AP English Flashcards
4918495924 | Intrepid | ADJ Bold, fearless | 0 | |
4918495925 | Venerable | ADJ respected because of age or impress dignity | 1 | |
4918495926 | Querulous | ADJ complaining, irritable SYN petulant, carping | 2 | |
4918495927 | Sagacity | N foresight, discernment or keen perception; ability to make good Judgments, wisdom | 3 | |
4918495928 | Paragon | N a model of excellence or perfection SYN quintessence | 4 | |
5047576463 | Abstemious | ADJ Sparing or moderate in eating and drinking; temperate in diet | 5 | |
5047582844 | Envenom | V To cause bitterness and bad feeling | 6 | |
5047586211 | Ensconce | V To establish firmly in a position | 7 | |
5047588255 | Enshroud | V To cover completely | 8 | |
5047590609 | Nullify | V To counter; make unimportant | 9 |
AP Flashcards
7258005115 | likas na yaman | mahalagang biyaya mula sa kalikasan | 0 | |
7258005116 | populasyon | bilang tao | 1 | |
7258005117 | sustainable development | pag unlad na tumutugon sa mga pangangailangan ng tao sa kasalukuyan | 2 | |
7258461803 | Yamang Lupa | pinakamahalaga sa lahat ng likas na yaman | 3 | |
7258461804 | Mining Act of 1995 | Ipinatupad ito sa bansa upang pagbawalan ang nga dayuhang korporasyon na magmina | 4 | |
7258461805 | Yamang Gubat | Batay sa 2009 Philippine Forestry Statiatics ng DENR mula sa 30 miluong ektarya ng lupain ng Pilipinas , binubuo ng humugit-kumulang na 15 milyong ektarya ang sakop ng lupang pangkubatan ng bansa | 5 | |
7258461806 | Tropical Rainforest | ng bansa ay nagtataglay ng mahigut 3000 uri ng punungkahoy | 6 | |
7258461807 | Endemic | mga hayop na matatagpuan sa Pilipinas lamang | 7 | |
7258461808 | Yamang Tubig | ang tubig ay buhay | 8 | |
7258461809 | Commercial Fishing | pangingisda sa lapt mg karagatan | 9 | |
7258461810 | Municipal Fishing | pangingisda sa dagat | 10 | |
7258461811 | aquaculture | produksiyon ng isda sa mga itinayong fishpond | 11 | |
7258461812 | Yamang Enerhiya | maituturing na yaman ang mga enerhiyang nakukuha mula sa kalikasan | 12 | |
7258461813 | mula sa lupa | enerhiyang geothermal | 13 | |
7258461814 | mula sa tubig | enerhiyang hydroelectric | 14 | |
7258461815 | mula sa mineral na panggatong | halimbawa nito ang Malampaya Gas Field | 15 | |
7258461816 | mula sa araw | enerhiyang solar | 16 | |
7258461817 | mula sa hangin | enerhiyang dulot ng windmill | 17 | |
7258461818 | Pagkonsumo | paraan ng pagbibili at paggamit ng isang produkto o serbisyo | 18 | |
7258461819 | konsumerismo | isang samahan ng pagkilos | 19 | |
7258461820 | maaksayang pagkonsumo | pagkonsumong nagdudulot ng pag-aaksaya | 20 | |
7258461821 | mapanganib na pagkonsumo | pagkonsumong nagdudulot ng panganib sa tao | 21 | |
7258461822 | produktibong pagkonsumong | Pagkonsumo na nakalilikha o nakakabuo pa ng ibang produkto o serbisyo | 22 | |
7258461823 | tuwirang pagkonsumo | pagkonsumong daglian | 23 | |
7258461824 | kakayahang bumili | higit na nagagawang bumili ng marami ang may kaya o mayayamang tao | 24 | |
7258461825 | Okasyon | marami ang nabibilhing paghanda kapag may okasyon | 25 | |
7258461826 | Presyo | kapag ang presyo ng produkto ay mataas o mababa | 26 | |
7258461827 | Panahon | tumutukoy ito sa kalagayan ng panahon | 27 | |
7258461828 | Edad at panlasa ng tao | nagkakaiba ang estilo ng pagkonsumo ng kabataan kaysa sa nakatatanda | 28 | |
7258461829 | Pag-aanunsiyo | malaki ang epekto ng pag-aanunsiyo sa pagkonsumo | 29 | |
7258461830 | Kasarian | ang lalaki at babae ay may magkaibang pangangailangan | 30 | |
7258461831 | kakayahangpang-entreprenyur | kakayahan ng isang tao na mag organisa at mamahala sa pagpapatakbo ng negosyo | 31 | |
7258461832 | kapital | mga bagay na ginagamit sa paggawa ng mga bago at iba pang produkto | 32 | |
7258461833 | production function | relasyon ng dami ng input at ng output | 33 | |
7258461834 | produksiyon | isang proseso ng paglikha ng bagay na nakatugon sa mga pangangailangan ng tao | 34 | |
7258461835 | Hindi nagbabagong balik sa proporsiyon (constant returns to scale) | sitwasyon na ang dami ng karagdagang input ng produksiyon ay inaasahang magbubunga ng parehong dami ng produkto o output | 35 | |
7258461836 | Pataas na proporsiyon (increasing return to scale) | sitwasyon na ang dami ng karagdagang input ng produksiyon ay maaring magbunga | 36 | |
7258461837 | pababang proporsiyon (decreasing returns to scale) | sitwasyon na ang karagdagang dami ng input ng produksiyon | 37 | |
7258461838 | lupang agrikultural | mga lupang pansakahan | 38 | |
7258461839 | moratorium | legal na pahintulot | 39 | |
7258461840 | repormang kasamahan | pagbabago sa kalakaran | 40 | |
7258461841 | CARP | Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program | 41 | |
7258461842 | lupa | pinagmumulan ng lahat ng mga hilaw na materyales | 42 | |
7258461843 | paggawa | lumilikha ng mga puhunang produkto. Pinakamahalagang salik sa produksiyon | 43 | |
7258461844 | kontraktuwal na manggagawa | manggagawang nakasalalay sa kontrata | 44 | |
7258461845 | regular na manggagawa | maaring permanente sa trabaho | 45 | |
7258461846 | kapital | mahalagang salik | 46 | |
7258461847 | imbentaryo | uri ng kalakal at hilaw na materyales | 47 | |
7258461848 | interes | bayad sa hiniram | 48 |
AP Flashcards
6353008841 | Association of South-East Asian Nation | ASEAN | 0 | |
6353008842 | World Trade Organization | WTO | 1 | |
6353032244 | Department of Health | DOH | 2 | |
6353032245 | Bureau of Internal Revenue | BIR | 3 | |
6353032246 | Asian Pacific Economic Cooperation | APEC | 4 | |
6353032247 | Social Security System | SSS | 5 | |
6353032248 | Government Service Insurance System | GSIS | 6 | |
6353032249 | Organization of Petroleum and Exporting Countries | OPEC | 7 | |
6353032250 | Commission on Higher Education | CHED | 8 | |
6353032251 | Government Owned and Controlled Corporation | GOCC | 9 | |
6353032252 | Philippine Overseas Employment Administration | POEA | 10 | |
6353032253 | Bureau of Labor and Employment Statistics | BLES | 11 | |
6353032254 | Department of Trade and Industry | DTI | 12 | |
6353032255 | National Bureau of Investigation | NBI | 13 | |
6353032256 | Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program | CARP | 14 |
APES Evolution Flashcards
8599930232 | evolution | change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms | ![]() | 0 |
8599930233 | speciation | formation of new species | ![]() | 1 |
8599930235 | natural selection | process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest | 2 | |
8599930236 | gene pool | all of the alleles (gene variations) in all the individuals that make up a population | ![]() | 3 |
8599930238 | reproductive isolation | separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring | 4 | |
8599930239 | convergent evolution | process by which unrelated species become more similar as they adapt to the same kind of environment | ![]() | 5 |
8599930241 | parallel evolution | the development, through natural selection, of similar characteristics (morphology, behavior) in two unrelated species subjected to similar environmental conditions. | ![]() | 6 |
8599930244 | genetic drift | changes in gene pool of a population due to chance rather than viability of offspring | ![]() | 7 |
8599930245 | population bottleneck | form of genetic drift in which a population becomes extremely small; may lead to differences in allele frequencies and a loss in genetic variability | ![]() | 8 |
8599930246 | microevolution | short time scale events (generation-to-generation) that change phenotypic ratios | ![]() | 9 |
8599930247 | macroevolution | long time scale events that cause extinction and speciation | ![]() | 10 |
AP Biology - Ecology Review Flashcards
9580384470 | ecology | study of the distribution and abundance of organisms and their interactions with other organisms and with their physical environment | 0 | |
9580384471 | population | group of individuals of the same species living in the same area | ![]() | 1 |
9580384472 | community | group of populations of different species living in the same area | ![]() | 2 |
9580384473 | ecosystem | interrelationships between organisms in a community and their physical environment | ![]() | 3 |
9580384474 | biosphere | composed of all the regions of the earth that contain living things (hydrosphere, geosphere, and atmosphere) | ![]() | 4 |
9580384475 | habitat | type of place where an organism usually lives; descriptions typically include the organisms and the physical and chemical characteristics of the environment | ![]() | 5 |
9580384476 | niche | all biotic and abiotic resources in the environment used by an organism | 6 | |
9580384477 | biotic | living | ![]() | 7 |
9580384478 | abiotic | nonliving | ![]() | 8 |
9580384479 | climate | long-term prevailing weather conditions in a given area; major components include temperature, precipitation, sunlight, and wind | ![]() | 9 |
9580384480 | macroclimate | global, regional, or local climate example: changing angle of earth with respect to the sun, bodies of water, mountains that exert long-term effects | ![]() | 10 |
9580384481 | microclimate | fine-scale variations, like sunlight and temperature under a log | 11 | |
9580384482 | biome | large region of the earth whose distribution depends on the amount of precipitation and temperature in an area; characterized by dominant vegetation and animal life | ![]() | 12 |
9580384483 | major biomes of the world | tropical rainforest, temperate grasslands, conifer forest (taiga), desert, temperate deciduous forest, tropical seasonal (dry) forest, tundra, savanna, chaparral, and aquatic biomes | 13 | |
9580384484 | tropical rainforest | abundant rainfall, stable temperature, high humidity most biodiversity of any biome | ![]() | 14 |
9580384485 | desert | little to no rainfall, greatly varying temperatures, no humidity plants are drought-resistant and animals are typically active only at night | ![]() | 15 |
9580384486 | temperate grasslands | covers huge areas in temperate and tropical regions of the world low total annual rainfall, uneven seasonal rainfall, occasional fires grazing and burrowing mammals; soil is rich in nutrients and is great for agriculture | ![]() | 16 |
9580384487 | temperate deciduous forest | trees drop their leaves in winter vertical stratification of plants and animals soil is rich due to decomposition | ![]() | 17 |
9580384488 | conifer forest/taiga | dominated by conifer forests fresh water lakes and ponds very cold winters, heavy snowfall largest terrestrial biome large mammals flying insects and birds in summer | ![]() | 18 |
9580384489 | tundra | characterized by permafrost "frozen desert" gently rolling plains with many lakes, ponds, and bogs insects are abundant large to medium mammals | ![]() | 19 |
9580384490 | savanna | grasses and some trees dominant herbivores include insects fire is a dominant abiotic factor plant growth increases during rainy season, but low otherwise | ![]() | 20 |
9580384491 | chaparral | dominated by dense, spiny, evergreen shrubs coastal areas with mild rainy winters and long, hot, dry summers plants are adapted to fires | ![]() | 21 |
9580384492 | aquatic biomes include... | freshwater, estuaries, marine | 22 | |
9580384493 | primary way to distinguish aquatic biomes | salinity | 23 | |
9580384494 | vertical stratification in aquatic biomes | photic zone: enough light for photosynthesis aphotic zone: very little light benthic zone: bottom of biome with sand, detritus, and inorganic matter | ![]() | 24 |
9580384495 | thermocline | narrow layers of fast temperature change that separate a warm upper layer of water and cold deeper waters | ![]() | 25 |
9580384496 | littoral zone | in fresh, standing bodies of water, it is the well-lit shallow water near the shore that contains rooted and floating aquatic plants | ![]() | 26 |
9580384497 | limnetic zone | in fresh, standing bodies of water, it is the well-lit open surface waters farther from shore that are occupied by phytoplankton | ![]() | 27 |
9580384498 | oligotrophic lakes | deep lakes that are nutrient-poor, oxygen-rich, and contain sparse phytoplankton | 28 | |
9580384499 | eutrophic lakes | shallower, higher-nutrient content, lower oxygen content, high concentration of phytoplankton | 29 | |
9580384500 | primary way to characterize moving bodies of water | current | 30 | |
9580384501 | marine biome | largest and most stable biome temperature varies little because of water's high heat capacity | ![]() | 31 |
9580384502 | marine biome zones | intertidal zone: land meets water, as in tide pools neritic zone: beyond intertidal zone; shallower water over continental shelves pelagic zone: vast realm of open blue water coral reef: biome created by corals, varying in shape and support the growth of other organisms | ![]() | 32 |
9580384503 | population ecology | study of the growth, abundance, and distribution of populations | 33 | |
9580384504 | population growth is described by... | biotic potential, carrying capacity, and limiting factors | 34 | |
9580384505 | population size | symbolically represented by N it is the total number of individuals in the population | 35 | |
9580384506 | population density | total number of individuals per area or volume occupied | 36 | |
9580384507 | population dispersion | describes how individuals in a population are distributed | 37 | |
9580384508 | clumped dispersion | most common pattern, like humans in cities or schools of fish | ![]() | 38 |
9580384509 | uniform dispersion | like trees in an orchard, or plants with toxins | ![]() | 39 |
9580384510 | random dispersion | like trees in a forest; occurs because of special attractions or repulsions | ![]() | 40 |
9580384511 | age structure | describes the abundance of individuals of each age | 41 | |
9580384512 | survivorship curves | describe how mortality of individuals in a species varies during their lifetimes | 42 | |
9580384513 | type I survivorship curve | describe a species in which most individuals survive to middle age; after that age, mortality is high. example: humans | ![]() | 43 |
9580384514 | type II survivorship curve | describe organisms in which the length of survivorship is random, that is, the likelihood of death is the same at any age example: rodents, invertebrates | ![]() | 44 |
9580384515 | type III survivorship curve | describe species in which most individuals die young, with only a relative few surviving to reproductive age and beyond example: oysters, species with free-swimming larvae | ![]() | 45 |
9580384516 | biotic potential | maximum growth rate of a population under ideal conditions with unlimited resources and without any growth restrictions | 46 | |
9580384517 | factors that contribute to biotic potential | age at reproductive maturity, clutch size, frequency of reproduction, reproductive lifetime, survivorship of offspring to reproductive maturity | 47 | |
9580384518 | carrying capacity | maximum number of individuals of a population that can be sustained by a particular habitat | ![]() | 48 |
9580384519 | limiting factors | elements that prevent a population from attaining its biotic potential | 49 | |
9580384520 | types of limiting factors | density-dependent factors and density-independent factors | 50 | |
9580384521 | density-dependent factors | limiting effect becomes more intense as the population density increases examples: parasites and disease, competition, toxic effect of waste products, predation, stress | ![]() | 51 |
9580384522 | density-independent factors | occur independently of the density of a population examples: natural disasters and climate extremes | ![]() | 52 |
9580384523 | r-strategist (or r-selected species) | rapid, exponential growth quickly invade a habitat, quickly reproduce, then die offspring are small, quickly maturing, and require little to no parental care | ![]() | 53 |
9580384524 | k-strategist (or k-selected species) | slower, logistic growth size of mature population remains relatively constant small number of large offspring extensive parental care reproduction repeats throughout lifetime | ![]() | 54 |
9580384525 | exponential growth | occurs when reproductive rate is greater than zero; forms a J-shaped curve on a graph | ![]() | 55 |
9580384526 | logistic growth | occurs when limiting factors restrict the size of a population to the carrying capacity of the habitat; forms an S-shaped curve on a graph | ![]() | 56 |
9580384527 | life history | describes an organism's strategy for maximum fitness | 57 | |
9580384528 | reproductive success | measure of fitness - how well an organism survives and reproduces | ![]() | 58 |
9580384529 | reproductive success depends on four variables | age of reproductive maturity frequency of reproduction number of offspring per reproductive event how long the organism lives | ![]() | 59 |
9580384530 | community ecology | concerned with the interaction of different populations | 60 | |
9580384531 | interspecific competition | competition between two different species via... - competitive exclusion principle (Gause's principle) - resource partitioning - realized niche - character displacement (niche shift) | ![]() | 61 |
9580384532 | Competitive Exclusion (Gause's principle) | when two species compete for exactly the same resources, or occupy the same niche, one is likely to be more successful | ![]() | 62 |
9580384533 | resource partitioning | some species coexist in spite of apparent competition for the same resources. they actually occupy slightly different niches. | ![]() | 63 |
9580384534 | fundamental niche | niche that an organism occupies in the absence of competition | ![]() | 64 |
9580384535 | realized niche | when competitors are present, one or both species may be able to coexist by occupying realized niches. here, any niche overlap is absent. they do not compete for the same resources. | ![]() | 65 |
9580384536 | character displacement | niche shift certain characteristics may enable individuals to obtain resources in their partitions more successfully. this reduces competition and leads to a divergence of features. | 66 | |
9580384537 | predation | predator totally or partly consumes a plant or other animal | ![]() | 67 |
9580384538 | true predator | kills and eats other animals | ![]() | 68 |
9580384539 | parasite | spends most or all of its live living on or in a host; obtains nourishment by feeding on host tissues | 69 | |
9580384540 | parasitoid | insect that lays eggs on a host, usually an insect or spider, and after hatching the larvae consume the host | ![]() | 70 |
9580384541 | herbivore | animal that eats plants; some act like predators and totally consume the organism whereas others may only eat a part of the plant | ![]() | 71 |
9580384542 | symbiosis | two species that live together in close contact during a portion or all of their lives | ![]() | 72 |
9580384543 | types of symbiotic relationships | mutualism commensalism parasitism | ![]() | 73 |
9580384544 | mutualism | both species benefit | ![]() | 74 |
9580384545 | commensalism | one species benefits while the second is neither helped nor harmed | ![]() | 75 |
9580384546 | parasitism | parasite benefits while the host is harmed | ![]() | 76 |
9580384547 | coevolution | evolution of one species in response to new adaptations that appear in another species - evolutionary arms race | ![]() | 77 |
9580384548 | secondary compounds | toxic chemicals produced in plants that discourage would-be herbivores | 78 | |
9580384549 | cryptic coloration | camouflage; any color, pattern, shape, or behavior that enables an animal to blend in with its surroundings | ![]() | 79 |
9580384550 | aposematic coloration | warning coloration; conspicuous pattern or coloration of animals that warns predators that they sting, bite, taste bad, or are otherwise to be avoided | ![]() | 80 |
9580384551 | mimicry | two or more species resemble one another in appearance | ![]() | 81 |
9580384552 | mullerian mimicry | several animals, all with some special defense mechanism, share the same or similar coloration | ![]() | 82 |
9580384553 | batesian mimicry | an animal without any special defense mechanism mimics the coloration of an animal that does possess a defense | ![]() | 83 |
9580384554 | ecological succession | change in the composition of species over time; one community is gradually and predictably replaced by another community | ![]() | 84 |
9580384555 | climax community | final successional stage of constant species composition; persists relatively unchanged until destroyed by a catastrophic event, like fire | ![]() | 85 |
9580384556 | in succession, resident species may alter... | substrate texture, soil pH, soil water potential, light, and crowding | 86 | |
9580384557 | pioneer species | species that are the first to colonize a newly exposed habitat; work to break down rock into smaller rock, then into sand, and finally into soil as succession progresses | ![]() | 87 |
9580384558 | primary succession | occurs where no soil was previously present; begins on rock. pioneer species and other plants break down rock into pebbles, then sand, then soil. as organisms die and decompose, it nourishes the soil allowing for more and larger organisms to grow or live in that area | 88 | |
9580384559 | secondary succession | occurs as primary succession, except soil is already present | 89 | |
9580384560 | food chain | linear flow chart of who eats whom example: grass >>> zebra >>> lion >>> vulture | ![]() | 90 |
9580384561 | food web | expanded, more complete version of a food chain that shows all major plants in the ecosystem, various animals that eat them, and the animals that eat the animals | ![]() | 91 |
9580384562 | autotrophs | obtain energy from light or inorganic material | ![]() | 92 |
9580384563 | heterotrophs | consumer other organisms for organic material and/or a source of energy | ![]() | 93 |
9580384564 | ecological pyramids | show relationships between trophic levels | ![]() | 94 |
9580384565 | trophic level | an organism's place in a food chain or food web | 95 | |
9580384566 | primary producers | autotrophs that perform photosynthesis | ![]() | 96 |
9580384567 | primary consumers | herbivores, heterotrophs that eat primary producers | ![]() | 97 |
9580384568 | secondary consumers | carnivores/omnivores, heterotrophs that eat primary consumers | ![]() | 98 |
9580384569 | tertiary consumers | carnivores/omnivores, heterotrophs that eat secondary consumers | ![]() | 99 |
9580384570 | quaternary consumers | carnivores/omnivores, heterotrophs that eat tertiary consumers | ![]() | 100 |
9580384571 | detritivores | heterotrophs that obtain their energy by consuming dead plants and animals (detritus) | ![]() | 101 |
9580384572 | why will you typically not see more than five levels in a food chain, pyramid, or web? | only 10% of the energy at one trophic level is available for the next trophic level. 90% of the energy is used, stored, or lost. there's not enough energy in any ecosystem to support more than 5 levels. this is called ecological efficiency. | 102 | |
9580384573 | primary productivity | amount of organic matter produced through photosynthetic activity per unit of time | 103 | |
9580384574 | dominant species | most abundant species or species that contributes the greatest biomass to a community | ![]() | 104 |
9580384575 | keystone species | one that has a strong influence on the health of a community or ecosystem; removal of a keystone species results in dramatic changes in the makeup of species that comprise other trophic levels | ![]() | 105 |
9580384576 | invasive species | introduced species that proliferates and displaces native species because it is a better competitor or because its natural predators or pathogens are absent | ![]() | 106 |
9580384577 | bottom-up model of trophic interactions | describes how changes in the structure of trophic levels are regulated by changes in the bottom level (plants) | 107 | |
9580384578 | top-down model of trophic interactions | changes in the structure of trophic levels are regulated by changes in the top trophic level | 108 | |
9580384579 | biodiversity | function of the number of species, niches, and trophic levels in the ecosystem and the complexity of its food web | 109 | |
9580384580 | factors that influence biodiversity | climate, latitude, habitat size and diversity, and elevation | 110 | |
9580384581 | biogeochemical cycles | describe the flow of essential elements from the environment to living things and back; elements are stored in reservoirs and assimilated into organisms as well as released back into the environment | 111 | |
9580384582 | hydrologic cycle - reservoirs | oceans, air (water vapor), ground water, glaciers | 112 | |
9580384583 | hydrologic cycle - assimilation | plants absorb water from soil, animals drink water or eat other organisms | 113 | |
9580384584 | hydrologic cycle - release | plants transpire, animals and plants decompose | 114 | |
9580384585 | carbon cycle - reservoirs | atmosphere, bodies of water, fossil fuels, peat, durable organic material | 115 | |
9580384586 | carbon cycle - assimilation | photosynthesis, consumption | 116 | |
9580384587 | carbon cycle - release | respiration, decomposition, burning | 117 | |
9580384588 | nitrogen cycle - reservoirs | atmosphere, soil | 118 | |
9580384589 | nitrogen cycle - assimilation | absorption, consumption, nitrogen fixation, nitrification | 119 | |
9580384590 | nitrogen cycle - release | denitrifying bacteria convert ammonia into atmospheric nitrogen, detritivorous bacteria convert organic compounds into ammonia, and animals excrete ammonia, urea, or uric acid | 120 | |
9580384591 | phosphorus cycle - reservoirs | rock and ocean sediments | 121 | |
9580384592 | phosphorus cycle - assimilation | plants absorb from soils, animals eat plants or other animals | 122 | |
9580384593 | phosphorus cycle - release | decomposition, excretion | 123 | |
9580384594 | humans damage the biosphere by... | exponential population growth habitat destruction pollution | ![]() | 124 |
9580384595 | most destructive consequences of human activity include... | global climate change, deforestation, acid rain, reduction in species diversity, ozone depletion, desertification, and pollution | ![]() | 125 |
9580384596 | global climate change | Burning of fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. These greenhouse gases trap infrared radiation, raising the temperature of the earth's atmosphere and resulting in large scale climate change. | ![]() | 126 |
9580384597 | acid rain | burning of fossil fuels like coal and other industrial processes release pollutants in the air, which react with water vapor to produce sulfuric acid and nitric acid, which rains down on us | 127 | |
9580384598 | desertification | overgrazing of grasslands that border deserts transform those grasslands into deserts; agricultural output decreases and habitats available to native species are lost | ![]() | 128 |
9580384599 | deforestation | clear-cutting of forests causes erosion, flooding, and changes in weather patterns; occurs most often in the tropical rainforest, where most of our carbon fixation occurs | ![]() | 129 |
AP Physics 1 - Dynamics Flashcards
9580873721 | Force | A push or a pull | 0 | |
9580873722 | Net Force | The resultant of all forces acting on an object. Causes the object to changes its state of motion. | 1 | |
9580873723 | Weight | The force of gravity pulling on a given mass. Fw = m∙g | 2 | |
9580873724 | Force of Friction | A resistive force that acts on an object opposite the direction of motion. | 3 | |
9580873725 | Kinetic Friction | The resistive force that opposes the motion of a moving object. | 4 | |
9580873726 | Static Friction | The resistive force that keeps an object at rest when a force is applied to it. ALWAYS equal to the applied force. | 5 | |
9580873727 | Normal Force | The supportive force from a surface of contact. It is ALWAYS EXACTLY perpendicular to the surface. | 6 | |
9580873728 | Coefficient of Friction | A ratio that describes the relative stickiness between two surfaces in direct contact. Maximum static is ALWAYS larger than kinetic. | 7 | |
9580873729 | Newton's First Law | An object will maintain constant linear velocity until acted on by an outside net force. | 8 | |
9580873730 | Newton's Second Law | A net force applied to an object will cause the object to accelerate. Acceleration is directly related to the magnitude of the net force. Acceleration is in the same direction as the net force. Acceleration is inversely related to the mass of the object. | 9 | |
9580873731 | Newton's Third law | For every force there is an equal and opposite force. The forces are exactly equal in magnitude and directly opposite in direction. The forces occur simultaneously on SEPARATE objects. | 10 | |
9580873732 | Free-Body Diagram | A sketch of the forces being applied to a given object. Used to analyze all situations. | ![]() | 11 |
9580873733 | Tension | Pulling force that is exerted by a stretched, taut rope, cable, or string. Must be determined through use of a FBD. | 12 | |
9580873734 | Inclined Plane | A slanted surface along which a force moves an object to a different elevation. Also called a ramp. Shift the X- and Y-planes to work with objects on inclined planes. | ![]() | 13 |
9580873735 | Resultant | The sum (or combination) of all vectors. Determined using the Head-to-Tail Method. | 14 | |
9580873736 | Inertia | An object's resistance to changes in its state of motion. Comes from the matter/mass the object is made of. | 15 | |
9580873737 | Mass | Measure of an object's inertia. Measured in kilograms (kg). Total amount of matter (atoms, particles, etc.) that are present. | 16 | |
9580873738 | Equilibrium | A state that occurs when the net force on an object or system is zero. | 17 | |
9580873739 | Static Equilibrium | A state that occurs when an object or system is at rest. | 18 | |
9580873740 | Dynamic Equilibrium | A state that occurs when an object is moving in a straight line with constant speed. | 19 | |
9580873741 | Pulley | A simple machine that consists of a grooved wheel with a rope or cable wrapped around it. Changes the direction of the applied force. Analyze systems of masses and pulleys as entire systems and/or as individual objects. | ![]() | 20 |
AP European History "-Isms" Flashcards
9567514649 | Anarchism | a political theory favoring the abolition of governments | ![]() | 0 |
9567514648 | Absolutism | a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.) | ![]() | 1 |
9567514650 | Anti-Semitism | policies, views, or actions that harm or discriminate against Jews | ![]() | 2 |
9567514651 | Chartism | the principles of a body of 19th century English reformers who advocated better social and economic conditions for working people | ![]() | 3 |
9567514652 | New Imperialism | Historians' term for the late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century wave of conquests by European powers and the United States, which were followed by the development and exploitation of the newly conquered territories. | ![]() | 4 |
9567514653 | Owensim | Utopian socialist philosophy of 19th century social reformer ______ ________ and his followers and successors. Aimed for radical reform of society and is considered a forerunner of the cooperative movement. | 5 | |
9567514654 | Pan-Slavism | A movement to promote the independence of Slav people. Roughly started with the Congress in Prague; supported by Russia. Led to the Russo-Turkish War of 1877. | ![]() | 6 |
9567514655 | Positivism | the form of empiricism that bases all knowledge on perceptual experience (not on intuition or revelation) | ![]() | 7 |
9567514656 | Communism | a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state. | ![]() | 8 |
9567514657 | Conservatism | a political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes | ![]() | 9 |
9567514658 | Racism | discriminatory or abusive behavior towards members of another race | ![]() | 10 |
9567514659 | Corporatism | a political system in which interest groups become an institutionalized part of the state or dominant political party;public policy is typically the result of negotiations among representatives of the state and key interest groups | ![]() | 11 |
9567514660 | Realism | This was the new style of literature that focused on the daily lives and adventures of a common person. This style was a response to Romanticism's supernaturalism and over-emphasis on emotion | ![]() | 12 |
9567514661 | Revisionism | Socialist thought that disagreed with Marx's formulation; believed that social and economic progress could be achieved through existing political institutions. | ![]() | 13 |
9567514662 | Deism | The religion of the Enlightenment (1700s). Followers believed that God existed and had created the world, but that afterwards He left it to run by its own natural laws. Denied that God communicated to man or in any way influenced his life. | ![]() | 14 |
9567514663 | Empiricism | the view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment. | ![]() | 15 |
9567514664 | Existentialism | A philosophy that values human freedom and personal responsibility. A few well known _______ writers are Jean-Paul Satre, Soren Kierkegaard ("the father of _______"), Albert Camus, Freidrich Nietzche, Franz Kafka, and Simone de Beauvoir. | ![]() | 16 |
9567514665 | Romanticism | An artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th Century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual's expression of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. | ![]() | 17 |
9567514666 | Social Darwinism | The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion. | ![]() | 18 |
9567514667 | Socialism | a theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole. | ![]() | 19 |
9567514668 | Utilitarianism | The theory, proposed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700s, that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people. | ![]() | 20 |
9567514669 | Zionism | A worldwide movement, originating in the 19th century that sought to establish and develop a Jewish nation in Palestine. Since 1948, its function has been to support the state of Israel. | ![]() | 21 |
9567514670 | Fabianism | a British intellectual socialist movement, whose purpose is to advance the principles of Social democracy via gradualist and reformist, rather than revolutionary means. It is best known for its initial ground-breaking work beginning late in the 19th century and continuing up to World War I. The society laid many of the foundations of the Labour Party and subsequently affected the policies of states emerging from the decolonisation of the British Empire, especially India. | ![]() | 22 |
9567514671 | Fascism | A system of government characterized by strict social and economic control and a strong, centralized government usually headed by a dictator. First found in Italy by Mussolini. | ![]() | 23 |
9567514672 | Feminism | the belief that women should possess the same political and economic rights as men | ![]() | 24 |
9567514673 | Fourierism | founded by Charles Fourier. he believed that the industrial order ignored the passionate side of human nature. Social discipline ignored all the pleasures of human being naturally seek. He advocated phalanxes in which agrarian labor dominated and people could rotate tasks throughout the day | ![]() | 25 |
9567514674 | Humanism | an intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics | ![]() | 26 |
9567514675 | Imperialism | A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically. | ![]() | 27 |
9567514676 | Impressionism | Major Western artistic style that gained prominence in the second half of the 1800s and into the 1900s.Against Realism, visual impression of a moment, style that seeks to capture a feeling or experience, often very colorful. | ![]() | 28 |
9567514677 | Liberalism | A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes. | ![]() | 29 |
9567514678 | Mannerism | Artistic movement against the Renaissance ideals of symetry, balance, and simplicity; went against the perfection the High Renaissance created in art. Used elongated proportions, twisted poese and compression of space. | ![]() | 30 |
9567514679 | Marxism | the economic and political theories of ______ __________and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded | ![]() | 31 |
9567514680 | Mercantilism | an economic system (Europe in 18th C) to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests | ![]() | 32 |
9567514681 | Militarism | a political orientation of a people or a government to maintain a strong military force and to be prepared to use it aggresively to defend or promote national interests | ![]() | 33 |
9567514682 | Modernism | practices typical of contemporary life or thought | ![]() | 34 |
9567514683 | Nationalism | love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it | ![]() | 35 |
9567514684 | Nazism | a form of socialism featuring racism and expansionism, The doctrines of nationalism, racial purity, anti-Communism, and the all-powerful role of the State. The National Socialist German Workers Party encouraged this and it was advocated by Adolf Hitler in Germany. | ![]() | 36 |
9567514685 | Federalism | A system of government in which a written constitution divides power between a central, or national, government and several regional governments | ![]() | 37 |
9567514686 | Centralism | denotes the concentration of a government's power into a centralized government. This takes away some of the powers of the states and puts more power into the hands of the executive leader | 38 | |
9567514687 | Feudalism | A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land | ![]() | 39 |
9567514688 | Manorialism | An economic system based on the manor and lands including a village and surrounding acreage which were administered by a lord. It developed during the Middle Ages to increase agricultural production. | ![]() | 40 |
9567514689 | Radicalism | a political philosophy that emphasizes the need to find and eliminate the basic injustices of society; seek what they consider the roots of the economic, political, and social wrongs of society and demand immediate and sweeping changes to wipe them out; a belief that rapid, dramatic changes need to be made to existing society, usually think current system cannot be saved and must be overturned | ![]() | 41 |
AP Biology Photosynthesis Flashcards
Chapter 10 Vocabulary for AP Biology
8738152876 | Chlorophyll | Green Pigment Main photosynthetic pigmnet Absorbs primarily violet-blue and red wavelengths | ![]() | 0 |
8738152877 | Thylakoids | dense interconnected membranous sacs where the light reactions occur | ![]() | 1 |
8738152878 | Grana | stacks of thylakoid | 2 | |
8738152879 | Granum | singular of grana | 3 | |
8738152880 | Chloroplast | sites of photosynthesis | 4 | |
8738152881 | Photosynthesis | conversion of light energy into chemical energy stored in sugar and other organic molecules | ![]() | 5 |
8738152882 | Photosynthesis Equation | 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 | 6 | |
8738152883 | Carbon Dioxide | source of inorganic carbon used in photosynthesis | 7 | |
8738152884 | Electromagnetic Spectrum | Electromagnetic energy which travels in waves | ![]() | 8 |
8738152885 | Colors | Light we see is reflected off objects and light we don't see is absorbed by objects | 9 | |
8738152886 | White | All colors reflected | 10 | |
8738152887 | Black | All colors absorbed | 11 | |
8738152888 | Chlorophyll a | main photosynthetic green pigment, absorbs primarily violet-blue and red wavelengths | 12 | |
8738152889 | Pigment | a molecule that absorbs wavelengths in the visible light spectrum | 13 | |
8738152890 | Carotenoid | Group of pigments that absorb blue and blue-green wavelengths, appear orange, yellow, and red | 14 | |
8738152891 | Light Reactions | Occur in thylakoid membrane and are also called light dependent reactions | 15 | |
8738152892 | Photosystem | Consists of a reaction-center complex surrounded by light-harvesting complexes which split water to create electrons that get transferred to NADP+ to create NADPH and H+ which are used to create ATP | 16 | |
8738152893 | Light-Harvesting Complex | Contains chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids (within the photosystem) that will trap light energy for use in the light reactions | 17 | |
8738152894 | Photosystem 1 | Has P700 chlorophyll a in reaction-center complex, thought to have evolved first because it can work alone to create primary acceptors, 2nd of the photosystems | ![]() | 18 |
8738152895 | Photosystem 2 | Has P680 chlorophyll a in reaction-center complex, first of the photosystems. splits water into electrons, oxygen, and hydrogen ions | 19 | |
8738152896 | Cytochrome | Protein in the electron transport chain of the photosystems that transfers the electrons to create NADPH | 20 | |
8738152897 | Calvin Cycle | Light-Independent reactions Occurs in stoma, does not use light directly. Uses the enzyme Rubisco to create 2 molecules of G3P which is then either used to create glucose or recycled back into RuBP to restart the cycle | ![]() | 21 |
8738152898 | Rubisco | The most abundant protein on Earth Carbon Fixation is catalyzed by Rubisco | 22 | |
8738152899 | Reduction | The carbon molecules made in Carbon Fixation are reduced into to G3P by adding the negative phosphate from a NADPH that can be used to make glucose or perform other processes | 23 | |
8738152900 | 1 Cycle of Calvin Cycle | 1 CO2 is fixed 3 ATP are used 2 NADPH are used 1 RuBP is regenerated 6 cycles needed to make 1 glucose molecule | 24 | |
8738152901 | C4 Photosynthesis | A method that bypasses photorespiration Happens in corn, sugarcane, and other plants in hot, dry environments Converts carbon dioxide to a 4-carbon intermediary which is then stored in bundle-sheath cells | 25 | |
8738152902 | C3 Plant | Plants that use the Calvin Cycle without creating carbon intermediaries, take in carbon dioxide through stomata. An enzyme called RuBisCO helps the carbon dioxide combine to make sugar. | ![]() | 26 |
8738152903 | chlorophyll b | Pigment that absorbs light in the blue and orange light spectrum. Second major pigment used in plants. | 27 | |
8738152904 | CAM Plants | Plants that only open stomata at night. They convert carbon dioxide to malic acid which is then converted back into carbon dioxide during the day for the Calvin cycle | 28 |
AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards
10097441863 | psychology | the study of behavior and mental processes | 0 | |
10097441864 | psychology's biggest question | Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture? | 1 | |
10097441865 | psychology's three levels of analysis | biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together) | 2 | |
10097441866 | biological approach | genetics, close-relatives, body functions | 3 | |
10097441867 | evolutionary approach | species - helped with survival (ancestors) | 4 | |
10097441868 | psychodynamic approach | (Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes | 5 | |
10097441869 | behavioral approach | learning (classical and operant) observed | 6 | |
10097441870 | cognitive approach | thinking affects behavior | 7 | |
10097441871 | humanistic approach | becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance) | 8 | |
10097441872 | social-cultural approach | cultural, family, environment | 9 | |
10097441873 | two reasons of why experiments are important | hindsight bias + overconfidence | 10 | |
10097441874 | types of research methods | descriptive, correlational, and experimental | 11 | |
10097441875 | descriptive methods | case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT) | 12 | |
10097441876 | case study | studies one person in depth may not be typical of population | 13 | |
10097441877 | survey | studies lots of people not in depth | 14 | |
10097441878 | naturalistic observation | observe + write facts without interference | 15 | |
10097441879 | correlational method | shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research | 16 | |
10097441880 | correlation coefficient | + 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases) | 17 | |
10097441881 | experimental method | does show cause and effect | 18 | |
10097441882 | population | type of people who are going to be used in experiment | 19 | |
10097441883 | sample | actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias) | 20 | |
10097441884 | random assignment | chance selection between experimental and control groups | 21 | |
10097441885 | control group | not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo | 22 | |
10097441886 | experimental group | receiving treatment/drug | 23 | |
10097441887 | independent variable | drug/procedure/treatment | 24 | |
10097441888 | dependent variable | outcome of using the drug/treatment | 25 | |
10097441889 | confounding variable | can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control | 26 | |
10097441890 | scientific method | theory hypothesis operational definition revision | 27 | |
10097441891 | theory | general idea being tested | 28 | |
10097441892 | hypothesis | measurable/specific | 29 | |
10097441893 | operational definition | procedures that explain components | 30 | |
10097441894 | mode | appears the most | 31 | |
10097441895 | mean | average | 32 | |
10097441896 | median | middle | 33 | |
10097441897 | range | highest - lowest | 34 | |
10097441898 | standard deviation | how scores vary around the mean | 35 | |
10097441899 | central tendency | single score that represents the whole | 36 | |
10097441900 | bell curve | (natural curve) | ![]() | 37 |
10097441901 | ethics of testing on animals | need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans | 38 | |
10097441902 | ethics of testing on humans | consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality | 39 | |
10097441903 | sensory neurons | travel from sensory receptors to brain | 40 | |
10097441904 | motor neurons | travel from brain to "motor" workings | 41 | |
10097441905 | interneurons | (in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons | 42 | |
10097442097 | neuron | ![]() | 43 | |
10097441906 | dendrites | receive messages from other neurons | 44 | |
10097441907 | myelin sheath | protects the axon | 45 | |
10097441908 | axon | where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal | 46 | |
10097441909 | neurotransmitters | chemical messengers | 47 | |
10097441910 | reuptake | extra neurotransmitters are taken back | 48 | |
10097441911 | excitatory charge | "Let's do it!" | 49 | |
10097441912 | inhibitory charge | "Let's not do it!" | 50 | |
10097441913 | central nervous system | brain and spinal cord | 51 | |
10097441914 | peripheral nervous system | somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system | 52 | |
10097441915 | somatic nervous system | voluntary movements | 53 | |
10097441916 | autonomic nervous system | involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems) | 54 | |
10097441917 | sympathetic nervous system | arousing | 55 | |
10097441918 | parasympathetic nervous system | calming | 56 | |
10097441919 | neural networks | more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used | 57 | |
10097441920 | spinal cord | expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved | 58 | |
10097441921 | endocrine system | slow uses hormones in the blood system | 59 | |
10097441922 | master gland | pituitary gland | 60 | |
10097441923 | brainstem | extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival | 61 | |
10097441924 | reticular formation (if stimulated) | sleeping subject wakes up | 62 | |
10097441925 | reticular formation (if damaged) | coma | 63 | |
10097441926 | brainstem (if severed) | still move (without purpose) | 64 | |
10097441927 | thalamus | sensory switchboard (does not process smell) | 65 | |
10097441928 | hypothalamus | basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry) | 66 | |
10097441929 | cerebellum | nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements | 67 | |
10097441930 | cerebellum (if damaged) | difficulty walking and coordinating | 68 | |
10097441931 | amygdala | aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions | 69 | |
10097441932 | amygdala (if lesioned) | subject is mellow | 70 | |
10097441933 | amygdala (if stimulated) | aggressive | 71 | |
10097441934 | hippocampus | process new memory | 72 | |
10097441935 | cerebrum | two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing | 73 | |
10097441936 | cerebral cortex | only in higher life forms | 74 | |
10097441937 | association areas | integrate and interpret information | 75 | |
10097441938 | glial cells | provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons | 76 | |
10097441939 | frontal lobe | judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident) | 77 | |
10097441940 | parietal lobe | math and spatial reasoning | 78 | |
10097441941 | temporal lobe | audition and recognizing faces | 79 | |
10097441942 | occipital lobe | vision | 80 | |
10097441943 | corpus callosum | split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures) | 81 | |
10097441944 | Wernicke's area | interprets auditory and hearing | 82 | |
10097441945 | Broca's area | speaking words | 83 | |
10097441946 | plasticity | ability to adapt if damaged | 84 | |
10097441947 | sensation | what our senses tell us | 85 | |
10097441948 | bottom-up processing | senses to brain | 86 | |
10097441949 | perception | what our brain tells us to do with that information | 87 | |
10097441950 | top-down processing | brain to senses | 88 | |
10097441951 | inattentional blindness | fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere | 89 | |
10097441952 | cocktail party effect | even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc. | 90 | |
10097441953 | change blindness | giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice | 91 | |
10097441954 | choice blindness | when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed | 92 | |
10097441955 | absolute threshold | minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time | 93 | |
10097441956 | signal detection theory | we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying) | 94 | |
10097441957 | JND (just noticeable difference) | (Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion | 95 | |
10097441958 | sensory adaptation | tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?" | 96 | |
10097441959 | rods | night time | 97 | |
10097441960 | cones | color | 98 | |
10097441961 | parallel processing | notice color, form, depth, movement, etc. | 99 | |
10097441962 | Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory | 3 corresponding color receptors (RGB) | 100 | |
10097441963 | Hering's opponent-process theory | after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB) | 101 | |
10097441964 | trichromatic + opponent-process | Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex | 102 | |
10097441965 | frequency we hear most | human voice | 103 | |
10097441966 | Helmoltz (hearing) | we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches) | 104 | |
10097441967 | frequency theory | impulse frequency (low pitches) | 105 | |
10097441968 | Helmholtz + frequency theory | middle pitches | 106 | |
10097441969 | Skin feels what? | warmth, cold, pressure, pain | 107 | |
10097441970 | gate-control theory | small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses | 108 | |
10097441971 | memory of pain | peaks and ends | 109 | |
10097441972 | smell | close to memory section (not in thalamus) | 110 | |
10097441973 | grouping | Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole | 111 | |
10097441974 | grouping groups | proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure | 112 | |
10097441975 | make assumptions of placement | higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front | 113 | |
10097441976 | perception = | mood + motivation | 114 | |
10097441977 | consciousness | awareness of ourselves and the environment | 115 | |
10097441978 | circadian rhythm | daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake) | 116 | |
10097441979 | circadian rhythm pattern | - activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin | 117 | |
10097441980 | What messes with circadian rhythm? | artificial light | 118 | |
10097441981 | The whole sleep cycle lasts how long? | 90 minutes | 119 | |
10097441982 | sleep stages | relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep) | 120 | |
10097441983 | purpose of sleep | 1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more) | 121 | |
10097441984 | insomnia | can't sleep | 122 | |
10097441985 | narcolepsy | fall asleep anywhere at anytime | 123 | |
10097441986 | sleep apnea | stop breathing in sleep | 124 | |
10097441987 | night terrors | prevalent in children | 125 | |
10097441988 | sleepwalking/sleeptalking | hereditary - prevalent in children | 126 | |
10097441989 | dreaming (3) | 1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries | 127 | |
10097441990 | purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES) | 1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence | 128 | |
10097441991 | 1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible? | 1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE)) | 129 | |
10097441992 | depressants | slows neural pathways | 130 | |
10097441993 | alcohol | ((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect | 131 | |
10097441994 | barbituates (tranquilizers) | ((depressant)) reduce anxiety | 132 | |
10097441995 | opiates | ((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain | 133 | |
10097441996 | stimulants | hypes neural processing | 134 | |
10097441997 | methamphetamine | ((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine | 135 | |
10097441998 | caffeine | ((stimulant)) | 136 | |
10097441999 | nicotine | ((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine | 137 | |
10097442000 | cocaine | ((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine | 138 | |
10097442001 | hallucinogen | excites neural activity | 139 | |
10097442002 | ecstasy | ((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin | 140 | |
10097442003 | LSD | ((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin | 141 | |
10097442004 | marijuana | ((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation | 142 | |
10097442005 | learning | organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events) | 143 | |
10097442006 | types of learning | classical operant observational | 144 | |
10097442007 | famous classical psychologists | Pavlov and Watson | 145 | |
10097442008 | famous operant psychologist | Skinner | 146 | |
10097442009 | famous observational psychologists | Bandura | 147 | |
10097442010 | classical conditioning | outside stimulus | 148 | |
10097442011 | Pavlov's experiment | Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation) | 149 | |
10097442012 | Watson's experiment | white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry) | 150 | |
10097442013 | generalization | any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now | 151 | |
10097442014 | discriminate | any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry | 152 | |
10097442015 | extinction | stop "treating" with conditioned response | 153 | |
10097442016 | spontaneous recovery | bring stimulus back after a while | 154 | |
10097442017 | operant conditioning | control by organism | 155 | |
10097442018 | Skinner's experiment | operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping) | 156 | |
10097442019 | shaping | get animal closer to doing what you want them to do | 157 | |
10097442020 | reinforcers | want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging) | 158 | |
10097442021 | punishments | want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone) | 159 | |
10097442022 | fixed ratio | happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card) | 160 | |
10097442023 | variable ratio | happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery) | 161 | |
10097442024 | organism must do these (2 times) | fixed ratio and variable ratio | 162 | |
10097442025 | fixed interval | happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM) | 163 | |
10097442026 | variable interval | happens at any time (receive texts from friends) | 164 | |
10097442027 | these things happen regardless (2 times) | fixed interval and variable interval | 165 | |
10097442028 | Which (fixed/variable) conditions better? | variable | 166 | |
10097442029 | criticisms of Skinner | doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation | 167 | |
10097442030 | intrinsic motivation | doing something for yourself, not the reward | 168 | |
10097442031 | extrinsic motivation | doing something for reward | 169 | |
10097442032 | Skinner's legacy | use it personally, at school, and at work | 170 | |
10097442033 | famous observational experiment | Bandura's Bobo doll | 171 | |
10097442034 | famous observational psychologist | Bandura | 172 | |
10097442035 | mirror neurons | "feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals | 173 | |
10097442036 | Bobo doll experiment legacy | violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil | 174 | |
10097442037 | observational learning | biological behaviors work best | 175 | |
10097442038 | habituation | get used to it -> stop reacting | 176 | |
10097442039 | examples for observational learning | lectures and reading | 177 | |
10097442040 | serotonin involved with memory | speeds the connection between neurons | 178 | |
10097442041 | LTP | ((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed) | 179 | |
10097442042 | CREB | protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories | 180 | |
10097442043 | glutamate involved with memory | neurotransmitter that enhances LTP | 181 | |
10097442044 | glucose involved with memory | released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered)) | 182 | |
10097442045 | flashbulb memory | type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment | 183 | |
10097442046 | amygdala (memory) | boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight | 184 | |
10097442047 | cerebellum (memory) | forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning)) | 185 | |
10097442048 | hippocampus (memory) | active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours)) | 186 | |
10097442049 | memory | learning over time contains information that can be retrieved | 187 | |
10097442050 | processing stages | encoding -> storage -> retrieval | 188 | |
10097442051 | encoding | information going in | 189 | |
10097442052 | storage | keeping information in | 190 | |
10097442053 | retrieval | taking information out | 191 | |
10097442054 | How long is sensory memory stored? | seconds | 192 | |
10097442055 | How long is short-term memory stored? | less than a minute | 193 | |
10097442056 | How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory? | 7 | 194 | |
10097442057 | How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory? | 4 | 195 | |
10097442058 | How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory? | 2 | 196 | |
10097442059 | short term memory goes to ______________ | working memory | 197 | |
10097442060 | working memory | make a connection and process information to mean something | 198 | |
10097442061 | working memory goes to _________________ | long-term memory | 199 | |
10097442062 | How much is stored in long-term memory? | LIMITLESS | 200 | |
10097442063 | implicit memory | naturally do | 201 | |
10097442064 | explicit memory | need to explain | 202 | |
10097442065 | automatic processing | space, time, frequency, well-learned information | 203 | |
10097442066 | effortful processing | processing that requires effort | 204 | |
10097442067 | spacing effect | spread out learning over time | 205 | |
10097442068 | serial position effect | primary/recency effect | 206 | |
10097442069 | primary effect | remember the first things in a list | 207 | |
10097442070 | recency effect | remember the last things in a list | 208 | |
10097442071 | effortful processing (4 things) | 1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect | 209 | |
10097442072 | semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to | make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you | 210 | |
10097442073 | if we can't remember a memory... | 1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story | 211 | |
10097442074 | misinformation effect | not correct information | 212 | |
10097442075 | imagination inflation | imagine or visualize something that isn't real | 213 | |
10097442076 | source amnesia | what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?) | 214 | |
10097442077 | priming | association (setting you up) | 215 | |
10097442078 | context | environment helps with memory | 216 | |
10097442079 | state-dependency | you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high) | 217 | |
10097442080 | mood-congruency | emotion will bring back similar emotional memories | 218 | |
10097442081 | forgetting curve | forget after 5 days forget after 5 years | 219 | |
10097442082 | the forgetting curve was created by | Ebbinghaus | 220 | |
10097442083 | proactive interference | old information interferes with the new | 221 | |
10097442084 | retroactive interference | new information interferes with the old | 222 | |
10097442085 | children can't remember before age __ | 3 | 223 | |
10097442086 | Loftus | connected to abuse cases/childhood | 224 | |
10097442087 | prototypes | generalize | 225 | |
10097442088 | problem-solving (4) | trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!" | 226 | |
10097442089 | against problem-solving | fixation | 227 | |
10097442090 | mental set | what has worked in the past | 228 | |
10097442091 | functional fixedness | only way to do this is with this | 229 | |
10097442092 | Chomsky (nature or nurture?) | "born with language" (nature) | 230 | |
10097442093 | Skinner (nature or nurture?) | language is learned (nurture) | 231 | |
10097442094 | grammar is _________ | universal | 232 | |
10097442095 | phonemes | smallest sound unit | 233 | |
10097442096 | morphemes | smallest meaning unit | 234 |
Pages
Need Help?
We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.
For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.
If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.
Need Notes?
While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!