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ap Flashcards

6737157560	Acculturation vs assimiliation	Acculturation - when one group of people adopt the culture traits of another culture. Assimilation - the process where a minority group gradually adopts the customs and attitudes of the prevailing culture.	0
6737182220	Agglomeration	A process involving the clustering or concentrating of people or activities. The term often refers to manufacturing plants and businesses that benefit from close proximity because they share skilled-labor pools and technological and financial amenities.	1
6737186019	Ancillary Activities	Economic activities that surround and support large scale industries such as shipping and food service.	2
6737189178	Animal Domestication	The taming of animals through generations of breeding to live in close association with humans as a pet or work animal.	3
6737194978	Aquaculture	The cultivation of seafood under controlled conditions.	4
6737201375	Basques	An ethnic group in northern Spain and southwestern France who do not have Celtic or Latin culture or language roots.	5
6737203785	Beaux Arts	This movement within city planning and urban design that stressed the marriage of older, classical forms with newer, industrial ones. Common characteristics of this period include wide thoroughfares, spacious parks, and civic monuments that stressed progress, freedom, and national unity.	6
6737206655	Biomass fuel	Fuel that derives from plant material and animal waste	7
6737211174	Buffer State	A relatively small country sandwiched between two larger powers. The existence of buffer states may help to prevent dangerous conflicts between powerful countries.	8
6737214548	Commodity Chains	A linked system of processes that gather resources, convert them into goods, package them for distribution, disperse them, and sell them on the market.	9
6737221810	Conservation	The process of saving or protecting a natural resource	10
6737228157	Courbanization	An agglomeration of towns or cities into an unbroken urban environment.	11
6737232623	Debt for nATURE SWAP	Nature Swap Forgiveness of international debt in exchange for nature protection in developing countries.	12
6737278828	Denomination	A division of a branch that unites a number of local congregations into a single legal and administrative body.	13
6737329875	Devolution	A movement to transfer the responsibilities of governing from the federal government to state and local governments.	14
6737333379	Dowry	Custom in which the family of a woman transfers property or wealth to her and/or her husband's family upon her marriage.	15
6737336634	E commerce	Web based economic activities	16
6737341835	Eco tourism	Type of tourist attraction built around an environmentally friendly activity that aims to preserve the earth and its resources.	17
6737352444	Ecumene	The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement	18
6737355339	Enclave	A territory whose geographical boundaries lie entirely within the boundaries of another territory	19
6737373115	Ethnocentrism	Belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group.	20
6737376779	Exclave	A part of a country that is separated from the rest of the country and surrounded by foreign territory.	21
6737380917	Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ)	Generally a state's EEZ extends to a distance of 200 nautical miles (370 km) out from its coast. The exception to this rule occurs when EEZs would overlap; that is, state coastal baselines are less than 400 nautical miles apart. When an overlap occurs, it is up to the states to delineate the actual boundary.[1] Generally, any point within an overlapping area defaults to the most proximate state.	22
6737384110	Exurbanite	Person who has left the inner city and moved to outlying suburbs or rural areas	23
6737386939	Feedlot	A plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market.	24
6737389689	Footloose Industry	Industry in which the cost of transporting both raw materials and finished product is not important for the location of firms.	25
6737393617	Forward Capital	Capital city positioned in actually or potentially contested territory usually near an international border, it confirms the states determination to maintain its presence in the region in contention.	26
6737399095	Generation X	A term coined by artist and author Douglas Coupland to describe people born in the United States between the years 1965 and 1980. This post-baby-boom generation will have to support the baby boom cohort as they into their retirement.	27

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AP Flashcards

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6510847045	Unsurp	To sieze and take control	0
6510847046	Portentous	Of momentous or ominous signifigance	1
6510847047	Harbinger	Something that preceds and indicates the approach of someone or something	2
6510847048	Auspicious	Favorable; conducive to sucess	3
6510847049	Filial	Of or due from a son or daughter	4
6510847050	Obsequious	Obedient or attentive to an excessive or servile degree	5
6510847051	Jocund	Cheerful and lighthearted	6
6510847052	Countenance	A persons face or facial expression	7
6510847053	Tenable	Based on sound reasoning or evidence	8
6510847054	Besmirch	To smear so as to make dirty or stained	9
6510847055	Prodigal	Recklessly wasteful	10
6510847056	Libertine	A person who behaves without moral principles or sense of responsiblitty	11
6510847057	Parley	A negotiation between people	12
6510847058	Traduce	To speak unfavorably about(badly of to damage repututation	13
6510847059	Canonize	To treat as sacred	14
6510847060	Sovereignty	Supreme power or authority	15
6510847061	Adulterate	Mixed with impurities	16
6510847062	Enmity	Deep seated ill will; feeling openly hostile to someone	17
6510847063	Pernicious	Exceedingly harmful	18
6510847064	Antic	Ludicrously odd; bizarre	19

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9821190396	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9821190397	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9821190398	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9821190399	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9821190400	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9821190401	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9821190402	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9821190403	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9821190404	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9821190405	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9821190406	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9821190407	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9821190408	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9821190409	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9821190410	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9821190411	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9821190412	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9821190413	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9821190414	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9821190415	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9821190416	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9821190417	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9821190418	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9821190419	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9821190420	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9821190421	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9821190422	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9821190423	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9821190424	theory	general idea being tested	28
9821190425	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9821190426	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9821190427	mode	appears the most	31
9821190428	mean	average	32
9821190429	median	middle	33
9821190430	range	highest - lowest	34
9821190431	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9821190432	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9821190433	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9821190434	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9821190435	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9821190436	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9821190437	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9821190438	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9821190630	neuron		43
9821190439	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9821190440	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9821190441	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9821190442	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9821190443	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9821190444	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9821190445	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9821190446	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9821190447	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9821190448	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9821190449	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9821190450	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9821190451	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9821190452	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9821190453	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9821190454	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9821190455	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9821190456	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9821190457	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9821190458	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9821190459	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9821190460	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9821190461	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9821190462	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9821190463	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9821190464	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9821190465	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9821190466	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9821190467	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9821190468	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9821190469	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9821190470	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9821190471	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9821190472	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9821190473	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9821190474	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9821190475	occipital lobe	vision	80
9821190476	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9821190477	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9821190478	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9821190479	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9821190480	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9821190481	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9821190482	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9821190483	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9821190484	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9821190485	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9821190486	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9821190487	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9821190488	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9821190489	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9821190490	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9821190491	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9821190492	rods	night time	97
9821190493	cones	color	98
9821190494	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9821190495	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9821190496	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9821190497	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9821190498	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9821190499	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9821190500	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9821190501	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9821190502	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9821190503	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9821190504	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9821190505	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9821190506	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9821190507	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9821190508	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9821190509	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9821190510	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9821190511	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9821190512	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9821190513	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9821190514	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9821190515	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9821190516	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9821190517	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9821190518	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9821190519	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9821190520	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9821190521	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9821190522	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9821190523	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9821190524	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9821190525	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9821190526	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9821190527	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9821190528	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9821190529	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9821190530	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9821190531	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9821190532	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9821190533	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9821190534	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9821190535	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9821190536	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9821190537	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9821190538	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9821190539	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9821190540	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9821190541	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9821190542	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9821190543	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9821190544	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9821190545	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9821190546	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9821190547	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9821190548	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9821190549	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9821190550	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9821190551	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9821190552	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9821190553	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9821190554	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9821190555	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9821190556	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9821190557	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9821190558	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9821190559	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9821190560	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9821190561	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9821190562	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9821190563	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9821190564	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9821190565	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9821190566	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9821190567	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9821190568	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9821190569	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9821190570	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9821190571	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9821190572	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9821190573	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9821190574	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9821190575	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9821190576	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9821190577	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9821190578	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9821190579	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9821190580	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9821190581	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9821190582	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9821190583	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9821190584	encoding	information going in	189
9821190585	storage	keeping information in	190
9821190586	retrieval	taking information out	191
9821190587	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9821190588	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9821190589	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9821190590	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9821190591	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9821190592	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9821190593	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9821190594	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9821190595	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9821190596	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9821190597	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9821190598	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9821190599	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9821190600	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9821190601	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9821190602	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9821190603	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9821190604	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9821190605	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9821190606	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9821190607	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9821190608	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9821190609	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9821190610	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9821190611	context	environment helps with memory	216
9821190612	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9821190613	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9821190614	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9821190615	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9821190616	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9821190617	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9821190618	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9821190619	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9821190620	prototypes	generalize	225
9821190621	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9821190622	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9821190623	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9821190624	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9821190625	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9821190626	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9821190627	grammar is _________	universal	232
9821190628	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9821190629	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9820813907	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9820813908	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9820813909	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9820813910	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9820813911	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9820813912	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9820813913	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9820813914	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9820813915	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9820813916	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9820813917	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9820813918	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9820813919	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9820813920	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9820813921	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9820813922	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9820813923	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9820813924	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9820813925	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9820813926	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9820813927	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9820813928	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9820813929	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9820813930	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9820813931	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9820813932	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9820813933	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9820813934	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9820813935	theory	general idea being tested	28
9820813936	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9820813937	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9820813938	mode	appears the most	31
9820813939	mean	average	32
9820813940	median	middle	33
9820813941	range	highest - lowest	34
9820813942	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9820813943	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9820813944	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9820813945	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9820813946	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9820813947	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9820813948	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9820813949	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9820814142	neuron		43
9820813950	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9820813951	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9820813952	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9820813953	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9820813954	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9820813955	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9820813956	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9820813957	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9820813958	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9820813959	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9820813960	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9820813961	sympathetic nervous system	arousing primary job is to stimulate fight-or-flight reactions	55
9820813962	parasympathetic nervous system	calming is respondible for the bodies "rest and digest" function	56
9820813963	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9820813964	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9820813965	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9820813966	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9820813967	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9820813968	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9820813969	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9820813970	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9820813971	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9820813972	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9820813973	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9820813974	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9820813975	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9820813976	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9820813977	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9820813978	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9820813979	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9820813980	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9820813981	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9820813982	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9820813983	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9820813984	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9820813985	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9820813986	occipital lobe	vision	80
9820813987	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9820813988	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9820813989	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9820813990	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9820813991	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9820813992	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9820813993	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9820813994	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9820813995	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9820813996	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9820813997	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9820813998	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9820813999	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9820814000	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9820814001	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9820814002	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9820814003	rods	night time	97
9820814004	cones	color	98
9820814005	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9820814006	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9820814007	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9820814008	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9820814009	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9820814010	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9820814011	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9820814012	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9820814013	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9820814014	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9820814015	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9820814016	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9820814017	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9820814018	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9820814019	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9820814020	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9820814021	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9820814022	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9820814023	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9820814024	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9820814025	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9820814026	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9820814027	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9820814028	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9820814029	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9820814030	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9820814031	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9820814032	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9820814033	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9820814034	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9820814035	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9820814036	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9820814037	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9820814038	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9820814039	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9820814040	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9820814041	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9820814042	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9820814043	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9820814044	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9820814045	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9820814046	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9820814047	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9820814048	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9820814049	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9820814050	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9820814051	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9820814052	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9820814053	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9820814054	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9820814055	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9820814056	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9820814057	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9820814058	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9820814059	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9820814060	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9820814061	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9820814062	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9820814063	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9820814064	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9820814065	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9820814066	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9820814067	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9820814068	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9820814069	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9820814070	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9820814071	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9820814072	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9820814073	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9820814074	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9820814075	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9820814076	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9820814077	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9820814078	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9820814079	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9820814080	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9820814081	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9820814082	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9820814083	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9820814084	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9820814085	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9820814086	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9820814087	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9820814088	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9820814089	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9820814090	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9820814091	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9820814092	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9820814093	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9820814094	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9820814095	encoding	information going in	189
9820814096	storage	keeping information in	190
9820814097	retrieval	taking information out	191
9820814098	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9820814099	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9820814100	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9820814101	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9820814102	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9820814103	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9820814104	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9820814105	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9820814106	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9820814107	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9820814108	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9820814109	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9820814110	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9820814111	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9820814112	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9820814113	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9820814114	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9820814115	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9820814116	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9820814117	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9820814118	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9820814119	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9820814120	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9820814121	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9820814122	context	environment helps with memory	216
9820814123	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9820814124	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9820814125	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9820814126	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9820814127	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9820814128	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9820814129	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9820814130	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9820814131	prototypes	generalize	225
9820814132	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9820814133	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9820814134	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9820814135	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9820814136	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9820814137	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9820814138	grammar is _________	universal	232
9820814139	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9820814140	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9824767770	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9824767771	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9824767772	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9824767773	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9824767774	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9824767775	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9824767776	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9824767777	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9824767778	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9824767779	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9824767780	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9824767781	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9824767782	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9824767783	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9824767784	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9824767785	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9824767786	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9824767787	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9824767788	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9824767789	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9824767790	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9824767791	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9824767792	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9824767793	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9824767794	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9824767795	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9824767796	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9824767797	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9824767798	theory	general idea being tested	28
9824767799	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9824767800	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9824767801	mode	appears the most	31
9824767802	mean	average	32
9824767803	median	middle	33
9824767804	range	highest - lowest	34
9824767805	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9824767806	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9824767807	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9824767808	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9824767809	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9824767810	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9824767811	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9824767812	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9824768005	neuron		43
9824767813	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9824767814	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9824767815	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9824767816	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9824767817	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9824767818	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9824767819	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9824767820	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9824767821	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9824767822	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9824767823	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9824767824	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9824767825	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9824767826	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9824767827	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9824767828	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9824767829	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9824767830	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9824767831	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9824767832	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9824767833	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9824767834	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9824767835	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9824767836	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9824767837	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9824767838	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9824767839	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9824767840	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9824767841	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9824767842	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9824767843	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9824767844	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9824767845	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9824767846	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9824767847	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9824767848	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9824767849	occipital lobe	vision	80
9824767850	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9824767851	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9824767852	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9824767853	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9824767854	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9824767855	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9824767856	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9824767857	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9824767858	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9824767859	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9824767860	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9824767861	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9824767862	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9824767863	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9824767864	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9824767865	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9824767866	rods	night time	97
9824767867	cones	color	98
9824767868	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9824767869	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9824767870	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9824767871	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9824767872	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9824767873	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9824767874	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9824767875	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9824767876	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9824767877	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9824767878	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9824767879	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9824767880	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9824767881	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9824767882	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9824767883	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9824767884	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9824767885	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9824767886	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9824767887	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9824767888	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9824767889	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9824767890	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9824767891	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9824767892	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9824767893	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9824767894	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9824767895	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9824767896	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9824767897	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9824767898	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9824767899	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9824767900	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9824767901	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9824767902	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9824767903	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9824767904	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9824767905	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9824767906	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9824767907	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9824767908	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9824767909	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9824767910	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9824767911	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9824767912	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9824767913	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9824767914	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9824767915	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9824767916	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9824767917	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9824767918	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9824767919	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9824767920	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9824767921	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9824767922	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9824767923	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9824767924	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9824767925	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9824767926	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9824767927	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9824767928	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9824767929	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9824767930	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9824767931	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9824767932	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9824767933	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9824767934	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9824767935	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9824767936	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9824767937	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9824767938	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9824767939	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9824767940	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9824767941	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9824767942	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9824767943	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9824767944	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9824767945	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9824767946	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9824767947	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9824767948	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9824767949	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9824767950	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9824767951	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9824767952	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9824767953	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9824767954	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9824767955	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9824767956	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9824767957	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9824767958	encoding	information going in	189
9824767959	storage	keeping information in	190
9824767960	retrieval	taking information out	191
9824767961	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9824767962	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9824767963	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9824767964	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9824767965	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9824767966	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9824767967	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9824767968	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9824767969	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9824767970	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9824767971	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9824767972	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9824767973	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9824767974	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9824767975	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9824767976	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9824767977	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9824767978	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9824767979	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9824767980	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9824767981	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9824767982	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9824767983	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9824767984	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9824767985	context	environment helps with memory	216
9824767986	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9824767987	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9824767988	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9824767989	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9824767990	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9824767991	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9824767992	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9824767993	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9824767994	prototypes	generalize	225
9824767995	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9824767996	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9824767997	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9824767998	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9824767999	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9824768000	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9824768001	grammar is _________	universal	232
9824768002	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9824768003	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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4912900488	CO2	Carbon Dioxide	0
4912902428	CO	Carbon Monoxide	1
4912905232	CH4	Mathane	2
4912909102	C6H12O6	Glucose	3
4912911366	N2	Nitrogen Gas	4
4912914229	NOx	Nitrogen Oxides	5
4912917917	NO3-	Nitrate	6
4912920189	NO2-	Nitrite	7
4912922220	NH3	Ammonia	8
4912925899	NH4+	Ammonium	9
4912928043	H2S	Hydrogen Sulfide Gas	10
4912930727	O2	Oxygen Gas	11
4912932548	O3	Ozone	12
4912935070	PO4-3	Phosphate	13
4912936480	SO2	Sulfur Dioxide	14
4912939341	Pb	Lead	15
4912940571	Hg	Mercury	16
4912942298	Rn	Randon	17
4912943648	U	Uranium	18

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8705116388	proletariat	working class	0
8705116389	Facism	Fascism is characterized by a government system that strongly promotes nationalism (the superiority of one's nation) as a means to power - using powerful propaganda and media efforts to gain support by promoting the superiority of their nation.	1
8705116390	bourgeoisie	the upper class aristocracy who controlled wealth, political power, and business	2
8705116391	Who wrote the The Communist Manifesto?	Karl Marx and Freidrich Engles	3
8705116392	Marx believed that the give would form a...	" dictatorship of the proletariat" meaning that the people would have all control of government.	4
8705116393	Tenements	a room or a set of rooms forming a separate residence within a house or block of apartments	5
8705116394	Vacation Homes	Mansions in the city in exotic destinations in their own country and around the world became common amongst the elite families of Europe and the United States	6
8705116395	Domestic servets	worked as paid servants. One out of every seven people was a domestic servant. Most were women.	7
8705116396	Upper Class	was privy to wealth and customs only reserved for the wealthiest members of society	8
8705116397	Middle Class	was comprised mainly of professionals such as lawyers, bankers, artisans, and other professions that offered more lucrative careers. Middle-class families generally lived in more secure and clean neighborhoods, had one or multiple maids or servants (called domestic servants at this time), hosted frequent social gatherings where luxury foods and wine would be served to guests that could include members of the upper class, whom the middle class would mix with socially	9
8705116398	Middle and Upper class	who enjoyed a considerable amount of greater luxury time and luxury items, as well as higher standards of living and education	10
8705116399	Sanitary Living	are governed by federal, state, and local laws, which vary by juirisdiction. It generally refers to such conditions or circumstances as might contaminate with dirt or filth, or lead to injury or health problems	11
8705116400	Working class is also called... Lower class	Lower class	12
8705116401	Society	the aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community	13
8705116402	Economics	the branch of knowledge concerned with the production, consumption, and transfer of wealth	14
8705116403	"New money"	factory owners and other business owners, entrepreneurs who had taken advantage of new opportunities during the Industrial Revolution, to rise up from the ranks of the middle class to the elite echelons of high society	15
8705116404	"Old Money"	There was the traditional wealthy families of Europe who had inherited wealth, prestige, and possibly their job titles and positions, and there were also wealthy bankers and business owners, train company tycoons and factory builders	16
8705116405	When did the Industrial Revolution begin?	19th century	17
8705116406	Industrial Revolution	the creation of the modern factory, the invention of the steam engine, which would power factories and locomotives (trains - another British Industrial Rev. invention), and the rise of powerful big businesses.	18
8705116407	Consumeristic	Exhibiting or supporting consumerism; materialistic; eager to amass material goods	19
8705116408	private property	property owned by individuals and companies, not governments and nations. It implies that that property belongs to the owner and therefore they should have the freedom to use in the way they see best	20
8705116409	competition	within markets created a balance that was both good for competitive businesses and consumers	21
8705116410	Free market	businesses control their price setting and operations. This idea of free markets is also often referred to as the free-enterprise system	22
8705116411	Capitalism	an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state	23
8705116412	Socialism	It began as a result of horrible working conditions during the I.R. that people believed needed to be fixed and they believed the government should be responsible	24

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6782664055	Recollect	Recall the knowlegde of	0
6782664056	Rectify	To correct	1
6782664057	Recuperate	Recover	2
6782664058	Redemption	The recovery of what is...	3
6782664059	Redrrss	To set right	4
6782664060	Redundant	Constituting an excess	5
6782664061	Reformer	Person who seeks change	6
6782664062	Refite	Prove wrong	7
6782664063	Regalia	Emblems of royalty	8
6782664064	Regent	Lawfully deputized	9
6782664065	Regicide	Killing of a king	10

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7078500018	Yellow Paper	$2,000 - $10,000, requires Dept. head approval	0
7078500019	Blue Form	Cash receipt	1
7078500020	EIN #	23-1352675	2
7078500021	Ways to give credit card #	Only over phone Scan and email card with all but last 4 crossed out	3
7078500022	Tax exemption certificate	In treasurers drive, give when ppl sign out credit cards for NJ and PA	4
7078500023	Purple box	Receipts for upcoming credit card statement	5
7078500024	Pink Forms	Coaches stipends	6
7078500025	Credit card check outs	Don't forget receipts	7
7078500026	Filing	Alphabetic folders, chronologic within folders	8
7078500027	Prepaid code	01-0000-1410, no project code	9
7078500028	Fixed assets	01-0000-1850, no project code	10
7078500029	Admin codes	01-1000	11
7078500030	Instructional (teaching) codes	01-2000	12
7078500031	Summer program codes	01-3000	13
7078500032	Development codes	01-4000	14
7078500033	Plant (b&g, maintenance) codes	01-5000	15
7078500034	Athletics codes	01-6000	16
7078500035	Student accounts codes	01-7000	17
7078500036	Temporary restricted funds	02-8000	18
7078500037	Citizens Bank Disbursement Account#	3503	19
7078500038	Board of trustees PC	1115	20
7078500039	Travel PC	5580, just airfare and baggage	21
7078500040	Meals PC	5805	22
7078500041	Mileage and parking PC	5575	23
7078500042	Miscellaneous PC	6135	24
7078500043	Mothers club PC	1146 - not prep shop	25
7078500044	Prep Shop PC	1145 - not mothers club	26
7078500045	Cost of Goods Sold PC	5895	27
7078500046	Miscellaneous PC	6135	28
7078500047	Phone PC	5460	29
7078500048	Hockey, Rugby	Clubs	30
7078500049	Crew, Volleyball	Sports	31
7078500050	Stamp machine	Code 1851, select finance dept, don't forget to lock	32
7078500051	Access money manager company and user ID	pstjopre pgrey	33
7078500052	Prepaid expenses entry code	01-0000-1410	34
7078500053	Prepaid expenses process	Copy check, write "copy" and "prepaid" on top, put in prepaid folder	35
7078500054	Accrued expenses	expenses incurred but not yet paid in cash or recorded, kept in excel sheet	36
7078500055	Mileage reimbursement rate	0.535	37
7080198739	Main card first and last name	S Prep School	38
7080199865	Last 4 EIN	2675	39

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9830962139	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9830962140	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9830962141	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9830962142	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9830962143	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9830962144	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9830962145	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9830962146	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9830962147	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9830962148	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9830962149	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9830962150	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9830962151	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9830962152	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9830962153	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9830962154	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9830962155	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9830962156	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9830962157	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9830962158	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9830962159	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9830962160	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9830962161	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9830962162	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9830962163	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9830962164	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9830962165	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9830962166	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9830962167	theory	general idea being tested	28
9830962168	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9830962169	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9830962170	mode	appears the most	31
9830962171	mean	average	32
9830962172	median	middle	33
9830962173	range	highest - lowest	34
9830962174	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9830962175	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9830962176	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9830962177	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9830962178	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9830962179	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9830962180	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9830962181	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9830962373	neuron		43
9830962182	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9830962183	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9830962184	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9830962185	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9830962186	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9830962187	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9830962188	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9830962189	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9830962190	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9830962191	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9830962192	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9830962193	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9830962194	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9830962195	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9830962196	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9830962197	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9830962198	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9830962199	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9830962200	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9830962201	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9830962202	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9830962203	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9830962204	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9830962205	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9830962206	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9830962207	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9830962208	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9830962209	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9830962210	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9830962211	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9830962212	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9830962213	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9830962214	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9830962215	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9830962216	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9830962217	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9830962218	occipital lobe	vision	80
9830962219	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9830962220	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9830962221	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9830962222	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9830962223	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9830962224	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9830962225	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9830962226	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9830962227	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9830962228	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9830962229	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9830962230	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9830962231	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9830962232	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9830962233	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9830962234	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9830962235	rods	night time	97
9830962236	cones	color	98
9830962237	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9830962238	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9830962239	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9830962240	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9830962241	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9830962242	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9830962243	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9830962244	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9830962245	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9830962246	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9830962247	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9830962248	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9830962249	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9830962250	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9830962251	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9830962252	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9830962253	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9830962254	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9830962255	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9830962256	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9830962257	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9830962258	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9830962259	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9830962260	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9830962261	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9830962262	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9830962263	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9830962264	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9830962265	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9830962266	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9830962267	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9830962268	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9830962269	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9830962270	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9830962271	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9830962272	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9830962273	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9830962274	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9830962275	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9830962276	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9830962277	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9830962278	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9830962279	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9830962280	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9830962281	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9830962282	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9830962283	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9830962284	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9830962285	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9830962286	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9830962287	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9830962288	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9830962289	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9830962290	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9830962291	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9830962292	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9830962293	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9830962294	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9830962295	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9830962296	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9830962297	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9830962298	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9830962299	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9830962300	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9830962301	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9830962302	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9830962303	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9830962304	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9830962305	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9830962306	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9830962307	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9830962308	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9830962309	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9830962310	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9830962311	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9830962312	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9830962313	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9830962314	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9830962315	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9830962316	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9830962317	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9830962318	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9830962319	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9830962320	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9830962321	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9830962322	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9830962323	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9830962324	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9830962325	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9830962326	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9830962327	encoding	information going in	189
9830962328	storage	keeping information in	190
9830962329	retrieval	taking information out	191
9830962330	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9830962331	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9830962332	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9830962333	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9830962334	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9830962335	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9830962336	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9830962337	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9830962338	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9830962339	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9830962340	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9830962341	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9830962342	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9830962343	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9830962344	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9830962345	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9830962346	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9830962347	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9830962348	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9830962349	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9830962350	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9830962351	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9830962352	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9830962353	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9830962354	context	environment helps with memory	216
9830962355	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9830962356	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9830962357	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9830962358	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9830962359	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9830962360	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9830962361	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9830962362	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9830962363	prototypes	generalize	225
9830962364	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9830962365	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9830962366	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9830962367	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9830962368	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9830962369	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9830962370	grammar is _________	universal	232
9830962371	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9830962372	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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