| CourseNotes

ap human population migration Flashcards

4983650274	crude birth rate	annual number of live births per 1,000 people in the population	0
4983650275	crude death rate	the number of deaths per year per 1,000 people	1
4983650276	age distibution	aka population pyramid	2
4983650277	aritmetic population dnsity	the total number of people divided by the total land area, least accurate	3
4983650278	carrying capacity	largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support	4
4983650279	chain migration	a stream of people out of an area as first movers communicate with people back home stimulate others to follow later ex: mexicans moving to americans	5
4983650280	child mortality rate	number of children who die between their 1st-5th year of their life	6
4983650281	cohort	the age bracket in a population pyramid category of people with something in common, usually their age	7
4983650282	cyclic movement	movement has a closed route/repeated daily ex: commuting to work	8
4983650283	demographic equation	birth-death+net migration calculates population change	9
4983650284	demographic momentum	tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility declining because of their young age distribution once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model	10
4983650286	demographic transition model	a sequence of demographic changes in which a country moved from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time	11
4983650287	dependency ratio	number of people who are too young/too old to work compared to those who are the right age to work ex: europe has a high dependency ratio cause there is more old people	12
4983650289	disease diffusion	how disease spreads in a populations determines how disease spread ex: cholera	13
4983650290	distance decay	becomes less important/relevant further from origin	14
4983650291	doubling time	time it takes for the population to double (prediction) dt=70/percent of growth rate	15
4983650292	ecumene	parts of the earth that have been inhabited	16
4983650293	epidemiological transition model	distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition model stage 1- famine, wild animal attacks stage 2-infectious diseases ex: malaria stage 3 and 4 are degenerative and human created diseases ex: cancer, heart disease, old age stage 5- reemergence of infectious and parasitic diseases	17
4983650294	eugenics	government polices designed to favor one racial sector over others ex: Nazi, Hitler	18
4983650295	forced migration	forced to leave because of government polices or natural disasters	19
4983650296	gendered space	areas or regions designed for men or women ex: areas where men rule over woman	20
4983650297	gravity model	a mathematical prediction of the interaction of places, the interaction being a function of population size of the respective places and the distance between them	21
4983650298	human capital	the value of a person to society	22
4983650299	infant mortality rate	the total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old for every 1,000 live births in a society	23
4983650300	intercontinental migration	migration within a continent ex: moving from USA to Canada	24
4983650301	internal migration	movement within a country Ex: moving from illinois to california	25
4983650302	international migration and refugees	people fleeing from their country and crossing borders	26
4983650303	interregional migration	migration between regions	27
4983650304	intervening opportunity	the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away ex: car breaks down and they decide to live in that town	28
4983650305	J-curve	a growth curve that depicts exponential growth	29
4983650306	life expectancy	a figure indicating how long, on average, a person may be expected to live	30
4983650308	migratory movement	movement that consists of one person migrating from one place to another	31
4983650310	neo-malthusian	support thomas mathus's views in the present, advocacy of population control programs to ensure enough resources for future populations	32
4983650311	periodic movement	movement that involves temporary recurrent relocation ex: military, college	33
4983650313	physiologic population density	the number of people per square unit of arable land	34
4983650315	population density	measurement of the number of people per given unit of land	35
4983650316	population explosion	the rapid growth of the world's human population during the past century, attended by ever shorter doubling times and accelerating rates of increase ex: post world war	36
4983650317	population projection	estimates of future population size, age, and sex composition based on current data	37
4983650318	population pyramid	a bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex	38
4983650319	push factors	encouragement for people to move from the region that they live in ex: genocide, dictatorship, environmental problems	39
4983650320	pull factors	reasons that attract people to a new region ex: well paying jobs, preferable weather conditions	40
4983650321	rate of natural increase	crude death rate- crude birthrate	41
4983650322	refugee	a person who has been forced to migrate and cannot return due of fear of persecution based on their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion	42
4983650323	rural urban migration	migration between rural and urban areas	43
4983650324	s- curve	leveling off an exponential, J-shaped curve when a rapidly growing population exceeds the carrying capacity of its environment and ceases to grow	44
4983650325	sex ratio	the proportion of males to females in a population	45
4983650328	stage 1	low growth; high death and birth rates leads to a population that varies overtime with little long term growth	46
4983650329	stage 2	rapidly declining death rates high birth rates high growth	47
4983650330	stage 3	moderate growth significant natural increase declining birth rates and low death rates	48
4983650331	stage 4	low growth stationary stage low birth and death rate	49
4983650332	stage 5	Very low birth rates low death rates. Natural decrease. Japan and Europe.	50
4983650333	standard of living	quality of life based on the possion of necessities and luxuries that make life easier	51
4983650334	step mirgration	long distance migration done in stages	52
4983650335	sustainability	being able to meet the need of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs	53
4983650336	thomas malthus	believed that population was exponential and food supply was linear	54
4983650337	transhumance	seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures	55
4983650338	voluntary migration	movement in which people relocated in response to perceived opportunity, not because they are forced to move	56
4983650339	zero population growth	when the birth rates equals the death rate	57
5023138373	Distribution	How things are spread across an area	58
5023138374	Agricultural density	Number of farmers per unit of arable land	59
5023138375	RNI/NIR	(CBR-CDR)/10	60
5023138376	Boserup	Anti Malthusian. Humans will always find a way. Necessity breeds ingenuity.	61
5023138377	TFR	Number of children a woman is expected to give birth too in her lifetime.	62
5023138378	Replacement Level MDC	TFR 2.1	63
5023138380	Fecundity	Years in which a woman is able to conceive 15-45	64
5023138381	Expansive or pro-natalist population policy	Countries that encourage pop growth. Denmark	65
5023138382	Anti-Natalist or Restrictive population policy	Countries that want to limit population growth. China one child policy	66
5023318393	Immigration	Migrants entering a country	67
5023323061	Emmigration	Migrants leaving a country	68
5023364497	Ravenstein's Laws of Migration	Laws that show patterns of migration. For example most migration is rural to urban. Young males are the most likely migrants. Most migration takes place in steps.	69
5023370118	Zelinsky's Migration Transition Model	Overlay of the DTM. Where people are migrating based on development. 1 not much moving. 2 most likely to be international 3 & 4 mostly internal	70
5023378022	Remittances	Guest workers and migrants who send money back home to help your family. Large part of the economy typically in the receiving country.	71
5023378023	Guest Workers	people legally working in countries on a visa to fill a labor need.	72
5023384994	Intervening Obstacles	Something that prevents you from getting to your intended destination. Great Wall of China. Border patrol. Checking Passports.	73

Powered by Quizlet.com

Lesson 4 AP Vocabulary Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

5071254446	ethno	nation	0
5071254447	eu	good, well	1
5071256537	gam	marriage	2
5071256538	geo	earth	3
5071258582	derm	skin	4
5071261149	adroit	skillful in a mental or physical way	5
5071261150	allay	to lessen or relieve or to calm	6
5071262923	blazon	to proclaim; to display; a coat of arms	7
5071262924	bravado	a show of false bravery	8
5071262925	choleric	having or showing a quick temper	9
5071264782	colloquy	a conference	10
5071264783	despot	an absolute ruler	11
5071264784	expatirate	one who is exiled	12
5071266288	feign	to pretend	13
5071269726	dirge	funeral hymn	14

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Psychology - Sensation and Perception Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

Terms : Hide Images

5072794870	sensation	the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.	0
5072794871	perception	the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.	1
5072794872	bottom-up processing	analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information.	2
5072794873	top-down processing	information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.	3
5072794874	selective attention	the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.	4
5072794875	inattentional blindness	failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.	5
5072794876	change blindness	failing to notice changes in the environment.	6
5072794878	absolute threshold	the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time.	7
5072794879	signal detection theory	a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness.	8
5072794881	difference threshold	the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. Also called the just noticeable difference (jnd).	9
5072794882	Weber's law	the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage (rather than a constant amount).	10
5072794883	sensory adaptation	diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.	11
5072794884	transduction	conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret.	12
5072794888	pupil	the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.	13
5072794889	iris	a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.	14
5072794890	lens	the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina.	15
5072794891	retina	the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.	16
5072794893	rods	retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond.	17
5072794894	cones	retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. These detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.	18
5072794895	optic nerve	the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.	19
5072794896	blind spot	the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye and no receptor cells are located there.	20
5072794897	fovea	the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster.	21
5072794898	feature detectors	nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement.	22
5072794899	parallel processing	the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.	23
5072794900	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory	the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors—one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue—which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color.	24
5072794901	opponent-process theory	the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green.	25
5072794903	frequency	the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (for example, per second).	26
5072794904	pitch	a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency.	27
5072794905	middle ear	the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window.	28
5072794906	cochlea	a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses	29
5072794907	inner ear	the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs.	30
5072794908	place theory	in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated.	31
5072794909	frequency theory	in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch.	32
5072794913	kinesthesis	the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts.	33
5072794914	vestibular sense	the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance.	34
5072794915	gate-control theory	the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.	35
5072794916	sensory interaction	the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste.	36
5072794917	gestalt	an organized whole. These type of psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes	37
5072794918	figure-ground	the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground).	38
5072794919	grouping	the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups.	39
5072794920	depth perception	the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance.	40
5072794921	visual cliff	a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals.	41
5072794922	binocular cues	depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes.	42
5072794923	retinal disparity	a binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object.	43
5072794924	monocular cues	depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone.	44
5072794925	phi phenomenon	an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession.	45
5072794926	perceptual constancy	perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, lightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change.	46
5072794927	color constancy	perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object.	47
5072794928	perceptual adaptation	in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field.	48
5072794929	perceptual set	a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another.	49
5072794930	extrasensory perception (ESP)	the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition.	50
5072794931	parapsychology	the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis.	51

Powered by Quizlet.com

Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Computer Science Vocabulary Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

5988901607	Bit	Binary Digit, the single unit of information in a computer.	0
5988901608	Bit rate	the number of bits that are processed in a unit of time	1
5988901609	Protocol	A set of rules used for transmitting data.	2
5988901610	Router	a computer designed to receive and redirect packets of information based upon the addressing information (IP address)	3
5988901611	Packets	Small chunks of information that have been chunks of information formed from large chunks of information	4
5988901612	TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)	Provides reliable, ordered and error checked delivery stream of packets on the Internet.	5
5988901613	DNS (Domain Name Service)	the service that translates URLs to IP addresses	6
5988901614	HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)	The protocol used for sending and receiving web pages -ASCII text- based protocol -At the same level as DNS	7
5988901615	Compression	Represents the same data using fewer bits	8
5988901616	Pixel	the fundamental unit of a digital image a) short for picture element b) typically a tiny square or dot which contains a single point of color or larger image	9
5988901617	Metadata	data that describes other data a) Examples: size of number, number of colors, or resolution (how clear the image is)	10
5988901618	Internet Packet	The packet contains the data that needs to be sent, but also other data like the to and from address, and packet number.	11
5988901619	Lossless Compression	a data compression algorithm that allows the original data to be perfectly reconstructed from the compressed data.	12
5988901620	Lossy Compression	(or irreversible compression) a data compression method that uses inexact approximations, discarding some data to represent the content. Most commonly seen in image formats like .jpg.	13
5988901621	Top Down Design Approach	A design process that begins by specifying complex pieces and then dividing them into smaller pieces.	14
5988901622	Abstraction	Pulling out specific differences to make one solution work for multiple problems. -a mental tool that allows us to ignore low-level details when they are unnecessary. -this ability to ignore small details is what allows us to develop complex encodings and protocols.	15
5988901623	Assumption	The information collected that gave us a false representation of data.	16
5988901624	Digital Divide	the gulf between those who have ready access to computers and the Internet, and those who do not.	17
5988901625	Programming Language	Instructional "code" where each has a precise, unambiguous meaning.	18
5988901626	Sequencing	Sequencing is the application of each step of an algorithm in the order in which the statements are given.	19
5988901627	Selection	Selection uses a [true-false] condition to determine which of two parts of an algorithm is used.	20
5988901628	Iteration	Iteration is the repetition of a part of an algorithm until a certain condition is met or for a specified number of times. In a computer program, a common form of iterations is a loop, which repeats code to determine values for multiple variables or sometimes just a single variable (adding up multiple values together).	21
5988901629	Algorithm	A precise sequence of instructions for processes that can be executed only by the computer.	22
5988901630	Function	a piece of code that you can call over and over again	23
5988901631	API	a collection of commands made available to a programmer	24
5988901632	Documentation	a description of the behavior of a command, function, library, API, etc.	25
5988901633	Library	a collection of commands / functions, typically with a shared purpose	26
5988901634	Parameter	An extra piece of information that you pass to the function to customize it for a specific need.	27

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Human Geography Population Flashcards

These are the vocabulary words from Rubenstein's AP Human Geography textbook.
Chapter-1: Thinking Geographically
Chapter-2: Population
Chapter-3: Migration
Chapter-4: Folk and popular culture
Chapter-5: Language
Chapter-6: Religion
Chapter-7: Ethnicity
Chapter-8: Political Geography
Chapter-9: Development
Chapter-10: Agriculture
Chapter-11: Industry
Chapter-12: Services
Chapter-13: Urban Patterns
Chapter-14: Resource Issues

Terms : Hide Images

5045401422	agricultural revolution	the development of farming	0
5045401423	arithmetic density	The total number of people divided by the total land area	1
5045401424	Census	A complete enumeration of a population	2
5045401425	Crude Birth Rate (CBR)	The number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in a society	3
5045401426	Crude Death Rate (CDR)	The number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people alive in a society	4
5045401427	Demographic Transition	the process of change in a society's population as a combination of medical advances and economic development, affecting a population's desire and ability to control its own birth and death rates	5
5045401428	Demography	the scientific study of population characteristics	6
5045401429	Dependency ratio	the number of people under 15 and over 64 compared to the number of people in the workforce	7
5045401430	Doubling Time	the number of years it takes for an area's population to double	8
5045401431	Ecumene	the portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement	9
5045401432	Epidemiological transition	The a distinctive cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition. Explains how countries' population change.	10
5045401433	Infant Mortality Rate	The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old per 1000 live births in a society	11
5045401434	Life Expectancy	The average number of years an individual can be expected to live given current social, medical, and economic conditions.	12
5045401435	Medical Revolution	medical technology from Europe and North America that was used to eliminate many diseases in the developing world	13
5045401436	Megalopolis	Term used to designate large coalescing supercities that are forming in diverse parts of the world.	14
5045401437	Natural Increase Rate (NIR)	The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate (NIR=CBR-CDR)	15
5045401438	Overpopulation	a situation in which the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living	16
5045401439	Physiological Density	The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture	17
5045401440	Population Composition	Structure of population in terms of age, sex and other properties such as marital status and education	18
5045401441	Population Density	A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land	19
5045401442	Population Distribution	Description of locations on Earth's surface where populations live	20
5045401443	Population Pyramid	A bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex	21
5045401444	Sex ratio	the ratio of men to women	22
5045401445	Standard of living	Goods and services and their distribution within a population	23
5045401446	Total Fertility Rate (TFR)	The average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years.	24
5045401447	Zero population growth (ZPG)	A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.	25
5045401448	Agricultural Density	The ratio of the number of farmers to the total amount of land suitable for agriculture.	26
5045401449	Major Population Clusters -- East Asia	1/4 global population: East China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan	27
5045401450	Major Population Clusters -- South Asia	1/4 of global population: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka	28
5045401451	Major Population Clusters -- Southeast Asia	600 million people: Indonesia, Philippines, and the river deltas of the Indochina peninsula	29
5045401452	Major Population Clusters -- Europe	600 million people: 50 countries mostly clustered in Western Europe in Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, and France	30
5045401453	Industrial Revolution	a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods and drastically altered society	31
5045401454	Thomas Malthus	(1766-1834) An English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in food production, which would lead to widespread famine and disease.	32
5045401455	One Child Policy	Chinese policy used to control population growth which began in the 1980's and restricted families to having only one child.	33
5045401456	Family Planning	The practice of controlling the number and frequency of children conceived usually through the use of contraception or voluntary sterilization.	34
5045401457	Sterilization	any process that eliminates a person's ability to produce children	35
5045401458	Epidemiology	The branch of medical science that is concerned with identifying, fighting, and preventing disease.	36
5045401459	Pandemic	Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.	37
5045401460	Dr. John Snow	(1813-1858) English physician who used hand-drawn data layering on maps of London to identify and treat a cholera epidemic	38
5045401461	Sustainability	the level of development that can be maintained without depleting resources	39

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Psychology - Sensation and Perception Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

Terms : Hide Images

6407407980	sensation	the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment.	0
6407407981	perception	the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.	1
6407407982	bottom-up processing	analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information.	2
6407407983	top-down processing	information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations.	3
6407407984	selective attention	the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus.	4
6407407985	inattentional blindness	failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere.	5
6407407986	change blindness	failing to notice changes in the environment.	6
6407407987	absolute threshold	the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time.	7
6407407988	signal detection theory	a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and that detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and alertness.	8
6407407989	difference threshold	the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. Also called the just noticeable difference (jnd).	9
6407407990	Weber's law	the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage (rather than a constant amount).	10
6407407991	sensory adaptation	diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation.	11
6407407992	transduction	conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret.	12
6407407993	pupil	the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.	13
6407407994	iris	a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.	14
6407407995	lens	the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina.	15
6407407996	retina	the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.	16
6407407997	rods	retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond.	17
6407407998	cones	retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions. These detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations.	18
6407407999	optic nerve	the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.	19
6407408000	blind spot	the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye and no receptor cells are located there.	20
6407408001	fovea	the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster.	21
6407408002	feature detectors	nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement.	22
6407408003	parallel processing	the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving.	23
6407408004	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three-color) theory	the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors—one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue—which, when stimulated in combination, can produce the perception of any color.	24
6407408005	opponent-process theory	the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green.	25
6407408006	frequency	the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (for example, per second).	26
6407408007	pitch	a tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency.	27
6407408008	middle ear	the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window.	28
6407408009	cochlea	a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses	29
6407408010	inner ear	the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs.	30
6407408011	place theory	in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated.	31
6407408012	frequency theory	in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch.	32
6407408013	kinesthesis	the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts.	33
6407408014	vestibular sense	the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance.	34
6407408015	gate-control theory	the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain.	35
6407408016	sensory interaction	the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste.	36
6407408017	gestalt	an organized whole. These type of psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes	37
6407408018	figure-ground	the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground).	38
6407408019	grouping	the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups.	39
6407408020	depth perception	the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance.	40
6407408021	visual cliff	a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals.	41
6407408022	binocular cues	depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes.	42
6407408023	retinal disparity	a binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object.	43
6407408024	monocular cues	depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone.	44
6407408025	phi phenomenon	an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession.	45
6407408026	perceptual constancy	perceiving objects as unchanging (having consistent shapes, size, lightness, and color) even as illumination and retinal images change.	46
6407408027	color constancy	perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object.	47
6407408028	perceptual adaptation	in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field.	48
6407408029	perceptual set	a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another.	49
6407408030	extrasensory perception (ESP)	the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input; includes telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition.	50
6407408031	parapsychology	the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis.	51

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Biology Chapter 12 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

5811782751	What is the chromosomal basis of inheritance?	The chromosomal basis of inheritance is the idea that genes are located on chromosomes as well as the idea that the behavior of chromosomes during Meiosis accounts for Mendel's Laws of Segregation and Independent Assortment.	0
5811782752	What is the meaning of the term "wild type"?	Wild type is the genotype that is most commonly observed in the population.	1
5811782753	Why was Morgan's choice of fruit fly such a good one for genetic experiments?	Fruit flies were a good choice for Morgan's experiments because Morgan was able to clearly distinguish the link between eye color and biological sex.	2
5811782754	How did Morgan associate traits with the sex of the fruit fly?	The trait of white eyes only appeared in males, so Morgan was able to link the trait with sex chromosomes in males.	3
5811782755	What does it mean when genes are linked or we can say there is linkage?	When we say there is "linkage" between genes that means that we have determined a dominant or recessive allele attached to an X or Y chromosome (non-autosomal).	4
5811782756	In what step of meiosis would recombinants form and why?	Recombinants would form in Prophase i, called crossing over, where genes assort themselves.	5
5811782757	What is the difference between a genetic map, a linkage map, and a cytogenic map?	A genetic map is an ordered list of genetic loci along specific chromosome. A linkage map is a map based on recombination frequencies. A cytogenic map is a map that locates genes with respect to chromosomal features, such as stained bands that can be seen in the microscope.	6
5811782758	What is the chromosomal basis of sex determination in mammals?	XY is the method of sex determination in mammals. Sex chromosomes are XX in females and XY in males, and the sex of the offspring is determined by male sperm.	7
5811782759	What is the chromosomal basis of sex determination in grasshoppers?	X0 is the method of sex determination in grasshoppers. Sex chromosomes are XX in females and X0 (X-zero) in males, and the sex of the offspring is determined by the male sperm.	8
5811782762	What is the SRY gene and why is it important?	The SRY gene is the gene that provides instructions for making a transcription factor called the determing region Y protein. Without a functioning Y protein, the cell will develop as a female with a Y chromosome because the body cannot recognize the Y chromosome without the Y protein. The individual is likely to develop Swyer syndrome and other complications as a result.	9
5811782763	What is a sex-linked gene?	A sex-linked gene is a gene that is connected to the sex chromosomes.	10
5811782764	What is X inactivation?	X inactivation is when the X chromosome compacts into a Barr body and genes within become unexpressed. The Barr body lies along the nuclear envelope, and is more likely in females.	11
5811782765	Why are most Calico cats female?	Most Calico cats are female because coloring is attached to X chromosomes, and in Calico cats one X would have to be inactive for both colors, such that the cat has a phenotype of orange and black.	12
5811782766	What is nondisjunction and when in meiosis does it occur?	Nondisjunction is where members of a pair of chromosomes do not move apart (Meiosis i) or sister chromatids do not separate (Meiosis ii).	13
5811782767	What is the meaning of the term "aneuploidy"?	Aneuploidy is the condition of an abnormal amount of a particular chromosome exists. Additionally, this condition can have a chromosome either absent or in excess, and can affect more than one chromosome.	14
5811782768	What is the meaning of the term "monosomic"?	Monosomic is the condition of a diploid cell that has only one copy of chromosomes instead of two copies of a chromosome.	15
5811782769	What is the meaning of the term "polyploidy"?	Polyploidy is the condition where there are three or more sets of chromosomes in somatic cells (ex: tetraploidy (4n), triploidy (3n), etc).	16
5811782770	What are the four types of alterations in chromosomal structure?	Deletion-A removal of a chromosomal segment Duplication-A repetition of a chromosomal segment Inversion-A reversal of a chromosomal segment Translocation-A shift of a segment from one chromosome to another	17
5811782771	What is the most common type of chromosomal translocation? Least common?	The most common type of translocation in a chromosome is reciprocal translocation where both chromosomes exchange segments. The least common type of translocation in a chromosome is non-reciprocal translocation where only one chromosome gives/receives a segment.	18
5811782772	Explain the chromosomal alteration present in Down's syndrome/Trisomy 21.	Trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome) is a condition where chromosome 21 has three copies (aneuploidy).	19
5811782774	Explain the chromosomal alterations present in Turner syndrome/Monosomy X.	Turner syndrome (Monosomy X) is a condition where there is only one X chromosome. As a result, the individual is biologically female, but remains sterile/has altered secondary sex characteristics.	20
5811782776	What is genomic imprinting?	Genomic imprinting is the variation in phenotype depending on whether allele is inherited from mother or father, occuring during gamete formation, resulting in the silencing of particular allele of certain genes.	21
5811782777	What are extranuclear genes?	Extranuclear genes are genes located in organelles in cytoplasm.	22

Powered by Quizlet.com

Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Art History: Terms Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images

4763411034	action painting	Definition: an abstract painting in which the artist drips or splatters paint onto a surface like a canvas in order to create his or her work	0
4763411035	allegory	Definition: art that has symbolic meaning beyond literal interpretation. In literature, a fable is an allegory.	1
4763411036	Amphora	Definition: A two-handled jar used for the storage and transport of wine, oil, dried fish, and other commodities	2
4763411037	Anamphoric image	Definition: an image must be viewed by a special means, such as a mirror, to be recognized. In this example the scull can only be seen if a mirror is held up to the picture.	3
4763411038	animal style	Definition: Animals depicted in a stylized and often complicated pattern, often seen fighting with one another	4
4763411039	apotheosis	Definition: a painting where the figures are rising heavenward. Often used in church ceilings.	5
4763411040	arabesque	Definition: a flowing, intricate, and symmetrical pattern deriving from floral motifs. Frequently used in Islamic art.	6
4763411041	assemblage	Definition: 3-D work in mixed media. Could be wall art or a sculpture. (2) an artwork composed of objects, parts of objective materials originally intended for purposes other than art	7
4763411042	bas relief	Definition: a sculptural relief in which forms extend only slightly from the background; often called low relief	8
4763411043	benday dots	Definition: (named for Benjamin Day) Printing process using pointillist dots and limited color palette placed close together to achieve subtle shading. This example is by Lichtenstein in the 1960's.	9
4763411044	black figure technique	Definition: In early Greek pottery, the silhouetting of dark figures against a light background of natural, reddish clay, with linear incised details.	10
4763411045	bust	Definition: sculpture head, neck, and upper chest Period: Very common in Roman period	11
4763411046	Calligraphy	Definition: decorative handwriting, often used in religious art and manuscripts.	12
4763411047	calotype	Definition: early type of photography, grainy.	13
4763411048	Cartouche	Definition: The oval-shaped symbol in which the names of kings and queens of Egypt were written on the walls of the temple.	14
4763411049	chiaroscuro	Definition: a gradual transition from light to dark in a painting. Forms are not determined by sharp outlines, but by the meeting of lighter and darker areas. The lighter areas are used to emphasize the subject. Very common in 15-17th century European paintings. Rembrandt is a master of this style.	15
4763411050	cire perdue	Definition: (Lost wax) process of making sculpture; a clay mold is covered in wax, which when heated produces a void where metal can be poured in.	16
4763411051	cloisonne	Definition: enamel work technique; colored bands are separated by bands of metal. Sometimes the bands are flush with the enamel, sometimes the bands protrude.	17
4763411052	Contraposto	Definition: A figure pose which shows the human body twisted usually the shoulders and chest face a different direction than hips and legs. Done to add motion to works of art.	18
4763411053	encaustic	Definition: An ancient method of painting that uses colored waxes burned into a wooden surface.	19
4763411054	Foreshortening	Definition: The use of perspective to represent in art the apparent visual contraction of an object that extends back in space at an angle to the perpendicular plane of sight.	20
4763411055	found relief	Definition: The projection of figures or forms from a flat background, as in sculpture, or the apparent projection of such shapes in a painting or drawing.	21
4763411056	fresco	Definition: Wall and ceiling painting on fresh (moist) lime plaster. Pigments ground in water and absorbed into plaster.	22
4763411057	Grisaille	Definition: painting done in neutral shades of gray to simulate the look of sculpture.	23
4763411058	groundline	Definition: in paintings and reliefs, a painted or carved baseline on which figures appear to stand. For example, In Egyptian work the figures and objects are placed on the ground line without reference to their actual spatial relationship.	24
4763411059	Haut Relief	Definition: a form of sculpture that is carved from, or attached to, its background. Depth of carving equal to more than half the natural circumference of the object carved	25
4763411060	hierarchy of scale	Definition: represents a person's relative importance by the size of his depiction	26
4763411061	hieroglyphics	Definition: Egyptian writing using symbols or pictures as characters	27
4763411062	horror vacui	Definition: a type of artwork in which the entire surface is filled with objects, people, designs, and ornaments in a crowded, sometimes congested way	28
4763411063	icon	Definition: a visual representation (of an object or scene or person or abstraction) produced on a surface	29
4763411064	iconography	Definition: the images and symbolic representations that are traditionally associated with a person or a subject	30
4763411065	iconoclasm	Definition: a challenge to or overturning of traditional beliefs, customs, and values, any movement against the religious use of images	31
4763411066	Illuminated Manuscript	Definition: A hand written book decorated with bright colors and precious metals. Monks created the illuminated manuscripts.	32
4763411067	in situ	Definition: in the original or natural place or site. Artwork or sculpture that resides in the location where the materials to make that artwork is found.	33
4763411068	Krater	Definition: An ancient Greek wide-mouthed bowl for mixing wine and water.	34
4763411069	Kylix	Definition: A Greek drinking cup, but very wide and flat with handles..	35
4763411070	mandorla	Definition: an almond-shaped nimbus surrounding sacred figures., an almond-shaped nimbus surrounding the figure of christ or other sacred figure	36
4763411071	mask head	Definition: An animal head employed in conjunction with interlace or foliage motifs.	37
4763411072	Perspective	Definition: the appearance of things relative to one another as determined by their distance from the viewer	38
4763411073	Perspective: atmospheric perspective	Definition: the illusion of depth and distance created by using the weather in a landscape and dull, pale colors with hazy details in the background of a painting.	39
4763411074	Perspective: Overlapping Perspective	Assumes the object in front is closer than items in back.	40
4763411075	Perspective: One-point perspective	Definition: A method of realistic drawing in which the part of an object closest to the viewer is a planar face, and all the lines describing sides perpendicular to that face can be extended back to converge at one point, the vanishing point	41
4763411076	Perspective: Two-point perspective	A realistic way of drawing objects in three dimensions using a horizon line, a key edge, and two vanishing points.	42
4763411077	Perspective: Multipoint Perspective	Definition: Uses more than 2 vanishing points; different objects have different vanishing points. This is marked if the lines aren't parallel to each other. This effect gives the viewer a disjointed effect.	43
4763411078	Perspective: Twisted Perspective	Definition:a convention of representation in which part of a figure is shown in profile and another part of the same figure is shown frontally (a composite view)	44
4763411079	Perspective: Vanishing Point	Definition: A point in space, usually located on the horizon, where parallel edges of an object appear to converge.	45
4763411080	Perspective: Vertical Perspective	Items are stacked either diagonally or vertically. Things that are placed higher are portrayed farther away.	46
4763411081	red figure technique	Definition: In later Greek pottery, the silhouetting of red figures against a black background, with painted linear details; the reverse of the black-figure technique.	47
4763411082	Repousse	Definition: a technique in which a relief is formed on the front by hammering a metal plate from the back.	48
4763411083	Secco	Definition: Pigment on dry, rather than wet plaster.	49
4763411084	Stele	Definition: an ancient upright stone slab bearing markings	50
4763411085	Sunk Relief	Definition: image carved not area around it. Used in Egyptian art.	51
4763411086	Stylized	Definition: Simplified or exaggerated visual form that emphasizes particular or contrived design qualities.	52
4763411087	tessera(e)	Definition: a small piece of stone, glass,etc. used in making a mosaic.	53
4763411088	veristic	Definition: sculptures from the Roman Republic characterized by extreme realism of facial features	54
4763411089	Perspective: Scientific Perspective	Definition: An approximate representation on a flat surface of an image as perceived by the eye. Foreshortening and getting smaller the farther away. The use of perspective that made artwork so life-like that viewers wanted to reach out and touch it; before this art was flat.	55
4763411090	Maniera Greca	Definition: "greek style" of the 13th century that demonstrated both Italian and Byzantine influences. Frontal, lack of modeling (flat forms), extensive use of gold leaf.	56
4763411091	engraving	Definition: Printmaking process where a tool (burin) is used to carve into a metal plate. Ink passed into the crevasses make the drawing on the paper.	57
4763411092	etching	Definition: printmaking technique in which a metal plate is covered with an acid-resistant medium (wax) and worked with an etching needle to create an image. The plate is then put in acid, exposing the carved areas. Ink is then poured into the exposed areas. Etching gives the finest details.	58
4763411093	woodcut	Definition: A printmaking technique where the parts of a wooden block are cut away -- only the raised parts left on the surface are shown in the finished print. It generally has the thickest lines and the least detail of the printmaking techniques.	59