AP Exam Vocabulary Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9456489795 | Attribution Theory | tendency to give explanations for someone's behavior, often by crediting situation or person's disposition | 0 | |
| 9456499500 | Fundamental Attribution Theory | tendency to overestimate the impact of person's disposition and underestimate impact of situation | 1 | |
| 9456502409 | Foot in the Door Phenomenon | tendency to apply w/ larger requests after responding to a smaller request | 2 | |
| 9456504236 | Zimbardo - Stanford Prison Experiment/Lucifer Effect | Role Playing: People take on the role of what they feel are proper for the situation | 3 | |
| 9456511671 | Cognitive Dissonance | people change their behavior to avoid looking bad, ie person is against gay rights then becomes gay, he will change attitude to gay rights activist | 4 | |
| 9456517717 | Asch - confomity | tendency to go along with the views and actions of others, even if you know they are wrong - line test | 5 | |
| 9456521019 | Milgram - obedience | people tend to obey authority figures; 60% of participants thought they delivered the max possible level of shock | 6 | |
| 9456523647 | Social Facilitation | improved performance in presence of others; easy tasks get easier as hard tasks get harder | 7 | |
| 9456525978 | Social Loafing | in the presence of others, people tend to do less, partly because they believe others will do it | 8 | |
| 9456528755 | Deindividualization | loss of self-awareness and self-restraint, typically in a sense of anomie (mob situation) | 9 | |
| 9456531723 | Group Polarization | if a group is like-minded, discussion strengthens prevailing options and attitudes | 10 | |
| 9456535532 | Groupthink | a mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decisionmaking group overrides realistic appraisal of alternatives | 11 | |
| 9456537566 | Just-World Phenomenon | tendency of people to believe that the world is just and people get what they deserve and deserve what they get | 12 | |
| 9456539952 | Social Traps | situation in which the confliction parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interests, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. | 13 | |
| 9456542293 | In-group | people with whom one shares a common identity with | 14 | |
| 9456547511 | Out-group | those perceived as different from themselves | 15 | |
| 9456550542 | Hindsight Bias | tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that we would have predicted it beforehand and may contribute to blaming the victim and forming prejudices against him/her | 16 | |
| 9456895247 | Prejudice | unjustifiable attitude towards a group and its members | 17 | |
| 9456899516 | Mere exposure effect | the mere exposure to a stimulus will increase the liking of it | 18 | |
| 9456907098 | Altruism | unselfish regard for the welfare to others | 19 | |
| 9456912446 | Bystander effect | tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present | 20 | |
| 9456917025 | Reciprocity Norms | the expectation that we should return help, not harm to those who have helped us | 21 | |
| 9456920481 | Biological | explore the links between brain and mind | 22 | |
| 9456923750 | Cognitive | study how we perceive, thinks, and solve problems | 23 | |
| 9456926884 | Humanistic | study that says that humans are basically good and possess a free-will | 24 | |
| 9456931788 | Behavioral | study that says all behavior is observable and measurable | 25 | |
| 9456935250 | Psychoanalytic | study of the unconscious, includes childhood and aggression issues | 26 | |
| 9456938069 | Sociocultural | study of how cultural and political experiences affect our life | 27 | |
| 9456940438 | Evolutionary | study of the evolutionary of humans over time (from apes) | 28 | |
| 9456944493 | Developmental | study of our changing abilities from womb to tomb | 29 | |
| 9456947266 | Wilhelm Wundt | father of psychology | 30 | |
| 9456949953 | Introspection | looking inward at one's own mental processes | 31 | |
| 9456954954 | Structuralism | analyze sensations, images, and feelings into their most basic elements | 32 | |
| 9456957194 | William James | the brain and mind are constantly changing | 33 | |
| 9456968861 | Functionalism | underlying causes and practical consequences of certain behaviors and mental strategies - "steam of consciousness" | 34 | |
| 9456971221 | John Locke - Tabula Rosa | mind is a blank slate written on by experiences | 35 | |
| 9456973878 | Sigmund Freud | founder of psychoanalysis | 36 | |
| 9456976230 | Psychoanalytic Theory | all behavior is meaningful and driven by unconscious forces | 37 | |
| 9456978530 | Applied Research | aims to solve practical problems | 38 | |
| 9456981754 | Basic Research | pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base | 39 | |
| 9456984674 | Hypothesis | is a testable prediction, often induced by a thy, to enable us to accept, reject, or revise the thy (educational guess) | 40 | |
| 9456986535 | Independent variable | a factor, manipulated by the experimenter, and whose effect is studies | 41 | |
| 9456993581 | dependent variable | a factor that may change in response to the IV | 42 | |
| 9456997600 | Theory | is an explanation that integrates principles, organizes, and predicts behavior or event | 43 | |
| 9456999978 | Operational definition | a clear statement of what one is looking for in an experiment | 44 | |
| 9457002506 | Validity | it measure what you want it to be measured | 45 | |
| 9457005533 | Reliability | it is replicable and is consistent | 46 | |
| 9457007459 | Sampling | process by which participants are selected | 47 | |
| 9457009920 | Population | the amount of participants that can be selected for the sample | 48 | |
| 9457014569 | Representative sample | take the results from a smaller group and apply that to a larger group of people | 49 | |
| 9457016713 | Random sample | everyone has an equal chance of being selected for the experiment because the participants are chosen at random | 50 | |
| 9457018646 | Control | group that does not take part in the critical part of the experimentation process, used as a comparison group | 51 | |
| 9457021460 | Experimenter bias | the experimenter, either unconsciously or consciously, affects the outcome of the experiment | 52 | |
| 9457024010 | Single-blind procedure | the subjects do not know to what group they belong Double-blind procedure - neither the experimenter nor the subject knows to what group the subjects are in | 53 | |
| 9457027474 | Hawthorne effect | if you know you're being studied, you will act differently than you normally/typically would | 54 | |
| 9457029600 | Placebo - sugar pill | something administered that has no real affect on the person other than what they think mentally | 55 | |
| 9457032798 | Positive correlation | as one goes up, the other goes up | 56 | |
| 9457035737 | Negative correlation | as one goes up, the other goes down | 57 | |
| 9457040549 | Survey | a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes, opinions, or behavior of people in a questionnaire, or similar way of ascertaining information | 58 | |
| 9457044209 | Naturalistic observation | observing and recording behavior in the wild/natural environment | 59 | |
| 9457046119 | Case study | get a full, detailed picture of one participant or a small group of participants | 60 | |
| 9457048534 | Mean | average of the scores - add them up and divide by total number of scores | 61 | |
| 9457050841 | Median | middle score - when all scores are put numerically in order, the middle score | 62 | |
| 9457052872 | Mode | the most frequently occurring score in the distribution | 63 | |
| 9457055425 | Range | the lowest score subtracted from the higher score | 64 | |
| 9457058272 | Standard Deviation | the average distance of scores around the mean | 65 | |
| 9457060710 | z-score | a type of standard score that tells us how many standard deviation units a given score is above or below the mean for that group | 66 |
AP Rhetorical Devices examples Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5290358895 | Alliteration | " Veni, vidi, vici." (Julius Caesar-"I came, I saw I conquered") | 0 | |
| 5290392865 | Allusion | "Oh I've finally decided my future lies beyond the yellow brick road." (Yellow Brick Road," Elton John) | 1 | |
| 5290491993 | Analogy | "Remember this, ladies and gentlemen. It's an old phrase, basically anonymous that politicians are a lot like diapers: They should be changed frequently and for the same reason." ( Robin Williams from the movie Man of the year) | 2 | |
| 5290601631 | Anaphora | "We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight inn the hills. We shall never surrender." (British Prime Minister Winston Churchill) | 3 | |
| 5299120572 | Antithesis | "I have a dream that one day my children will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character." (Dr Martin Luther King Jr. "I have a Dream" "To err is human; to forgive divine." (Alexander Pope) | 4 | |
| 5299137460 | Assonance | "Thy kingdom come, thy will be done." (The Lord's Prayer) "Its quick soft silver bell beating, beating..." (Karl Shapiro, "Auto Wreck") | 5 | |
| 5299158880 | Apostrophe | "For Brutus, as you know, was Caesar's angel. Judge, O you gods, how clearly Caesar loved him". (Mark Anthony in Julius Caesar- William Shakespeare) | 6 | |
| 5299175180 | Chiamsus | "Ask not what your country can do for you but what you can do for your country". (John F. Kennedy, Inaugural Address) "All for once and for all." (The Three Musketeers) "If you fail to plan you plan to fail" | 7 | |
| 5299252619 | Euphemism | "Passed away" instead of "died" "Correctional facility" instead of "jail" "Departed" instead of "died" | 8 | |
| 5299260323 | Hyperbole | "If you call me that name again, I'm going to explode!" "I nearly died laughing." | 9 | |
| 5299277730 | (Situation) Irony | A water park burning down Someone robbing a police station | 10 | |
| 5299284771 | (Verbal Irony) | "Oh, there is nothing I love more than washing dishes." | 11 | |
| 5299296390 | Metaphor | "'Life's but a walking shadow; a poor player, That struts and frets his hour upon the stage." (Shakespeare, Macbeth) | 12 | |
| 5299722031 | Juxtaposition | a literary technique in which two or more ideas, places, characters, and their actions are placed side by side for the purpose of developing comparisons and contrasts. |  | 13 |
| 5299746419 | Metonymy | "the pen is mightier than the sword" | 14 | |
| 5299751409 | Oxymoron | sweet sorrow cold fire sick health | 15 | |
| 5299757136 | Paradox | "What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young" (George Bernard Shaw) | 16 | |
| 5299765392 | Parallelism | "Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty." (John F. Kennedy, Inaugural Address) | 17 | |
| 5299783997 | Personification | "England expects every man to do his duty." (Lord Nelson) | 18 | |
| 5299790398 | Rhetorical Question | "If you prick us, do we not bleed? if you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? And if you wrong us, shall we not revenge," | 19 | |
| 5299803220 | Satire | to use humor or sarcasm to invoke thought |  | 20 |
| 5299810613 | Syllogism | All dogs are animals; all animals have four legs; therefore all dogs have four legs. | 21 | |
| 5299826261 | Synecdoche | "Wheels" in reference to a car "The world" to represent a smaller part. ex: How is the world treating you? | 22 | |
| 5299831269 | Tautology | Completely devoid Repeat that again shout it out loud | 23 | |
| 5299836334 | Understatement | " Ay, ay, a scratch, a scratch; marry,'tis enough." (mercutio, "Romeo and Juliet") | 24 |
AP - Honduras Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 8922714464 | la capital de Honduras | Tegucigulpa | 0 | |
| 8922722471 | desestablizar | to destabilize | 1 | |
| 8922727506 | atreverse | to dare | 2 | |
| 8922729386 | el peligro | danger | 3 | |
| 8922729387 | peligroso | dangerous | 4 | |
| 8922732392 | el orgullo | pride | 5 | |
| 8922732393 | orgulloso | proud | 6 | |
| 8922735948 | cubrir | to cover | 7 | |
| 8922740476 | la tabla rasa | clean slate | 8 | |
| 8922743595 | el golpe de estado | coup d'état | 9 | |
| 8922748676 | pertenecer | to belong to | 10 | |
| 8922751559 | el miedo | fear | 11 | |
| 8922754376 | inmiscuirse | to interfere/meddle | 12 | |
| 8922760289 | agarrar | to grab | 13 | |
| 8922765813 | el pandillero | gang member | 14 | |
| 8922765814 | la pandilla | gang | 15 | |
| 8922771318 | encapuchado | hooded | 16 | |
| 8922773645 | enterarse | to find out | 17 | |
| 8922782512 | reclutar | to recruit | 18 | |
| 8922784006 | extranjero | foreigner | 19 | |
| 8922789049 | a través de | through | 20 | |
| 8922793498 | el nivel | level | 21 | |
| 8922793500 | la encuesta | survey | 22 | |
| 8922798078 | meterse | to enter/to take part in | 23 | |
| 8922804154 | meterse en líos | to get in trouble | 24 | |
| 8922809038 | la jerarquía | heirarchy/rank | 25 | |
| 8922816333 | repartir | to distribute | 26 | |
| 8922836777 | aguerrido | veteran | 27 | |
| 8922842435 | infundirse | to fill with | 28 | |
| 8922846063 | pobre | poor | 29 | |
| 8922846064 | los pobres | poor people | 30 | |
| 8922848313 | la pobreza | poverty | 31 | |
| 8922851526 | la mayoría | majority | 32 | |
| 8922856710 | la depuración | purification | 33 | |
| 8922867263 | recobrar | to get back | 34 | |
| 8922877043 | el analfabetismo | illiteracy | 35 | |
| 8932828250 | ALBA | Alianza Bolivariana para los pueblos de nuestra América | 36 | |
| 8932841854 | otorgar | to grant | 37 | |
| 8932869325 | las remesas | shipments | 38 | |
| 8973888854 | amilianarse | to be frightened/intimidated | 39 | |
| 9013102840 | el acaparamiento de tierra | land grabbing | 40 | |
| 9013135603 | ZEDE | zonas de empleo y desarrollo económico | 41 | |
| 9013161994 | Juan Orlando Hernández | el presidente hondureño | 42 | |
| 9013201101 | tributar un canon | to pay taxes | 43 | |
| 9013446007 | CDA | centros de alcance | 44 | |
| 9013515130 | abogar | to advocate | 45 | |
| 9013548322 | fomentar | to promote | 46 | |
| 9013631672 | confabularse | to conspire | 47 | |
| 9013656552 | la desigualidad | inequality | 48 | |
| 9028779781 | el bosque | forest | 49 | |
| 9028782440 | el tesoro escondido | hidden treasure | 50 | |
| 9028793570 | el nenúfar | water lily | 51 | |
| 9028806357 | enlodar | to cover in mud | 52 | |
| 9028810673 | medir | to measure | 53 | |
| 9028824123 | albergar | to house | 54 | |
| 9028828270 | entretener | to entertain | 55 | |
| 9028836515 | depretador | predatory | 56 | |
| 9028844914 | la alacena | cupboard | 57 | |
| 9028855609 | espolear | to spur | 58 | |
| 9028864987 | la orilla | shore | 59 | |
| 9028869583 | la ladera | slope | 60 | |
| 9028920064 | decantar | to pour | 61 | |
| 9028926590 | apabullante | overwhelming | 62 | |
| 9028940158 | encogerse de hombros | to shrug | 63 | |
| 9028953421 | domicilio | home | 64 | |
| 9028961011 | el ganadero | cattle-raising | 65 | |
| 9028973510 | el riachuelo | brook | 66 | |
| 9165083925 | la represa | dam | 67 | |
| 9165120443 | COPINH | a Honduran group that fights for the rights of indigenous people | 68 | |
| 9165384395 | secuestrar | to kidnap | 69 | |
| 9165405619 | el atentado | attack | 70 | |
| 9165476595 | la apelación | appeal | 71 | |
| 9165501904 | las amenazas | threats | 72 |
AP Government Civil Rights Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9486787669 | Civil Rights | Policies designed to protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government officials or individuals. | 0 | |
| 9486787670 | 14th Amendment | all persons born in the U.S. are citizens & are guaranteed equal protection of the laws; gave black Americans citizenship & legal equality; still allowed the North to prohibit black suffrage. |  | 1 |
| 9486787671 | Equal Protection clause | all citizens receive "equal protection of the laws." |  | 2 |
| 9486787672 | Dred Scott vs. Sanford | 1857 supreme court case ruling that a slave that has escaped to a free state enjoyed no rights as a citizen and congress had no authority to ban slavery in the territory. |  | 3 |
| 9486787673 | 13th Amendment | Abolished slavery. First of three "Reconstruction Amendments" passed after Civil War (1865-70) |  | 4 |
| 9486787674 | Plessy vs. Ferguson | (1896) Supreme Court decision that created the "separate but equal" doctrine. As a result many states across the South had "Jim Crow Laws." Separate water fountains, restrooms, entrances, segregated seating at movie theatres, etc. Most importantly, segregated schools. |  | 5 |
| 9486787675 | Brown vs. Board of Education | 1954- court decision that declared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) |  | 6 |
| 9486787676 | Civil Rights Act of 1964 | law making racial discrimination in hotels, motels, and restaurants illegal and forbid many forms of job discrimination. Public discrimination |  | 7 |
| 9486787677 | Suffrage | the legal right to vote extended to African Americans by the Fifteenth amendment, to women by the Nineteenth amendment, and to people over the age of 18 by the twenty-sixth amendment. |  | 8 |
| 9486787678 | 15th amendement | African-American males received the right to vote |  | 9 |
| 9486787679 | Poll Taxes | Small taxes levied on the right to vote that often fell due at a time of year when poor African-American sharecroppers had the least cash on hand. This method was used by most Southern states to exclude African Americans from voting. |  | 10 |
| 9486787680 | White primary | the practice of keeping blacks from voting in the southern states' primaries through arbitrary use of registration requirements and intimidation. Declared unconstitutional in 1944. |  | 11 |
| 9486787681 | 24th Amendment | Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1964) eliminated the poll taxes to vote in national elections. |  | 12 |
| 9486787682 | Voting Rights Act of 1965 | A law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African American suffrage. Under the law, hundreds of thousands of African Americans were registered and the number of African American elected officials increased dramatically. |  | 13 |
| 9486787684 | Korematsu vs. US | 1944- Supreme Court ruled that internment of Japanese Americans was justified as the country's need for protection against espionage outweighed individual rights |  | 14 |
| 9486787685 | 19th Amendment | Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections. |  | 15 |
| 9486787687 | Reed vs. Reed | 1971 outlawed sexual discrimination |  | 16 |
| 9486787688 | Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 | Passed by Congress in 1990, this act banned discrimination against the disabled in employment and mandated easy access to all public and commercial buildings. |  | 17 |
| 9486787689 | Affirmative Action | A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities |  | 18 |
| 9486787690 | Regents of the University of California vs. Bakke | A 1978 Supreme Court decision holding that a state university could weigh race or ethnic background as an element of admitting, but couldn't set aside places for members of particular racial groups. |  | 19 |
| 9486787693 | civil disobedience | A non-violent public refusal to obey allegedly unjust laws. | 20 | |
| 9486787694 | de facto segregation | Racial segregation that occurs of past social and economic conditions and residential patterns. | 21 | |
| 9486787695 | de jure segregation | Racial segregation that occurs because of laws or administrative decisions by public agencies. | 22 | |
| 9486787696 | literacy tests | A test administered as a precondition for voting, often used to prevent African-Americans from exercising their right to vote. | 23 | |
| 9486787697 | grandfather clause | A device used by southern states to exempt whites from state taxes and literacy laws originally intended to disenfranchise African-American voters. It restricted the voting franchise to those who could prove that their grandfathers had voted before 1867. | 24 | |
| 9486787700 | Equal Pay Act | An amendment to the Fair Labor Standards Act, this act requires equal pay for men and women doing equal work. | 25 | |
| 9486787702 | Separate but equal doctrine | the doctrine established by Plessy v Ferguson (1896) that African Americans could constitutionally be kept in separate but equal facilities | 26 | |
| 9486787703 | Obergefell v. Hodges | Court held that the due process clause of the 14th amendment guarantees the right to marry as a fundamental liberty, and that it applies to same-sex couples. Made gay marriage legal in all 50 states. | 27 | |
| 9486787704 | Shaw v. Reno | Racial gerrymandering is unconstitutional. | 28 | |
| 9486787705 | Heart of Atlanta Motel v. U.S. | Commerce Clause power allows Congress to eliminate acts of private discrimination | 29 | |
| 9486787706 | Racial gerrymadering | the drawing of election districts so as to ensure that members of a certain race are a minority in the district. | 30 | |
| 9486787707 | Title IX of the 1972 Education Act | Prohibited gender discrimination in federally subsidized education programs | 31 | |
| 9486787708 | Jim Crow laws | mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities, with a supposedly "separate but equal" status for black Americans | 32 | |
| 9486787712 | Segregation | the action or state of setting someone or something apart from other people or things or being set apart. | 33 | |
| 9486787714 | Strict scturinty test | test, used by the Supreme Court in racial discrimination cases. The government must show that the discrimination is a "narrowly tailored" solution to achieving a compelling government interest. | 34 | |
| 9486812417 | Intermediate Scrutiny | Test used by Supreme Court for cases involving discrimination by gender. Government must show a very good reason for the discrimination. | 35 | |
| 9486821974 | Rational Basis | Test used by the Court for cases involving most types of discrimination outside of race and gender. Government just has to show a reason. | 36 | |
| 9486832355 | Lawrence v. Texas | Court ruled that the right to privacy forbids government from declaring sexual activities between consenting adults of the same gender. | 37 |
Ap Chemistry Equilibrium Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5638787709 | Equilibrium constant | k=products-reactants | 0 | |
| 5638787710 | K>1 | Forward reaction is favored | 1 | |
| 5638787711 | Forward reaction | Reactants to Products | 2 | |
| 5638787712 | Reverse reaction | Products to reactants | 3 | |
| 5638787713 | K<1 | Reverse reaction is favored | 4 | |
| 5638787714 | K=1 | neither reaction is favored | 5 | |
| 5638787715 | Small equilibrium constant means... | reactants are favored | 6 | |
| 5638787716 | Large equilibrium constant means... | products are favored | 7 | |
| 5638787717 | Kc and Kp have what units? | they both have no units, but Kp is calculated using atm and Kc is calculated using molarity | 8 | |
| 5638787718 | 1 atm | 760 mmHg and 760 Torr | 9 | |
| 5638787719 | What equation connects Kp and Kc? | Kp = Kc(RT)deltaN [delta N= (c+d) - (a+b)] | 10 | |
| 5638787720 | Solids and liquids are... | completely omitted from calculations | 11 | |
| 5638787721 | Reaction Quotient | measures the progress of a reaction relative to equilibrium | 12 | |
| 5638787722 | How is q calculated? | Same way as Kc | 13 | |
| 5638787723 | Difference between K and Q | Q depends on what STATE of the reaction and K has a given temperature that has only one value that specifies a relative amount | 14 | |
| 5638787724 | If the reaction only contains reactants... | Q = 0 | 15 | |
| 5638787725 | If the reaction only contains products... | Q = infinity | 16 | |
| 5638787726 | At equilibrium.... | K = Q | 17 | |
| 5638787727 | Q > K | reactions goes to the left (reactants) | 18 | |
| 5638787728 | Q < K | reaction goes to the right (products) | 19 | |
| 5638787729 | Q = K | reaction is at equilibrium | 20 | |
| 5638787730 | Solubility product constant (Ksp) | Measures solubility of a compound |  | 21 |
| 5638787731 | Molar solubility | Solubility of a compound in. moles per liter | 22 | |
| 5638787732 | Gibbs free energy equation with K | Grxn = -RT lnK At equilibrium G = 0 | 23 | |
| 5638787733 | When K<1 and Q=1 | lnK is negative, G is positive, the reaction is spontaneous in the reverse direction | 24 | |
| 5638787734 | When K>1 and Q=1 | lnK is positive, G is negative, the reaction is spontaneous in the forward direction | 25 | |
| 5638787735 | Le Chateller's Principle | when a chemical system at equilibrium is disturbed, the system shifts in the direction that minimizes the disturbance | 26 | |
| 5638787736 | Adding product... | shifts left | 27 | |
| 5638787737 | Adding reactant... | shifts right | 28 | |
| 5638787738 | Removing product... | shifts right | 29 | |
| 5638787739 | Removing reactant... | shifts left | 30 | |
| 5638787740 | Increasing volume... | decrease in pressure and shifts toward the side with the more moles | 31 | |
| 5638787741 | Decreasing volume... | increase in pressure and shifts toward the side with the least amount of moles | 32 | |
| 5638787742 | In an endothermic reaction, increasing temperature means... | adding reactant, shifts right, and the value of K increases because the concentration of the products increase and the concentration of the reactants decrease. | 33 | |
| 5638787743 | In an endothermic reaction, decreasing temperature means... | removing reactant, shifts left, value of K decreases because the concentration of the products decrease and the concentration of the reactants increase. | 34 | |
| 5638787744 | In an exothermic reaction, increasing temperature means... | adding product, shifts left, value of K decreases because concentration of the products decrease and the concentration of the reactants increase. | 35 | |
| 5638787745 | In a exothermic reaction, decreasing temperature means... | removing product, shifts right, value of K increases because the concentration of the products increase and the concentration of the reactants decrease. | 36 | |
| 5638787746 | Adding a catalyst... | DOES NOT change the concentration | 37 | |
| 5638787747 | Adding an inert gas... | DOES NOT change the concentration | 38 | |
| 5638787748 | If the reaction is reversed | invert Kc | 39 | |
| 5638787749 | If the reaction is multiplied | raise Kc to the power | 40 | |
| 5638787750 | If the reaction is added | multiply Kc | 41 |
AP Psychology Parts of the Brain Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5318793456 | amygdala | - above brainstem and hippocampus, within temporal lobe - processes emotions, fight-or-flight response, reward/ fear processing, learning - if damaged - inability to create fear responses, risky behavior, deficits in recognizing emotion |  | 0 |
| 5318793457 | primary motor cortex (M1) | - between premotor cortex and parietal lobe - critical to initiating motor movements, coordination and initiation of motor movement - if damaged - speech impairments, distortions of body image, motor learning deficits |  | 1 |
| 5318793458 | somatosensory cortex | - parietal lobe, right of primary motor cortex - receives tactile information from the body, sensory processing and integration - if damaged - difficulties in perceiving touch and recognizing one's own body, failure to recognize objects by touch |  | 2 |
| 5318793459 | temporal lobe | - below frontal and parietal lobe - perception, face/ object recognition, memory aquisition, emotional reactions - if damaged - inability to recognize specific categories, long/ short term memory loss, aggression |  | 3 |
| 5318793460 | thalamus | - above amygdala and hippocampus, in temporal lobe - receives sensory cortex and sends them to appropriate areas of forebrain - if damaged - loss of alertness, amnesia, aphasia, sleepiness, impaired movements and posture |  | 4 |
| 5318793461 | visual cortex | - in occipital lobe, above cerebellum - receives visual input from retinas - if damaged - loss of vision, partial/ complete blindness |  | 5 |
| 5318793462 | Wernicke's area | between primary auditory cortex and angular gyrus, in temporal lobe - language comprehension - if damaged - inability to comprehend written or spoken language |  | 6 |
| 5318793463 | angular gyrus | - in parietal lobe, near edge of temporal lobe - processing of auditory and visual input and in comprehension of language - if damaged - loss of capability to read or write |  | 7 |
| 5318793464 | association areas | - frontal lobe - integrates information from different receptors/ sensory areas that relay information to past experiences - if damaged - process of information slows down |  | 8 |
| 5318793465 | cerebral cortex | - gray wrinkled surface of a thin layer packed of neurons - all thinking activities (determining personality, planning, intelligence, organization); divided into 4 lobes - if damaged - sensory and motor problems |  | 9 |
| 5318793466 | medulla | - above spinal cord, part of brain stem, below pons - basic bodily functions such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, circulation ,etc. - if damaged - death, drooling, breathing assistance, drooling |  | 10 |
| 5318793467 | neurotransmitter | - chemicals in terminal buttons that travel in the synaptic gap between neurons - brain chemicals that communicate information throughout our body and brain |  | 11 |
| 5318793468 | types of neurotransmitters | - acetylcholine - dopamine - serotonin - norepinephrine | 12 | |
| 5318793469 | motor cortex | - frontal lobe, edge of back frontal lobe touching parietal lobe - generate neural impulses that control the execution of movement - if damaged - loss of muscle function, paralysis | | 13 |
| 5318793470 | pituitary gland | - next to optic nerve and hypothalamus - releases growth hormones - if damaged - production of hormones is irregular or stops |  | 14 |
| 5318793471 | reticular formation | - part of brain stem between temporal lobe and cerebellum - regulate sleeping, alertness, focus controls, sleep- wake cycle - if damaged - lack of sleep, over sleeping, loss of focus, never wake up |  | 15 |
| 5318793472 | sensory cortex | - parietal lobe next to motor cortex, above temporal lobe - receives all sensory output from the body - if damaged - temporary loss of senses, problem interpreting tactile information |  | 16 |
| 5318793473 | auditory cortex | - temporal lobe, beside ears - process auditory information - if damaged - loss of hearing |  | 17 |
| 5318793474 | pineal gland | - above brain stem and pons, almost directly above cerebellum - produces melatonin; affects sleep patterns - if damaged - hypertension, epilepsy, sexual dysfunction |  | 18 |
| 5318793475 | longitudinal fissure | - between the 2 hemispheres of the brain - separates the 2 hemispheres |  | 19 |
| 5318793476 | glial cells | - on neuron - insulation to neurons - if damaged - DNA damage, cell loss |  | 20 |
| 5318793477 | cranium | - skull - protects brain - if damaged - head injury, skull fracture |  | 21 |
| 5318793478 | spinal cord | - spine - connects peripheral nervous system to brain, information is sent through and to the brain - if damaged - changes in strength and sensation, disrupted signals, paralyzed | 22 | |
| 5318793479 | serotonin | -mood and motivation - shapes personality - low in depressed people - too much: shivering, diarrhea, fever, muscle rigidity, seizures - too little: highly emotional, distressed, insomnia, rage, irritability, anxiety, depression | 23 | |
| 5318793480 | dopamine | - reward and pleasure - regulate movement and emotional responses - deficiency results in Parkinson Disease and prone to addiction - "risk takers" - too much: agitation ,anxiety, feelings of pleasure, high energy and libido, reward seeking, linked with schizophrenia too little: depression, muscle rigidity | 24 | |
| 5318793481 | norepinephrine | - secreted in response to stress - affects attention and responding reactions - "stress hormone" - too much: emotional, anxiety, depression - too little: loss of alertness, memory problems, lack of arousal and interest | 25 | |
| 5318793482 | acetylcholine (ACh) | - movement and memory - too much: muscle contractions - too little: immobility | 26 | |
| 5318793483 | GABA | - Gamma Amino Butyric Acid - anxiety and excitation - prevalent inhibitory in neurons of CNS - too much: anxiety, shortness of breath, numbness - too little: anxiety disorders | 27 | |
| 5318793484 | glutamate | - learning and memory - too much: over excitation ,restlessness, nervousness, insomnia | 28 | |
| 5318793485 | brain stem | - above spinal cord, includes pons; medulla; midbrain - alertness, sleep, balance, startle response, basic vital life functions - if damaged - organ failure, difficulties balancing and moving | 29 | |
| 5318793486 | Broca's area | - left frontal lobe, directly above temporal cortex - language production, comprehension of syntax - if damaged - broca's aphasia, repetitive speech |  | 30 |
| 5318793487 | cerebellum | - behind brainstem, below occipital lobe - monotors and regulates motor control, automatic muscle movements, balance, timing - if damaged - inability to walk, dizziness, slurred speech |  | 31 |
| 5318793488 | corpus callosum | - between 2 hemispheres - connects right and left hemisphere and allows information to pass through - split brain, memory impairments | 32 | |
| 5318793489 | frontal lobe | - front of brain, consists of prefrontal cortex; orbitofrontal cortex; motor and premotor; broca's area - planning, solving, decision making, motor control - if damaged - paralysis, inability to express language, atypical social skills |  | 33 |
| 5318793490 | hippocampus | - 2 arms surrounding thalamus -memory - if damaged - severe memory impairment, inability to form new memories |  | 34 |
| 5318793491 | hypothalamus | - above brainstem, next to thalamus - hunger thirst, body temperature, sleep - if damaged - hypothermia, excessive sleep, weight gain/ loss |  | 35 |
| 5318793492 | limbic system | - includes amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus - emotional control center of the brain - if damaged - sense of smell impairments, uncontrolled emotions |  | 36 |
| 5318793493 | occipital lobe | - way back of brain - interpret messages from out eye in our visual cortex - if damaged - total/ partial loss of vision, hallucinations, color blindness |  | 37 |
| 5318793494 | parietal lobe | - above temporal lobe, behind frontal lobe - receives and processes sensory information ( pain, touch, pressure), spatial attention - if damaged - difficulty reading, recognizing people; objects; or pain, lack of coordination |  | 38 |
| 5318793495 | pons | - part of brain stem, above medulla, below thalamus - facial expressions, bridge of information, hearing, taste - if damaged - loss of taste, inability to form facial expressions |  | 39 |
| 5318793496 | prefrontal cortex | - front of frontal lobe - planning, reasoning judgement, social skills - if damaged - inability to inhibit social behaviors |  | 40 |
| 5318793497 | premotor cortex | - between prefrontal lobe and motor cortices - planning and executing motor movements - if damaged - impaired self-initiated movements and learning in association a motor response to visual cue |  | 41 |
| 5318793498 | dendrites | a branched fiber that extends outward from the main cell body and carries information into the neuron |  | 42 |
| 5318793499 | cell body | contains nucleus, connected to dendrites and axon |  | 43 |
| 5318793500 | nucleus | brain of the cell (h) |  | 44 |
| 5318793501 | axon | extended fiber that conducts information from the cell body to the terminal buttons; travels in the form of an electric charge (action potential) |  | 45 |
| 5318793502 | neural impulse | electrical signal traveling along an axon | 46 | |
| 5318793503 | nodes of ranvier | allows an action potential to propagate quickly down an axon, small gaps form on axons between myelin sheath |  | 47 |
| 5318793504 | myelin sheath | insulating covering that surrounds an axon with multiple spiral layer of myelin |  | 48 |
| 5318793505 | axon terminals | bulb like structures at the end of an axon, which contains neurotransmitters that carry the neuron's message into the synapse (j) |  | 49 |
| 5318793506 | synapse | gap that serves as a communications link between neurons | 50 | |
| 5318793507 | all or none principle | neuron either fires completely or doesn't fire at all | 51 | |
| 5318793508 | EEG | - electroencephalogram - detects brain waives - generalize brain function - widely used in sleep and dreaming research | 52 | |
| 5318793509 | CAT | - computerized axial tomography - 3D picture - X-Ray - look for tumor - would not get any information about how active parts of the brain are | 53 | |
| 5318793510 | MRI | - magnetic resonance imaging - similar to CAT scan - more detailed picture - uses magnetic field to measure the density and location of brain material - gives information about the structure of the brain | 54 | |
| 5318793511 | PET | - position emission tomography - see what areas of the brain are most active during certain task - how much of a certain chemical parts of the brain are using | 55 | |
| 5318793512 | Functional MRI | - combines MRI and PET scan - shows details of brain structure with information about book flow in brain | 56 | |
| 5318793513 | CNS | - central nervous system - brain and spinal cord | 57 | |
| 5318793514 | PNS | - peripheral nervous system - somatic and autonomic - neurons throughout your body | 58 | |
| 5318793515 | efferent neurons | - motor - sends information to body parts for movement | 59 | |
| 5318793516 | afferent neurons | - sensory - information to CNS from body parts | 60 | |
| 5318793517 | agonist | blocks re-uptake, excites, mimics | 61 | |
| 5318793518 | antagonist | prevents release, blocks, inhibits | 62 | |
| 5318793519 | resting potential | neuron ready to fire | 63 | |
| 5318793520 | excitatory neurotransmitter | neurotransmitters makes the receiving neuron MORE likely to generate an action potential | 64 | |
| 5318793521 | inhibitory neurotransmitter | neurotransmitters makes the receiving neuron LESS likely to generate an action potential | 65 | |
| 5318793522 | lesion | natural or man made destruction of brain tissue | 66 | |
| 5318793523 | plasticity | the ability for a brain hemisphere to adapt and do functions the other side did | 67 | |
| 5318793524 | glutamate | - excitatory neurotransmitter - memory | 68 | |
| 5318793525 | endocrine system | system of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream ( controlled by hypothalamus) | 69 |
AP List 13 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 9490483673 | Anecdote | a briefly amusing story |  | 0 |
| 9490483674 | Celerity | speed |  | 1 |
| 9490483675 | Dexterous | skillful with hands |  | 2 |
| 9490483676 | Extraneous | irrelevant |  | 3 |
| 9490483677 | Incoherent | not clear |  | 4 |
| 9490483678 | Maladroit | clumsy; unskillful |  | 5 |
| 9490483679 | Pallid | pale |  | 6 |
| 9490483680 | Presumptuous | assuming too much; arrogant |  | 7 |
| 9490483681 | Scrupulous | careful; diligent; painstaking |  | 8 |
| 9490483682 | Unequivocal | clear; obvious |  | 9 |
AP pysch Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 7535753847 | cerebral cortex | outerlayer of cerebrum contains the dendrites | 0 | |
| 7535753848 | glial cells | cells in the brain which support nourishment and protection for neurons | 1 | |
| 7535753849 | pons | "bridge" between brain stem and cerebellum, helps with sleep | 2 | |
| 7535753850 | sympathetic nervous system | "fight or flight" response | 3 | |
| 7535753851 | Thalamus | "relay station" for sensory information, for smell,taste, etc | 4 | |
| 7535753852 | Amygdala | insticts, emotional, survival | 5 | |
| 7535753853 | cerebrum | contains two hemispheres everything but brainstem and cerebellum and limabic system | 6 | |
| 7535753854 | pituitary gland | "master gland" controls all other glands, communicates with nervous system | 7 | |
| 7535753855 | autonomic nervous system | automatic, unconscious, involuntary ex. heartbeat, breathing | 8 | |
| 7535753856 | serotonin | regulates mood, hunger, sleep undersupply=depression | 9 | |
| 7535753857 | action potential | a neural impulse, brief charge that travels down terminal | 10 | |
| 7535753858 | synapse | the gap between the axon terminal and the dendrite or cell body of receiving neuron | 11 | |
| 7535753859 | dendrites | receives neural messages | 12 | |
| 7535753860 | cell body/soma | hub of cell, contains the nucleus and metabolic process "post office" | 13 | |
| 7535753861 | axon | transmits a message | 14 | |
| 7535753862 | myelin | speeds up the message sent | 15 | |
| 7535753863 | interneurons | transmits neural stimulus between sensory and motor neurons sensory->interneurons->motos | 16 | |
| 7535753864 | reticular formation | "on switch" for attention, alertness | 17 | |
| 7535753865 | cerebellum | balance, unconscious, coordination | 18 | |
| 7535753866 | parasympathetic nervous system | "rest and digest" | 19 | |
| 7535753867 | plasticity | the brain can mold and adapt to circumstances | 20 | |
| 7535753868 | CT scan | series of x-rays taken from different angles good to see structure |  | 21 |
| 7535753869 | neurogenesis | growth and regeneration of neurons | 22 | |
| 7535753870 | frontal lobe | voluntary movement, problem-solving, decision-making, emotional regulation | 23 | |
| 7535753871 | nucleus accumbens | when you statisfy a drive locates at the center of brain | 24 | |
| 7535753872 | Dopamine | satisfaction of desire, | 25 | |
| 7535753873 | Acetylcholine | excites enables muscle action, learning, and memory | 26 | |
| 7535753874 | neurotransmitters | it triggers chemical messengers | 27 | |
| 7535753875 | PET scan | visual display of brain activity that detects a form of glucose for function |  | 28 |
| 7535753876 | MRI | magnetic fields and radio waves produce computer images of tissues for structure |  | 29 |
| 7535753877 | Norepinephrine | helps control alertness and arousal(fight or flight) | 30 | |
| 7535753878 | GABA | major inhibitory slows everything down | 31 | |
| 7535753879 | Medulla | unconscious vital functions heartbeat/breathing etc | 32 | |
| 7535753880 | endorphins | "good feelings" natural pain killer | 33 | |
| 7535753881 | EEG | amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity |  | 34 |
| 7535753882 | motor neurons | relays messages from brain to muscles sensory->interneurons-> motor | 35 | |
| 7535753883 | resting potential | positive outside - inside (charge when not firing) | 36 | |
| 7535753884 | depolarization | when a neuron fires more + go into cell and axon gates open | 37 | |
| 7535753885 | sensory neurons | sends messages from sensory receptors to the spinal cord sensory-> interneurons-> motor | 38 | |
| 7535753886 | axon terminal buttons | releases molecules to other neurons "mail man" | 39 | |
| 7535753887 | glutamate | major excitatory neurotransmitter involved in memory | 40 | |
| 7535753888 | fMRI | reveals blood flow for both structure and function |  | 41 |
| 7535753889 | peripheral nervous system | not brain and spinal cord | 42 | |
| 7535753890 | adrendal gland | secrets adrenaline | 43 | |
| 7535753891 | motor cortex | back of frontal lobe initiates voluntary movements | 44 | |
| 7535753892 | sensory cortex | front of parietal lobe receives sensory info | 45 | |
| 7535753893 | parietal lobe | sensory processes, attention, language, awareness, touch | 46 | |
| 7535753894 | wernicke's area | language input, ability to understand wern=learn | 47 | |
| 7535753895 | occipital lobe | visual information, shapes, colors | 48 | |
| 7535753896 | temporal lobe | sound information, short-term memory | 49 | |
| 7535753897 | right hemisphere | visual-spatial "bigger picture" | 50 | |
| 7535753898 | broca's area | language output | 51 | |
| 7535753899 | corpus callosum | allows two hemispheres to interact together | 52 | |
| 7535753900 | left hemisphere | language, attention to detail, rational, logic | 53 | |
| 7535753901 | somatic nervous system | voluntary, conscious activity | 54 | |
| 7535753902 | central nervous system | brain and spinal cord | 55 | |
| 7535753903 | hypothalamus | regulating temperature, hunger, thirst | 56 | |
| 7535753904 | hippocampus | process and formation of memory | 57 | |
| 7535753905 | vestibular sense | sense of equilibrium/balance | 58 | |
| 7535753906 | retinal display | by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes the brain computes the distance | 59 | |
| 7535753907 | kinesthesis | senses the position and movement of individual body parts | 60 | |
| 7535753908 | frequency | how we perceive pitch | 61 | |
| 7535753909 | amplitude | how we perceive loudness | 62 | |
| 7535753910 | wave form | how we perceive quality of sound | 63 | |
| 7535753911 | feature detectors | neurons in the brain that respond to specific features of stimulus (shape, angle movement, etc) | 64 | |
| 7535753912 | cochlea | sound energy is converted into neural impulses | 65 | |
| 7535753913 | place theory | different pitches activate different places on the cochlea's membrane | 66 | |
| 7535753914 | conduction deafness | hearing loss due to sound waves not reaching the mechanism within ear, damage to ear canal | 67 | |
| 7535753915 | sensorineural deafness | hearing loss caused by damage of the inner ear or nerve from ear to the brain | 68 | |
| 7535753916 | volley principle | neurons alternate firing to process highest pitch sounds | 69 | |
| 7535753917 | gate- control theory | there is a gate in the spinal cord and when it is opened nerves are sent to the brain | 70 | |
| 7535753918 | gustatory sense | taste, chemical sense | 71 | |
| 7535753919 | olfaction | smell, chemical sense | 72 | |
| 7535753920 | young-helmholtz trichromatic theory | three different cones on eyes red, blue, green | 73 | |
| 7535753921 | McGurk effect | hearing and vision are linked | 74 | |
| 7535753922 | perceptual constancy | perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumation and retinal images change | 75 | |
| 7535753923 | synaesthesia | when one sensation produces/stimulates another | 76 | |
| 7535753924 | after-image | when one gets exhausted the other opposing one takes over ex. staring at a blue image for a lone time and then seeing yellow | 77 | |
| 7535753925 | stroboscopic motion | our brain perceives continuous movement | 78 | |
| 7535753926 | top-down processing | looking at situation overall ex. overlooking typos in a paper because you assume they are right | 79 | |
| 7535753927 | bottom-up processing | looking at each detail ex. looking at each detail of a painting | 80 | |
| 7535753928 | lens | helps focus shapes on retina | 81 | |
| 7535753929 | iris | dilates or constricts in response to light intensity and inner emotion | 82 | |
| 7535753930 | fovea | central focal point in the retina, cones cluster in and around | 83 | |
| 7535753931 | retina | converts light energy into neural impulses very responsive to light and pressure | 84 | |
| 7535753932 | weber's law | more intense stimuli need to change more to notice a difference | 85 | |
| 7535753933 | convergence | eyes turn inward to see things near you | 86 | |
| 7535753934 | signal detection theory | no single absolute threshold ex. experience, expectations, motivations | 87 | |
| 7535753935 | Gestalt | our tendency to integrate pieces into a meaningful whole | 88 | |
| 7535753936 | frequency theory | basilar membrane vibrates at frequency of the sound | 89 | |
| 7535753937 | phi phenomenon | an illusion of movement created when lights blink on and off in succession | 90 | |
| 7535753938 | blind spot | where the optic nerve leaves the eye | 91 | |
| 7535753939 | rods and cones | cones- near fovea, low dim light sensitivity, and color sensitive rods- located at periphery, high dim light sensitivity, not color sensitive | 92 | |
| 7535753940 | parallel processing | feature detectors fire simultaneously ex. when we see an object we don't just see color | 93 | |
| 7535753941 | transduction | coverts sensory energy into neural impulses | 94 | |
| 7535753942 | absolute threshold | weakest amount of stimulus that a person can detect 50% of the time | 95 | |
| 7535753943 | subliminal stimulation | perception below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness | 96 | |
| 7535753944 | sensory adaptation | decreased sensation due to constant stimulation | 97 | |
| 7535753945 | optic nerve | nerve that carries neural impulses from eye to brain | 98 | |
| 7535753946 | cornea | protects the eye and bends light to provide focus | 99 | |
| 7535753947 | opponent-process theory | opposing retinal processes enable color vision | 100 | |
| 7535753948 | pupil | where light enters the eye | 101 | |
| 7535753949 | habituation | simplest form of learning-less responsive to a repeated stimulus | 102 | |
| 7535753950 | retrograde amnesia | inability to remember before the trauma | 103 | |
| 7535753951 | retroactive interference | new information disrupts memory of old information P.O.R.N. | 104 | |
| 7535753952 | proactive interference | old information disrupts memory of new information P.O.R.N. | 105 | |
| 7535753953 | Engrams | memory stored as biochemicals and synaptic changes how scientists trace memories | 106 | |
| 7535753954 | procedural memory | skills- motor ans cognitive ex. playing the piano | 107 | |
| 7535753955 | implicit memory | without conscious recall ex. riding a bike | 108 | |
| 7535753956 | self-reference effect | applying to your own experiences ex. to learn a word you think of examples that apply to your life | 109 | |
| 7535753957 | semantic encoding | the encoding of meanings ex. understanding words not just memorizing | 110 | |
| 7535753958 | serial position | items in the beginning and at the end are more likely to be recalled | 111 | |
| 7535753959 | mirror neurons | frontal lobe, fire when performing certain actions or when seeing them be performed | 112 | |
| 7535753960 | negative punishment | decrease behavior by removing good stimulus | 113 | |
| 7535753961 | positive punishment | decrease a behavior by presenting a bad stimulus | 114 | |
| 7535753962 | shaping | reinforce each step toward desired behavior, useful for complex behaviors | 115 | |
| 7535753963 | primary reinforcers | unlearned, natural, biological ex. eating when hungry | 116 | |
| 7535753964 | negative reinforcement | increases response by removing unpleasant stimulus ex. letting seniors exempt from finals | 117 | |
| 7535753965 | positive reinforcement | increases response by presenting pleasant stimulus ex. giving students candy when they raise their hand | 118 | |
| 7535753966 | high-order conditioning | adding 2nd CS to produce a 2nd CR | 119 | |
| 7535753967 | conditioned response | physical reflexes response to a conditioned stimulus tuning fork->salvation | 120 | |
| 7535753968 | conditioned stimulus | learned stimulus that causes response tuning fork->salvation | 121 | |
| 7535753969 | unconditioned response | reflexive response to unconditioned stimulus food->salvation | 122 | |
| 7535753970 | unconditioned stimulus | natural stimulus causing reflexive response food->salvation | 123 | |
| 7535753971 | behaviorism | a theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning | 124 | |
| 7535753972 | classical conditioning | associate two stimuli together to anticipate events ex. a dog salivates to bell anticipating food | 125 | |
| 7535753973 | associative learning | learn that certain events occur together | 126 | |
| 7535753974 | instinctive drift | occurs when animals revert to their biologically predisposed patterns | 127 | |
| 7535753975 | episodic memory | personally experienced events ex. memories form a vacation | 128 | |
| 7535753976 | operant conditioning | associate a behavior with a good or bad result | 129 | |
| 7535753977 | anterograde amnesia | inability to remember information after trauma not making new memories | 130 | |
| 7535753978 | biological perspective | how your hormones and nuerotransmitters affect your brain | 131 | |
| 7535753979 | psychodynamic | unconscious mind and how your childhood affects your behavior | 132 | |
| 7535753980 | behavioral perspective | our behaviors are influenced by our observations and consequences | 133 | |
| 7535753981 | cognitive perspective | how our behaviors are influenced by how we interpret the world | 134 | |
| 7535753982 | humanistic perspective | our behaviors are influenced by our conscious choices and finding our true identity to reach self-fulfillment | 135 | |
| 7535753983 | social loafing | the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort | 136 | |
| 7535753984 | social facilitation | improved performance in presence of others for simple tasks or something you are good at | 137 | |
| 7535753985 | asch's line study | participants had to identify the line closest in length to other lines. The whole group said the same wrong answer. The one subject conformed with the group | 138 | |
| 7535753986 | deindividuation | losing self-awareness or self restraint, occurs when group participation makes people aroused | 139 | |
| 7535753987 | group think | occurs when desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides alternatives | 140 | |
| 7535753988 | conciliation | graduated and reciprocated initiative in tension-reduction ex. giving someone a small positive gesture to reduce tension | 141 | |
| 7535753989 | cognitive dissonance theory | when we become aware that our attitudes and actions do not coincide so we feel uncomfy | 142 | |
| 7535753990 | self-serving bias | we are sensitive to how our behavior changes with the situation, we see our own behaviors as positive | 143 | |
| 7535753991 | normative social influence | influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval and avoid disapproval ex. pretending to like a band your friends do | 144 | |
| 7535753992 | information social influence | influence resulting from one's willingness to accept other's opinions ex. when you don't know the answer so you go along with what others say | 145 | |
| 7535753993 | group polarization | beliefs that grow stronger as we discuss with like-minded people | 146 | |
| 7535753994 | frustration-aggression principle | the blocking of a goal that creates aggression | 147 | |
| 7535753995 | social exchange theory | maximize benefits and minimize costs ex. stopping to help because you are not running late | 148 | |
| 7535753996 | bystander effect | people are less likely to help when in a group of people | 149 | |
| 7535753997 | altruism | unselfish regard for the welfare of others | 150 | |
| 7535753998 | mirror- image perceptions | mutual views held by conflicting people ex. USA calling Russia "evil" and Russia calling USA"evil" | 151 | |
| 7535753999 | self-filling prophecies | a belief that leads to one fulfilling the role expected ex. a teacher expecting you to fail so you do | 152 | |
| 7535754000 | reciprocity norm | people help me if I help them | 153 | |
| 7535754001 | social responsibility norm | duty as a human to help others | 154 | |
| 7535754002 | confounding variables | other variables that could effect the results of an experiment | 155 | |
| 7535754003 | illusory correlation | the perception of a relationship where none exists | 156 | |
| 7535754004 | naturalistic oberservation | observe people's actions, does not explain behaviors but describes it | 157 | |
| 7535754005 | operational definition | specifies how a variable will be defined and measured so the experiment can be replicated | 158 | |
| 7535754006 | case study | one or a small group of people being analyzed and asked questions | 159 | |
| 7535754007 | social-cultural perspective | social environment influences our behavior | 160 | |
| 7535754008 | evolutionary perspective | your behavior is influenced by your survival needs and genetics | 161 | |
| 7535754009 | social trap | a situation where each party is rationally pursuing their self-interest rather than good of the group become caught in a mutually destructive behavior | 162 | |
| 7535754010 | fundamental attribution | we overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate the influence of situation | 163 | |
| 7535754011 | situational attribution | someone's "bad day" or "bad mood" | 164 | |
| 7535754012 | dispositional attribution | someone's enduring traits | 165 | |
| 7535754013 | null hypothesis | no relationships between variables | 166 | |
| 7535754014 | within-subjects design | comparing results within one subject | 167 | |
| 7535754015 | between-subject design | comparing results between two subjects | 168 | |
| 7535754016 | cross-sectional study | different groups compared at one time | 169 | |
| 7535754017 | longitudinal study | one group compared to a different times | 170 | |
| 7535754018 | receptive language | ability to comprehend speech | 171 | |
| 7535754019 | productive language | ability to produce words | 172 | |
| 7535754020 | linguistic determinism | language determines the way we think, culturally influenced | 173 | |
| 7535754021 | universal language | innately wired to have a complicated language, common structure | 174 | |
| 7535754022 | algorithms | step by step procedure that guarantees the right solution to a problem | 175 | |
| 7535754023 | heuristics | mental shortcut or rule of thumb that helps us solve problems | 176 | |
| 7535754024 | prototypes | best example of a concept/mental image | 177 | |
| 7535754025 | availability heuristic | judging a situation based on how similar the aspects are to the prototypes in our mind | 178 | |
| 7535754026 | representative heuristic | judging a situation on how easily examples come to mind | 179 | |
| 7535754027 | anchoring heuristic | human tendency to accept and rely on, the first piece of information received before making a decision | 180 | |
| 7535754028 | inductive reasoning | making generalizations from observations | 181 | |
| 7535754029 | deductive reasoning | takes general rule and applies it to specific cases | 182 | |
| 7535754030 | confirmation bias | seeking information that supports our preconceptions | 183 | |
| 7535754031 | Mental Set | tendency to stick to problem solving strategies that have worked in the past | 184 | |
| 7535754032 | functional fixedness | tendency to think of things only for usual functions | 185 | |
| 7535754033 | overconfidence | tendency to overestimate the accuracy of our knowledge | 186 | |
| 7535754034 | general intelligence (g) | the existence of a broad mental capacity that influences our cognitive ability | 187 | |
| 7535754035 | Gardner's multiple intelligence theory | intelligence is not just one dominant ability, outlines 8 different intelligence | 188 | |
| 7535754036 | Savant Syndrome | when a person with a mental disability demonstrates abilities far in excess of what is considered normal | 189 | |
| 7535754037 | Sternberg's three intelligences | practical, creative, and analytical intelligence | 190 | |
| 7535754038 | emotional intelligence | the capacity to be aware of, control, and express one's emotions, and to handle interpersonal relationships empathetically | 191 | |
| 7535754039 | aptitude test | the ability to learn or develop in an area | 192 | |
| 7535754040 | achievement test | to measure to the extent a person has acquired certain information | 193 | |
| 7535754041 | Flynn effect | the phenomenon in which there is a marked increase in intelligence test score averages over time | 194 | |
| 7535754042 | content validity | Refers to how accurately an assessment or measurement tool taps into the various aspects of the specific construct in question | 195 | |
| 7535754043 | predictive validity | is the extent to which performance on a test is related to later performance that the test was designed to predict | 196 | |
| 7535754044 | securely attached | distressed when the mom left nut greeted her positively when she returned | 197 | |
| 7535754045 | avoidant-insecure | little interest when mom left or returned | 198 | |
| 7535754046 | resistant-insecure | intense distress when mom left and rejected the mother when she returned | 199 | |
| 7535754047 | schema | mental structure which helps to organize knowledge | 200 | |
| 7535754048 | assimilation | placing new information on pre-existing schema | 201 | |
| 7535754049 | accommodation | modifying schema to fit new information | 202 | |
| 7535754050 | sensorimotor | ages=0-2 senses and actions, reflexes, basics of language, object permanence | 203 | |
| 7535754051 | preoperational | ages 2-6 egocentrism: one-dimensional thinking lacks conservation- does not recognize that basic properties of substances such as weight and mass remain the same while other features change theory of mind- realize people have different mental state | 204 | |
| 7535754052 | concrete operational | ages 7-12 logic-tangible objects rather than abstract ideas concept of reversibility | 205 | |
| 7535754053 | formal operational | 12+ cognitive maturity abstract thought | 206 | |
| 7535754054 | authoritarian | strict demands rely on force and communicate poorly | 207 | |
| 7535754055 | permissive | low/no parental control, warmth, easy going, warm and supportive | 208 | |
| 7535754056 | authoritative | high parental control and high warmth gives the children the best outcomes | 209 | |
| 7535754057 | pruning process | "use it or lose it" with neural pathways | 210 | |
| 7535754058 | preconventional morality | right and wrong determined by rewards | 211 | |
| 7535754059 | conventional morality | views of others matter, avoidance of blame seeking social approval | 212 | |
| 7535754060 | postconventional morality | judgements are based on abstract, more personal principles that aren't necessarily defined by society's laws | 213 | |
| 7535754061 | crystallized intelligence | tends to increase with age concrete intelligence | 214 | |
| 7535754062 | fluid intelligence | tends to decrease with age one's ability to reason | 215 | |
| 7535754063 | Id | pleasure, principle, the need to fulfill needs right now |  | 216 |
| 7535754064 | Ego | reality principle and defense mechanisms decision making component of personality | 217 | |
| 7535754065 | superego | morality principle, guilt | 218 | |
| 7535754066 | fixation | preoccupation for satisfying pleasure-seeking energies ex. if you don't release everything through the oral stage you will be a nail bitter | 219 | |
| 7535754067 | defense mechanisms | coping mechanisms->how we deal with stress | 220 | |
| 7535754068 | regression | returning to earlier, more comforting form of behavior | 221 | |
| 7535754069 | repression | pushing thoughts out of conscious awareness | 222 | |
| 7535754070 | rationalization | unconsciously generate self-justifying explanations instead of real reasons for action or event | 223 | |
| 7535754071 | reaction formation | expressing the opposite of how one truly feels | 224 | |
| 7535754072 | displacement | redirecting one's impulses toward another person or object | 225 | |
| 7535754073 | projection | disguising threatening impulses toward another person or object | 226 | |
| 7535754074 | sublimation | channeling one's impulses toward a different, more positive and acceptable goal or behavior | 227 | |
| 7535754075 | denial | rejecting the ego-threatening truth | 228 | |
| 7535754076 | inferiority complex | all children go through a period where you feel inferior and how you cope with it processes your personality | 229 | |
| 7535754077 | collective unconscious | shared pool of memories and ideas we all have | 230 | |
| 7535754078 | archetypes | similar roles in collective unconscious | 231 | |
| 7535754079 | projective tests | given ambiguous picture, make up story a and one's conscious may be woven into the story | 232 | |
| 7535754080 | terror-management theory | proposes a basic psychological conflict that results from having a desire to live, but realizing that death is inevitable | 233 | |
| 7535754081 | person-situation controversy | refers to the controversy concerning whether the person or the situation is more influential in determining a person's behavio | 234 | |
| 7535754082 | unconditional positive regard | we feel love and accepted despite our flaws | 235 | |
| 7535754083 | instinct theory | motivated by our inborn automated behavior | 236 | |
| 7535754084 | drive-reduction theory | drives arise from motivated state and the aim is homeostasis | 237 | |
| 7535754085 | optimum arousal theory | motivated to seek ways of increasing arousal when stimulation drops | 238 | |
| 7535754086 | maslow's hierarchy of needs | we strive to meet self-actualization | 239 | |
| 7535754087 | intrinsic motivation | motivated for internal pleasure and self-enjoyment | 240 | |
| 7535754088 | extrinsic motivation | motivated for external rewards | 241 | |
| 7535754089 | over-justification | less likely that a task will be done intrinsically when extrinsic reward is no longer given | 242 | |
| 7535754090 | achievement motivation | master tasks and take great pride in doing so | 243 | |
| 7535754091 | approach-approach conflicts | two desirable but conflicting choices | 244 | |
| 7535754092 | avoidance-avoidance conflicts | choosing between two undesirable choices | 245 | |
| 7535754093 | approach-avoidance conflicts | one choice has both attractive and unattractive features | 246 | |
| 7535754094 | multiple approach-avoidance conflicts | choosing between one option that has both positive and negative features and another that has both positive and negative features | 247 | |
| 7535754095 | lateral hypothalamus | tells us we are hungry, causes secretion of ghrelin | 248 | |
| 7535754096 | ventromedical hypothalamus | tells us we are full, causes secretion of PYY | 249 | |
| 7535754097 | set point theory | stable weight to which your body wants to return | 250 | |
| 7535754098 | unit bias | size of food portion will determine how much you eat | 251 | |
| 7535754099 | james-lange theory | stimulus->physiological arousal->emotion, fear | 252 | |
| 7535754100 | cannon-bard theory | stimulus->physiological arousal ->emotion, fear | 253 | |
| 7535754101 | Schachter two-factor | stimulus->physiological arousal ->cognitive interpretation-> emotion, fear | 254 | |
| 7535754102 | spillover effect | when one experience of one emotion affects our perceptions and our reactions | 255 | |
| 7535754103 | lazarus and cognitive appraisal | stimulus->cognitive appraisal(thought)->physiological ->emotion | 256 | |
| 7535754104 | relative deprivation | It refers to the discontent people feel when they compare their positions to others and realize that they have less of what they believe themselves to be entitled than those around them | 257 | |
| 7535754105 | facial feedback hypothesis | your facial expression intensifies your emotions | 258 | |
| 7535754106 | general adaptation syndrome | term used to describe the body's short-term and long-term reactions to stress. Alarm->resistance->exhaustion | 259 | |
| 7535754107 | adaptation-level phenomenon | describes the human tendency to judge various stimuli and situations relative to those we have previously experienced | 260 | |
| 7535754108 | Bipolar cells | specialized sensory neurons for the transmission of special senses. As such, they are part of the sensory pathways for smell, sight, taste, hearing and vestibular functions. | 261 | |
| 7535754109 | thorndike's law of effect | responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation | 262 | |
| 7535754110 | circadian rhythms | Often referred to as the "body clock", the circadian rhythm is a cycle that tells our bodies when to sleep, rise, eat--regulating many physiological processes | 263 | |
| 7535754111 | latent learning | form of learning that is not immediately expressed in an overt response; it occurs without any obvious reinforcement of the behavior or associations that are learned | 264 | |
| 7535754112 | Elaborative rehearsal | a memory technique that involves thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered, as opposed to simply repeating the word to yourself over and over | 265 | |
| 7535754113 | ebbinghaus forgetting curve |  | 266 | |
| 7535754114 | Miller's law | in working memory we can remember 7+-2 chunks | 267 | |
| 7535754115 | misinformation effect | memory bias that occurs when misinformation affects people's reports of their own memory | 268 | |
| 7535754116 | whorf theory of language | where your language affects your world view | 269 | |
| 7535754117 | Carl Jung | He proposed and developed the concepts of the extroverted and introverted personality, archetypes, and the collective unconscious | 270 | |
| 7535754118 | Iconic memory | The encoding of visual images | 271 | |
| 7535754119 | Echoic memory | memory of auditory stimuli | 272 | |
| 7535754120 | retrospective memory | memory for the past | 273 | |
| 7535754121 | prospective memory | is memory for the future | 274 | |
| 7535754122 | insight learning | The sudden realization of a problem's solution | 275 | |
| 7535754123 | problem-focused coping | attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing stressor | 276 | |
| 7535754124 | emotion-focused coping | attempting to alleviate stress by ignoring stressor and attending to emotional needs | 277 | |
| 7535754125 | spotlight effect | phenomenon in which people tend to believe they are noticed more than they really are | 278 | |
| 7535754126 | heriability | % liklihood that the variation among members of a group is due to genetics | 279 | |
| 7535754127 | chameleon effect | when we mimic others around us | 280 | |
| 7535754128 | effort-justification | if you have to put alot of effort into something you justify you must have enjoyed that task | 281 |
AP Psychology - Development Psychology Flashcards
Advanced Placement Psychology
Terms : Hide Images
| 6193724631 | Developmental Psychology | a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span. |  | 0 |
| 6193724632 | Zygote | the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo. |  | 1 |
| 6193724633 | Embryo | the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month. |  | 2 |
| 6193724634 | Fetus | the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth. |  | 3 |
| 6193724635 | Teratogens | agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. |  | 4 |
| 6193724636 | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) | physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions. |  | 5 |
| 6193724637 | Habituation | decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. |  | 6 |
| 6193724638 | Maturation | biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience. |  | 7 |
| 6193724639 | Cognition | all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. |  | 8 |
| 6193724640 | Schema | a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information. |  | 9 |
| 6193724641 | Assimilation | interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas. | | 10 |
| 6193724642 | Accommodation | Development - adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information. | | 11 |
| 6193724643 | Sensorimotor Stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. |  | 12 |
| 6193724644 | Object Permanence | the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived. |  | 13 |
| 6193724645 | Preoperational Stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. | | 14 |
| 6193724646 | Conservation | the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects. |  | 15 |
| 6193724647 | Egocentrism | in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view. |  | 16 |
| 6193724648 | Theory of Mind | people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict. |  | 17 |
| 6193724649 | Concrete Operational Stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. | | 18 |
| 6193724650 | Formal Operational Stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts. | | 19 |
| 6193724651 | Autism | a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind. |  | 20 |
| 6193724652 | Stranger Anxiety | the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age. |  | 21 |
| 6193724653 | Attachment | an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation. |  | 22 |
| 6193724654 | Critical Period | an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development. |  | 23 |
| 6193724655 | Imprinting | the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life. |  | 24 |
| 6193724656 | Temperament | a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity. |  | 25 |
| 6193724657 | Basic Trust | according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers. |  | 26 |
| 6193724658 | Self-Concept | all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?" |  | 27 |
| 6193724659 | Gender | in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female. |  | 28 |
| 6193724660 | Aggression | physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone. |  | 29 |
| 6193724661 | X Chromosome | the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two of these; males have one. One chromosome from each parent produces a female child. |  | 30 |
| 6193724662 | Y Chromosome | the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child. | | 31 |
| 6193724663 | Testosterone | the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional levels in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty. |  | 32 |
| 6193724664 | Role | a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. |  | 33 |
| 6193724665 | Gender Role | a set of expected behaviors for males or for females. |  | 34 |
| 6193724666 | Gender Identity | our sense of being male or female. |  | 35 |
| 6193724667 | Gender Typing | the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role. |  | 36 |
| 6193724668 | Social Learning Theory | the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished. |  | 37 |
| 6193724669 | Adolescence | the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence. |  | 38 |
| 6193724670 | Puberty | the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing. |  | 39 |
| 6193724671 | Primary Sex Characteristics | the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible. |  | 40 |
| 6193724672 | Secondary Sex Characteristics | nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair. |  | 41 |
| 6193724673 | Menarche | the first menstrual period. |  | 42 |
| 6193724674 | Identity | our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles. |  | 43 |
| 6193724675 | Social Identity | the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships. |  | 44 |
| 6193724676 | Intimacy | in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood. |  | 45 |
| 6193724677 | Emerging Adulthood | for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood. |  | 46 |
| 6193724678 | Menopause | the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines. |  | 47 |
| 6193724679 | Cross-Sectional Study | a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another. |  | 48 |
| 6193724680 | Longitudinal Study | research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period. |  | 49 |
| 6193724681 | Crystallized Intelligence | our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age. |  | 50 |
| 6193724682 | Fluid Intelligence | our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood. | | 51 |
| 6193724683 | Social Clock | the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement. |  | 52 |
| 6193724684 | Moro reflex | Infant startle response to sudden, intense noise or movement. When startled the newborn arches its back, throws back its head, and flings out its arms and legs. Usually disappears after four months. | 53 | |
| 6193724685 | Babinski reflex | Reflex in which a newborn fans out the toes when the sole of the foot is touched | 54 | |
| 6193724688 | holographic speech | one word declarations by children at about age 1 | 55 | |
| 6193724689 | Vygotsky | Believed that cognitive development was largely the result of the child's interaction with members of his or her own culture rather than his or her interaction with concrete objects Zones of Proximal Devl: social interaction influences learning. Students learn best when teachers teach them something they don't know yet, and then provide students opportunities to practice and learn with other peers and adults supporting. | 56 | |
| 6193724690 | latchkey children | child who returns from school to an empty home because their parent or parents are away at work, or a child who is often left at home with little parental supervision. are left unsupervised after school and are at a higher risk for accidents, isolated and alone | 57 | |
| 6193724692 | Piaget | theorist that developed a series of stages in which an individual passes during cognitive development. Growth occurs in stages - sensory motor (0-2), pre-operational, experiential (2-7), concrete operational (7-11) formal operational (11+) formal and abstract operations | 58 | |
| 6193724693 | Kohlberg | theorist who claimed individuals went through a series of stages in the process of moral development. Development; Concepts: stages of moral development; Study Basics: Studied boys responses to and processes of reasoning in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why? Developing children progress through a predictable sequence of stages of moral reasoning (preconventional, conventional, postconventional). | 59 | |
| 6193724694 | Erikson | Proposed that individuals go through 8 distinct, universal stages of development. Each stage consists of a developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis. Infant; 0-2 years: Trust Vs. mistrust 2. Toddler; 2-3 years: Autonomy Vs shame and doubt 3. Preschool; 3-5 years: Initiative Vs guilt 4. School age; 6-12 years: Industry Vs inferiority 5. Adolescent; 12-18 years: Identity Vs identity (or role) confusion 6. Young adult: 18-25 years: Intimacy Vs isolation 7. Middle adult: 25-45 years: Generativity Vs stagnation 8. Older adult: 45-death: Ego integrity Vs despair | 60 | |
| 6193724695 | Bandura | Social Learning Theory Observational learning; Bobo dolls; social-cognitive theory Social Learning Theory - emphasizes modeling or observational learning as a powerful source of development and behavior modification | 61 | |
| 6193724698 | presbyopia | Defect in vision in advancing age involving loss of accommodation or recession of near vision; due to loss of elasticity of crystalline lens | 62 | |
| 6193724699 | presbycusis | age-related hearing loss | 63 | |
| 6193724703 | empty-nest syndrome | the feelings of sadness or loneliness that accompany children's leaving home and entering adulthood | 64 | |
| 6193724704 | death-deferral phenomenon | People tend to put off dying when there is an event to look forward to, such as holidays spirit affects life expectancy; depression causes poor health and early death; ex: more people die 2 days after Christmas than before | 65 | |
| 6193724705 | dementia | Impairment of mental functioning and global cognitive abilities in otherwise alert individuals, causing memory loss and related symptoms and typically having a progressive nature | 66 | |
| 6193724706 | Alzheimer's disease | chronic, progressive, degenerative cognitivedisorder that accounts for more than 60% of all dementias an irreversible, progressive brain disorder, characterized by the deterioration of memory, language, and eventually, physical functioning | 67 | |
| 6193724707 | Kubler-Ross | Her theory proposes that the terminally ill pass through a squence of 5 stages: 1. denial, 2. anger/resentment, 3. bargaining with God, 4. depression, and 5. acceptance | 68 | |
| 6193724708 | stages vs. continuity | Debate over development occurring in set time periods verses continual or individual changes and development | 69 |
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