a better competitor or because its natural predators or pathogens are absent106
9580384577bottom-up model of trophic interactionsdescribes how changes in the structure of trophic levels are regulated by changes in the bottom level (plants)107
9580384578top-down model of trophic interactionschanges in the structure of trophic levels are regulated by changes in the top trophic level108
9580384579biodiversityfunction of the number of species, niches, and trophic levels in the ecosystem and the complexity of its food web109
9580384580factors that influence biodiversityclimate, latitude, habitat size and diversity, and elevation110
9580384581biogeochemical cyclesdescribe the flow of essential elements from the environment to living things and back; elements are stored in reservoirs and assimilated into organisms as well as released back into the environment111
9580384582hydrologic cycle - reservoirsoceans, air (water vapor), ground water, glaciers112
9580384583hydrologic cycle - assimilationplants absorb water from soil, animals drink water or eat other organisms113
9580384584hydrologic cycle - releaseplants transpire, animals and plants decompose114
9580384585carbon cycle - reservoirsatmosphere, bodies of water, fossil fuels, peat, durable organic material115
9580384586carbon cycle - assimilationphotosynthesis, consumption116
9580384587carbon cycle - releaserespiration, decomposition, burning117
9580384588nitrogen cycle - reservoirsatmosphere, soil118
9580384589nitrogen cycle - assimilationabsorption, consumption, nitrogen fixation, nitrification119
9580384590nitrogen cycle - releasedenitrifying bacteria convert ammonia into atmospheric nitrogen, detritivorous bacteria convert organic compounds into ammonia, and animals excrete ammonia, urea, or uric acid120
9580384591phosphorus cycle - reservoirsrock and ocean sediments121
9580384592phosphorus cycle - assimilationplants absorb from soils, animals eat plants or other animals122
9580384593phosphorus cycle - releasedecomposition, excretion123
9580384594humans damage the biosphere by...exponential population growth habitat destruction pollution124
9580384595most destructive consequences of human activity include...global climate change, deforestation, acid rain, reduction in species diversity, ozone depletion, desertification, and pollution125
9580384596global climate changeBurning of fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. These greenhouse gases trap infrared radiation, raising the temperature of the earth's atmosphere and resulting in large scale climate change.126
9580384597acid rainburning of fossil fuels like coal and other industrial processes release pollutants in the air, which react with water vapor to produce sulfuric acid and nitric acid, which rains down on us127
9580384598desertificationovergrazing of grasslands that border deserts transform those grasslands into deserts; agricultural output decreases and habitats available to native species are lost128
9580384599deforestationclear-cutting of forests causes erosion, flooding, and changes in weather patterns; occurs most often in the tropical rainforest, where most of our carbon fixation occurs129

AP Physics 1 - Dynamics Flashcards

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9580873721ForceA push or a pull0
9580873722Net ForceThe resultant of all forces acting on an object. Causes the object to changes its state of motion.1
9580873723WeightThe force of gravity pulling on a given mass. Fw = m∙g2
9580873724Force of FrictionA resistive force that acts on an object opposite the direction of motion.3
9580873725Kinetic FrictionThe resistive force that opposes the motion of a moving object.4
9580873726Static FrictionThe resistive force that keeps an object at rest when a force is applied to it. ALWAYS equal to the applied force.5
9580873727Normal ForceThe supportive force from a surface of contact. It is ALWAYS EXACTLY perpendicular to the surface.6
9580873728Coefficient of FrictionA ratio that describes the relative stickiness between two surfaces in direct contact. Maximum static is ALWAYS larger than kinetic.7
9580873729Newton's First LawAn object will maintain constant linear velocity until acted on by an outside net force.8
9580873730Newton's Second LawA net force applied to an object will cause the object to accelerate. Acceleration is directly related to the magnitude of the net force. Acceleration is in the same direction as the net force. Acceleration is inversely related to the mass of the object.9
9580873731Newton's Third lawFor every force there is an equal and opposite force. The forces are exactly equal in magnitude and directly opposite in direction. The forces occur simultaneously on SEPARATE objects.10
9580873732Free-Body DiagramA sketch of the forces being applied to a given object. Used to analyze all situations.11
9580873733TensionPulling force that is exerted by a stretched, taut rope, cable, or string. Must be determined through use of a FBD.12
9580873734Inclined PlaneA slanted surface along which a force moves an object to a different elevation. Also called a ramp. Shift the X- and Y-planes to work with objects on inclined planes.13
9580873735ResultantThe sum (or combination) of all vectors. Determined using the Head-to-Tail Method.14
9580873736InertiaAn object's resistance to changes in its state of motion. Comes from the matter/mass the object is made of.15
9580873737MassMeasure of an object's inertia. Measured in kilograms (kg). Total amount of matter (atoms, particles, etc.) that are present.16
9580873738EquilibriumA state that occurs when the net force on an object or system is zero.17
9580873739Static EquilibriumA state that occurs when an object or system is at rest.18
9580873740Dynamic EquilibriumA state that occurs when an object is moving in a straight line with constant speed.19
9580873741PulleyA simple machine that consists of a grooved wheel with a rope or cable wrapped around it. Changes the direction of the applied force. Analyze systems of masses and pulleys as entire systems and/or as individual objects.20

AP European History "-Isms" Flashcards

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9567514649Anarchisma political theory favoring the abolition of governments0
9567514648Absolutisma form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)1
9567514650Anti-Semitismpolicies, views, or actions that harm or discriminate against Jews2
9567514651Chartismthe principles of a body of 19th century English reformers who advocated better social and economic conditions for working people3
9567514652New ImperialismHistorians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers and the United States, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories.4
9567514653OwensimUtopian socialist philosophy of 19th century social reformer ______ ________ and his followers and successors. Aimed for radical reform of society and is considered a forerunner of the cooperative movement.5
9567514654Pan-SlavismA movement to promote the independence of Slav people. Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia. Led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877.6
9567514655Positivismthe form of empiricism that bases all knowledge on perceptual experience (not on intuition or revelation)7
9567514656Communisma theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.8
9567514657Conservatisma political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes9
9567514658Racismdiscriminatory or abusive behavior towards members of another race10
9567514659Corporatisma political system in which interest groups become an institutionalized part of the state or dominant political party;public policy is typically the result of negotiations among representatives of the state and key interest groups11
9567514660RealismThis was the new style of literature that focused on the daily lives and adventures of a common person. This style was a response to Romanticism's supernaturalism and over-emphasis on emotion12
9567514661RevisionismSocialist thought that disagreed with Marx's formulation; believed that social and economic progress could be achieved through existing political institutions.13
9567514662DeismThe religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life.14
9567514663Empiricismthe view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment.15
9567514664ExistentialismA philosophy that values human freedom and personal responsibility. A few well known _______ writers are Jean-Paul Satre, Soren Kierkegaard ("the father of _______"), Albert Camus, Freidrich Nietzche, Franz Kafka, and Simone de Beauvoir.16
9567514665RomanticismAn artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th Century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions.17
9567514666Social DarwinismThe application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.18
9567514667Socialisma theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole.19
9567514668UtilitarianismThe theory, proposed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700s, that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people.20
9567514669ZionismA worldwide movement, originating in the 19th century that sought to establish and develop a Jewish nation in Palestine. Since 1948, its function has been to support the state of Israel.21
9567514670Fabianisma British intellectual socialist movement, whose purpose is to advance the principles of Social democracy via gradualist and reformist, rather than revolutionary means. It is best known for its initial ground-breaking work beginning late in the 19th century and continuing up to World War I. The society laid many of the foundations of the Labour Party and subsequently affected the policies of states emerging from the decolonisation of the British Empire, especially India.22
9567514671FascismA system of government characterized by strict social and economic control and a strong, centralized government usually headed by a dictator. First found in Italy by Mussolini.23
9567514672Feminismthe belief that women should possess the same political and economic rights as men24
9567514673Fourierismfounded by Charles Fourier. he believed that the industrial order ignored the passionate side of human nature. Social discipline ignored all the pleasures of human being naturally seek. He advocated phalanxes in which agrarian labor dominated and people could rotate tasks throughout the day25
9567514674Humanisman intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics26
9567514675ImperialismA policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.27
9567514676ImpressionismMajor Western artistic style that gained prominence in the second half of the 1800s and into the 1900s.Against Realism, visual impression of a moment, style that seeks to capture a feeling or experience, often very colorful.28
9567514677LiberalismA political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.29
9567514678MannerismArtistic movement against the Renaissance ideals of symetry, balance, and simplicity; went against the perfection the High Renaissance created in art. Used elongated proportions, twisted poese and compression of space.30
9567514679Marxismthe economic and political theories of ______ __________and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded31
9567514680Mercantilisman economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests32
9567514681Militarisma political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggresively to defend or promote national interests33
9567514682Modernismpractices typical of contemporary life or thought34
9567514683Nationalismlove of country and willingness to sacrifice for it35
9567514684Nazisma form of socialism featuring racism and expansionism, The doctrines of nationalism, racial purity, anti-Communism, and the all-powerful role of the State. The National Socialist German Workers Party encouraged this and it was advocated by Adolf Hitler in Germany.36
9567514685FederalismA system of government in which a written constitution divides power between a central, or national, government and several regional governments37
9567514686Centralismdenotes the concentration of a government's power into a centralized government. This takes away some of the powers of the states and puts more power into the hands of the executive leader38
9567514687FeudalismA political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land39
9567514688ManorialismAn economic system based on the manor and lands including a village and surrounding acreage which were administered by a lord. It developed during the Middle Ages to increase agricultural production.40
9567514689Radicalisma political philosophy that emphasizes the need to find and eliminate the basic injustices of society; seek what they consider the roots of the economic, political, and social wrongs of society and demand immediate and sweeping changes to wipe them out; a belief that rapid, dramatic changes need to be made to existing society, usually think current system cannot be saved and must be overturned41

AP Biology Photosynthesis Flashcards

Chapter 10 Vocabulary for AP Biology

Terms : Hide Images
8738152876ChlorophyllGreen Pigment Main photosynthetic pigmnet Absorbs primarily violet-blue and red wavelengths0
8738152877Thylakoidsdense interconnected membranous sacs where the light reactions occur1
8738152878Granastacks of thylakoid2
8738152879Granumsingular of grana3
8738152880Chloroplastsites of photosynthesis4
8738152881Photosynthesisconversion of light energy into chemical energy stored in sugar and other organic molecules5
8738152882Photosynthesis Equation6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light --> C6H12O6 + 6 O26
8738152883Carbon Dioxidesource of inorganic carbon used in photosynthesis7
8738152884Electromagnetic SpectrumElectromagnetic energy which travels in waves8
8738152885ColorsLight we see is reflected off objects and light we don't see is absorbed by objects9
8738152886WhiteAll colors reflected10
8738152887BlackAll colors absorbed11
8738152888Chlorophyll amain photosynthetic green pigment, absorbs primarily violet-blue and red wavelengths12
8738152889Pigmenta molecule that absorbs wavelengths in the visible light spectrum13
8738152890CarotenoidGroup of pigments that absorb blue and blue-green wavelengths, appear orange, yellow, and red14
8738152891Light ReactionsOccur in thylakoid membrane and are also called light dependent reactions15
8738152892PhotosystemConsists of a reaction-center complex surrounded by light-harvesting complexes which split water to create electrons that get transferred to NADP+ to create NADPH and H+ which are used to create ATP16
8738152893Light-Harvesting ComplexContains chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids (within the photosystem) that will trap light energy for use in the light reactions17
8738152894Photosystem 1Has P700 chlorophyll a in reaction-center complex, thought to have evolved first because it can work alone to create primary acceptors, 2nd of the photosystems18
8738152895Photosystem 2Has P680 chlorophyll a in reaction-center complex, first of the photosystems. splits water into electrons, oxygen, and hydrogen ions19
8738152896CytochromeProtein in the electron transport chain of the photosystems that transfers the electrons to create NADPH20
8738152897Calvin CycleLight-Independent reactions Occurs in stoma, does not use light directly. Uses the enzyme Rubisco to create 2 molecules of G3P which is then either used to create glucose or recycled back into RuBP to restart the cycle21
8738152898RubiscoThe most abundant protein on Earth Carbon Fixation is catalyzed by Rubisco22
8738152899ReductionThe carbon molecules made in Carbon Fixation are reduced into to G3P by adding the negative phosphate from a NADPH that can be used to make glucose or perform other processes23
87381529001 Cycle of Calvin Cycle1 CO2 is fixed 3 ATP are used 2 NADPH are used 1 RuBP is regenerated 6 cycles needed to make 1 glucose molecule24
8738152901C4 PhotosynthesisA method that bypasses photorespiration Happens in corn, sugarcane, and other plants in hot, dry environments Converts carbon dioxide to a 4-carbon intermediary which is then stored in bundle-sheath cells25
8738152902C3 PlantPlants that use the Calvin Cycle without creating carbon intermediaries, take in carbon dioxide through stomata. An enzyme called RuBisCO helps the carbon dioxide combine to make sugar.26
8738152903chlorophyll bPigment that absorbs light in the blue and orange light spectrum. Second major pigment used in plants.27
8738152904CAM PlantsPlants that only open stomata at night. They convert carbon dioxide to malic acid which is then converted back into carbon dioxide during the day for the Calvin cycle28

AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
10097441863psychologythe study of behavior and mental processes0
10097441864psychology's biggest questionWhich is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?1
10097441865psychology's three levels of analysisbiopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)2
10097441866biological approachgenetics, close-relatives, body functions3
10097441867evolutionary approachspecies - helped with survival (ancestors)4
10097441868psychodynamic approach(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes5
10097441869behavioral approachlearning (classical and operant) observed6
10097441870cognitive approachthinking affects behavior7
10097441871humanistic approachbecoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)8
10097441872social-cultural approachcultural, family, environment9
10097441873two reasons of why experiments are importanthindsight bias + overconfidence10
10097441874types of research methodsdescriptive, correlational, and experimental11
10097441875descriptive methodscase study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)12
10097441876case studystudies one person in depth may not be typical of population13
10097441877surveystudies lots of people not in depth14
10097441878naturalistic observationobserve + write facts without interference15
10097441879correlational methodshows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research16
10097441880correlation coefficient+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)17
10097441881experimental methoddoes show cause and effect18
10097441882populationtype of people who are going to be used in experiment19
10097441883sampleactual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)20
10097441884random assignmentchance selection between experimental and control groups21
10097441885control groupnot receiving experimental treatment receives placebo22
10097441886experimental groupreceiving treatment/drug23
10097441887independent variabledrug/procedure/treatment24
10097441888dependent variableoutcome of using the drug/treatment25
10097441889confounding variablecan affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control26
10097441890scientific methodtheory hypothesis operational definition revision27
10097441891theorygeneral idea being tested28
10097441892hypothesismeasurable/specific29
10097441893operational definitionprocedures that explain components30
10097441894modeappears the most31
10097441895meanaverage32
10097441896medianmiddle33
10097441897rangehighest - lowest34
10097441898standard deviationhow scores vary around the mean35
10097441899central tendencysingle score that represents the whole36
10097441900bell curve(natural curve)37
10097441901ethics of testing on animalsneed to be treated humanly basically similar to humans38
10097441902ethics of testing on humansconsent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality39
10097441903sensory neuronstravel from sensory receptors to brain40
10097441904motor neuronstravel from brain to "motor" workings41
10097441905interneurons(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons42
10097442097neuron43
10097441906dendritesreceive messages from other neurons44
10097441907myelin sheathprotects the axon45
10097441908axonwhere charges travel from cell body to axon terminal46
10097441909neurotransmitterschemical messengers47
10097441910reuptakeextra neurotransmitters are taken back48
10097441911excitatory charge"Let's do it!"49
10097441912inhibitory charge"Let's not do it!"50
10097441913central nervous systembrain and spinal cord51
10097441914peripheral nervous systemsomatic nervous system autonomic nervous system52
10097441915somatic nervous systemvoluntary movements53
10097441916autonomic nervous systeminvoluntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)54
10097441917sympathetic nervous systemarousing55
10097441918parasympathetic nervous systemcalming56
10097441919neural networksmore connections form with greater use others fall away if not used57
10097441920spinal cordexpressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved58
10097441921endocrine systemslow uses hormones in the blood system59
10097441922master glandpituitary gland60
10097441923brainstemextension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival61
10097441924reticular formation (if stimulated)sleeping subject wakes up62
10097441925reticular formation (if damaged)coma63
10097441926brainstem (if severed)still move (without purpose)64
10097441927thalamussensory switchboard (does not process smell)65
10097441928hypothalamusbasic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)66
10097441929cerebellumnonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements67
10097441930cerebellum (if damaged)difficulty walking and coordinating68
10097441931amygdalaaggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions69
10097441932amygdala (if lesioned)subject is mellow70
10097441933amygdala (if stimulated)aggressive71
10097441934hippocampusprocess new memory72
10097441935cerebrumtwo large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing73
10097441936cerebral cortexonly in higher life forms74
10097441937association areasintegrate and interpret information75
10097441938glial cellsprovide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons76
10097441939frontal lobejudgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)77
10097441940parietal lobemath and spatial reasoning78
10097441941temporal lobeaudition and recognizing faces79
10097441942occipital lobevision80
10097441943corpus callosumsplit in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)81
10097441944Wernicke's areainterprets auditory and hearing82
10097441945Broca's areaspeaking words83
10097441946plasticityability to adapt if damaged84
10097441947sensationwhat our senses tell us85
10097441948bottom-up processingsenses to brain86
10097441949perceptionwhat our brain tells us to do with that information87
10097441950top-down processingbrain to senses88
10097441951inattentional blindnessfail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere89
10097441952cocktail party effecteven with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.90
10097441953change blindnessgiving directions and person is changed and we don't notice91
10097441954choice blindnesswhen defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed92
10097441955absolute thresholdminimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time93
10097441956signal detection theorywe notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)94
10097441957JND (just noticeable difference)(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion95
10097441958sensory adaptationtired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"96
10097441959rodsnight time97
10097441960conescolor98
10097441961parallel processingnotice color, form, depth, movement, etc.99
10097441962Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)100
10097441963Hering's opponent-process theoryafter image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)101
10097441964trichromatic + opponent-processYoung-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex102
10097441965frequency we hear mosthuman voice103
10097441966Helmoltz (hearing)we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)104
10097441967frequency theoryimpulse frequency (low pitches)105
10097441968Helmholtz + frequency theorymiddle pitches106
10097441969Skin feels what?warmth, cold, pressure, pain107
10097441970gate-control theorysmall fibers - pain large fibers - other senses108
10097441971memory of painpeaks and ends109
10097441972smellclose to memory section (not in thalamus)110
10097441973groupingGestalt make sense of pieces create a whole111
10097441974grouping groupsproximity similarity continuity connectedness closure112
10097441975make assumptions of placementhigher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front113
10097441976perception =mood + motivation114
10097441977consciousnessawareness of ourselves and the environment115
10097441978circadian rhythmdaily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)116
10097441979circadian rhythm pattern- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin117
10097441980What messes with circadian rhythm?artificial light118
10097441981The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?90 minutes119
10097441982sleep stagesrelaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)120
10097441983purpose of sleep1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)121
10097441984insomniacan't sleep122
10097441985narcolepsyfall asleep anywhere at anytime123
10097441986sleep apneastop breathing in sleep124
10097441987night terrorsprevalent in children125
10097441988sleepwalking/sleeptalkinghereditary - prevalent in children126
10097441989dreaming (3)1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries127
10097441990purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence128
100974419911. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))129
10097441992depressantsslows neural pathways130
10097441993alcohol((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect131
10097441994barbituates (tranquilizers)((depressant)) reduce anxiety132
10097441995opiates((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain133
10097441996stimulantshypes neural processing134
10097441997methamphetamine((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine135
10097441998caffeine((stimulant))136
10097441999nicotine((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine137
10097442000cocaine((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine138
10097442001hallucinogenexcites neural activity139
10097442002ecstasy((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin140
10097442003LSD((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin141
10097442004marijuana((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation142
10097442005learningorganism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)143
10097442006types of learningclassical operant observational144
10097442007famous classical psychologistsPavlov and Watson145
10097442008famous operant psychologistSkinner146
10097442009famous observational psychologistsBandura147
10097442010classical conditioningoutside stimulus148
10097442011Pavlov's experimentStep 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)149
10097442012Watson's experimentwhite rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)150
10097442013generalizationany small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now151
10097442014discriminateany large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry152
10097442015extinctionstop "treating" with conditioned response153
10097442016spontaneous recoverybring stimulus back after a while154
10097442017operant conditioningcontrol by organism155
10097442018Skinner's experimentoperant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)156
10097442019shapingget animal closer to doing what you want them to do157
10097442020reinforcerswant to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)158
10097442021punishmentswant to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)159
10097442022fixed ratiohappens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)160
10097442023variable ratiohappens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)161
10097442024organism must do these (2 times)fixed ratio and variable ratio162
10097442025fixed intervalhappens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)163
10097442026variable intervalhappens at any time (receive texts from friends)164
10097442027these things happen regardless (2 times)fixed interval and variable interval165
10097442028Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?variable166
10097442029criticisms of Skinnerdoesn't take into account intrinsic motivation167
10097442030intrinsic motivationdoing something for yourself, not the reward168
10097442031extrinsic motivationdoing something for reward169
10097442032Skinner's legacyuse it personally, at school, and at work170
10097442033famous observational experimentBandura's Bobo doll171
10097442034famous observational psychologistBandura172
10097442035mirror neurons"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals173
10097442036Bobo doll experiment legacyviolent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil174
10097442037observational learningbiological behaviors work best175
10097442038habituationget used to it -> stop reacting176
10097442039examples for observational learninglectures and reading177
10097442040serotonin involved with memoryspeeds the connection between neurons178
10097442041LTP((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)179
10097442042CREBprotein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories180
10097442043glutamate involved with memoryneurotransmitter that enhances LTP181
10097442044glucose involved with memoryreleased during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))182
10097442045flashbulb memorytype of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment183
10097442046amygdala (memory)boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight184
10097442047cerebellum (memory)forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))185
10097442048hippocampus (memory)active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))186
10097442049memorylearning over time contains information that can be retrieved187
10097442050processing stagesencoding -> storage -> retrieval188
10097442051encodinginformation going in189
10097442052storagekeeping information in190
10097442053retrievaltaking information out191
10097442054How long is sensory memory stored?seconds192
10097442055How long is short-term memory stored?less than a minute193
10097442056How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?7194
10097442057How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?4195
10097442058How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?2196
10097442059short term memory goes to ______________working memory197
10097442060working memorymake a connection and process information to mean something198
10097442061working memory goes to _________________long-term memory199
10097442062How much is stored in long-term memory?LIMITLESS200
10097442063implicit memorynaturally do201
10097442064explicit memoryneed to explain202
10097442065automatic processingspace, time, frequency, well-learned information203
10097442066effortful processingprocessing that requires effort204
10097442067spacing effectspread out learning over time205
10097442068serial position effectprimary/recency effect206
10097442069primary effectremember the first things in a list207
10097442070recency effectremember the last things in a list208
10097442071effortful processing (4 things)1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect209
10097442072semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how tomake meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you210
10097442073if we can't remember a memory...1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story211
10097442074misinformation effectnot correct information212
10097442075imagination inflationimagine or visualize something that isn't real213
10097442076source amnesiawhat is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)214
10097442077primingassociation (setting you up)215
10097442078contextenvironment helps with memory216
10097442079state-dependencyyou may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)217
10097442080mood-congruencyemotion will bring back similar emotional memories218
10097442081forgetting curveforget after 5 days forget after 5 years219
10097442082the forgetting curve was created byEbbinghaus220
10097442083proactive interferenceold information interferes with the new221
10097442084retroactive interferencenew information interferes with the old222
10097442085children can't remember before age __3223
10097442086Loftusconnected to abuse cases/childhood224
10097442087prototypesgeneralize225
10097442088problem-solving (4)trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"226
10097442089against problem-solvingfixation227
10097442090mental setwhat has worked in the past228
10097442091functional fixednessonly way to do this is with this229
10097442092Chomsky (nature or nurture?)"born with language" (nature)230
10097442093Skinner (nature or nurture?)language is learned (nurture)231
10097442094grammar is _________universal232
10097442095phonemessmallest sound unit233
10097442096morphemessmallest meaning unit234

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