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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

9852375811	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9852375812	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9852375813	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9852375814	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9852375815	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9852375816	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9852375817	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9852375818	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9852375819	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9852375820	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9852375821	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9852375822	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9852375823	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9852375824	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9852375825	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9852375826	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9852375827	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9852375828	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9852375829	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9852375830	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9852375831	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9852375832	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9852375833	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9852375834	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9852375835	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9852375836	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9852375837	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9852375838	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9852375839	theory	general idea being tested	28
9852375840	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9852375841	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9852375842	mode	appears the most	31
9852375843	mean	average	32
9852375844	median	middle	33
9852375845	range	highest - lowest	34
9852375846	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9852375847	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9852375848	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9852375849	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9852375850	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9852375851	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9852375852	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9852375853	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9852376045	neuron		43
9852375854	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9852375855	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9852375856	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9852375857	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9852375858	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9852375859	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9852375860	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9852375861	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9852375862	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9852375863	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9852375864	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9852375865	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9852375866	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9852375867	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9852375868	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9852375869	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9852375870	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9852375871	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9852375872	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9852375873	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9852375874	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9852375875	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9852375876	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9852375877	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9852375878	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9852375879	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9852375880	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9852375881	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9852375882	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9852375883	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9852375884	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9852375885	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9852375886	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9852375887	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9852375888	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9852375889	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9852375890	occipital lobe	vision	80
9852375891	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9852375892	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9852375893	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9852375894	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9852375895	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9852375896	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9852375897	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9852375898	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9852375899	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9852375900	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9852375901	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9852375902	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9852375903	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9852375904	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9852375905	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9852375906	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9852375907	rods	night time	97
9852375908	cones	color	98
9852375909	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9852375910	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9852375911	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9852375912	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9852375913	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9852375914	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9852375915	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9852375916	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9852375917	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9852375918	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9852375919	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9852375920	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9852375921	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9852375922	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9852375923	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9852375924	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9852375925	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9852375926	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9852375927	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9852375928	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9852375929	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9852375930	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9852375931	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9852375932	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9852375933	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9852375934	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9852375935	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9852375936	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9852375937	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9852375938	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9852375939	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9852375940	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9852375941	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9852375942	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9852375943	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9852375944	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9852375945	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9852375946	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9852375947	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9852375948	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9852375949	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9852375950	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9852375951	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9852375952	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9852375953	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9852375954	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9852375955	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9852375956	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9852375957	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9852375958	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9852375959	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9852375960	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9852375961	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9852375962	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9852375963	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9852375964	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9852375965	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9852375966	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9852375967	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9852375968	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9852375969	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9852375970	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9852375971	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9852375972	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9852375973	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9852375974	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9852375975	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9852375976	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9852375977	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9852375978	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9852375979	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9852375980	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9852375981	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9852375982	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9852375983	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9852375984	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9852375985	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9852375986	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9852375987	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9852375988	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9852375989	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9852375990	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9852375991	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9852375992	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9852375993	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9852375994	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9852375995	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9852375996	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9852375997	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9852375998	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9852375999	encoding	information going in	189
9852376000	storage	keeping information in	190
9852376001	retrieval	taking information out	191
9852376002	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9852376003	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9852376004	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9852376005	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9852376006	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9852376007	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9852376008	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9852376009	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9852376010	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9852376011	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9852376012	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9852376013	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9852376014	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9852376015	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9852376016	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9852376017	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9852376018	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9852376019	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9852376020	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9852376021	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9852376022	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9852376023	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9852376024	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9852376025	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9852376026	context	environment helps with memory	216
9852376027	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9852376028	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9852376029	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9852376030	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9852376031	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9852376032	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9852376033	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9852376034	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9852376035	prototypes	generalize	225
9852376036	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9852376037	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9852376038	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9852376039	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9852376040	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9852376041	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9852376042	grammar is _________	universal	232
9852376043	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9852376044	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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4854264536	demographic monentum	the tendency for the pouplarion growth to contunie despite family planning programs	0
4854264537	demographic equation	summarizes the contribution made to regional population	1
4854264538	diaspora	scattered settlements of a particular national group living abroad	2
4854264539	diffusion of fertility control	how fertility rates are lowered	3
4854264540	arithmetic density	the total number of people divided by the total land area	4
4854264541	infant mortality rate	the number of infants per 1000 live births who die before 1 year of age	5
4854264542	agricultural density	the ratio of farmers to the amount of arable land	6

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4856846252	devotion moderna	NEW PIETY-moral laxity	0
4856846253	· burhgers	wealthey member of the bourguesie	1
4856846254	· Brethren of the Common Life	owed much to Gerard Groote preaching	2
4856846255	· Gerard Groote	preacher for ^ and native of deventer-	3
4856846256	· Thomas a Kempis	Thomas Hemerken-educated german in deventer-joined congregation of windesheim	4
4856846257	· Od the Imitation of Christ	by Thomas Kempis-circualted in 1418-most copied book of 15th century	5
4856846258	· Mary of Burgundy	two of her councilors exuctued in front off her-died hunting falling off horse	6
4856846259	· Maximilian	habsburg son of frederick 3rd	7
4856846260	· Philip	son of mary- exploited true lord and natural prince to maximillian and expoloited this 1493-1506	8
4856846261	· Joanna of Castile	royal deaths she became spanish kingdoms heiress	9
4856846262	· Charles of Ghent	1500 -son of philip and joanna-	10
4856846263	· Desiderius Erasmus	rotterdam-most influenctial figure of northern renisance	11
4856846264	· Praise of Folly	erasmus mercilessly satirized the superstitions and shortcoming (real or perceived) of his contemporaries	12
4856846265	· Andreas Vesalius	personal physician to Charles V-de humani corporis fabrica how body fits together	13
4856846266	· Gerald Mercator	first topographical map of Flanders in 1540-, he published the first map of the world on the 'Mercator projection'.	14
4856846267	· Antwerp	replaces bruges as metropolis in northern europe -commercial capital of Christendom	15
4856846268	· sugar	expensive and then 25-8 first ship from canaries arrived in Antwerp and made it cheaper for everyone	16
4856846269	· cloth	dyeing-most important	17
4856846270	, fish curing, soap making	all located on the edge of the city.	18

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6192538549	Pedantic	Like a pedant	0
6192538550	Vociferous	Vehement ir clamorous	1
6192538551	Intricate	Complex,complicated	2
6192538552	Precedent	Law	3
6192538553	Loquacious	Talking tending to talk to much	4
6192538554	Levity	Lightness of mind	5
6192538555	Respite	Delay temperoy	6
6192538556	Vapid	Lacking	7
6192538557	Sedulous	Diligent in application	8
6192538558	Pandemonium	Wild noisy	9

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7292469763	Otic	Ear	0
7292469764	Occipital	Back of head	1
7292469765	Acromial	Shoulder	2
7292469766	Vertebral	spine	3
7292469767	Branchial	arm	4
7292469768	Dorsum	Back	5
7292469769	Cubital	Elbow	6
7292469770	Lumbar	Loin	7
7292469771	Sacral	Between hips	8
7292469772	Gluteal	Butt	9
7292469773	Perineal	Butt crack	10
7292469774	Femoral	Thigh	11
7292469775	Popliteal	Back knee	12
7292469776	Sural	Calf	13
7292469777	Plantar	Sole	14

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6162972424	ACTH	Adrenocorticotropic hormone	0
6163571462	endolymph	fluid within the labyrinth of the inner ear	1
6163572916	parilymph	fluid in the bone composed outer labyrinth	2
6163575168	FSH	an anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the follicles in females and the function of the seminiferous tubules in males	3
6163577223	LH	The pituitary hormone that stimulates the interstitial cells to secrete testosterone is	4
6163581459	Prolactin	A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary that tarets the mammary glands stimulating them to produce breastmilk.	5
6163583312	Growth Hormone	A hormone released by the anterior pituitary that targets all cells in the body. Growth hormone stimulates whole body growth in children and adolescents, and increases cell turnover rate in adults.	6
6163589974	Semicircular Canals for equilibrium	detects angular and rotary movement; acceleration & deceleration	7
6163598348	vestibule	Responds to gravity & movement of the head. An organ in the inner ear that works with the semicircular canals to maintain equilibrium	8
6163605754	Tectorial membrane	A membrane located above the basilar membrane; serves as a shelf against which the cilia of the auditory hair cells move	9
6163878698	Hormones of anterior pituitary	Thyroid-stimulating (TSH), Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH), Follicle-stimulating (FSH), Luteinizing (LH), Growth, (GH), Prolactin (PRL), Melanocyte-stimulating (MSH)	10
6163887817	Adenohypophysis	anterior lobe of the pituitary gland	11
6163891956	Neurohypophysis	posterior lobe of the pituitary gland	12
6163937566	3 zones of adrenal cortex	zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculate, zona reticularis	13

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6260995166	Cloture	2/3 supremacy to close up or stop debate for a bill and call for a vote	0
6261006800	Filibuster	Long speech to delay action on a bill	1
6261010506	Gerrymandering	Illogical district lines	2
6261023001	Caucus	(in some US states) a meeting at which local members of a political party register their preference among candidates running for office or select delegates to attend a convention.	3
6261027894	Quorum	The required number n attendance to do business	4
6261037294	Riders	Additional points to an unrelated law	5
6261112511	Omnibus bill	A bill grows too big	6
6261115474	Earmarks	Funds directed for a specific purpose	7
6261122196	27th	Congress makes cask	8
6261135283	Discharge petition	Can bring the bill out of reluctant committee	9
6261149046	Mark up session	A process by which bill is amended	10
6261154679	Congressional oversight	Ensure executive branch does their work	11
6261187113	Spoils system	the practice of a successful political party giving public office to its supporters.	12
6261207011	Bureaucrocy	Large complex system	13
6261218771	Red tape	Rules and regulations	14
6261221994	Merit system	Competitive written exams for jobs	15
6261241512	Attorney general	the principal legal officer who represents the Crown or a state in legal proceedings and gives legal advice to the government.	16
6261245001	Amicus curiae	Friend of the court	17
6261247933	Solicitor general	Established national over state laws	18
6261253832	Writ of certiorari	requires lower court to sent case for the review	19
6261265472	Rule of four	Minimum number of justices to hear the case	20
6261270189	Stare decisis	Letting lower court decision stand	21
6261277391	Judicial activism	Describes judicial ruling on personal political considerations	22

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9999231945	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9999231946	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9999231947	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9999231948	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9999231949	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9999231950	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9999231951	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9999231952	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9999231953	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9999231954	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9999231955	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9999231956	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9999231957	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9999231958	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9999231959	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9999231960	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9999231961	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9999231962	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9999231963	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9999231964	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9999231965	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9999231966	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9999231967	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9999231968	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9999231969	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9999231970	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9999231971	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9999231972	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9999231973	theory	general idea being tested	28
9999231974	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9999231975	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9999231976	mode	appears the most	31
9999231977	mean	average	32
9999231978	median	middle	33
9999231979	range	highest - lowest	34
9999231980	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9999231981	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9999231982	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9999231983	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9999231984	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9999231985	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9999231986	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9999231987	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9999232179	neuron		43
9999231988	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9999231989	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9999231990	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9999231991	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9999231992	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9999231993	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9999231994	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9999231995	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9999231996	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9999231997	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9999231998	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9999231999	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9999232000	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9999232001	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9999232002	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9999232003	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9999232004	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9999232005	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9999232006	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9999232007	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9999232008	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9999232009	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9999232010	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9999232011	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9999232012	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9999232013	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9999232014	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9999232015	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9999232016	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9999232017	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9999232018	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9999232019	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9999232020	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9999232021	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9999232022	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9999232023	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9999232024	occipital lobe	vision	80
9999232025	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9999232026	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9999232027	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9999232028	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9999232029	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9999232030	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9999232031	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9999232032	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9999232033	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9999232034	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9999232035	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9999232036	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9999232037	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9999232038	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9999232039	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9999232040	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9999232041	rods	night time	97
9999232042	cones	color	98
9999232043	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9999232044	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9999232045	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9999232046	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9999232047	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9999232048	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9999232049	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9999232050	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9999232051	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9999232052	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9999232053	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9999232054	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9999232055	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9999232056	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9999232057	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9999232058	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9999232059	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9999232060	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9999232061	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9999232062	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9999232063	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9999232064	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9999232065	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9999232066	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9999232067	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9999232068	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9999232069	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9999232070	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9999232071	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9999232072	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9999232073	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9999232074	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9999232075	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9999232076	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9999232077	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9999232078	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9999232079	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9999232080	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9999232081	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9999232082	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9999232083	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9999232084	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9999232085	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9999232086	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9999232087	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9999232088	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9999232089	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9999232090	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9999232091	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9999232092	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9999232093	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9999232094	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9999232095	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9999232096	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9999232097	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9999232098	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9999232099	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9999232100	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9999232101	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9999232102	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9999232103	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9999232104	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9999232105	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9999232106	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9999232107	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9999232108	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9999232109	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9999232110	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9999232111	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9999232112	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9999232113	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9999232114	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9999232115	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9999232116	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9999232117	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9999232118	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9999232119	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9999232120	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9999232121	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9999232122	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9999232123	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9999232124	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9999232125	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9999232126	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9999232127	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9999232128	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9999232129	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9999232130	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9999232131	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9999232132	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9999232133	encoding	information going in	189
9999232134	storage	keeping information in	190
9999232135	retrieval	taking information out	191
9999232136	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9999232137	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9999232138	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9999232139	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9999232140	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9999232141	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9999232142	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9999232143	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9999232144	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9999232145	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9999232146	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9999232147	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9999232148	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9999232149	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9999232150	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9999232151	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9999232152	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9999232153	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9999232154	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9999232155	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9999232156	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9999232157	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9999232158	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9999232159	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9999232160	context	environment helps with memory	216
9999232161	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9999232162	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9999232163	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9999232164	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9999232165	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9999232166	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9999232167	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9999232168	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9999232169	prototypes	generalize	225
9999232170	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9999232171	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9999232172	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9999232173	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9999232174	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9999232175	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9999232176	grammar is _________	universal	232
9999232177	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9999232178	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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9873671507	Pesticide treadmill	Cycle with development of pesticide, followed by pest resistance, followed by new pesticide development	0
9873671508	CAFO	(Concentrated animal feeding operations)-industrial agriculture method with structures holding livestock designed for maximum output	1
9873671509	Bycatch	Other species (other than target species) unintentionally caught when fishing	2
9873671510	Salinization	Small amounts of salt from irrigation water build up on soil degradation	3
9873671511	Intercropping	Two or more crops are planted in one field (nutrient exchange occurs)	4
9873671512	Desertification	Arable land becomes desert-y or unproductive due to weather changes or unproductive land use	5
9873751774	Essential growth model	growth model that estimates a population's future size.	6
9873794906	Survivorship curve	graph that represents distinct patterns of species' survival as a function of age	7
9873894359	Rangeland	(Dry) open land for grazing cattle. Semiarid ecosystems.	8
9873904954	Clear-cutting	Harvesting trees by cutting them down all at once and replanting at the same time	9
9873925282	Selective-cutting	cutting down only the best trees individually or in a small group, leaving the rest of the forest undisturbed	10
9874004579	Urban Sprawl	Spreading urbanization into rural areas	11

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6857480068	adipose capsule	Fatty mass aroundtge kodneys that holds them in place	0
6857480069	adrenal glands	Endocrine gland that sits on top of the kidneys and produces epinephrine and nonrepinephrine	1
6857480070	renal capsule	Fibrous transparent membrane that encloses kidneys	2
6857480071	Hilus	Medical indention of the kidneys where blood vessels, nerves and the ureters enter/leave	3
6857480072	Renal medulla	Distinct middle region of kidney that is dark red brown	4
6857480073	Renal cortex	Distinct outer region that is lightest in color	5
6857700571	medullary pyramids	Striped and triangular area with the tips pointing towards the pelvis	6
6857700572	renal columns	Lightly stained tissue between pyramids	7
6857700573	renal pelvis	Distinct inner region that drains the calcyes and is continuous with the ureter	8
6857700574	Calcyes	Cup shaped area that collects urine at the base of the pyramid	9
6857700575	Bowmans capsule	Cup shaped enlargement at the beginning of the renal tubule that surround the glomerus	10
6857700576	Renal tubule	Structure of nephron, sir of urine production	11

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