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AP Flashcards

5185807209	Bantu	A major African language family. Collective name of a large group of sub-Saharan African languages and of the peoples speaking these languages. Famous for migrations throughout central and southern Africa.	0
5185811351	Trans- Saharan trade	The primary avenue for trade for West Africans that passed through the Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires. Caravans carried West African goods- including gold, copper, salt, and slaves- from the south to the north across the Sahara, then returned with textiles and other foreign goods.	1
5185814270	Christianity	A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior.	2
5185817530	Hellenism	Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam.	3
5185821086	Hellenistic Age	Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam.	4
5185823606	Judaism	A religion with a belief in one god. It originated with Abraham and the Hebrew people. Yahweh was responsible for the world and everything within it. They preserved their early history in the Old Testament.	5
5185832678	Persian Empire	Mesopotamian empire that conquered the existing Median, Lydian, and Babylonian empires, as well as Egypt and many others. Also known as the Achaemenid Empire.	6
5185833989	polyheism	Belief in more than one god	7
5185837003	Zoroastrianism	system of religion founded in Persia in the 6th century BC by Zoroaster noun. One of the first monotheistic religions, particularly one with a wide following. It was central to the political and religious culture of ancient Persia.	8
5185845557	Buddhism	Belief system that started in India in the 500s BC. Happiness can be achieved through removal of one's desires. Believers seek enlightenment and the overcoming of suffering. A religion based on the teachings of the Buddha.	9
5185847866	Daoism	A religion in China which emphasizes the removal from society and to become one with nature.	10
5185849969	Hinduism	A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms	11
5185849970	nirvana	The state of englightenment for Buddhists.	12
5185852552	sati	A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.	13
5185856410	Byzantine Empire	(330-1453) The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine.	14
5185859005	Celtic Europe	Religion: celtic paganism	15
5185862535	Hellenistic Age	Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam.	16
5185866932	Pax Romana	Roman Peace	17
5185873130	Roman Republic	The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate.	18
5185875247	Romanization	The process by which the Latin language and Roman culture became dominant in the western provinces of the Roman Empire. Romans did not seek to Romanize them, but the subjugated people pursued it.	19
5185877824	third-century crisis	Historians' term for the political, military, and economic turmoil that beset the Roman Empire during much of the third century C.E.: frequent changes of ruler, civil wars, barbarian invasions, decline of urban centers, and near-destruction of long-distance commerce and the monetary economy. After 284 C.E. Diocletian restored order by making fundamental changes.	20
5185880969	chinampas	Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields.	21
5185883957	Maya	Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.	22
5185890175	Teotihuacan	first major metropolis in Mesoamerica, collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun".	23

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7659256099	Adams Onis Treaty of 1819	This treaty purchase Florida from Spain	0
7659256100	Black Codes	Laws passed by states denying many rights of citizenship to free black people prior to the Civil War	1
7659256101	Denmark Veseys conspiracy	Planned slave revolt to lead slaves in South Carolina to freedom and Haiti failed	2
7659256102	Gabrielle's rebellion	In 1800 illiterate black sleeve launched a large scale sleep revolt in Richmond Virginia governor Monroe quickly crushed the rebellion result was that slaves could no longer conjugate on Sundays without supervision	3
7659256103	Gang system	Hey system used on most plantations in which all fieldhand worked on the same task at the same time greatly increased efficiency	4
7659256104	Industrial revolution	During this dramatic change the manufacturing business and transportation business was radically transformed due to increase in technology	5
7659256105	James Monroe	The president and founding father Poseidon over the era of good feelings	6
7659256106	King cotton	Expression used to describe the economic dominance of Southern cotton industry	7
7659256107	Missouri compromise 1820	Sectional compromise passed in 1820 that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state and prohibited slavery and prohibited slavery above the 36 and 30 lime	8
7659256108	Monroe doctrine	Declaration that the western hemisphere was to be closed off to further European colonization	9
7659256109	Nat turners revolt	Uprising of slaves in Virginia in 1831 led by this name sake's slave and resulted in the death of 55 white people this Friday in the south anti-inflammatories restricted freedom for all blanks in south south begin to aggressively defend slavery as positive good	10
7659256110	Rush Bagot treaty of 1817	The treaty demilitarized the great lakes and lake Champlin where many Britain naval armaments and fords still remained and laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary between the US and Britain in North America	11
7659256111	Second great awakening	Religious revival among black and white southerners in the 1790s and across the US during the 1830s and 1840s sparking a wave of social reforms	12
7659256112	Underground railroad	The s SecretSystem of houses and hiding places allowed a few hundred runaway slaves to escape to freedom in the northern United States or Canada	13
7659256113	Yeoman	Independent farmers of the South most lived on family sized farms	14
7659256114	Nullification crisis	Sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson caused by south Carolina declaring that some federal tariffs were unconstitutional and therefore no and void	15
7659256115	Indian removal act	The president rammed this 1830 legislation through Congress in an effort to force the five civilized Tribes out of the South eastern United States	16
7659256116	Black Hawk	Leader of the Sauk tribes of Indians located in Illinois during the 1830s when the Indians were forced out of their homes he led the Indians in resisting the move but was not powerful enough to defeat US forces in 1832 they were defeated and forced to move into Oklahoma	17
7659256117	Trail of tears 1837	This term describes the forced removal of Native Americans into the Indian territory in present-day Oklahoma many Cherokee died especially the young and the old	18
7659256118	Bank war	This conflicts over the national bank culminated the Jackson's destruction of the bank of the United States and transfer of its money into his loyal put banks	19
7659256119	Specie circular	This was given to gold and silver coin or hard currency which became the only form of payment the government would except for payment for public lands by order of Andrew Jackson	20

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5396823635	Gross national product	The total goods and services generated by a country	0
5396823636	Standard of living	Is an abstract measure of the degree	1
5396823637	Population density	Number of people per unit of land area	2
5396823638	Demography	The study of human population	3
5396823639	ZPG	Occurs when the population is not growing death rate is same as birth rate	4
5396823640	Demographic transitions	Based on historical, economic, and social development	5
5396823641	Post war baby	Happened after WWII	6

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ap Flashcards

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7576039202	pointer	variable that stores a memory address	0
7576064484	& operator for pointers	references a value, ie gets the memory address for a variable	1
7576073114	int x = 5; int p = &x; printf("%d",p)	5	2
7576107371	int x = 5; int p = &x; printf("%d",p) *p=9 printf("%d",x)	9	3
7585717046	Stack variables	only exist inside of their scope/function	4
7585719745	static variables	exists in function, retains value after successive calls	5
7585754204	global varibles	type of static variable. can be referenced across files using "extern"	6
7585793281	* operator for pointers	deferences a pointer --> follows the pointer to get the thing it points to	7
7585879080	int a[3] = {0,1,2} int *p=a what is p	p is a pointer to the first element in the array	8
7585884361	int a[3] = {0,1,2} int p=a what's another way to write p?	&a[0]	9
7585890636	how to write a[2] with *p?	*(p+2)	10
7586005401	char c[]={'a','b','\0'} char c[]=	"abc"	11
7591852264	char c[]="abc" , c points to	"a"	12
7591853830	char c[]="abc" , is c incrementable?	no. always points to a, you can do c[i] though	13
7591858958	char *s = "my string"	s is a pointer to the first character. is incrementable	14
7591873119	declare array of strings	char *a={"hello","world"}	15
7591989398	valgrind command	valgrind --leak-check=full ./executable	16
7604286215	argv[0]	first argument of command line	17
7605160650	argc stands for	argument count	18
7605163900	argv stands for	argument vector	19
7605171664	argv is a pointer to	an array of character strings, that contain arguments (one per string)	20
7665791475	gcc flags	-g and -wall for all, -g for linking	21
7665810478	-l flag for ls	more info about each file	22
7665813688	-a flag for ls	all files, including hidden	23
7665823477	steps for compiling	preprocessing, compiling, linking	24
7665825497	preprocessing	eg, #include "file"	25
7665829103	compiling	converts c to lower level language, creates .o files	26
7665833800	linking	takes several .o files and makes executable	27
7665860963	include guards	#ifndef #define #endif	28
7665863092	compile a c program	gcc -Wall -g -c main.c	29
7665866188	gcc flags for compiling	-Wall -g -c	30
7665876475	-g	adds debugging to tell you where code broke	31
7665880040	-Wall	compile time warnings`	32
7665881218	-c	preprocesses and compiles c	33
7665883537	how to link	gcc -g main.o -o main	34
7665910983	CFLAGS	compiling flags, -g -Wall	35
7665914899	LDFLAGS	linking flags, -g	36
7665916753	dependencies for main	main: myadd.o main.o	37
7665922068	implicit linking rule	$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) $(LDLIBS)	38
7665935011	main.o line in make	main.o: main.c myadd.h	39
7666109125	data types	char<= short <= int <=long <=long long	40
7666158412	size of char	1 byte	41
7666158413	actual increment	void increment(int * b){ (*b)++ } increment(&a)	42
7666181342	p+1 vs *(p+1)	p+1 is pointing to the thing after what p points to *(p+1) is the value of the thing next to what p is pointing to	43
7666200082	ways to declare string	char c[]="abc" char c[]={'a','b','c','\0'} char *s="my string"	44
7666270027	mallocing	int p=(int )malloc(100*(sizeof(int))	45
7666318853	char x = 0	=0, char x = '\0' = 0 char x = '0' = 48	46
7666353270	bitwise and and or	&, \|	47

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AP Flashcards

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7114603062	Alokasyon	Paraan ng pangangasiwa at pamamahagi ng mga produkto at serbisyo upang makamit ang kasiyahan sa limitadong pinagkukunag-yaman.	0
7114603063	Kagustuhan	Kailangan ng tao na maituturing na luho at maaaring ipagpaliban.	1
7114603064	Makroekonomiks	Sangay ng ekonomiks na tumutukoy sa galaw ng kabuuang ekonomiya at mga bagay na may kaugnayan sa pangkalahatang gawain at sa pag-aaral ng panlipunang pagpapasya.	2
7114603065	Maykroekonomiks	Sangay ng ekonomiks na tumutukoy sa galaw ng maliliit na bahagibo yunit ng kabuhayan at sa pag-aaral ng indibidwal na pagpili.	3
7114603066	Pangangailangan	Mga bagay na kailangan ng tao upang mabuhay.	4
7114603067	Sistemang pangkabuhayan	Pamamaraan ng pagtugon ng pamahalaan na may tatlong batayang katanungan: (1) ano ang gagawing produkto at serbisyo (2) paano ito gagawin (3) para kanino ang gagawing produkto at serbisyo	5
7114603068	2 konsepto na kailangan sa pag-aaral ng ekonomiya	(1) Ang walang hanggang pangangailangan ng tao, lipunan at institusyon. (2) Limitado o may hangganan ang mga pinagkukunang yaman.	6
7114603069	2 uri ng pangangailangan ng tao	Pangunahin at sekondaryang pangangailangan	7
7114603070	Pangunahing Pangangailangan	Pagkain, damit at tirahan	8
7114603071	Sekundaryang pangangailangan.	Mga kaugnay ng pangunahing pangangailangan tulad ng mabuting kalusugan, edukasyon at seguridad sa pamumuhay.	9
7114603072	Mga paglilingkod na tumutugon sa tuwirang pangangailangan ng tao	Pagpapagupit ng buhok, paglilinis ng kuko, pagkonsulta sa doktor, paghingi ng legal na payo sa abogado at pagsakay sa mga pampublikong sasakyan.	10
7114603073	Paglilingkod na maituturing na luho	Pagpunta sa mga spa, pagpapa-cosmetic surgery at pagkuha ng personal trainer sa pag-eehersisyo.	11
7114603074	Pangangailangang materyal ng mga institusyong panlipunan	Pamahalaan, paaralan, simbahan, etc.	12
7114603075	Siruhano	Surgeon	13
7114603076	Kakapusan	Isang kalagayan at suliraning dulot ng walang hanggang pangangailangan at kagustuhan ng tao sa kabila ng limitadong pinagkukunang yaman.	14
7114603077	Kakulangan	Isang kalagayan na maaarin pang mapunan.	15
7114603078	Indibidwal na pagpili	Tumutukoy sa pagsusuri ng ginagawang pagpapasiya ng isang tao at kompanya o industriya.	16
7114603079	Panlipunang pagpili	Pagpapasiyang tumutugon sa mga pangangailangan ng lipunan.	17
7114603080	ICC	Indigenous Cultural Community	18
7114603081	Basalyo	Taong naninilbihan sa panginoong maylupa	19
7114603082	Datu	Pinuni ng isang tribu o barangay	20
7114603083	Maharlika	Nabibilang sa mataas na angkan	21
7114603084	Piyudalismo	Sistemang nakabatay sa ugnayan ng panginoong maylupa at kasama	22
7114603085	Reduccion	Sistema na pinag-iisa ang magkakahiwalay at magkakalayong pamyanan upang makapagtatag ng isang bayan at pamahalaan ng mga Espanyol	23
7114603086	Pueblo	Bayan	24
7114602799	Sistemang Encomienda	Pinangangasiwaan ng mga encomendero ng mga lupain, nangongolekta ng buwis sa pamamagitan ng tributo mula sa mga sakop at ipanatutupad ang mga patakarang nagmumula sa harin ng Spain.	25
7114602800	Sistemang Hacienda	Pangangasiwa sa mga lupain na ang layunin ay ang pagtatanim ng mga produktong panluwas lamang.	26
7114602801	Timawa	Pangkaraniwang mamamayan na malaya at maaaring magmay-ari ng lupa	27
7114602802	Torrens Title	Sistema ng pagtititulo ng lupa na naggagarantiya ng pagmamay-ari nito, unang lumitaw ang sistemang ito sa Timog Australia noong 1858 at isinagawa ni Sir Robert Torrens na nang lumaon ay lumahanap sa buong mundo	28
7116505028	Panahon ng Epanyol	Encomienda/ Hacienda	29
7116505029	Panahon ng Espanyol	Kalakalang Galyon sa pagitan ng Maynila at Akapulko	30
7116505030	Panahon ng Espanyol	Monopolyo ng Tabako	31
7116505031	Panahon ng Espanyol	Pagbabago sa sistema ng kultura	32
7116505032	Panahon ng Amerikano	Homestead Act ng 1924	33
7116505033	Panahon ng Amerikano	Torrens Title	34
7116505034	Panahon ng Amerikano	Pagbabago sa transportasyon	35
7116505035	Panahon ng Amerikano	Payne Aldrich Act 1909	36
7116505036	Panahon ng Amerikano	Bell Trade Act	37
7116505037	Panahon ng Amerikano	Malayang Kalakalan	38
7116505038	Panahon ng Amerikano	Parity Rights	39
7116505039	Panahon ng Hapones	Pagpokus sa armas sa halip na sa mga produkto	40
7116505040	Panahon ng Hapones	Pinagigting ang pagiging makabayan	41
7116505041	Panahon ng Hapones	Inalis ang lahat ng may kinalaman sa mga Amerikano	42
7116505042	Panahon ng Hapones	Pamahalaang puppet	43
7116505043	Panahon ng Hapones	HUKBALAHAP - Kilusang Gerilya	44
7116505044	Panahon ng Hapones	Mickey Mouse Money - isang batong pera	45
7116505045	Panahon ng Hapones	Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere	46
7116505046	Panahon ng Hapones	Preaparatory Commision for Philippine Independence	47
7116505047	Panahon ng Hapones	Kempeitai ( pulis - army)	48
7116505048	Panahon ng Hapones	Makapili ( Pilipinong Makahapon)	49
7116505049	Panahon ng Hapones	Comfort Women	50
7116505050	Manuel Roxas	Philippine Trade Acts	51
7116505051	Manuel Roxas	Parity Rights	52
7116505052	Manuel Roxas	Tenant Farming ( 70% & 30%)	53
7116505053	Manuel Roxas	Rehabilitation	54
7116505054	Elpidio Quirino	Ama ng Industriyang Pilipino	55
7116505055	Elpidio Quirino	Pagpapa-unlad sa mga bayan	56
7116505056	Elpidio Quirino	PCAC	57
7116505057	Elpidio Quirino	Social Security Act	58
7116505058	Carlos Garcia	Filipino First	59
7116505059	Carlos Garcia	Military Base	60
7116505060	Carlos Garcia	Austerity ( pagtitipid )	61
7116505061	Carlos Garcia	Pagpapalaganap ng kulturang Pilipino	62
7116505062	Diosdado Macapagal	Pagpapakalat ng pambansang wika	63
7116505063	Ferdinand Marcos	Reporma sa Lupa	64
7116505064	Ferdinand Marcos	Proyektong Imprastraktura	65
7116505065	Ferdinand Marcos	Green Revolution	66
7116505066	Corazon Aquino	libreng edukasyon sa elementarya at sekundarya	67
7116505067	Corazon Aquino	bagong saligang batas	68
7116505068	Corazon Aquino	karapatan sa pagboto	69
7116505069	Corazon Aquino	pagbawi ng nanakaw na yamab ng pangulo	70
7116505070	Fidel Ramos	Tiger President	71
7116505071	Fidel Ramos	Philippines in the 2000	72
7116505072	Fidel Ramos	Special Economic Zone (SEZ)	73
7116505073	Fidel Ramos	National Unification Commision	74
7116505074	Fidel Ramos	Oplan Alis Disease	75
7116505075	Joseph Estrada	Angat Pinoy	76
7116501986	Panahon ng Epanyol	Encomienda/ Hacienda	77
7116501987	Panahon ng Espanyol	Kalakalang Galyon sa pagitan ng Maynila at Akapulko	78
7116501988	Panahon ng Espanyol	Monopolyo ng Tabako	79
7116501989	Panahon ng Espanyol	Pagbabago sa sistema ng kultura	80
7116501990	Panahon ng Amerikano	Homestead Act ng 1924	81
7116501991	Panahon ng Amerikano	Torrens Title	82
7116501992	Panahon ng Amerikano	Pagbabago sa transportasyon	83
7116501993	Panahon ng Amerikano	Payne Aldrich Act 1909	84
7116501994	Panahon ng Amerikano	Bell Trade Act	85
7116501995	Panahon ng Amerikano	Malayang Kalakalan	86
7116501996	Panahon ng Amerikano	Parity Rights	87
7116501997	Panahon ng Hapones	Pagpokus sa armas sa halip na sa mga produkto	88
7116501998	Panahon ng Hapones	Pinagigting ang pagiging makabayan	89
7116501999	Panahon ng Hapones	Inalis ang lahat ng may kinalaman sa mga Amerikano	90
7116502000	Panahon ng Hapones	Pamahalaang puppet	91
7116502001	Panahon ng Hapones	HUKBALAHAP - Kilusang Gerilya	92
7116502002	Panahon ng Hapones	Mickey Mouse Money - isang batong pera	93
7116502003	Panahon ng Hapones	Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere	94
7116502004	Panahon ng Hapones	Preaparatory Commision for Philippine Independence	95
7116502005	Panahon ng Hapones	Kempeitai ( pulis - army)	96
7116502006	Panahon ng Hapones	Makapili ( Pilipinong Makahapon)	97
7116502007	Panahon ng Hapones	Comfort Women	98
7116502008	Manuel Roxas	Philippine Trade Acts	99
7116502009	Manuel Roxas	Parity Rights	100
7116502010	Manuel Roxas	Tenant Farming ( 70% & 30%)	101
7116502011	Manuel Roxas	Rehabilitation	102
7116502012	Elpidio Quirino	Ama ng Industriyang Pilipino	103
7116502013	Elpidio Quirino	Pagpapa-unlad sa mga bayan	104
7116502014	Elpidio Quirino	PCAC	105
7116502015	Elpidio Quirino	Social Security Act	106
7116502016	Carlos Garcia	Filipino First	107
7116502017	Carlos Garcia	Military Base	108
7116502018	Carlos Garcia	Austerity ( pagtitipid )	109
7116502019	Carlos Garcia	Pagpapalaganap ng kulturang Pilipino	110
7116502020	Diosdado Macapagal	Pagpapakalat ng pambansang wika	111
7116502021	Ferdinand Marcos	Reporma sa Lupa	112
7116502022	Ferdinand Marcos	Proyektong Imprastraktura	113
7116502023	Ferdinand Marcos	Green Revolution	114
7116502024	Corazon Aquino	libren edukasyon sa elementarya at sekundarya	115
7116502025	Corazon Aquino	bagong saligang batas	116
7116502026	Corazon Aquino	karapatan sa pagboto	117
7116502027	Corazon Aquino	pagbawi ng nanakaw na yamab ng pangulo	118
7116502028	Fidel Ramos	Tiger President	119
7116502029	Fidel Ramos	Philippines in the 2000	120
7116502030	Fidel Ramos	Special Economic Zone (SEZ)	121
7116502031	Fidel Ramos	National Unification Commision	122
7116502032	Fidel Ramos	Oplan Alis Disease	123
7116502033	Joseph Estrada	Angat Pinoy	124
7116504942	Joseph Estrada	Asset Privatization Trust (APT)	125
7116504943	Joseph Estrada	Enhanced Retail Acces for the Poor	126
7116502034	Joseph Estrada	Asset Privatization Trust (APT)	127
7116502035	Joseph Estrada	Enhanced Retail Acces for the Poor	128
7116499910	Panahon ng Epanyol	Encomienda/ Hacienda	129
7116499911	Panahon ng Espanyol	Kalakalang Galyon sa pagitan ng Maynila at Akapulko	130
7116499912	Panahon ng Espanyol	Monopolyo ng Tabako	131
7116499913	Panahon ng Espanyol	Pagbabago sa sistema ng kultura	132
7116499914	Panahon ng Amerikano	Homestead Act ng 1924	133
7116499915	Panahon ng Amerikano	Torrens Title	134
7116499916	Panahon ng Amerikano	Pagbabago sa transportasyon	135
7116499917	Panahon ng Amerikano	Payne Aldrich Act 1909	136
7116499918	Panahon ng Amerikano	Bell Trade Act	137
7116499919	Panahon ng Amerikano	Malayang Kalakalan	138
7116499920	Panahon ng Amerikano	Parity Rights	139
7116499921	Panahon ng Hapones	Pagpokus sa armas sa halip na sa mga produkto	140
7116499922	Panahon ng Hapones	Pinagigting ang pagiging makabayan	141
7116499923	Panahon ng Hapones	Inalis ang lahat ng may kinalaman sa mga Amerikano	142
7116499924	Panahon ng Hapones	Pamahalaang puppet	143
7116499925	Panahon ng Hapones	HUKBALAHAP - Kilusang Gerilya	144
7116499926	Panahon ng Hapones	Mickey Mouse Money - isang batong pera	145
7116499927	Panahon ng Hapones	Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere	146
7116499928	Panahon ng Hapones	Preaparatory Commision for Philippine Independence	147
7116499929	Panahon ng Hapones	Kempeitai ( pulis - army)	148
7116499930	Panahon ng Hapones	Makapili ( Pilipinong Makahapon)	149
7116499931	Panahon ng Hapones	Comfort Women	150
7116499932	Manuel Roxas	Philippine Trade Acts	151
7116499933	Manuel Roxas	Parity Rights	152
7116499934	Manuel Roxas	Tenant Farming ( 70% & 30%)	153
7116499935	Manuel Roxas	Rehabilitation	154
7116499936	Elpidio Quirino	Ama ng Industriyang Pilipino	155
7116499937	Elpidio Quirino	Pagpapa-unlad sa mga bayan	156
7116499938	Elpidio Quirino	PCAC	157
7116499939	Elpidio Quirino	Social Security Act	158
7116499940	Carlos Garcia	Filipino First	159
7116499941	Carlos Garcia	Military Base	160
7116499942	Carlos Garcia	Austerity ( pagtitipid )	161
7116499943	Carlos Garcia	Pagpapalaganap ng kulturang Pilipino	162
7116499944	Diosdado Macapagal	Pagpapakalat ng pambansang wika	163
7116499945	Ferdinand Marcos	Reporma sa Lupa	164
7116499946	Ferdinand Marcos	Proyektong Imprastraktura	165
7116499947	Ferdinand Marcos	Green Revolution	166
7116499948	Corazon Aquino	libren edukasyon sa elementarya at sekundarya	167
7116499949	Corazon Aquino	bagong saligang batas	168
7116499950	Corazon Aquino	karapatan sa pagboto	169
7116499951	Corazon Aquino	pagbawi ng nanakaw na yamab ng pangulo	170
7116499952	Fidel Ramos	Tiger President	171
7116499953	Fidel Ramos	Philippines in the 2000	172
7116499954	Fidel Ramos	Special Economic Zone (SEZ)	173
7116499955	Fidel Ramos	National Unification Commision	174
7116499956	Fidel Ramos	Oplan Alis Disease	175
7116499957	Joseph Estrada	Angat Pinoy	176
7116499958	Joseph Estrada	Asset Privatization Trust (APT)	177
7116499959	Joseph Estrada	Enhanced Retail Acces for the Poor	178
7116492303	Panahon ng Epanyol	Encomienda/ Hacienda	179
7116492304	Panahon ng Espanyol	Kalakalang Galyon sa pagitan ng Maynila at Akapulko	180
7116492305	Panahon ng Espanyol	Monopolyo ng Tabako	181
7116492306	Panahon ng Espanyol	Pagbabago sa sistema ng kultura	182
7116492307	Panahon ng Amerikano	Homestead Act ng 1924	183
7116492308	Panahon ng Amerikano	Torrens Title	184
7116492309	Panahon ng Amerikano	Pagbabago sa transportasyon	185
7116492310	Panahon ng Amerikano	Payne Aldrich Act 1909	186
7116492311	Panahon ng Amerikano	Bell Trade Act	187
7116492312	Panahon ng Amerikano	Malayang Kalakalan	188
7116492313	Panahon ng Amerikano	Parity Rights	189
7116492314	Panahon ng Hapones	Pagpokus sa armas sa halip na sa mga produkto	190
7116492315	Panahon ng Hapones	Pinagigting ang pagiging makabayan	191
7116492316	Panahon ng Hapones	Inalis ang lahat ng may kinalaman sa mga Amerikano	192
7116492317	Panahon ng Hapones	Pamahalaang puppet	193
7116492318	Panahon ng Hapones	HUKBALAHAP - Kilusang Gerilya	194
7116492319	Panahon ng Hapones	Mickey Mouse Money - isang batong pera	195
7116492320	Panahon ng Hapones	Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere	196
7116492321	Panahon ng Hapones	Preaparatory Commision for Philippine Independence	197
7116492322	Panahon ng Hapones	Kempeitai ( pulis - army)	198
7116492323	Panahon ng Hapones	Makapili ( Pilipinong Makahapon)	199
7116492324	Panahon ng Hapones	Comfort Women	200
7116492325	Manuel Roxas	Philippine Trade Acts	201
7116492326	Manuel Roxas	Parity Rights	202
7116492327	Manuel Roxas	Tenant Farming ( 70% & 30%)	203
7116492328	Manuel Roxas	Rehabilitation	204
7116492329	Elpidio Quirino	Ama ng Industriyang Pilipino	205
7116492330	Elpidio Quirino	Pagpapa-unlad sa mga bayan	206
7116492331	Elpidio Quirino	PCAC	207
7116492332	Elpidio Quirino	Social Security Act	208
7116492333	Carlos Garcia	Filipino First	209
7116492334	Carlos Garcia	Military Base	210
7116492335	Carlos Garcia	Austerity ( pagtitipid )	211
7116492336	Carlos Garcia	Pagpapalaganap ng kulturang Pilipino	212
7116492337	Diosdado Macapagal	Pagpapakalat ng pambansang wika	213
7116492338	Ferdinand Marcos	Reporma sa Lupa	214
7116492339	Ferdinand Marcos	Proyektong Imprastraktura	215
7116492340	Ferdinand Marcos	Green Revolution	216
7116492341	Corazon Aquino	libren edukasyon sa elementarya at sekundarya	217
7116492342	Corazon Aquino	bagong saligang batas	218
7116492343	Corazon Aquino	karapatan sa pagboto	219
7116492344	Corazon Aquino	pagbawi ng nanakaw na yamab ng pangulo	220
7116492345	Fidel Ramos	Tiger President	221
7116492346	Fidel Ramos	Philippines in the 2000	222
7116492347	Fidel Ramos	Special Economic Zone (SEZ)	223
7116492348	Fidel Ramos	National Unification Commision	224
7116492349	Fidel Ramos	Oplan Alis Disease	225
7116492350	Joseph Estrada	Angat Pinoy	226
7116492351	Joseph Estrada	Asset Privatization Trust (APT)	227
7116492352	Joseph Estrada	Enhanced Retail Acces for the Poor	228
7116495621	Gloria Arroyo	Pagsugpo sa kahirapan	229
7116495622	Gloria Arroyo	Kapit bisig laban sa kahirapan	230
7116495623	Parity Rights	Pantay na karapatan	231
7116495624	1953	Dumanas ang Pilipinas ng malaking kakulangan sa balanse ng mga bayarin.	232
7116495625	IMF	International Monetary Fund	233
7116495626	SAP	Structural Adjustment Program	234
7116491934	Gloria Arroyo	Pagsugpo sa kahirapan	235
7116491935	Gloria Arroyo	Kapit bisig laban sa kahirapan	236
7116491936	Parity Rights	Pantay na karapatan	237
7116491937	1953	Dumanas ang Pilipinas ng malaking kakulangan sa balanse ng mga bayarin.	238
7116491938	IMF	International Monetary Fund	239
7116491939	SAP	Structural Adjustment Program	240

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AP Biology Phylogeny Vocab Flashcards

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5138306914	Clade	A group of species that includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants	0
5138311761	Cladistics	Cladistics An approach to systematics in which organisms are placed into groups called "clades" based primarily on common descent	1
5138315366	Cladogram	a branching diagram showing the cladistic relationship between a number of species	2
5138325997	Phylogeny	Phylogeny The evolutionary history of a species or group of species	3
5138333704	Phylogenetic Tree	A branching diagram that shows the evolutionary tree of a group of organisms	4
5138340331	Derived Character	An evolutionary novelty that is unique to a particular clade Ex.) birds' feathers	5
5138346788	Monophyletic	"Single tribe"; a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants; equivalent to a clade	6
5138346789	Polyphyletic	"Many tribes"; a group of taxa derived from two or more different ancestors	7
5138346790	Paraphyletic	"Beside the tribe"; a group of taxa that consist of a common ancestor and some, but not all of its descendants	8
5138378712	Maximum Parsiomony	A principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts Ex. For phylogenies based on DNA, the tree that matches most with this principle requires the fewest base changes	9
5138383920	Homoplasy	Analogous structures that arose independently	10
5138383921	Homology	structures that originated from a common ancestor and have since adapted	11
5138383922	Outgroup	A species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that contains the group of species being studied; Its selected so that its members are closely related to the group of species being studied, but not as closely related as any study-group members are to each other	12
5138413077	Analagous	structures that perform a similar function but have a different evolutionary origin, such as the wings of insects and birds.	13
5138413078	Homologous	similar in position, structure, and evolutionary origin but not necessarily in function	14
5138418533	Taxonomy	Linnaeus; A scientific discipline concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life; Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Family, Genus, Species	15
5138418534	Taxon	a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit	16
5138421713	Molecular Systematics	Compares DNA and amino acid sequences between organisms to determine evolutionary relationships	17
5138421714	Molecular Clock	the average rate at which a species' genome accumulates mutations, used to measure their evolutionary divergence and in other calculations.	18
5138421715	Kingdom/Phylum/Class/Order/Family/Genus/Species	taxonomic categories (binomial nomenclature)	19
5138430362	Domain	highest taxonomic rank of organisms (bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes)	20
5138430363	Fungi	Kingdom: organisms w/ chitin cell walls and perform absorbtion	21
5138430364	Animalia	Kingdom: multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and independently at some point in their lives, organisms that ingest other organisms, lack cell walls	22
5138434101	Plantae	Kingdom: organisms w/ cellulose cell walls and perform photosynthesis (plants)	23
5138434102	Protista	Kingdom: contains all unicellular eukaryotes except yeast, multicellular algae	24
5138442531	Bacteria	Domain (consists of prokaryotic cells possessing primarily diacyl glycerol diester lipids in their membranes and bacterial rRNA, no nuclear membrane)	25
5138449333	Archaea	Domain (no nuclear membrane, prokaryote like Bacteria, but more closely related to Eukarya)	26
5138449334	Eukarya	Domain (contain a membrane-bound nucleus) (this is animals and humans etc- the important one)	27
5138678374	Phylogram	branch length shows evolutionary change/time	28
5138804133	Properties of Life	cellular organization, sensitivity, growth (metabolism), development, reproduction, regulation, homeostasis	29
5138807438	Panspermia Theory	extraterrestrial origin of life, meteors/cosmic dust brought organic molecules to earth; water on Europa, fossils on Mars indicate evidence of extraterrestrial life	30
5138813861	Spontaneous Origin Theory	accepted by most scientists; life developed from inanimate objects as molecules became more complex	31
5138819400	Miller-Urey Experiment (1953)	simulated conditions of Earth's early atmosphere and tried to see if an electric spark could produce molecules (found that carbon compounds and then amino acids were created)	32
5138838375	RNA first Theory	life originated with a basic polymer of RNA which did the work of proteins and DNA until these molecules were produced and functioned on their own (might have started with PNA- protein nucleic acid that was able to form spontaneously and self-replicate)	33
5138849041	Metabolism-first Theory	life originated with monamers contained in simple capsules similar to the cell membrane and over time some molecules performed reactions better than others->evolution	34
5138878224	reducing atmosphere	availability of hydrogen allows organic molecules to form more easily, lack of oxygen allowed amino acids to last longer (normally would react w/ sugar and form CO2 in oxygen environment)	35

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AP Flashcards

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5083036779	What is cell fractionation?	0
5083049804	Different types of microscopes and which is best for looking at chromosomes during cell division.	1
5083056340	Explain how plant cells maintain their surface area to volume ratio.	2
5083064278	Explain why it is important for a cell to maintain the SA to V stability.	3
5083072222	What organelle is involved with the endosymbiont theory? Discuss the theory.	4
5083079439	What organelles are not in a plant cell?	5
5083079440	Ribosomes make?	6
5083086331	What is nuclear lamina and what effect does it have on the nucleus?	7
5083090531	Functions of the smooth ER.	8
5083092543	Functions of the rough ER.	9
5083100635	List the structure and functions of the Golgi Apparatus. (cis/trans, polarity)	10
5083109119	With free ribosomes and ribosomes attached to the nucleus, what can you conclude about the nucleus?	11
5083118689	What feature about the mitochondria in plant cells makes it unique compared to the rest of the organelles?	12
5083121652	What is not considered a part of the endomembrane system?	13
5083124987	What do motor proteins do?	14
5083126406	Functions of microtubules.	15
5083130642	What is plasmodesmata and what organelle in an animal cell is similar?	16
5083133324	What is the ECM and where are the proteins made for this structure?	17

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APES Chapter 1 vocabulary Flashcards

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6486951562	environment	the sum of all the conditions surrounding us that influence life.	0
6486951563	environmental science	the field that looks at interaction among human systems and those found in nature	1
6486951564	ecosystem services	the processes by which life-supporting resources such as clean water, timber, fisheries, and agricultural crops are produced.	2
6486951565	environmental indicators	describe the current state of an environmental system. do not always tell us what is causing a change, but tell us when to look more deeply into a problem	3
6486951566	genetic	relating to genes or heredity.	4
6486951567	species	a group of organisms that is distinct from other groups in its morphology, behavior, or biochemical properties	5
6486951568	ecosystem diversity	a measure of the diversity of ecosystems or habitats that exist in a given region.	6
6486951569	genetic diversity	a measure of the diversity of ecosystems or habitats that exist in a given region.	7
6486951570	species diversity	the number of species in a region or in a particular type of habitat	8
6486951571	speciation	the evolution of new species. usually happens slowly	9
6486951572	background extinction rate	the average rate at which species go extinct over the long term	10
6486951573	hectare	a measure of land area, abbreviated by "ha"., that represents an area that is 100 meters by 100 meters.	11
6486951574	per capita	per person	12
6486951575	anthropogenic	derived from human activities	13
6486951576	sustainable development	development that balances current human well-being and economic advancement with resource management for the benefit of future generations.	14
6486951577	Biophillia	love of life- which is a need to make "the connections that humans subconsciously seek with the rest of life.	15
6486951578	ecological footprint	a measure of how much an individual consumes, expressed in area of land.	16
6486951579	null hypothesis	a statement or idea that can be falsified or proved wrong	17
6486951580	accuracy	how close a measured value is to the actual or true value	18
6486951581	precision	how close to one another the repeated measurements of the same sample are	19
6486951582	uncertainty	an estimate of how much a measured or calculated value differs from a true value	20
6486951583	inductive reasoning	the process of making general statements from specific facts or examples	21
6486951584	deductive reasoning	the process of applying a general statement to specific facts or situations	22
6486951585	theory	a hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested and confirmed by multiple groups of researchers and has reached wide acceptance	23
6486951586	natural experiment	occurs when a natural event acts as an experimental treatment in an ecosystem	24
6486951587	environmentalism	concern about and action aimed at protecting the environment	25

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AP Psych. Flashcards

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9857658640	The Beginning	Ancient Greece believe knowledge was innate	0
9857658641	Aristotle	Used observation to determine knowledge learned through experience	1
9857658642	Descartes	Early ideas on the nervous system; animal spirits	2
9857658643	John Lock	-Blank slate -Empiricism (observe + experiment)	3
9857658644	Empiricism	Knowledge originates from experience, thus science should rely on observation + experimentation	4
9857658645	Edward Titchener	Structuralism (What does the mind do?)	5
9857658646	Structuralism	Used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mand	6
9857658647	Functionalism	Looked at how the brain works in turn figure out how it helped organisms survive	7
9857658648	Biological / Neuroscience	How biological factors influence behavior + mental processes (Neurotransmitters, brain parts) Sub-Perspective: -Behavior Genetics -Evolutionary	8
9857658649	Behavior Genetics	How behaviors are influenced by genetic makeup	9
9857658650	Evolutionary	How has evolution/natural selection shaped modern behavior	10
9857658651	Psychoanalytic	How unconscious affects our conscious behaviors (Early Child, Freudian)	11
9857658652	Learning / Behavioral	How past experiences + consequences shape future behavior (Reinforcement & Punishment)	12
9857658653	Cognitive / Thinking	How we encode, process, store, and retrieve info (Dreams, thoughts, problem solving, etc.)	13
9857658654	Humanistic	How people exercise free will, personal choice, and strive to reach their full potential (Warm + fuzzy, good in people, Maslow, Jung)	14
9857658655	Social-Cultural	How society + culture shape behavior and mental processes	15
9857658656	BioPyschoSocial	Looking at all biological, environmental, cognitive factors	16
9857658657	Needs:	Condition in which we require something we lack Biological: -Water, food, etc Psychological: -Achievement, self esteem	17
9857658658	Drives	Forces that motivate an organism to take action (longer deprivation = stronger drive)	18
9857658659	Instinct Theory	Instincts drive behavior, however instincts aren't found throughout human race which discounts this theory	19
9857658660	Instinct	Behavior patterns that are genetically transferred from generations	20
9857658661	Drive Reduction Theory	Behavior motivated by the need to reduce unwanted tension -Doesn't cover all behavior (Eat when not hungry)	21
9857658662	Incentive Theory	Non-biological factors -Incentives	22
9857658663	Incentives	A positive / negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior (smell, judgement)	23
9857658664	Homostasis	Body tries to maintain state of equilibrium; balance	24
9857658665	Achievement Motivation	People motivated by conscious desire for personal growth (Give up comfort to fulfill, challenging themselves)	25
9857658666	Sociocultural Theory	Cultural experiences / factors influence behaviours (play sports)	26
9857658667	Arousal Theory	Seek optimum level of arousal (too much stimulus = decrease it, not enough = increase)	27
9857658668	Yerkes Dodson	High arousal = easy tasks Low arousal = hard tasks	28
9857658669	Lateral Hypothalumus	Start eating center	29
9857658670	Ventro Medial Hypothalamus	Stop eating center	30
9857658671	Setpoint	Weight thermostat	31
9857658672	Emotion	Response of a whole organism involving physiological arousal, expressive behavior, conscious experience	32
9857658673	James-Lange	Physiological Arousal -> Emotion -No thinking	33
9857658674	Cannon-Bard	Physiological arousal seperate from emotion	34
9857658675	Singer Schacter to Factor	Physiological arousal -> think -> emotion	35
9857658676	Subjective Well-Being	Self reported happiness	36
9857658677	Relative Deprivation	Measure happiness by comparing your circumstance to others	37
9857658678	Adaptation Level Phenomenon	After event increases happiness, that becomes the baseline, thus you need another event to increase happiness	38
9857658679	General Adaptation Syndrome	Alarm: Outpouring of hormones / neurotransmitters Resistance: elevated level of arousal Exhaustion: depletion of resources (Hans Seyle)	39
9857658680	Neuron	The basic cell make up of the nervous system	40
9857658681	Dendrite	Receives messages from neurons	41
9857658682	Cell body	Maintains life of cell	42
9857658683	Axon	Carries neural messages to other cells	43
9857658684	Myelin Sheath	Protects axon and speeds up neural impulse	44
9857658685	Depolarization	Positives going in causing action potential	45
9857658686	Action Potential	Release of neural impulses	46
9857658687	All-or-None	Firing at full strength or not at all	47
9857658688	Axon Terminal	Branches at end of axon	48
9857658689	Neurotransmitters	Chemicals that transmit a message	49
9857658690	Receptor Site	Holes shaped to fit certain neurotransmitters	50
9857658691	Acetylcholine	Learning and activated muscles	51
9857658692	Serotonin	Contributes to mood	52
9857658693	Dopamine	Feeling of pleasure, movement, and addiction	53
9857658694	Endorphins	Reducing pain and euphoria	54
9857658695	Noradrenaline	Concentration	55
9857658696	GABA	Calming	56
9857658697	Sensory Neurons	Takes info from senses to brain	57
9857658698	Interneurons	Make up brain	58
9857658699	Efferent Neurons	Carries info from brain to rest of body	59
9857658700	Peripheral Nervous System	Consists of all nerves	60
9857658701	Central Nervous System	Brain and Spinal Chord	61
9857658702	Refractory Period:	Recharging period	62
9857658703	Reuptake	Reabsorbing leftover neurotransmitters	63
9857658704	Synpase	Gap between neurotransmitters	64
9857658705	Agonist	Mimic neurotransmitters by filling in receptor sites which block reuptake	65
9857658706	Antagonist	Inhibitory drug that blocks receptor sites to reduce release of neurotransmitters	66
9857658707	Somatic Nervous System	Voluntary movement	67
9857658708	Autonomic Nervous System	Involuntary movement	68
9857658709	Sympathetic	Fight or Flight Ex. Heart rate, sweat, breathing	69
9857658710	Parasympathetic	Calms	70
9857658711	Endocrine System	Glands and hormones	71
9857658712	Pituitary Gland	Releases growth hormone	72
9857658713	Testes and Ovarics	Releases testosterone and estrogen	73
9857658714	Thyroid Gland	Metabolism	74
9857658715	Lesions	Destruction of brain tissue	75
9857658716	EEG	Measures brain waves	76
9857658717	CT Scane	Series of X-rays	77
9857658718	PET Scan	Injects radioactive glucose	78
9857658719	MRI	Very detailed pictures	79
9857658720	FMRI	Detailed pictures and functions	80
9857658721	Plasticity	Brain has ability to change in response to damage or changing environmental stimuli	81
9857658722	Sensation	How our body receives and represents stimulus energies from our environment	82
9857658723	Perception	Interpreting sensations	83
9857658724	Bottom Up Processing	Processing info using sensory input	84
9857658725	Top Down Processing	Processing info using experience and expectation	85
9857658726	Transduction	Turning stimulus energies into neural impulses	86
9857658727	Absolute Threshold	Minimum amount of sensory stimuli you can detect 50% of the time	87
9857658728	Signal Detection Theory	We have no absolute threshold because detection is affected by expectation and motivation	88
9857658729	Difference Threshold	Minimum amount of difference between two stimuli you can detect 50% of the time	89
9857658730	Weber's Law	Difference has to vary by a constant percentage not amount	90
9857658731	Sensory Adaption	Diminishing sensitivity to constant stimuli	91
9857658732	Cornea	Protects eye	92
9857658733	Lens	Changes shape to focus light on retina	93
9857658734	Cones	Color	94
9857658735	Rods	Dim light	95
9857658736	Fovea	Cluster of cones	96
9857658737	Retina	Transduct lightwaves to optic nerve	97
9857658738	Feature Detection	Nerve cells in visual cortex help you detect specific features (angle, movement, edges)	98
9857658739	Parallel Processing	Processing aspects of stimulus separately at the same time	99
9857658740	Trichromatic Theory	Retina has 3 color receptors	100
9857658741	Opponent Process Theory	Combination color receptors	101
9857658742	Acoustical Transduction	Sounds to impulses using hair cells	102
9857658743	Frequency	Determined by wavelengths	103
9857658744	Intensity	Amount of energy in wave	104
9857658745	Outer Ear	Collects sound (pinna)	105
9857658746	Middle Ear	Concentrates the vibrations of eardrum on cochlea oval window	106
9857658747	Cochlea	Transforms sound vibrations to auditory signals	107
9857658748	Selective Attention	Ability to focus our conscious awareness on a particular stimulus	108
9857658749	Cocktail Party Effect	Ability to focus on one voice among many	109
9857658750	Inattentional Blindness	Failing to see something in your visual field wjen attention averted	110
9857658751	Change Blindness	Failing to recognize changes in our visual field	111
9857658752	Perceptual Set	A mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another	112
9857658753	Context Effects	Immediate surroundings affects perceptions	113
9857658754	Stroboscope Movement	The illusion of movement produced by showing rapid progression of images that aren't moving	114
9857658755	Phi Phenomenom	Illusion of movement created by two adjacent lights blinking o/off in quick succession	115
9857658756	Monocular Cues	Depth cues that need only one eye to be percieved	116
9857658757	Binocular Cues	Two eyes to be percieved	117
9857658758	NREM 1	Light sleep with hallucinations	118
9857658759	NREM 2	Sleep Spindals	119
9857658760	NREM 3	Deep sleep	120
9857658761	REM	Vivid dreams	121
9857658762	Narcolepsy	Inability to stay awake	122
9857658763	Psychoanalytic Theory	Dreams represent unconscious desires, thoughts, and motives	123
9857658764	Manifest Content	Whats happening	124
9857658765	Latent Content	Meaning	125
9857658766	Activation Synthesis	Dreams are subjective interpretation of brain signals	126
9857658767	Information Processing Theory	Dreams are a byproduct of info collect from day	127
9857658768	Human Factor Psychology	Change or improve products or experiences using human sensation/perception	128
9857658769	Social Role Theory	People are acting how they think hypnotized people act	129
9857658770	Divided Consciousness Theory	Separate conscious awareness	130
9857658771	Depressants	Reduce brain stimulation	131
9857658772	Stimulant	Increases brain sitmulation	132
9857658773	Hallucinagen	Drug causing hallucinations	133
9857658774	Psychological Disorder	Persistently harmful thoughts, feelings, or actions (Deviance, distressing, dysfunctional)	134
9857658775	Medical Model	Mental disorders are physical illnesses that can be diagnosed, treated, and cured	135
9857658776	Bio Psycho Social Approach	Mental illness has biological, psychological, and social components	136
9857658777	DSM-5	Book used to classify disorders -standardized diagnosis -insurance + court purposes	137
9857658778	David Rusenhan	He faked schizophrenia until admitted in hospital then acted completely normal	138
9857658779	Anxiety	General state of dread or uneasiness that occurs in response to vague or imagined danger	139
9857658780	Anxiety Disorders	-Phobic Disorder -Panic Disorder -General Anxiety	140
9857658781	Phobia	Persistent excessive/ irrational fear of a particular object or situation	141
9857658782	Panic Disorder	Reoccurring panic attacks	142
9857658783	Panic Attack	Short lived period of intense fear or discomfort characterized by shortness of breath, rapid heart rate, etc	143
9857658784	Agoraphobia	Fear of being in places that are difficult to escape	144
9857658785	Generalized Anxiety Disorder	Excessive worry about life circumstances	145
9857658786	PTSD	Persistent anxiety caused by a traumatic event	146
9857658787	OCD	Obsession: unwanted thoughts, ideas, or mental images that occur over and over again Compulsion: repetitive ritual behavior	147
9857658788	Somatization	The expression of distress through physical symptoms	148
9857658789	Conversion Disorder	Change or loss of physical functioning of a major part of the body with no medical explanation	149
9857658790	Illness Anxiety Disorder	Unrealistic preoccupation with fear that he/she had a serious disease	150
9857658791	Depressive Disorders	Mods changed that seem inappropriate for certain situations	151
9857658792	Major Depression	Consuming feelings of worthlessness + guilt which prevents people from enjoying things they once loved	152
9857658793	Persistent Depressive Disorder	Still functioning but at low levels; less severe, more long term	153
9857658794	Depression Causes	Lack of serotonin or nonadrenaline	154
9857658795	Bipolar Disorder	Characterized by severe highs and lows -Mania: extreme excitement, hyperactivity, chaotic behavior -Depressive	155
9857658796	Dissociation	Separate of certain personality traits or mental processes from conscious thought	156
9857658797	Dissociative Amnesia	Sudden loss of memory following a traumatic event (no physical damage)	157
9857658798	Dissociative Fugue	Forgetting past life and starting new one	158
9857658799	Dissociative ldentity Disorder	Multiple personalities within 1 person	159
9857658800	Depersonalization Disorder	Feeling of detachment from ones mental process or body (watching yourself)	160
9857658801	Schizophrenia	Loss of contact with reality	161
9857658802	Positive Symptoms	Thoughts and behaviors that are presents but shouldn't be (hallucinations, voices)	162
9857658803	Negative Symptoms	Thoughts and behaviors that should be there but aren't (Lack of emotion, social withdrawal)	163
9857658804	Hallucinations	Sensory experience without sensory input	164
9857658805	Delusional	Inappropiate often grandiose beliefs	165
9857658806	Flat Effect	Lacking emotions, facials expressions, monotone voice	166
9857658807	Catatonia	Disturbance of movement	167
9857658808	Schizophrenia Causes	Extra dopamine receptors	168
9857658809	Antisocial Personality Disorder	Long term pattern of manipulating, exploiting, or violating the rights of others	169
9857658810	Avoidant Personaliry Disorder	Lifelong of feeling very shy, inadequate, and sensitive to rejection	170
9857658811	Borderline Personality Disorder	Unstable/turbulent emotions that often result in impulsice actions or chaotic relationships	171
9857658812	Dependent Personality Disorder	Depending too much on others in order to meet physical + emotional needs	172
9857658813	Histrionic Personality Disorder	Acting in very emotional/ dramatic ways that draw attention to themselves	173
9857658814	Narcisstic Personality Disorder	Excessive sense of self importance, extreme preoccupation with themselves, and lack of empathy for others	174
9857658815	Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder	Preoccupied with rules, orderliness, and control	175
9857658816	Paranoid Personality Disorder	Long Term pattern of distrust and suspicion of others	176
9857658817	Schizoid Personality Disorder	Lifelong pattern of indifference to others and social isolation	177
9857658818	Pyschotherapy	Talking cures issues	178
9857658819	Pyschoanalysis	-Fix unconscious issues -Talk about whatever come to mind -Resistance -Transference -Freud	179
9857658820	Resistance	Mentioning a topic then skipping over it or moving on	180
9857658821	Transference	Transferring feelings onto someone else	181
9857658822	Humanistic	-Carl Rogers -Client-Centered Therapy -Active Listening	182
9857658823	Active Listening	Clarifying and restating	183
9857658824	Behavioral Therapy	Using conditioning techniques to change behavior - Skinner + Pavlov	184
9857658825	Classical Conditioning	-Involuntary -Counterconditioning	185
9857658826	Counterconditioning	Pairing positive stimulus with anxiety provoking stimulus Ex. Birds + Chocolate	186
9857658827	Exposure Therapies	Treats anxiety disorders, phobias, PTSD -Flooding -Systematic Desensitization -Virtual Reality -Aversion Therapy	187
9857658828	Flooding	Exposed to something all at once Ex. Thrown into pit of snakes	188
9857658829	Systematic Desensitization	Slowly exposing more and more of something Ex. Fingernails, feather	189
9857658830	Aversion Therapy	Pair unwanted behavior with unwanted stimulus Ex. Nail biting	190
9857658831	Token Economy	Rewarding positive behaviors with tokens which can be turned in for real rewards Ex. Bobcash	191
9857658832	Cognitive Therapy	Challenge illogical / irrational thoughts in a effort to change them Ex. "That's stupid"	192
9857658833	Albert Ellis	Created RET (Rational Emotive Therapy)	193
9857658834	Cognitive Behavioral Therapy	Changes thinking and behavior	194
9857658835	Meta-analysis	Take various studies on the same topic and combine results	195
9857658836	Biomedical Therapy	Direct effect on nervous system	196
9857658837	Psychopharmacology	Using drugs	197
9857658838	Anti-Depressants	-For depression -SSRI (Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor)	198
9857658839	Anti-Anxiety	Depress central nervous system Ex. Xanax	199
9857658840	Anti-Pyschotics	Block dopamine receptors -For schizophrenia -Side effect: tardive dykinsia (facial twitching) Ex. Thorazine	200
9857658841	Mood stabilizers	For bipolar Ex. Lithium	201
9857658842	Psycho Surgery	Surgery on nervous system Ex. Lobotomy	202
9857658843	Lobotomy	Destruction of front lobe by stabbing needle through eye -Side Effect: Flat effect	203
9857658844	ECT	- Sending electric shock through brain to induce seizures -(Electroconvulsive Therapy) -For Catatonia and major depression	204
9857658845	Cognition	All mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating	205
9857658846	Atkinson-Shiffrin Model	Sensory Memory Short Term Memory Long Term Memory	206
9857658847	Sensory Memory	Fleeting memories using senses -iconic (visual) -acoustic (auditory)	207
9857658848	Short Term Memory	-7 +/- 2 items -30 sec - 1 min	208
9857658849	Long Term Memory	-"unlimited" -Long Term Potentiation: increased strength of synaptic connections	209
9857658850	Episodic Memory	Memory of a specific events	210
9857658851	Semantic/Generic Memory	General knowledge most people remember	211
9857658852	Explicit Memory	-Both semantic + episodic memories -Stored by Hippocampus -Can say aloud	212
9857658853	Implicit Memory	-Skills/procedures you learn (automatic) -Stored in Cerebellum	213
9857658854	Encoding	Getting info visually, acoustically, or semantic	214
9857658855	Automatic Processing	Unconscious encoding of well learned info	215
9857658856	Effortful Processing	Encoding that requires effort and attention	216
9857658857	Herman Ebbinghaus	-Non Sense syllables -Serial Position Effect: first + last -Spacing Effect: rehearsal over time = longer retention	217
9857658858	Maintenance Rehearsal	Repeating over and over	218
9857658859	Elaborate Rehearsal	Using prior knowledge to connect to what you are trying to remember	219
9857658860	Chunking	Organizing info into meaningful units	220
9857658861	Mnemonic Device	Memory aid (PEMDAS, ROY G BIV)	221
9857658862	Retrieval	Getting memory out	222
9857658863	Context Dependent Memory	Memories more easily recalled n the context you encoded them	223
9857658864	State Dependent Memory	Memories are more easily recalled when in the same state they were encoded	224
9857658865	Forgetting	-Encoding failure -Decay -Interference -Amnesia	225
9857658866	Decay	If you don't use it, you lose it	226
9857658867	Interference	Proactive: Old info blocks new info Retroactive: New info blocks old info	227
9857658868	Amnesia	Retrograde: forgetting past Antrograde: Not forming new memories	228
9857658869	Misinformation Effect	Incorporating false or misleading info into memory	229
9857658870	Source Amnesia	Not knowing source of memory	230
9857658871	Concepts	Mental groupings of objects, ideas, events, etc.	231
9857658872	Prototype	Best example of concept	232
9857658873	Algorithms	Stepy by step process that always get solution	233
9857658874	Heuristic	Short Cut	234
9857658875	Insight	"Aha" moment	235
9857658876	Confirmation Bias	Searching for info to confirm what you already believe	236
9857658877	Fixation	Inability to see problem from fresh perspective	237
9857658878	Mental Set	Solving a problem a way it worked from the past	238
9857658879	Functional Fixedness	Inability to see a object for anything than its intended use	239
9857658880	Availability Heuristic	Making decisions based on info that is immediately available to consciousness Ex. Immigation	240
9857658881	Representativeness Heuristic	Judging likelihood of thing in terms of how well they seem to match prototype Ex. Multiple choice tests	241
9857658882	Framing Effect	Effect of words on our judgement	242
9857658883	Belief Perserverance	Clinging to your beliefs even in the face of contrary evidence Ex. Politics	243
9857658884	Language	Our spoken, written, or gestured work is the way we communicate meaning to ourselves and others	244
9857658885	Phonemes	Smallest distinct sound unit in a spoken language Ex. Bat -> b-a-t	245
9857658886	Morphemes	Smallest unit that carries a meaning (word) Ex. Starring -> Star + ring	246
9857658887	Grammar	System of rules of language	247
9857658888	Semantics	Set of rules by which we derive meaning from words, sentences, morphemes Ex. -ed = past	248
9857658889	Syntax	Rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences Ex. White house vs Casa blanca	249
9857658890	Skinner Operant Learning	Learn language through reinforcement, imitation, observing, etc.	250
9857658891	Chomsky Inborn Universal Grammar	Inborn mechanism to learn language	251
9857658892	Linguistic Determinism	-Whorf -Language determines the way we think Ex. Knowing lots of angry words = Angrier	252
9857658893	Intelligence	Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations	253
9857658894	General Intelligence	Intelligence is tested and measured numerically	254
9857658895	Primary Mental Abilities	7 primary mental abilities that determine intelligence	255
9857658896	Multiple Intelligence	8 distinct intelligence within intellegence	256
9857658897	Triarchic Theory of Intelligence	Intelligence is made up of analytical, creative, and practical factors	257
9857658898	Louis L. Thurstone	Primary Mental Abilities	258
9857658899	Howard Gardner	Multiple Intelligence	259
9857658900	Robert Sternberg	Triarchic Theory of Intelligence	260
9857658901	Charles Spearman	General Intelligence	261
9857658902	Alfred Binet	-"Father of Intelligence" -Created 1st test (to identify kids that need help)	262
9857658903	Lewis Termann	-Intelligence Quotient -Standford-Binet Test	263
9857658904	Intelligence Quotient	IQ = mental age / chronological age x 100	264
9857658905	Aptitude Test	Predict ability to learn a new skill (ACT)	265
9857658906	Achievement Test	Reflect what you've already learned	266
9857658907	David Wechsler	-Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) -Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)	267
9857658908	Standardization	Standardizing a test involves administering the test ti a representative sample of future test takers in order to establish a basis for meaningful comparison Ex. College freshman set standards for AP test	268
9857658909	Flynn Effect	Intelligence has increased by 27 points over time	269
9857658910	Reliability	Yields consistent results	270
9857658911	Validity	Refers to what the test is suppose to measure or predict	271
9857658912	Content Validity	Refers to extent a test measures particular behaviors/traits; aplitude	272
9857658913	Predictive Validity	Refers to function of a test in predicting a particular behavior/trait; achievement	273
9857658914	Conversent	Narrowing down to one solution	274
9857658915	Divergent	Coming up with many solutions	275
9857658916	Savant Syndrome	Exceeding in 1 skill but lacking in others	276
9857658917	Flashbulb Memory	Specific events which we can recall in great detail	277
9857658918	Working Memory	Using other memories to remember	278
9857658919	Spacing Effect	Rehearsal over time = longer retention	279
9857658920	Serial Position Effect	Remembering the first and last object	280
9857658921	Long Term Potentiation	Increased strength of synaptic connections	281
9857658922	Mood Congruence	An individual's current mood determines the memories that are recalled	282
9857658923	Anchoring Heuristic	Refers to the human tendency to rely on the first information received before making a decision	283
9857658924	Noam Chomsky	Inborn Universal Grammar	284
9857658925	B. F. Skinner	Operant Learning	285
9857658926	Reification	The human mind's tendency to consider an object in its entirety before it perceives the object as the sum of individual parts Ex. When a person is trying to buy a car, they first identify that it is a "car."	286
9857658927	Factor Analysis	A statistical method used to describe variability among observed, correlated variables	287
9857658928	Emotional Intelligence	Ability to manage and understand emotions	288
9857658929	Normal Curve	Bell shaped	289
9857658930	Criterion	The extent to which a measure is related to an outcome	290
9857658931	Alfred Adler	Inferiority complex	291
9857658932	Mary Ainsworth	Secure attachment	292
9857658933	Gordon Allport	Dictionary traits	293
9857658934	Albert Bandura	Observational learning	294
9857658935	Raymond Cattel	16 source traits	295
9857658936	Noam Chomskey	Inborn universal grammar	296
9857658937	Hermann Ebbinghaus	Nonsense syllables	297
9857658938	Erik Erikson	Psychosocial stages	298
9857658939	Hans Eysenck	Extraversion vs Intraversion	299
9857658940	Sigmund Freud	Unconscious + Psychosexual stages	300
9857658941	Phineas Gage	Frontal lobe damaged	301
9857658942	Carol Gilligan	Claimed Kohlberg morality was flawed due to lack of women	302
9857658943	Harry Harlow	Monkey + contact comfort	303
9857658944	Ernest Hilgard	Divided consciousness	304
9857658945	Karen Horney	Womb Envy	305
9857658946	William James	Functionalism	306
9857658947	Carl Jung	Collective unconscious	307
9857658948	Garcia and Koelling	Taste aversion	308
9857658949	Lawrence Kohlberg	Morality (Precon, con, postcon)	309
9857658950	Elizabeth Loftus	Misinformation effect	310
9857658951	Konrad Lorenz	Imprinting	311
9857658952	Abraham Maslow	Hierarchy of needs	312
9857658953	Stanley Milgram	Shock study	313
9857658954	Ivan Pavlov	Classical conditioning	314
9857658955	Jean Piaget	Cognitive developement	315
9857658956	Carl Rogers	Unconditional positive regard	316
9857658957	Hermann Rorschach	Ink Blot Test	317
9857658958	David Rosenhan	Faked mental illness	318
9857658959	Martin Seligman	Learned helplessness	319
9857658960	Hans Seyle	GAS + Alarm, resist, exhaust	320
9857658961	B.F Skinner	Operant conditioning	321
9857658962	Charles Spearman	General Intelligence	322
9857658963	George Sperling	Sensory Memory	323
9857658964	Lewis Terman	Took Binet's test	324
9857658965	Edward L. Thorndike	Law of effect	325
9857658966	Edward Tolman	Latent Learning	326
9857658967	John Watson	Father of behaviorism (Little Albert)	327
9857658968	Benjamin Whorf	Linguistic Determinism	328
9857658969	Wilhelm Wundt	"Father of Psychology" + Structuralism	329
9857658970	Philip Zimbardo	Stanford Prison Experiment	330
9857658971	Repression	Block memory out of conscious awareness	331
9857658975	General Adaptation Syndrome		332
9857658976	Law of Effect		333
9857658972	Latent Learning	Knowledge that becomes clear when reinforced Ex. Rats given reward for maze	334
9857658973	Theory of Mind	Being able to see something from someone else's point of view	335

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7214690829	kontemporaryong isyu	pangyayaring bumabagabag sa kalagayan ng bansa o mundo	0
7214690830	pagsusuri ng k.i	kahalagahan pinagmulan pananaw pagkakaugnay personal na damdamin epekto *solusyon	1
7214690831	primaryang sanggunian	Orihinal na tala ng mga pangyayari	2
7214690832	sekondaryang sanggunian	impormasyong batay sa orihinal na isinulat	3
7214690833	katotohanan	totoong pangyayari o pahayag	4
7214690834	opinyon	nagpapahiwatig ng saloobin at kaisipan ng isang tao	5
7214690835	pagtukoy sa pagkiling	ang paglalahad ng impormasyon ay dapat balanse	6
7214690836	pahayagan	mahalagang sangguinian tungkol sa mga kontemporaryog isyu sa nagdaang mahigit 200 taon	7
7214690837	hinuha	pinagisipang hula ;hypothesis	8
7214690838	paglalahat	binubuo ang nga ugnayan ng mga hindi magkakaugnay na impormasyon bago makagawa ng konklusyon	9
7214690839	kongklusyon	ideyang nabuo pagkatapos ng pag aaral	10
7214690840	kalamidad	pangyayaring nagdudulot ng malaking pinsala sa kapaligiran	11
7214690841	el niño	panahon na bunga ng pag init ng katubigan ng karagatang pasipiko	12
7214690842	la niña	matagal na tag ulan na nagdudulot ng baha	13
7214690843	flash flood	biglaang pagbaha	14
7214690844	landslide	pagguho ng lupa	15
7214690845	pagsabog ng bulkan	vulcanic eruption	16
7214690846	unemployment	kawalan ng trabaho ng mga taong nasa wastong gulang na	17
7214690847	underemployment	di angkop ang trabaho sa tinapos na kurso	18
7214690848	yamang tao	yaman ng isang bansa na tumutugon sa pagbuo ng produkto o serbisyo sa bansa o sa mga bansang nangangailangan ng empleyo	19
7214690849	labor force	bahagi ng populasyon na nasa tamang edad na may trabaho	20
7214690850	white collar job	professionals	21
7214690851	blue collar job	vocational	22
7214690852	brain drain	pagttrabaho at paninirahan ng mga propesyonal sa ibang bansa	23
7214690853	brawn drain	pagttrabaho at paninirahan ng mga propesyonal at bokasyonal sa ibang bansa	24
7214690854	human trafficking	pagttrabaho ng tao ng hindi nila kagustuhan	25
7214690855	labor intensive industry	industriyang nakasentro sa paggamit ng manggagawa	26
7214690856	capital intensive industry	industriyang nakasentro sa paggamit ng makinarya	27
7214690857	women overseas employment	mga kababaihang nangingibang bansa upang magtrabaho	28

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