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6537108442	Region A NATION Regoin B	Basques, Flemish, scotts Palistinions, Kurds, Turks	0
6537108443	Region A NATION STATE Region B	Basques in spain, irish in britain, checks in russia Turks, iran, israel	1
6537108444	Region A STATE Region B	Germany, france, spain sadie arabia, yemen, iraq	2
6537121767	supranational	joining of multiple states in cooperation and working towards a common goal ex: EU	3
6537127245	devolution	process of which a region of a state demands autonomous government from the state ex: yugoslavia	4
6537145447	changes supranational	Euro dollar reduced conflicts better economic power	5
6537145448	changes devolution	creation of more states creation of conflict increased regional power	6

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9839683882	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9839683883	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9839683884	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9839683885	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9839683886	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9839683887	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9839683888	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9839683889	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9839683890	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9839683891	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9839683892	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9839683893	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9839683894	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9839683895	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9839683896	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9839683897	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9839683898	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9839683899	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9839683900	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9839683901	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9839683902	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9839683903	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9839683904	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9839683905	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9839683906	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9839683907	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9839683908	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9839683909	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9839683910	theory	general idea being tested	28
9839683911	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9839683912	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9839683913	mode	appears the most	31
9839683914	mean	average	32
9839683915	median	middle	33
9839683916	range	highest - lowest	34
9839683917	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9839683918	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9839683919	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9839683920	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9839683921	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9839683922	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9839683923	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9839683924	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9839684116	neuron		43
9839683925	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9839683926	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9839683927	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9839683928	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9839683929	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9839683930	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9839683931	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9839683932	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9839683933	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9839683934	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9839683935	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9839683936	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9839683937	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9839683938	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9839683939	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9839683940	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9839683941	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9839683942	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9839683943	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9839683944	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9839683945	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9839683946	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9839683947	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9839683948	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9839683949	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9839683950	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9839683951	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9839683952	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9839683953	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9839683954	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9839683955	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9839683956	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9839683957	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9839683958	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9839683959	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9839683960	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9839683961	occipital lobe	vision	80
9839683962	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9839683963	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9839683964	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9839683965	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9839683966	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9839683967	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9839683968	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9839683969	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9839683970	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9839683971	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9839683972	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9839683973	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9839683974	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9839683975	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9839683976	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9839683977	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9839683978	rods	night time	97
9839683979	cones	color	98
9839683980	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9839683981	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9839683982	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9839683983	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9839683984	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9839683985	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9839683986	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9839683987	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9839683988	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9839683989	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9839683990	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9839683991	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9839683992	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9839683993	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9839683994	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9839683995	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9839683996	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9839683997	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9839683998	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9839683999	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9839684000	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9839684001	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9839684002	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9839684003	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9839684004	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9839684005	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9839684006	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9839684007	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9839684008	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9839684009	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9839684010	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9839684011	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9839684012	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9839684013	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9839684014	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9839684015	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9839684016	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9839684017	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9839684018	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9839684019	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9839684020	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9839684021	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9839684022	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9839684023	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9839684024	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9839684025	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9839684026	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9839684027	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9839684028	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9839684029	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9839684030	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9839684031	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9839684032	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9839684033	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9839684034	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9839684035	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9839684036	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9839684037	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9839684038	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9839684039	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9839684040	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9839684041	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9839684042	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9839684043	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9839684044	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9839684045	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9839684046	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9839684047	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9839684048	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9839684049	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9839684050	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9839684051	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9839684052	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9839684053	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9839684054	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9839684055	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9839684056	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9839684057	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9839684058	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9839684059	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9839684060	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9839684061	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9839684062	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9839684063	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9839684064	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9839684065	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9839684066	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9839684067	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9839684068	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9839684069	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9839684070	encoding	information going in	189
9839684071	storage	keeping information in	190
9839684072	retrieval	taking information out	191
9839684073	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9839684074	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9839684075	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9839684076	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9839684077	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9839684078	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9839684079	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9839684080	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9839684081	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9839684082	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9839684083	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9839684084	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9839684085	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9839684086	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9839684087	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9839684088	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9839684089	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9839684090	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9839684091	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9839684092	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9839684093	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9839684094	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9839684095	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9839684096	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9839684097	context	environment helps with memory	216
9839684098	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9839684099	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9839684100	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9839684101	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9839684102	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9839684103	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9839684104	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9839684105	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9839684106	prototypes	generalize	225
9839684107	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9839684108	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9839684109	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9839684110	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9839684111	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9839684112	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9839684113	grammar is _________	universal	232
9839684114	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9839684115	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9840676885	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9840676886	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9840676887	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9840676888	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9840676889	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9840676890	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9840676891	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9840676892	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9840676893	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9840676894	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9840676895	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9840676896	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9840676897	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9840676898	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9840676899	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9840676900	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9840676901	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9840676902	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9840676903	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9840676904	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9840676905	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9840676906	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9840676907	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9840676908	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9840676909	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9840676910	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9840676911	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9840676912	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9840676913	theory	general idea being tested	28
9840676914	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9840676915	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9840676916	mode	appears the most	31
9840676917	mean	average	32
9840676918	median	middle	33
9840676919	range	highest - lowest	34
9840676920	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9840676921	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9840676922	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9840676923	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9840676924	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9840676925	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9840676926	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9840676927	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9840677120	neuron		43
9840676928	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9840676929	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9840676930	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9840676931	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9840676932	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9840676933	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9840676934	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9840676935	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9840676936	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9840676937	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9840676938	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9840676939	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9840676940	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9840676941	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9840676942	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9840676943	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9840676944	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9840676945	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9840676946	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9840676947	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9840676948	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9840676949	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9840676950	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9840676951	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9840676952	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9840676953	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9840676954	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9840676955	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9840676956	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9840676957	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9840676958	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9840676959	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9840676960	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9840676961	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9840676962	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9840676963	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9840676964	occipital lobe	vision	80
9840676965	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9840676966	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9840676967	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9840676968	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9840676969	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9840676970	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9840676971	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9840676972	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9840676973	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9840676974	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9840676975	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9840676976	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9840676977	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9840676978	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9840676979	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9840676980	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9840676981	rods	night time	97
9840676982	cones	color	98
9840676983	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9840676984	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9840676985	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9840676986	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9840676987	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9840676988	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9840676989	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9840676990	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9840676991	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9840676992	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9840676993	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9840676994	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9840676995	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9840676996	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9840676997	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9840676998	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9840676999	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9840677000	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9840677001	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9840677002	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9840677003	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9840677004	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9840677005	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9840677006	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9840677007	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9840677008	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9840677009	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9840677010	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9840677011	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9840677012	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9840677013	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9840677014	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9840677015	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9840677016	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9840677017	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9840677018	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9840677019	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9840677020	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9840677021	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9840677022	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9840677023	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9840677024	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9840677025	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9840677026	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9840677027	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9840677028	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9840677029	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9840677030	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9840677031	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9840677032	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9840677033	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9840677034	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9840677035	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9840677036	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9840677037	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9840677038	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9840677039	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9840677040	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9840677041	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9840677042	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9840677043	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9840677044	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9840677045	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9840677046	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9840677047	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9840677048	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9840677049	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9840677050	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9840677051	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9840677052	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9840677053	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9840677054	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9840677055	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9840677056	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9840677057	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9840677058	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9840677059	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9840677060	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9840677061	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9840677062	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9840677063	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9840677064	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9840677065	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9840677066	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9840677067	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9840677068	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9840677069	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9840677070	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9840677071	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9840677072	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9840677073	encoding	information going in	189
9840677074	storage	keeping information in	190
9840677075	retrieval	taking information out	191
9840677076	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9840677077	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9840677078	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9840677079	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9840677080	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9840677081	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9840677082	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9840677083	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9840677084	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9840677085	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9840677086	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9840677087	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9840677088	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9840677089	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9840677090	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9840677091	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9840677092	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9840677093	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9840677094	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9840677095	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9840677096	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9840677097	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9840677098	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9840677099	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9840677100	context	environment helps with memory	216
9840677101	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9840677102	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9840677103	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9840677104	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9840677105	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9840677106	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9840677107	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9840677108	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9840677109	prototypes	generalize	225
9840677110	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9840677111	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9840677112	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9840677113	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9840677114	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9840677115	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9840677116	grammar is _________	universal	232
9840677117	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9840677118	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP1-Unit 1 Flashcards

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6270215478	artificial intelligence	0
6270215479	contestant	1
6270215480	Jeopardy	2
6270218544	quiz show	3
6270218545	challenge	4
6270220424	tournament	5
6270220425	clue	6
6270220426	in-depth	7
6270224443	trivia	8
6270224444	diagnose	9

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Flashcards

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AP Stats-Chapter 2 Flashcards

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5794983733	percentile	the percent of the distribution that is below the value of that observation	0
5794987009	z-score	a standardized score in which x is an observation from a distribution that has a known mean and standard deviation	1
5794994295	ogive	cumulative relative frequency graph	2
5795004004	density curve	a curve that is always on or above the horizontal axis and has area exactly 1 underneath it.	3
5795009164	Normal distribution	describes a bell-shaped, symmetric density curve with a mean of mu and standard deviations of sigma	4
5795013527	68-95-99.7 Rule	all normal distributions obey this rule which describes what percent of observations lie within one, two and three standard deviations of the mean.	5
7147655021	standard Normal distribution	describes a bell-shaped symmetric density curve with a mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1.	6

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[APES] Earth systems and resources Flashcards

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6164464120	Core	the innermost zone of the planet made out of nickel and iron	0
6164464121	Mantle	above the core containing magma (molten rock)	1
6164464122	Crust	the outermost layer of the planet; what we walk on	2
6164464123	Lithosphere	the brittle outermost layer of the planet (about 100km thick)	3
6164464124	Asthenosphere	the outermost part of the mantle, composed of semi-molten rock	4
6164464125	Mesosphere	"meso" means middle. rock in this layer flows more slowly than in the asthenosphere	5
6164464126	Outer core	liquid layer composed of nickel and iron	6
6164464127	inner core	dense solid layer made of nickel and iron	7
6164464128	what are the pros (environmental) of volcanoes?	creates new land, releases nutrients, commercially valuable products such as: pumice, metals, stones).	8
6164464129	Plate Tectonics	the theory that states that Earth's surface is divided into plates, most of which are in constant motion	9
6164464130	Oceanic plates	lie primarily below the ocean; crust is dense and rich with iron	10
6164464131	Continental plates	lie beneath the land masses; made of lighter materials like silicon dioxide; this less dense material makes plates rise above oceanic when they collide.	11
6164464132	Divergent Boundaries	plates moving away from each other to create new land. This movement creates valleys, rifts, and ridges	12
6164464133	Mid ocean ridges	a deep underwater mountain range formed by diverging oceanic plates. EX: Mid-Atlantic Ridge	13
6164464134	Rift Valleys	A long, straight, deep valley produced by the separation of crustal plates. EX: Great rift valley	14
6164464135	Convergent Boundaries	plates move toward each other, often destroying land; this forms mountain ranges	15
6164464136	Subduction Zones	when the MORE dense plate is pushed underneath the LESS dense plate forming volcanoes and a trench	16
6164464137	Transform Fault	where plates slide past each other resulting in earthquakes	17
6164464138	what are the three plate movements?	Convergent, Divergent, and Transform	18
6164464139	Fault Zone	large expanses of rock where movement has occurred	19
6164464140	Epicenter	the exact point on the surface of earth directly above the location where the rock raptures	20
6164464141	Richter Scale	a measure of the largest ground movement that occurs during an earthquake	21
6164464142	Tsunamis	are a large series of waves caused by sudden movement in the ocean floor	22
6164464143	Rock cycle	the constant formation and destruction of rocks	23
6164464144	Igneous Rock	Rocks that form directly from magma	24
6164464145	Sedimentary Rock	form when sediment such as mud, sand, or gravels are compressed by overlaying sediments	25
6164464146	Metamorphic Rocks	form when sedimentary, igneous or other rocks are subjected to high temperatures and pressure.	26
6164464147	Physical weathering	the mechanical breakdown of rocks and minerals	27
6164464148	Chemical weathering	the breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions	28
6164464149	Erosion	the physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem	29
6164464150	Deposition	the accumulation of eroded material such as sediment, rock fragments or soil	30
6164464151	Parent Material	what the soil is made from influences of soil formation (C Horizon)	31
6164464152	O Horizon	(organic layer) composed of the leaves, needles, twigs and animal bodies on the surface	32
6164464153	A Horizon	(topsoil) the zone of organic materials and minerals mixed together	33
6164464154	B Horizon	(subsoil) composed primarily of inertial material with very little organic matter	34
6164464155	C Horizon	(parent) the least weathered horizon and is similar to the parent material	35
6164464156	strip mining	removing strips of soil and rock to expose ore	36
6164464157	Open pit mining	the creation of a large pit or hole in the ground that is visible from the surface	37
6164464158	Mountain top removal	removing the entire mountain top with explosives	38
6164464159	Placer mining	looking for metals and stones in river sediments	39
6164464160	Texture	Determined by the percent of sand, silt and clay in the soil	40
6164464161	Fossil Fuels	Deposits of organic molecules that are eventually transformed into deposits of oil, gas, or coal	41

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AP Microeconomics Module 5 Flashcards

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5868057885	competitive market	a market in which there are many buyers and sellers of the same good or service, none of whom can influence the price at which the good or service is sold	0
5868057886	supply and demand model	A model of how a competitive market works	1
5868057887	demand schedule	Data that shows how much of a good or service consumers will be willing and able to buy at different prices	2
5868057888	quantity demanded	The actual amount of a good or service consumers are willing and able to buy at some specific price	3
5868057889	demand curve	A graphical representation of the demand schedule. it shows the relationship between quantity demanded and price	4
5868057890	law of demand	A higher price for a good or service, all other things being equal, leads people to demand a smaller quantity of that good or service	5
5868057891	change in demand	A shift of the demand curve, which changes the quantity demanded at any given price	6
5868057892	movement along the demand curve	A change in the quantity demanded of a good that is the result of a change in that good's price	7
5868057893	substitutes	Two goods that could be used for the same purpose (example: Chicken and Prok).Iif the price of one good rises and leads to an increase in demand for the other good	8
5868057894	complements	Two goods that are normally used together (example: Bread and Sandwich Meat). If the price of one good rises and leads to a decrease in the demand for the other good	9
5868057895	normal good	A good that consumers what more of when thier income rises (example: T-Bone Steaks). Thus when income increases the demand for a good also increases	10
5868057896	inferior good	A good that consumers what less of when their income rise. Then when a drop in income occurs this good experiences a increase in demand (example: Rusty Old Cars).	11
5868057897	individual demand curve	illustrates the relationship between quantity demanded and price for an individual consumer	12

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AP Stats-Chapter 4 Flashcards

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5831596997	population	the entire group of individuals we want information about	0
5831598243	sample	a subset of individuals in the population from which we actually collect data	1
5831601857	convenience sample	A sample which consists of members of a population that are easily accessed.	2
5831603879	bias	when a design of a statistical study consistently underestimates or consistently overestimates the value you want to know	3
5831612779	voluntary response sample	sample that consists of people who choose themselves by responding to a general invitation	4
5831615974	random sampling	involves using a chance process to determine which members of a population are included in the sample	5
5831624791	simple random sampling (SRS)	a sample completed in a way that every sample of size n has an equal chance of being selected	6
5831637676	stratified random sample	start by classifying the population into groups of similar individuals, then choose a separate SRS in each group, finally combine these SRSs to form the sample	7
5831643025	strata	a group of similar individuals	8
5831643591	cluster sample	start by classifying the population into groups of individuals that are located near each other, then choose an SRS of these groups, all individuals in the chosen groups are included in the sample	9
5831648311	cluster	group of individuals that are located near each other	10
5831649845	inference	the process of drawing conclusions about a population on the basis of sample data	11
5831653685	undercoverage	occurs when some members of the population cannot be chosen in a sample, for example a survey of households will miss homeless people, prison inmates, and students living in dorms	12
5831660861	nonresponse	occurs when an individual chosen for the sample can't be contacted or refuses to participate; for example a survey of households will miss people screening calls in an effort to not be bothered	13
5831688360	response bias	incorrect answers by respondents can lead to this type of bias	14
5831689971	wording of questions bias	the written way a sample survey is given that influences the answers of individuals	15
5831704271	observational study	observes individuals and measures variables of interest but does not attempt to influence the responses	16
5831707574	experiment	deliberately imposes some treatment on individuals to measure their responses	17
5831712407	confounding	occurs when two variables are associated in such a way that their effects on a response variable cannot be distinguished from each other	18
5831715240	treatment	a specific condition applied to the individuals in an experiment	19
5831716817	experimental units	the smallest collection of individuals to which treatments are applied, when the units are humans, they are called subjects	20
5831722083	random assignment	in an experiment, the experimental units are assigned to treatments using a chance process	21
5831724222	completely randomized design	a experimental design where the experimental units are assigned to the treatments completely by chance	22
5831727372	double-blind experiment	neither the subjects nor those who interact with them and measure the response variable know which treatment a subject received	23
5831729264	statistically significant	an observed effect so large that it would rarely occur by chance	24
5831734165	blocking	a group of experimental units that are known before the experiment to be similar in some way that is expected to affect the response to the treatments	25
5831738588	randomized block design	an experimental design where the random assignment of experimental units to treatments is carried out separately within each block	26
5831744096	matched pairs design	common type of randomized block design for comparing two treatments by matching pairs of similar experimental units	27
5831750388	Control	keeps as many other variables as possible the same for all groups, helps avoid confounding, reduces the variation in responses	28
5831752838	placebo	also known as a "fake" treatment	29
5831756860	inference about the population	if individuals are randomly assigned to groups we can make this inference	30
5831758851	inference about cause and effect	if individuals are randomly selected we can make this inference	31

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AP BIology DNA Replication Flashcards

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9481660517	DNA Replication	the process by which a DNA molecule is copied; also called DNA synthesis	0
9481660518	Transformation	a change in genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell transforming substance- DNA	1
9481660519	Bacteriophages	Viruses that infect bacteria Bacteria eaters	2
9481660520	Virus	infects a cell and takes over the cell's metabolic machinery	3
9481660521	Hershey and Chase	Concluded that phage DNA entered bacterial host cells, but phage proteins did not, so DNA functions as the genetic material	4
9481660522	Griffith	Concluded that nonpathogenic bacteria transformed into pathogenic bacteria by an unknown, heritable substance from the dead S cells that enabled the R cells to make capsules	5
9481660523	Chargaff's Law	the base compostion of DNA varies between species and for each species, the percentages of A and T bases are roughly equal to the percentages of the G and C bases	6
9481660524	Rosalind Franklin	accomplished X-ray crystallographer that discovered the double helix of DNA	7
9481660525	Watson and Crick	Came up with the structural model of DNA	8
9481660526	Double helix	two strands of antiparellel nucleotides	9
9481660527	Antiparallel	subunits run in opposite directions	10
9481660528	Nitrogenous bases of Dna	A, T, C, G	11
9481660529	Purines	A and G Nitrogenous bases with two organic rings	12
9481660530	Pyrimidines	C and T Nitrogenous base with a single organic ring	13
9481660531	Conservative model	two parental strands reassociate after acting as templates for new strands thus restoring the parental double helix	14
9481660532	Semiconservative Model	the two strands of the parental molecule separate and each functions as a template for synthesis of a new complementary strand- most common	15
9481660533	Origins of Replication	short stretches of DNA having a specific sequence of nucleotides	16
9481660534	Replication Fork	a Y shaped region where the parental strands of DNA are being unwound	17
9481660535	Helicases	enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks, separating the two parental strands and make them available as template strands	18
9481660536	Single Strand Binding Proteins	Bind to the unpaired DNA strands keeping them from repairing	19
9481660537	Topoisomerase	The untwisting of double helix causes tighter twisting and strain ahead of replication fork Relieve this strain by breaking swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands	20
9481660538	Primer	The initial nucleotide chain that is produced during DNA synthesis is actually a short stretch of RNA	21
9481660539	Primase	Synthesizes the primer Starts a complementary RNA chain from a single RNA nucleotide, adding more RNA nucleotides one at a time, using the parental DNA strand as a template	22
9481660540	DNA polymerases	Enzyme that catalyze the synthesis of new DNA by adding nucleotides to a preexisting chain	23
9481660541	Leading strand	Strand that continuously adds nucleotides to the new complementary strand as the fork progresses DNA pol III	24
9481660542	Lagging Strand	The strand that DNA pol III works away from the replication fork Synthesized discontinuosly as a series of segments	25
9481660543	Okazaki fragments	Series of segments that are 1000-2000 nucleotides long	26
9481660544	DNA Ligase	joins the sugar phosphate backbones of all the Okazaki fragments into a continuous DNA strand	27
9481660545	DNA pol III	Synthesizes new DNA strands by adding nucleotides to an RNA primer or a pre-existing DNA strand	28
9481660546	DNA pol I	Removes RNA nucleotides of primer from 5' end and replaces them with DNA nucleotides	29
9481660547	Mismatch repair	Other enzymes remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides that have resulted from replication errors	30
9481660548	Nuclease	DNA cutting enzyme that cuts out the damaged parts of the strand and fills the space with nucleotides using the undamaged strand as a template	31
9481660549	Nucleotide excision repair	DNA repair system where teams of enzymes detect and repair the DNA, the nuclease cuts out the damaged DNA and removes it, fills in the missing nucleotides and the DNA ligase seals the free end of the new DNA to the old DNA making the strand complete	32
9481660550	Telomeres	Special nucleotide sequences at the ends of chromosomes TTAGGG is repeated between 100-1000 times Prevent the staggered ends of daughter molecule from activitating cell's system for monitoring DNA damage	33
9481660551	Telomerase	Enzyme that catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in eukaryotic germ cells and restores the original length and compensating for the shortening that occurs during DNA replication	34
9481660552	Histones	Proteins that are responsible for the first level of DNA packing in chromatin	35
9481660553	Nucleosome	the basic unit of DNA packing	36
9481660554	Chromatin	complex of DNA and protein	37

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