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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

9831609947	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9831609948	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9831609949	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9831609950	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9831609951	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9831609952	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9831609953	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9831609954	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9831609955	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9831609956	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9831609957	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9831609958	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9831609959	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9831609960	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9831609961	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9831609962	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9831609963	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9831609964	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9831609965	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9831609966	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9831609967	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9831609968	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9831609969	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9831609970	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9831609971	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9831609972	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9831609973	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9831609974	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9831609975	theory	general idea being tested	28
9831609976	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9831609977	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9831609978	mode	appears the most	31
9831609979	mean	average	32
9831609980	median	middle	33
9831609981	range	highest - lowest	34
9831609982	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9831609983	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9831609984	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9831609985	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9831609986	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9831609987	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9831609988	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9831609989	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9831610182	neuron		43
9831609990	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9831609991	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9831609992	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9831609993	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9831609994	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9831609995	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9831609996	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9831609997	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9831609998	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9831609999	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9831610000	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9831610001	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9831610002	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9831610003	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9831610004	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9831610005	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9831610006	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9831610007	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9831610008	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9831610009	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9831610010	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9831610011	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9831610012	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9831610013	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9831610014	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9831610015	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9831610016	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9831610017	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9831610018	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9831610019	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9831610020	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9831610021	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9831610022	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9831610023	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9831610024	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9831610025	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9831610026	occipital lobe	vision	80
9831610027	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9831610028	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9831610029	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9831610030	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9831610031	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9831610032	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9831610033	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9831610034	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9831610035	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9831610036	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9831610037	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9831610038	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9831610039	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9831610040	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9831610041	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9831610042	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9831610043	rods	night time	97
9831610044	cones	color	98
9831610045	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9831610046	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9831610047	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9831610048	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9831610049	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9831610050	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9831610051	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9831610052	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9831610053	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9831610054	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9831610055	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9831610056	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9831610057	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9831610058	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9831610059	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9831610060	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9831610061	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9831610062	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9831610063	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9831610064	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9831610065	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9831610066	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9831610067	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9831610068	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9831610069	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9831610070	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9831610071	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9831610072	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9831610073	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9831610074	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9831610075	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9831610076	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9831610077	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9831610078	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9831610079	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9831610080	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9831610081	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9831610082	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9831610083	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9831610084	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9831610085	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9831610086	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9831610087	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9831610088	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9831610089	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9831610090	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9831610091	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9831610092	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9831610093	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9831610094	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9831610095	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9831610096	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9831610097	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9831610098	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9831610099	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9831610100	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9831610101	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9831610102	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9831610103	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9831610104	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9831610105	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9831610106	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9831610107	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9831610108	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9831610109	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9831610110	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9831610111	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9831610112	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9831610113	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9831610114	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9831610115	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9831610116	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9831610117	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9831610118	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9831610119	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9831610120	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9831610121	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9831610122	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9831610123	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9831610124	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9831610125	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9831610126	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9831610127	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9831610128	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9831610129	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9831610130	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9831610131	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9831610132	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9831610133	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9831610134	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9831610135	encoding	information going in	189
9831610136	storage	keeping information in	190
9831610137	retrieval	taking information out	191
9831610138	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9831610139	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9831610140	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9831610141	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9831610142	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9831610143	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9831610144	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9831610145	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9831610146	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9831610147	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9831610148	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9831610149	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9831610150	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9831610151	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9831610152	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9831610153	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9831610154	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9831610155	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9831610156	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9831610157	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9831610158	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9831610159	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9831610160	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9831610161	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9831610162	context	environment helps with memory	216
9831610163	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9831610164	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9831610165	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9831610166	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9831610167	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9831610168	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9831610169	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9831610170	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9831610171	prototypes	generalize	225
9831610172	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9831610173	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9831610174	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9831610175	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9831610176	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9831610177	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9831610178	grammar is _________	universal	232
9831610179	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9831610180	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9831776713	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9831776714	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9831776715	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9831776716	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9831776717	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9831776718	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9831776719	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9831776720	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9831776721	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9831776722	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9831776723	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9831776724	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9831776725	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9831776726	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9831776727	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9831776728	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9831776729	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9831776730	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9831776731	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9831776732	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9831776733	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9831776734	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9831776735	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9831776736	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9831776737	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9831776738	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9831776739	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9831776740	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9831776741	theory	general idea being tested	28
9831776742	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9831776743	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9831776744	mode	appears the most	31
9831776745	mean	average	32
9831776746	median	middle	33
9831776747	range	highest - lowest	34
9831776748	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9831776749	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9831776750	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9831776751	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9831776752	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9831776753	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9831776754	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9831776755	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9831776948	neuron		43
9831776756	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9831776757	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9831776758	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9831776759	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9831776760	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9831776761	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9831776762	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9831776763	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9831776764	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9831776765	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9831776766	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9831776767	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9831776768	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9831776769	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9831776770	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9831776771	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9831776772	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9831776773	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9831776774	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9831776775	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9831776776	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9831776777	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9831776778	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9831776779	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9831776780	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9831776781	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9831776782	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9831776783	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9831776784	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9831776785	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9831776786	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9831776787	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9831776788	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9831776789	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9831776790	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9831776791	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9831776792	occipital lobe	vision	80
9831776793	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9831776794	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9831776795	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9831776796	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9831776797	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9831776798	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9831776799	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9831776800	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9831776801	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9831776802	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9831776803	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9831776804	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9831776805	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9831776806	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9831776807	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9831776808	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9831776809	rods	night time	97
9831776810	cones	color	98
9831776811	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9831776812	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9831776813	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9831776814	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9831776815	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9831776816	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9831776817	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9831776818	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9831776819	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9831776820	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9831776821	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9831776822	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9831776823	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9831776824	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9831776825	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9831776826	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9831776827	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9831776828	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9831776829	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9831776830	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9831776831	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9831776832	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9831776833	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9831776834	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9831776835	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9831776836	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9831776837	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9831776838	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9831776839	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9831776840	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9831776841	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9831776842	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9831776843	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9831776844	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9831776845	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9831776846	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9831776847	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9831776848	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9831776849	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9831776850	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9831776851	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9831776852	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9831776853	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9831776854	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9831776855	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9831776856	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9831776857	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9831776858	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9831776859	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9831776860	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9831776861	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9831776862	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9831776863	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9831776864	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9831776865	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9831776866	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9831776867	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9831776868	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9831776869	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9831776870	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9831776871	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9831776872	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9831776873	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9831776874	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9831776875	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9831776876	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9831776877	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9831776878	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9831776879	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9831776880	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9831776881	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9831776882	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9831776883	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9831776884	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9831776885	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9831776886	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9831776887	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9831776888	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9831776889	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9831776890	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9831776891	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9831776892	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9831776893	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9831776894	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9831776895	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9831776896	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9831776897	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9831776898	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9831776899	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9831776900	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9831776901	encoding	information going in	189
9831776902	storage	keeping information in	190
9831776903	retrieval	taking information out	191
9831776904	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9831776905	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9831776906	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9831776907	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9831776908	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9831776909	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9831776910	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9831776911	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9831776912	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9831776913	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9831776914	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9831776915	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9831776916	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9831776917	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9831776918	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9831776919	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9831776920	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9831776921	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9831776922	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9831776923	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9831776924	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9831776925	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9831776926	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9831776927	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9831776928	context	environment helps with memory	216
9831776929	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9831776930	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9831776931	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9831776932	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9831776933	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9831776934	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9831776935	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9831776936	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9831776937	prototypes	generalize	225
9831776938	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9831776939	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9831776940	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9831776941	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9831776942	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9831776943	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9831776944	grammar is _________	universal	232
9831776945	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9831776946	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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6824822543	ADH	Secreted from posterior pituitary from hypothalamus. Targets kidneys. Increased osmotic pressure increases ADH release. Causing thirst and water retention	0
6824822544	Aldosterone	Secreted by the supra renal cortex. Responds to increased potassium and decreased sodium. Causes water retention, thirst, reabsorbtion of sodium and chloride	1
6824822545	ANP	Released due to stretching of heart wall muscles, due to increased bp or bv. Reduces thirst, and fluid loss at kidney. Inhibits ADH. Dilates afferent. Constricts efferent.	2
6824822546	Renin/angiotention	Decreased GFR, increased release of renin. Stimulates angeotention 2. Causes increased bp. Release ADH and aldosterone	3
6824822547	Simple squamous	Glomerular capsule, thin ascending, primordial follicles	4
6824822548	Stratified squamous	Vagina wall	5
6824822549	Simple cuboidal	Dct, pct, thick decending	6
6824822550	Columnar	Endometrium, cervix, ovaries, infundibulum, vast deferens	7
6824822551	Cells of ureters	Transitional, squamous, cuboidal	8
6824822552	Urethra	Transitional, columnar, squamous	9
6824822553	Spermatogenisis	Continuous, no polar body, 4 spermatazoa, starts at puberty, never ends	10
6824822554	Oogenisis	Stages, polar body, 1 ovum, limited years	11
6824822555	Filtration	Everything except blood cells and large proteins move to glomerulus to renal capsule	12
6824822556	Reabsorption	Tubules to blood	13
6824822557	Secretion	Blood to tubules	14
6824822558	LH	Produce androgen that produces testosterone. GNRH from hypothalamus allows LH causing primary oocyte to finish meiosis. Induce ovulation, inhibit estrogen	15
6824822559	FSH	Stimulates germ cell formation. Causes spermatogensis, follicle development, inhibited by estrogen	16
6824822560	Control of GFR	Autoregulation, hormone control, autonomic regulation	17
6824822561	Vas Deferens	From tail of epididmysis to prostate. Smooth muscle ans cilliated columnar, transport and store spermatazoa	18
6824822562	Male reproductive	Testes, epididmysis, vas deferens, ejaculated duct, urethra	19

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9834630240	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9834630241	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9834630242	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9834630243	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9834630244	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9834630245	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9834630246	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9834630247	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9834630248	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9834630249	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9834630250	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9834630251	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9834630252	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9834630253	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9834630254	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9834630255	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9834630256	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9834630257	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9834630258	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9834630259	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9834630260	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9834630261	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9834630262	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9834630263	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9834630264	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9834630265	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9834630266	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9834630267	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9834630268	theory	general idea being tested	28
9834630269	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9834630270	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9834630271	mode	appears the most	31
9834630272	mean	average	32
9834630273	median	middle	33
9834630274	range	highest - lowest	34
9834630275	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9834630276	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9834630277	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9834630278	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9834630279	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9834630280	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9834630281	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9834630282	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9834630476	neuron		43
9834630283	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9834630284	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9834630285	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9834630286	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9834630287	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9834630288	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9834630289	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9834630290	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9834630291	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9834630292	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9834630293	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9834630294	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9834630295	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9834630296	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9834630297	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9834630298	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9834630299	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9834630300	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9834630301	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9834630302	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9834630303	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9834630304	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9834630305	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9834630306	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9834630307	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9834630308	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9834630309	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9834630310	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9834630311	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9834630312	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9834630313	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9834630314	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9834630315	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9834630316	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9834630317	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9834630318	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9834630319	occipital lobe	vision	80
9834630320	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9834630321	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9834630322	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9834630323	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9834630324	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9834630325	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9834630326	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9834630327	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9834630328	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9834630329	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9834630330	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9834630331	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9834630332	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9834630333	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9834630334	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9834630335	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9834630336	rods	night time	97
9834630337	cones	color	98
9834630338	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9834630339	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9834630340	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9834630341	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9834630342	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9834630343	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9834630344	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9834630345	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9834630346	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9834630347	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9834630348	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9834630349	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9834630350	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9834630351	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9834630352	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9834630353	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9834630354	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9834630355	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9834630356	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9834630357	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9834630358	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9834630359	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9834630360	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9834630361	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9834630362	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9834630363	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9834630364	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9834630365	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9834630366	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9834630367	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9834630368	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9834630369	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9834630370	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9834630371	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9834630372	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9834630373	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9834630374	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9834630375	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9834630376	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9834630377	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9834630378	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9834630379	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9834630380	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9834630381	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9834630382	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9834630383	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9834630384	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9834630385	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9834630386	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9834630387	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9834630388	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9834630389	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9834630390	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9834630391	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9834630392	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9834630393	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9834630394	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9834630395	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9834630396	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9834630397	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9834630398	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9834630399	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9834630400	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9834630401	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9834630402	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9834630403	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9834630404	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9834630405	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9834630406	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9834630407	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9834630408	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9834630409	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9834630410	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9834630411	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9834630412	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9834630413	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9834630414	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9834630415	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9834630416	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9834630417	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9834630418	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9834630419	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9834630420	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9834630421	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9834630422	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9834630423	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9834630424	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9834630425	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9834630426	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9834630427	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9834630428	encoding	information going in	189
9834630429	storage	keeping information in	190
9834630430	retrieval	taking information out	191
9834630431	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9834630432	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9834630433	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9834630434	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9834630435	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9834630436	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9834630437	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9834630438	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9834630439	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9834630440	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9834630441	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9834630442	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9834630443	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9834630444	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9834630445	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9834630446	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9834630447	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9834630448	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9834630449	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9834630450	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9834630451	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9834630452	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9834630453	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9834630454	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9834630455	context	environment helps with memory	216
9834630456	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9834630457	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9834630458	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9834630459	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9834630460	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9834630461	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9834630462	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9834630463	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9834630464	prototypes	generalize	225
9834630465	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9834630466	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9834630467	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9834630468	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9834630469	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9834630470	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9834630471	grammar is _________	universal	232
9834630472	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9834630473	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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AP Psychology AP Review Flashcards

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9835996687	psychology	the study of behavior and mental processes	0
9835996688	psychology's biggest question	Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?	1
9835996689	psychology's three levels of analysis	biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)	2
9835996690	biological approach	genetics, close-relatives, body functions	3
9835996691	evolutionary approach	species - helped with survival (ancestors)	4
9835996692	psychodynamic approach	(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes	5
9835996693	behavioral approach	learning (classical and operant) observed	6
9835996694	cognitive approach	thinking affects behavior	7
9835996695	humanistic approach	becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)	8
9835996696	social-cultural approach	cultural, family, environment	9
9835996697	two reasons of why experiments are important	hindsight bias + overconfidence	10
9835996698	types of research methods	descriptive, correlational, and experimental	11
9835996699	descriptive methods	case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)	12
9835996700	case study	studies one person in depth may not be typical of population	13
9835996701	survey	studies lots of people not in depth	14
9835996702	naturalistic observation	observe + write facts without interference	15
9835996703	correlational method	shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research	16
9835996704	correlation coefficient	+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)	17
9835996705	experimental method	does show cause and effect	18
9835996706	population	type of people who are going to be used in experiment	19
9835996707	sample	actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)	20
9835996708	random assignment	chance selection between experimental and control groups	21
9835996709	control group	not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo	22
9835996710	experimental group	receiving treatment/drug	23
9835996711	independent variable	drug/procedure/treatment	24
9835996712	dependent variable	outcome of using the drug/treatment	25
9835996713	confounding variable	can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control	26
9835996714	scientific method	theory hypothesis operational definition revision	27
9835996715	theory	general idea being tested	28
9835996716	hypothesis	measurable/specific	29
9835996717	operational definition	procedures that explain components	30
9835996718	mode	appears the most	31
9835996719	mean	average	32
9835996720	median	middle	33
9835996721	range	highest - lowest	34
9835996722	standard deviation	how scores vary around the mean	35
9835996723	central tendency	single score that represents the whole	36
9835996724	bell curve	(natural curve)	37
9835996725	ethics of testing on animals	need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans	38
9835996726	ethics of testing on humans	consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality	39
9835996727	sensory neurons	travel from sensory receptors to brain	40
9835996728	motor neurons	travel from brain to "motor" workings	41
9835996729	interneurons	(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons	42
9835996921	neuron		43
9835996730	dendrites	receive messages from other neurons	44
9835996731	myelin sheath	protects the axon	45
9835996732	axon	where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal	46
9835996733	neurotransmitters	chemical messengers	47
9835996734	reuptake	extra neurotransmitters are taken back	48
9835996735	excitatory charge	"Let's do it!"	49
9835996736	inhibitory charge	"Let's not do it!"	50
9835996737	central nervous system	brain and spinal cord	51
9835996738	peripheral nervous system	somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system	52
9835996739	somatic nervous system	voluntary movements	53
9835996740	autonomic nervous system	involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)	54
9835996741	sympathetic nervous system	arousing	55
9835996742	parasympathetic nervous system	calming	56
9835996743	neural networks	more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used	57
9835996744	spinal cord	expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved	58
9835996745	endocrine system	slow uses hormones in the blood system	59
9835996746	master gland	pituitary gland	60
9835996747	brainstem	extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival	61
9835996748	reticular formation (if stimulated)	sleeping subject wakes up	62
9835996749	reticular formation (if damaged)	coma	63
9835996750	brainstem (if severed)	still move (without purpose)	64
9835996751	thalamus	sensory switchboard (does not process smell)	65
9835996752	hypothalamus	basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)	66
9835996753	cerebellum	nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements	67
9835996754	cerebellum (if damaged)	difficulty walking and coordinating	68
9835996755	amygdala	aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions	69
9835996756	amygdala (if lesioned)	subject is mellow	70
9835996757	amygdala (if stimulated)	aggressive	71
9835996758	hippocampus	process new memory	72
9835996759	cerebrum	two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing	73
9835996760	cerebral cortex	only in higher life forms	74
9835996761	association areas	integrate and interpret information	75
9835996762	glial cells	provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons	76
9835996763	frontal lobe	judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)	77
9835996764	parietal lobe	math and spatial reasoning	78
9835996765	temporal lobe	audition and recognizing faces	79
9835996766	occipital lobe	vision	80
9835996767	corpus callosum	split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)	81
9835996768	Wernicke's area	interprets auditory and hearing	82
9835996769	Broca's area	speaking words	83
9835996770	plasticity	ability to adapt if damaged	84
9835996771	sensation	what our senses tell us	85
9835996772	bottom-up processing	senses to brain	86
9835996773	perception	what our brain tells us to do with that information	87
9835996774	top-down processing	brain to senses	88
9835996775	inattentional blindness	fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere	89
9835996776	cocktail party effect	even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.	90
9835996777	change blindness	giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice	91
9835996778	choice blindness	when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed	92
9835996779	absolute threshold	minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time	93
9835996780	signal detection theory	we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)	94
9835996781	JND (just noticeable difference)	(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion	95
9835996782	sensory adaptation	tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"	96
9835996783	rods	night time	97
9835996784	cones	color	98
9835996785	parallel processing	notice color, form, depth, movement, etc.	99
9835996786	Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory	3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)	100
9835996787	Hering's opponent-process theory	after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)	101
9835996788	trichromatic + opponent-process	Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex	102
9835996789	frequency we hear most	human voice	103
9835996790	Helmoltz (hearing)	we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)	104
9835996791	frequency theory	impulse frequency (low pitches)	105
9835996792	Helmholtz + frequency theory	middle pitches	106
9835996793	Skin feels what?	warmth, cold, pressure, pain	107
9835996794	gate-control theory	small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses	108
9835996795	memory of pain	peaks and ends	109
9835996796	smell	close to memory section (not in thalamus)	110
9835996797	grouping	Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole	111
9835996798	grouping groups	proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure	112
9835996799	make assumptions of placement	higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front	113
9835996800	perception =	mood + motivation	114
9835996801	consciousness	awareness of ourselves and the environment	115
9835996802	circadian rhythm	daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)	116
9835996803	circadian rhythm pattern	- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin	117
9835996804	What messes with circadian rhythm?	artificial light	118
9835996805	The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?	90 minutes	119
9835996806	sleep stages	relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)	120
9835996807	purpose of sleep	1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)	121
9835996808	insomnia	can't sleep	122
9835996809	narcolepsy	fall asleep anywhere at anytime	123
9835996810	sleep apnea	stop breathing in sleep	124
9835996811	night terrors	prevalent in children	125
9835996812	sleepwalking/sleeptalking	hereditary - prevalent in children	126
9835996813	dreaming (3)	1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries	127
9835996814	purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)	1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence	128
9835996815	1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?	1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))	129
9835996816	depressants	slows neural pathways	130
9835996817	alcohol	((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect	131
9835996818	barbituates (tranquilizers)	((depressant)) reduce anxiety	132
9835996819	opiates	((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain	133
9835996820	stimulants	hypes neural processing	134
9835996821	methamphetamine	((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine	135
9835996822	caffeine	((stimulant))	136
9835996823	nicotine	((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine	137
9835996824	cocaine	((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine	138
9835996825	hallucinogen	excites neural activity	139
9835996826	ecstasy	((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin	140
9835996827	LSD	((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin	141
9835996828	marijuana	((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation	142
9835996829	learning	organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)	143
9835996830	types of learning	classical operant observational	144
9835996831	famous classical psychologists	Pavlov and Watson	145
9835996832	famous operant psychologist	Skinner	146
9835996833	famous observational psychologists	Bandura	147
9835996834	classical conditioning	outside stimulus	148
9835996835	Pavlov's experiment	Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)	149
9835996836	Watson's experiment	white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)	150
9835996837	generalization	any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now	151
9835996838	discriminate	any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry	152
9835996839	extinction	stop "treating" with conditioned response	153
9835996840	spontaneous recovery	bring stimulus back after a while	154
9835996841	operant conditioning	control by organism	155
9835996842	Skinner's experiment	operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)	156
9835996843	shaping	get animal closer to doing what you want them to do	157
9835996844	reinforcers	want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)	158
9835996845	punishments	want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)	159
9835996846	fixed ratio	happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)	160
9835996847	variable ratio	happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)	161
9835996848	organism must do these (2 times)	fixed ratio and variable ratio	162
9835996849	fixed interval	happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)	163
9835996850	variable interval	happens at any time (receive texts from friends)	164
9835996851	these things happen regardless (2 times)	fixed interval and variable interval	165
9835996852	Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?	variable	166
9835996853	criticisms of Skinner	doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation	167
9835996854	intrinsic motivation	doing something for yourself, not the reward	168
9835996855	extrinsic motivation	doing something for reward	169
9835996856	Skinner's legacy	use it personally, at school, and at work	170
9835996857	famous observational experiment	Bandura's Bobo doll	171
9835996858	famous observational psychologist	Bandura	172
9835996859	mirror neurons	"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals	173
9835996860	Bobo doll experiment legacy	violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil	174
9835996861	observational learning	biological behaviors work best	175
9835996862	habituation	get used to it -> stop reacting	176
9835996863	examples for observational learning	lectures and reading	177
9835996864	serotonin involved with memory	speeds the connection between neurons	178
9835996865	LTP	((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)	179
9835996866	CREB	protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories	180
9835996867	glutamate involved with memory	neurotransmitter that enhances LTP	181
9835996868	glucose involved with memory	released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))	182
9835996869	flashbulb memory	type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment	183
9835996870	amygdala (memory)	boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight	184
9835996871	cerebellum (memory)	forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))	185
9835996872	hippocampus (memory)	active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))	186
9835996873	memory	learning over time contains information that can be retrieved	187
9835996874	processing stages	encoding -> storage -> retrieval	188
9835996875	encoding	information going in	189
9835996876	storage	keeping information in	190
9835996877	retrieval	taking information out	191
9835996878	How long is sensory memory stored?	seconds	192
9835996879	How long is short-term memory stored?	less than a minute	193
9835996880	How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?	7	194
9835996881	How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?	4	195
9835996882	How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?	2	196
9835996883	short term memory goes to ______________	working memory	197
9835996884	working memory	make a connection and process information to mean something	198
9835996885	working memory goes to _________________	long-term memory	199
9835996886	How much is stored in long-term memory?	LIMITLESS	200
9835996887	implicit memory	naturally do	201
9835996888	explicit memory	need to explain	202
9835996889	automatic processing	space, time, frequency, well-learned information	203
9835996890	effortful processing	processing that requires effort	204
9835996891	spacing effect	spread out learning over time	205
9835996892	serial position effect	primary/recency effect	206
9835996893	primary effect	remember the first things in a list	207
9835996894	recency effect	remember the last things in a list	208
9835996895	effortful processing (4 things)	1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect	209
9835996896	semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to	make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you	210
9835996897	if we can't remember a memory...	1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story	211
9835996898	misinformation effect	not correct information	212
9835996899	imagination inflation	imagine or visualize something that isn't real	213
9835996900	source amnesia	what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)	214
9835996901	priming	association (setting you up)	215
9835996902	context	environment helps with memory	216
9835996903	state-dependency	you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)	217
9835996904	mood-congruency	emotion will bring back similar emotional memories	218
9835996905	forgetting curve	forget after 5 days forget after 5 years	219
9835996906	the forgetting curve was created by	Ebbinghaus	220
9835996907	proactive interference	old information interferes with the new	221
9835996908	retroactive interference	new information interferes with the old	222
9835996909	children can't remember before age __	3	223
9835996910	Loftus	connected to abuse cases/childhood	224
9835996911	prototypes	generalize	225
9835996912	problem-solving (4)	trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"	226
9835996913	against problem-solving	fixation	227
9835996914	mental set	what has worked in the past	228
9835996915	functional fixedness	only way to do this is with this	229
9835996916	Chomsky (nature or nurture?)	"born with language" (nature)	230
9835996917	Skinner (nature or nurture?)	language is learned (nurture)	231
9835996918	grammar is _________	universal	232
9835996919	phonemes	smallest sound unit	233
9835996920	morphemes	smallest meaning unit	234

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APES Week 05 Vocabulary Flashcards

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5065379386	Leachate	Liquid that contains elevated levels of pollutants as a result of having passed through municipal solid waste (MSW) or contaminated soil.	0
5065379387	Sanitary landfill	An engineered ground facility designed to hold municipal solid waste (MSW) with as little contamination of the surrounding environment as possible.	1
5065379388	Tipping fee	A fee charged for disposing of material in a landfill or incinerator.	2
5065379389	Landfill siting	The process of locating and getting a location approved to become a landfill	3
5065379390	Incineration	The process of burning waste materials to reduce volume and mass, sometimes to generate electricity or heat.	4
5065379391	Bottom ash	Residue collected at the bottom of the combustion chamber in a furnace.	5
5065379392	Fly ash	The residue collected from the chimney or exhaust pipe of a furnace.	6
5065379393	Waste-to-energy system	A system in which heat generated by incineration is used as an energy source rather than released into the atmosphere.	7
5065379394	Hazardous waste	Waste material that is dangerous or potentially harmful to humans or ecosystems.	8
5065379395	RCRA	An act to protect human health and the environment from the potential hazards of waste disposal, to conserve energy and natural resources, to reduce the amount of waste generated, and to ensure that wastes are managed in an environmentally sound manner	9
5065379396	Superfund Act	The common name for CERCLA.	10
5065379397	CERCLA	A United States federal law designed to clean up sites contaminated with hazardous substances as well as broadly define "pollutants or contaminants".	11
5065379398	National Priorities List	Hazardous waste sites in the United States eligible for long-term remedial action (cleanup) financed under the federal Superfund program.	12
5065379399	Brownfield	A former industrial or commercial site where future use is affected by real or perceived environmental contamination.	13
5065379400	Life-cycle analysis	A systems tool that looks at the materials used and released throughout the manufacturing, use, and disposal of a product.	14
5065379401	Integrated waste management	An approach to waste disposal that employs several waste reduction, management, and disposal strategies in order to reduce the environmental impact of MSW.	15

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APES Week 04 Vocabulary Flashcards

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4996433517	Crustal Abundance	The average concentration of an element in Earth's crust.	0
4996433518	Ore	A concentrated accumulation of minerals from which economically valuable materials can be extracted.	1
4996433519	Metal	An element with properties that allows it to conduct electricity and heat energy, and perform other important functions.	2
4996433520	Reserve	In resource management, the known quantity of a resource that can be economically recovered.	3
4996433521	Strip mining	The removal of strips of soil and rock to expose ore.	4
4996433522	Tailings	Unwanted waste material created during mining.	5
4996433523	Open-pit mining	A mining technique that uses a large pit or hole in the ground, visible from the surface of Earth.	6
4996433524	Mountaintop removal	A mining technique in which the entire top of a mountain is removed with explosives.	7
4996433525	Placer mining	The process of looking for minerals, metals, and precious stones in river sediments.	8
4996433526	Subsurface mining	Mining techniques used when the desired resource is more than 100 m (328 feet) below the surface of Earth.	9
4996433527	Waste	Material outputs from a system that are not useful or consumed.	10
4996433528	Throw-away society	A critical view of consumerism, overconsumption and excessive production of short-lived or disposable items.	11
4996433529	Municipal Solid Waste	Garbage or trash consisting of everyday items that are discarded by the public.	12
4996433530	Waste stream	The flow of solid waste that is recycled, incinerated, placed in a solid waste landfill, or disposed of in another way.	13
4996433531	E-Waste	Electronic products nearing the end of their "useful life."	14
4996433532	Source reduction	An approach to waste management that seeks to cut waste by reducing the use of potential waste materials in the early stages of design and manufacture.	15
4996433533	Reuse	Using a product or material again when it was intended to be discarded.	16
4996433534	Recycling	The process by which materials destined to become municipal solid waste are collected and converted into raw material that is then used to produce new objects.	17
4996433535	Closed-loop recycling	Recycling a product into the same product.	18
4996433536	Open-loop recycling	Recycling one product into a different product.	19
4996433537	Compost	A mixture of various decaying organic substances, such as dead leaves or manure, for fertilizing soil.	20

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7273272072	AP	Advanced Placement.	0
7273272703	Physics	The study of matter and energy. A branch of science that looks at the nature and properties of matter and energy.	1
7355921123	Distance	The length of a path between two points. How far an object moves.	2
7355926973	cm	Centimeter	3
7355926972	Height	The measurement associated with an object's top-to-bottom dimension.	4
7355936738	sin	Sine, or opposite over hypotenuse. y	5
7355967037	Degree	Unit that temperature is measured in. Unit that measure angles.	6
7355974361	s/m	Seconds per meter.	7
7355979743	s	Second	8
7355983570	m	Meter	9
7355986599	m/s	Meters per second. Speed	10
7355992718	Average Velocity	The total displacement divided by the time interval during which the displacement occurred. The ratio of the displacement vector over the change in time.	11
7356006278	Average	Mean Returns the average (Arithmetic Means) of its arguments.	12
7356014746	Velocity	Speed in a given direction. The speed of an object in a particular direction.	13
7356014513	Constant Velocity	Constant speed and direction. When an object travels the same distance every second.	14
7356026510	i	Initial	15
7356032380	f	Final	16
7356036257	d	Distance	17
7356040922	t	Time	18
7356048867	a	Acceleration	19
7356059448	av	Average	20
7356077038	When is a linear line at the same position as a curve?	When the linear line and curve meet.	21
7356083447	When is a linear line at the same speed as a curve?	When the linear line is tangent to the curve.	22
7356121028	Concepts	Displacement, position, and distance.	23
7356133128	Displacement's Symbol	Right arrow over (Change in x)	24
7356141104	Right Arrow	Vector	25
7356144405	Delta	Triangle meaning change.	26
7356150572	x	Horizontal and usually labeled as time.	27
7356178293	Another Symbol Meaning the Same thing as Right Arrow Over Delta x	Right arrow over Delta d	28
7356186177	Position's Symbol	Right arrow over d or right arrow over x	29
7356195217	Right Arrow Over d and Right Arrow Over x	Location from origin.	30
7356198988	Distance's Symbol	d or x	31
7356203755	d and x	Length	32
7356210785	Right Arrow Over (Change in x	Right arrow over x final - right arrow over x initial	33
7356228265	Right Arrow Over x	Distance from origin.	34
7356233396	Rate	Some quantity divided by time. A ratio that compares two quantities measured in different units.	35
7356241660	Velocity's Symbol	Right arrow over v	36
7356250631	Position	Changes and is the location of an object. A place where someone or something is located or has been put.	37
7356268416	Acceleration's Symbol	Right arrow over a	38
7356274184	Acceleration	The rate at which velocity is changing. Change in velocity divided by the time it takes for the change to occur.	39
7356313548	Right Arrow Over a	(Right arrow over (Change in v)) over (Change in t)	40
7356329383	Right Arrow Over Delta v	Change in velocity.	41
7356331088	Delta t	Change in time. t Final - t Initial	42
7356338603	m/s^2	m/s/s Meters per second per second.	43
7422962203	2.0 m/s^2	2.0 m/s/s The object gains 2.0 m/s of speed per second.	44
7422984712	v Final	v initial + at	45
7423009210	(v Final)^2	(v initial)^2 + (2a(Change in x))	46
7423028397	Instantaneous	Happening immediately. Done in an instant; immediate.	47
7423077634	Instantaneous Velocity	At some instant in time. The speed and direction of an object at a particular instant.	48
7423101944	Slope	v average The steepness of a line on a graph.	49
7423104869	Slopes	Instantaneous velocities. A slanted surface.	50
7423115457	tan	Tangent y/x	51
7423121326	d(t)	Distance over time.	52
7423132965	Move Along Curve for...	Slope	53
7423138364	Position Graph has...	Time as x-axis label.	54
7423146979	x-Axis	The horizontal number line on the graph. The horizontal axis of the coordinate plane.	55
7423204312	y-Axis	The vertical axis on a coordinate plane. The vertical number line on the graph.	56
7423214090	v Subscript x	v subscript x(0) + (a subscript x)t	57
7423237569	d Final	d initial +(v initial)t + .5a(t^2)	58
7423251435	(v Subscript x)^2	(v subscript x(0))^2 + 2(a subscript x)(Change in x)	59
7423288978	v Subscript av	.5(v initial + v final) x over t	60
7423301189	x Over t	.5(v initial + v final)	61
7423342653	In Projectile Motion, v Initial is the Opposite of...	v final	62
7423354754	sin(Theta)	(v subscript y initial) over v initial	63
7423354755	cos	Cosign adj/hyp	64
7423370433	cos(Theta)	(v subscript x initial) over v initial	65
7423374491	tan(Theta)	(v subscript y) over (v subscript x)	66
7423411778	Angle	Measured in degrees. A figure formed by two rays with a common endpoint.	67
7423416760	psi	Pounds per square inch of pressure. Ψ	68
7423432628	Speed	m/s Distance/Time	69
7423438908	h	Height	70
7423446334	y Final	y initial + (v subscript y initial)t + .5gt^2	71
7423461412	Theta	Angle measure. Θ	72
7423491154	p	Pressure and pulse.	73
7423503316	P	Pressure, Phosphorus and pulse.	74
7423519387	g	Gravity -9.8 m/s^2	75
7423530531	x Final	x initial + (v initial)t + .5a(t^2)	76
7423568502	Absolute Value of (Right Arrow Over F Subscript f)	Greater than or equal to the coefficient of friction times absolute value of (right arrow over F subscript n)	77
7423632377	F	Force, Fluorine, Fahrenheit, Foxtrot, and female.	78
7423669013	n	Number Nano	79
7423658879	a Subscript c	v^2 over r	80
7423682182	r	Radius	81
7423695390	Right Arrow Over p	m times right arrow over v	82
7423708223	Delta Right Arrow Over p	Right arrow over F times (Change in t)	83
7462099397	K	.5m(v^2) Potassium	84
7462152019	Change in E	W Change in energy.	85
7462166691	W	F parallel to d	86
7462196574	F Parallel to d	Fdcos(Theta)	87
7462206135	Special W	Special W(0) + at	88
7462222309	Special T	Torque r perpendicular to F	89
7462262970	r Perpendicular to F	rFsin(Theta)	90
7462269376	L	I times Special W Liter	91
7462275718	Change in L	Special T times (Change in t)	92
7462289641	Absolute Value of (Right Arrow Over F Subscript s)	k times absolute value of right arrow over x	93
7462315624	U Subscript s	.5k(x^2)	94
7462322672	Special P	m/V	95
7462349354	A	Amplitude Alpha	96
7462354758	E	Energy Echo	97
7462358687	I	Rotational inertia. Iodine	98
7462372373	k	Spring constant. Kilo	99
7462387678	l	Length	100
7462396093	T	Period, temperature, Tango, and Thymine.	101
7462899336	U	Potential energy and Uranium.	102
7462912870	V	Volume, Vanadium, five, and Victor.	103
7462935819	v	Speed	104
7462939733	y	Height	105
7462957948	Right Arrow Over Special A	(Sum of right arrow over Special T) over I	106
7462981924	(Sum of Right Arrow Over Special T) Over I	((Right arrow over Special T) subscript (net)) over I	107
7463004323	Special A	Angular acceleration.	108
7463012747	Coefficient of Friction	The ratio of the force of friction to the normal force acting between two objects. Number that serves as an index of the interaction between two surfaces in contact.	109
7463040847	(Change in U) Subscript g	mg(Change in y)	110
7463057582	T Subscript s	2 pi times the square root of (m/k)	111
7463078352	T Subscript p	2 pi times the square root of (l/g)	112
7463089173	Absolute Value of (Right Arrow Over F Subscript g)	G times (m(1)m(2) over (r^2))	113
7463107088	Right Arrow Over g	(Right arrow over F subscript g) over m	114
7463122108	U Subscript G	-((Gm(1)m(2)) over r)	115
7463142631	Mechanics	The study of motion. The branch of physics that addresses the effects of forces on matter.	116
7463146426	Delta x	Change in x (Average velocity) times time	117
7463171371	If Initial Velocity is equal to Final Velocity for t...	(Change in x) = (constant velocity) times time	118
7463182105	Electricity	The flow of electrons. A form of energy caused by the movement of electrons.	119
7463193426	Absolute Value of (Right Arrow Over F Subscript E)	k times absolute value of ((q(1)q(2)) over r^2)	120
7463215999	R	(Special P times l) over A Right	121
7463227514	R Subscript s	Initial sum of initial R	122
7463279217	1 Over (R Subscript p)	Initial sum of (1 over initial R)	123
7463299035	q	Charge	124
7463310064	Waves	Disturbance that carries energy not matter. Any disturbance that transmits energy through matter or space.	125
7463322174	Wavelength	v/f Horizontal distance between the crests or between the troughs of two adjacent waves.	126
7463351933	Geometry	The branch of mathematics involving points, lines, planes, and figures. The study of shapes, angles, and etc.	127
8549803874	Impulse	J Change in momentum.	128
8549808236	J	(Average Force) times (Change in Time). Joule Ft	129
8549825816	Ft	Ns Impulse	130
8549832078	Momentum	p The product of an object's mass and velocity.	131
8549835911	mv	kgm/s Momentum	132
8549846158	How could a person of mass 10m have the same momentum as a car of mass 2111m?	The person is traveling 211.1 times faster. (Mass of Person) times (Velocity of Person) = (Mass of Car) times (Velocity of Car)	133
8549862929	How do momentum and impulse units relate to one another?	Ns = kgm/s = J = p Sum of Forces = ma Sum of Forces = m(Change in Velocity) / (Change in Time) (Sum of Forces)(Change in Time) = m(Change in Velocity) J = Change in Momentum Impulse = Change in Momentum	134
8549897289	System	An object or group of objects whose motion is being tracked. An "isolated system" means there is no net external force that affects the motion. There can definitely be forces within the system.	135
8556409873	Isolated System	A system that exchanges neither matter nor energy with its surroundings. A closed system on which the net external force is zero.	136
8549903969	Net External Force	Forces outside the system. The total force resulting from a combination of external forces on an object.	137
8549907833	Forces within the System	Action-Reaction forces.	138
8550147101	(Initial Momentum of Object 1) + (Initial Momentum of Object 2)	(Final Momentum of Object 1) + (Final Momentum of Object 2)	139
8550159108	(Mass of Object 1) times (Initial Velocity of Object 1) + (Mass of Object 2) times (Initial Velocity of Object 2)	(Mass of Object 1) times (Final Velocity of Object 1) + (Mass of Object 2) times (Final Velocity of Object 2)	140
8550170883	Sum of Forces	m(Change in Velocity) / (Change in Time) = (m(Final Velocity of Object) - m(Initial Velocity)) / (Change in Time) ((Final Momentum) - (Initial Momentum)) / (Change in Time) = (Change in Momentum) / (Change in Time)	141
8550201692	(Sum of Forces) times (Change in Time)	Change in Momentum	142
8550206002	If the System is not Isolated...	External forces act on the system. Use the impulse-momentum equation: (Change in Momentum) = Force times (Change in Time)	143
8550217680	Change in Momentum	Force times (Change in Time)	144
8550235714	How to Derive the Relationship between Impulse and Momentum from Newton's 2nd Law	Sum of Forces = ma Sum of Forces = m(Change in Velocity) / (Change in Time) (Sum of Forces) times (Change in Time) = m(Change in Velocity) J = Change in Momentum	145
8550257252	Center of Mass	com A point in a system that moves as though all the mass is concentrated there and any external forces are applied there.	146
8550262743	Position Center of Mass	(((Mass of Object 1) times (Position of Object 1) + (Mass of Object 2) times (Position of Object 2) + (Mass of Object 3) times (Position of Object 3)) ...) / (((Mass of Object 1) + (Mass of Object 2) + (Mass of Object 3)) ...)	147
8550286075	Velocity Center of Mass	(((Mass of Object 1) times (Velocity of Object 1) + (Mass of Object 2) times (Velocity of Object 2) + (Mass of Object 3) times (Velocity of Object 3)) ...) / (((Mass of Object 1) + (Mass of Object 2) + (Mass of Object 3)) ...)	148
8550295064	Acceleration Center of Mass	(((Mass of Object 1) times (Acceleration of Object 1) + (Mass of Object 2) times (Acceleration of Object 2) + (Mass of Object 3) times (Acceleration of Object 3)) ...) / (((Mass of Object 1) + (Mass of Object 2) + (Mass of Object 3)) ...)	149
8550305924	How are all com equations related to one another?	They have the same form. All equations have terms added together and divided by total mass.	150
8550318941	Three masses, Mass 1, Mass 2, and Mass 3, are in a line. Mass 1 of mass 10m is a distance 10x away from Mass 2 of mass 3m, which is a distance 3x away from Mass 3 of mass 4m. What is the COM of the three masses? Mass 1 is at the origin. Mass 2 is 10x distance in the positive direction from the origin. Mass 3 is 13x distance in the positive direction from the origin.	Position Center of Mass = (0 + 30mx + 52mx) / (10m + 3m + 4m) Position Center of Mass = 82mx / 17m Position Center of Mass = 4.823529412x or (82x / 17)	151
8554674042	COM	Center of mass or center of motion.	152
8554674040	A 4 kg mass is 2.1 m away from a wall and an 8 kg mass is 22 m away from a wall. What is the COM of the two masses? The origin is the wall and the objects are in the positive direction.	Position Center of Mass = (8.4 kgm + 176 kgm) / 12 kg Position Center of Mass = 184.4 kgm / 12 kg Position Center of Mass = 15.37 m or (461 m / 30)	153
8554711619	Two people stand facing each other, and push off each other on roller skates. Person A has a mass of 4m and person B has a mass of 10m. If person A moves backward at 10v, determine the velocity of B. x is the unknown variable.	4m times (-10v) + 10mx = 0 -40mv + 10mx = 0 10mx = 40mv x = 4v	154
8554733411	Two people stand facing each other, and push off each other on roller skates. Person A has a mass of 4m and person B has a mass of 10m. If person A moves backward at 10v and person B moves forward at 4v, determine their change in momentum.	(Change in Momentum of Person A) = 4m times (Change in Velocity of Person A) (Change in Momentum of Person A) = 4m(-10v) (Change in Momentum of Person A) = -40mv (Change in Momentum of Person A) = -(Change in Momentum of Person B) (Change in Momentum of Person B) = 40mv	155
8554753401	Two people stand facing each other, and push off each other on roller skates. Person A has a mass of 4m and person B has a mass of 10m. Person A moves backward at 10v and person B moves forward at 4v. If the change in momentum of person A is the opposite of the change in momentum of person B, determine the velocity of the center of mass before the collision.	Since the initial velocity of both objects was zero, the velocity center of mass before the collision was zero.	156
8554779011	Two people stand facing each other, and push off each other on roller skates. Person A has a mass of 4m and person B has a mass of 10m. Person A moves backward at 10v and person B moves forward at 4v. The change in momentum of person A is the opposite of the change in momentum of person B. If the velocity of the center of mass before the collision was zero, determine the velocity center of mass after the collision.	Zero (Initial Velocity Center of Mass) = (Final Velocity Center of Mass)	157
8554785995	What general principle is used for finding the unknown velocity in a collision?	Conservation of momentum.	158
8554794382	After a collision, how do the change in momenta compare?	Equal and opposite.	159
8554798819	What is the general principle of the velocity center of mass in a collision?	(Initial Velocity Center of Mass) = (Final Velocity Center of Mass)	160
8554810670	Person A has a mass of 4m and is moving at speed 4v East, and person B has a mass of 10m and is moving at speed 10v East. After they collide, person B moves at a speed 3v East. Determine the velocity of A. x is the unknown variable.	16mv + 100mv = 4mx + 30mv 116mv = 4mx + 30mv 86mv = 4mx 21.5v or (43v / 2) = x	161
8554840104	Person A has a mass of 4m and is moving at speed 4v East, and person B has a mass of 10m and is moving at speed 10v East. After they collide, person B moves at a speed 3v East and person A moves at a velocity of 21.5v or (43v / 2) East. Determine their change in momentum.	(Change in Momentum of Person A) = 4m times (Change in Velocity of Person A) (Change in Momentum of Person A) = 4m(21.5v - 4v) (Change in Momentum of Person A) = 4m(17.5v) (Change in Momentum of Person A) = 70mv (Change in Momentum of Person A) = -(Change in Momentum of Person B) (Change in Momentum of Person B) = -70mv	162
8554917494	Person A has a mass of 4m and is moving at speed 4v East, and person B has a mass of 10m and is moving at speed 10v East. After they collide, person B moves at a speed 3v East and person A moves at a velocity of 21.5v or (43v / 2) East. The change in momentum of person A is the opposite of the change in momentum of person B. Determine the velocity of the center of mass before the collision.	Initial Velocity Center of Mass = (16mv + 100mv) / (4m + 10m) Initial Velocity Center of Mass = 116mv / 14m Initial Velocity Center of Mass = 8.285714286v or (58v / 7)	163
8554979330	Person A has a mass of 4m and is moving at speed 4v East, and person B has a mass of 10m and is moving at speed 10v East. After they collide, person B moves at a speed 3v East and person A moves at a velocity of 21.5v or (43v / 2) East. The change in momentum of person A is the opposite of the change in momentum of person B and the velocity of the center of mass before the collision is 8.285714286v. Determine the velocity center of mass after the collision.	8.285714286v (Initial Velocity Center of Mass) = (Final Velocity Center of Mass)	164
8554996507	What is the similarity between elastic and inelastic collisions?	Momentum is conserved.	165
8555003354	What are the differences between elastic and inelastic collisions?	The type of collision, terminology, and whether or not kinetic energy is conserved.	166
8555015760	Completely Elastic Collisions	The objects don't stick together and when they collide their total initial kinetic and potential energies equals their total final kinetic and potential energies. This means that none of their energy is changed into thermal or heat energy. This type of collision is technically not possible because some energy always changes into thermal energy. But, some collisions can approximate this situation.	167
8555038930	Collision that can Approximate a Completely Elastic Collision	Two steel balls colliding.	168
8555041623	Two Steel Balls Colliding	They don't deform much on impact and there is low friction between the balls and surfaces.	169
8555048976	Inelastic Collisions	The objects may or may not stick together. Objects collide and become altered and generate heat during the collision.	170
8555054371	Examples of Inelastic Collisions	Two cars collide and they may or may not end up together but the cars get bent and there is friction between the tires and road. A ball bounces off a floor and doesn't bounce back to its original height.	171
8555124547	Terminology of Completely Elastic Collisions	The same as an elastic collision.	172
8555127899	Elastic Collision	The objects in the system have 100% of their kinetic energy after collision. KE is conserved and objects bounce off with the same total speed they had before in different directions.	173
8555142434	Terminology of Inelastic Collisions	A collision with anything less than 100% of the energy the same after collision.	174
8555149954	Completely Inelastic Collision	Objects in the system have 0% of their kinetic energy after collision.	175
8555162226	Is momentum conserved in both elastic and inelastic collisions?	Yes because the sum of initial momenta is equal to the sum of final momenta, if there are no external forces on the system.	176
8555172845	Is kinetic energy conserved in completely elastic collisions?	Yes because the sum of initial kinetic energy is equal to the sum of final kinetic energy because there is no thermal energy from friction.	177
8555192853	no	Not or opposite of yes.	178
8555186571	Is kinetic energy conserved in inelastic collisions?	No because the sum of initial kinetic energy is greater than the sum of final kinetic energy because there is thermal energy from friction.	179
8555204796	Is a tennis ball dropped onto the floor a collision closer to a completely elastic collision or to a completely inelastic collision?	A completely elastic collision.	180
8555213458	Is a hard steel ball dropped onto a hard metal object on the floor a collision closer to a completely elastic collision or to a completely inelastic collision?	A completely inelastic collision.	181
8555230513	Is a hard rubber ball dropped onto a hard metal object on the floor a collision closer to a completely elastic collision or to a completely inelastic collision?	A completely elastic collision.	182
8555238827	What is a force over time graph useful for?	If mass and initial velocity are known, the impulse can be used to calculate the instantaneous velocity at different times.	183
8555256832	A car going at some speed 10v hits a tree. How does a seatbelt and/or airbag help a person survive in terms of the impulse-momentum equation?	They extend the amount of time that the force of impact is applied to the person, essentially lowering the impulse to less force per second. The momentum cannot be changed, but lowering the average force puts less stress on the person.	184
8555282592	Cart 1 of mass 10m moving East at speed 10v collides with cart 2 or mass 3m moving West at 10v in a perfectly elastic collision. Calculate the objects' velocities after collision.	(Final Velocity of Cart 1) = (Mass of Cart 2) / (Mass of Cart 1) times (Initial Speed of Cart 2) (Final Velocity of Cart 1) = 3m / 10m times 10v (Final Velocity of Cart 1) = 3v (Final Velocity of Cart 2) = (Mass of Cart 1) / (Mass of Cart 2) times (Initial Speed of Cart 1) (Final Velocity of Cart 2) = 10m / 3m times 10v (Final Velocity of Cart 1) = 33.3v or (100v / 3) Cart 1 has a final velocity of 3v West and cart 2 has a final velocity of 33.3v or (100v / 3) East because in a perfectly elastic collision, if both objects are in motion opposite of each other, objects' velocities after collision are in the opposite direction of each objects original direction of motion.	185
8555355718	General Principles of a Perfectly Elastic Collision	Conservation of momentum, equal and opposite, and initial velocity center of mass is equal to final velocity center of mass.	186
8555382334	Work	W Force x Distance	187
8555537698	Energy Added to a System or Removed from a System by an Object that is not Part of the System	W	188
8555546334	Fd	J W=__	189
8555552090	Change in Distance	Displacement	190
8555557132	Force x Displacement	Joules	191
8555560807	Joules	Nm Unit of energy.	192
8555567603	If a mass 10m is lifted distance 10d and lowered a distance 10d, what is the net work against gravity?	Zero W = F times (Change in Distance) W = Fd + F(-d) W = 0	193
8555578821	Kinetic Energy	K = .5mv^2 Energy of motion. Energy a moving object has. J = kgm^2/s^2	194
8555580417	If a mass 10m is moved at a constant speed a distance 10d to the right and then 10d to the left, and the coefficient of friction is mu, what is the net work against friction?	20 Fd W = F times (Change in Distance) W = F(10d) + (-F)(-10d) W = 10Fd + 10Fd	195
8555623617	Impulse-Momentum Relationship	Impulse is equal to the change in momentum of the object that the impulse acts on. The impulse that acts on an object is equal to the change in momentum of the object.	196
8555638983	Initial Velocity	The starting velocity. The velocity of the object before acceleration causes a change.	197
8555646496	Final Velocity	(Original Velocity) + (Acceleration x Time) Velocity of an object at the end of a time interval.	198
8555651450	vs.	Versus or against.	199
8555659857	y-Intercept	A point (0, b) where the line intersects the y-axis. The y-coordinate of a point where a graph crosses the y-axis.	200
8555681250	Mass	The amount of matter in an object. A measure of the amount of matter in an object. m	201
8555684787	Before	Initial Pre	202
8555711464	After	Final Post	203
8555713698	Vectors	Quantities that have both a magnitude and a direction. Quantities that are fully described by both a magnitude and a direction.	204
8555745122	Velocity-Time Graph	Plot of velocity of object as a function of time. Shows how velocity is related to time.	205
8555802116	Projectile Motion	The curved path an object follows when thrown or propelled near the surface of the Earth. The curved path of an object in free fall after it is given an initial forward velocity.	206
8555807452	Newton's Laws	Laws governing motion. Laws proposed by Isaac Newton that explain how force and motion work.	207
8555759859	Is it true that an object moving at a constant speed must have no forces acting on it?	No	208
8555774568	Action-Reaction Forces	For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. If 50 N is exerted to the right, then 50 N will be reacted to the left.	209
8555779243	Friction Force	Force that opposes motion of an object when two surfaces are in contact. The force exerted by a surface as an object moves across it or makes an effort to move across it.	210
8555789703	Weight	A measure of the force of gravity on an object. A measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object.	211
8555792641	Normal Forces	Support forces perpendicular force of floor on object. The force of 'the ground.' This force holds objects up from falling to the center of the earth.	212
8555813027	FBDs	Free Body Diagrams.	213
8555815589	Sigma F	Sum of Force.	214
8555824845	Would there be less friction when pushing an object at an angle below the horizontal or pulling an object at an angle above the horizontal?	Pulling an object at an angle above the horizontal.	215
8555844583	FBD	Free Body Diagram.	216
8555847414	Force of Tension	Always a pulling force through a rope or string, etc.	217
8555850749	mu	Coefficient of friction. む	218
8555856703	Friction	A force that opposes motion between two surfaces that are in contact. The resistance that one surface or object encounters when moving over another.	219
8555863912	Tension	Stress that stretches rock so that it becomes thinner in the middle. A force that pulls on a material.	220
8555883376	A 71.1 kg cyclist rides at 3.11 rpm around a flat 41.1 m circular track. Calculate the cyclist's frequency.	Frequency = 3.11 rpm / 60 s Frequency = .05183 Hz or (311 Hz / 6000)	221
8556283533	A 71.1 kg cyclist rides at 3.11 rpm around a flat 41.1 m circular track and the cyclist's frequency is .05183 Hz. Calculate the cyclist's period.	Period = 1 / Frequency Period = (6000 Hz / 311) or 19.2926045 s	222
8556313369	A 71.1 kg cyclist rides at 3.11 rpm around a flat 41.1 m circular track . The cyclist's frequency is .05183 Hz and has a period of 19.2926045 s. Calculate the cyclist's velocity.	Velocity = Distance / Time Velocity = 2 x pi x r / Period Velocity = 2pi41.1m / 19.2926045 s Velocity = 258.2389161 m / 19.2926045 s Velocity = 13.38538382 m / s	223
8556355788	A 71.1 kg cyclist rides at 3.11 rpm around a flat 41.1 m circular track . The cyclist's frequency is .05183 Hz, has a period of 19.2926045 s, and has a velocity of 13.38538382 m / s. Calculate the cyclist's acceleration.	Acceleration = v^2 / r Acceleration = (13.38538382 m / s)^2 / 41.1 m Acceleration = 179.1685 m^2 / s^2 / 41.1 m Acceleration = 4.3593309 m / s^2	224
8556398050	rpm	The abbreviation for "revolutions per minute," which measures the rotation speed of audio recordings or an object moving in a circular or periodical pattern.	225
8556407584	Revolutions per Minute	A unit of rotational speed. It is symbolized as rpm.	226
8556398049	Frequency	How many wave peaks pass a certain point per given time. The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time.	227
8556418450	Period	A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table. A length or portion of time.	228
8556420554	Newton's Law of Gravitation	Gravitational pull of an object by another; GMm/(r*r)=mg	229
8556433123	Gravity	A force of attraction between objects that is due to their masses. A force that pulls objects toward each other.	230
8556442372	Planet X has a radius 10r. A satellite is launched from the surface and moves out to an altitude of 11r. Calculate the change in gravity.	Initial Force of Gravity = G(Mass of Planet X)(Mass of Satellite) / r^2 Initial Force of Gravity = G(Mass of Planet X)(Mass of Satellite) / (10^2)r Initial Force of Gravity = G(Mass of Planet X)(Mass of Satellite) / 100r Final Force of Gravity = G(Mass of Planet X)(Mass of Satellite) / r^2 Final Force of Gravity = G(Mass of Planet X)(Mass of Satellite) / (11^2)r Final Force of Gravity = G(Mass of Planet X)(Mass of Satellite) / 121r 1 / 100 = 1 / 121 100 / 121 = .826446281 or (100 : 121)	231
8556485417	Planet X has a radius 10r. A satellite is launched from the surface and moves out to an altitude of 11r. The change in gravity is .826446281. Calculate the change in satellite velocity.	Initial Velocity = Distance / Time Initial Velocity = 2 x pi x r / Period Initial Velocity = 2pi10r / Period Initial Velocity = 62.83185307r / Period or (417392r / 6643 Period) Final Velocity = Distance / Time Final Velocity = 2 x pi x r / Period Final Velocity = 2pi11r / Period Final Velocity = 69.11503838r / Period 69.11503838r - 62.83185307r = 6.283185301 m/s	232
8556530213	Planet X has a radius 10r. A satellite is launched from the surface and moves out to an altitude of 11r. The change in gravity is .826446281 or 100 : 121. The change in satellite velocity is +6.283185301 m / s. Calculate the change in satellite period.	Change in Satellite Period = 69.11503838r / Period / (62.83185307r / Period) Change in Satellite Period = 1.1 or (11 : 10)	233
8556558838	What is the meaning of the term of conservation in laws like momentum or energy or mass or charge conservation?	None is lost. The initial total is the final total.	234
8556545883	Energy	The ability to do work or cause change. The capacity to do work.	235
8556615340	What is true of the velocity of the center of mass in a collision?	Stays the same.	236
8556619299	What is true of the change in momenta of two objects colliding?	Equal and opposite.	237
8556627170	Is momentum always conserved?	In theory. In reality, some kinetic energy is always lost to thermal energy.	238
8556640717	A bullet of mass 10m is moving East at speed 611v hits a wood block of mass 2111m moving West at 3v on a frictionless table. If the bullet is embedded in the block, calculate its velocity after impact. x is the unknown variable.	10m611v + 2111m(-3v) = 2121mxv 6110mv - 6333mv = 2121mvx -223mv = 2121mvx -.1051390853v or (-223v / 2121) = x The bullet and wood block would have a velocity of .1051390853v or (-223v / 2121) West because West is the negative direction and the momentum of the wood block was larger than the momentum of the bullet.	239
8556698594	A bullet of mass 10m is moving East at speed 611v hits a wood block of mass 2111m moving West at 3v on a frictionless table. If the bullet is embedded in the block and its velocity is .1051390853v West, calculate the velocity of the center of mass. x is the unknown variable.	The velocity center of mass is .1051390853v or (-223v / 2121) West because in this completely inelastic collision, the final velocity is the same as the velocity center of mass.	240
8556697139	A bullet of mass 21m is moving East at speed 722v hits a wood block of mass 3222m moving West at 4v on a frictionless table. If the bullet passes through the block and exits East at 311v, calculate the block's velocity. x is the unknown variable.	21m722v + 3222m4v = 21m311v + 3222mx 15162mv + 12888mv = 6531mv + 3222mx 28050mv = 6531mv + 3222mx 21519mv = 3222mx 6.67877095v or (2391v / 358) = x The wood block would have a velocity of 6.67877095v or (2391v / 358) East because East is the positive direction and the momentum of the bullet was larger than the momentum of the wood block.	241
8556760777	A bullet of mass 21m is moving East at speed 722v hits a wood block of mass 3222m moving West at 4v on a frictionless table. If the bullet passes through the block and exits East at 311 and the velocity of the wooden block is 6.67877095v East, calculate the velocity of the center of mass. x is the unknown variable.	(Velocity of the Center of Mass) = 28050mv / (21m + 3222m) (Velocity of the Center of Mass) = 28050mv / 3242m (Velocity of the Center of Mass) = 8.649398705v	242
8556792137	A ball of mass 3m and moving East at 10v collides with a ball of mass 4m at rest. If the collision is completely elastic and they don't stick together, what principle(s) is/are used to determine their velocities after collision?	Conservation of momentum.	243
8556795652	A ball of mass 3m and moving East at 10v collides with a ball of mass 4m at rest. If the collision is completely elastic and they don't stick together, calculate their velocities after collision.	(Final Velocity of Ball 1) = 0 (Final Velocity of Ball 2) = 3m10v / 4m (Final Velocity of Ball 2) = 30mv / 4m (Final Velocity of Ball 2) = 7.5v or (15v / 2)	244

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AP French science vocabulary Flashcards

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5176075316	L'ADN	DNA	0
5176075317	Atterrir	To land	1
5176075318	Biochimique	Biochemical	2
5176075319	Un brevet d'invention	A patent	3
5176075320	Une cellule	A cell	4
5176075321	Un chercheur	A researcher (m.)	5
5176075322	Une chercheuse	A researcher (fem.)	6
5176075323	Le clonage	Cloning	7
5176075324	Un clone	A clone	8
5176075325	Cloner	To clone	9
5176075326	Contraire a ethique	Unethical	10
5176075327	Contribuer a	Contribute to	11
5176075328	Creer	To create	12
5176075329	Une discouverte	A discovery	13
5176075330	Decouvrir	To discover	14
5176075331	L'espace	Space	15
5176075332	Ethique	Ethical	16
5176075333	Une etoile	A star	17
5176075334	Une experience	An experiment	18
5176075335	Explorer	To explore	19
5176075336	Faire des recherches	To do research	20
5176075337	Un gene	A gene	21
5176075338	La genetique	Genetics	22
5176075339	La gravite	Gravity	23
5176075340	Guerir	To cure	24
5176075341	Inventer	To invent	25
5176075342	Une invention	An invention	26
5176075343	Un OVIN	a UFO	27
5176075344	prouver	To prove	28
5176075345	Le recherche	To research	29
5176075346	Soigner	To care for, treat	30
5176075347	Specialise	Specialized	31
5176075348	La survie	The survival	32
5176075349	Un telescpoe	A telescope	33
5176075350	Une theorie	A theroy	34
5176075351	Un(e) astrologue	An astrologer	35
5176075352	Un(e) astronaute	An astronaut	36
5176075353	Un(e) astronome	An astronomer	37
5176075354	Un(e) biologiste	A biologist	38
5176075355	Un(e) chimiste	A chemist	39
5176075356	Un(e) Extraterrestre	An alien	40
5176075357	Un(e) ingenieur	An engineer	41
5176075358	Un(e) Mathematicien(ne)	A mathematician	42
5176075359	Un(e) Scientifique	A scientist	43

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Unit 2 Vocab APES Flashcards

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4903422947	biodiversity	provides us with more ecosystem services promotes resilience within a species and within a biological community	0
4903432716	allopatric speciation (geographic isolation)	when two populations of one species become physically separated and eventually evolve into separate species	1
4903449680	background extinction rate	1-5 species per million on Earth per year; the natural rate at which extinction occurs	2
4903454117	endemic species	species that are particularly vulnerable to extinction due to them living in only one specific location	3
4903456888	mass extinction	situation where extinction as exceeded the background rate due to some massive change or disruption of the Earth system	4
4903467879	species diversity	the number of different species in a particular ecosystem	5
4903472917	genetic diversity	the variety of genes that exist within one species	6
4903482861	ecosystem diversity	diversity of different ecosystems, or biomes on Earth	7
4903488354	functional diversity	made up of all the different services that different ecosystems provide	8
4903496598	The Shannon Index (H')	ranges from 0 to 4.6 higher values indicate more diversity	9
4903504344	Shannon's Equitability Value (E sub h)	ranges from 0 to 1, 1 with high evenness, and 0 with low evenness a measure of the evenness within a community	10
4903529958	niche	a species "pattern of living", can include its habitat, resource use/needs, space required, tolerable temperature range	11
4903541919	generalist species	have a broad niche (wide range of tolerable conditions)	12
4903545557	specialist species	have a narrow niche (very narrow range of conditions it can tolerate)	13
4903549863	native species	species that evolved in a particular place	14
4903553476	nonnative species	can be introduced deliberately or accidentally (most introductions are beneficial, although some can be harmful)	15
4903561217	indicator species	species that are particularly sensitive to environmental changes (ex: trout species, Panamanian golden frog)	16
4903569185	keystone species	play a critical role in an ecosystem and help to maintain balance in the ecosystem (ex: sea otters in monterey bay controlling the sea urchin population)	17
4903583067	foundation species	perform a critical role in their ecosystem by physically changing their habitat (ex: beavers)	18
4903591928	trophic Cascades	when a keystone species (top predator) is removed from an ecosystem, a domino effect can occur the removal of the predator upsets the populations of the lower trophic levels and sets the ecosystem out of balance DISRUPTIONS TO ECOSYSTEMS THAT OCCUR WHEN A WHEN A TOP PREDATOR IS REMOVED OR ADDED (ex: wolves reintroduced into Yellowstone)	19
4913407429	competition	when members of two or more species interact to gain access to the same limited resources such as food, light, or space	20
4913413339	predation	when a member of one species (the predator) feeds directly on all or part of a member of another species	21
4913421446	parasitism	when one organism (the parasite) feeds on the body of, or the energy used by, another organism (the host), usually by living in or on the host	22
4913430142	mutualism	an interaction that benefits both species by providing each with food, shelter, or some other resource	23
4913436058	commensalism	an interaction that benefits one species but has little, if any, effect on the other	24
4913444839	coevolution	when populations of two different species interact (in a predation-like way) over a such long period of time, changes in the gene pool of one species can lead to changes in the gene pool of the other species (ex: the prey becomes more elusive, the predator becomes more skilled at hunting)	25
4913465198	competitive exclusion principle	two species competing for the same resource cannot coexist at constant population values, if other ecological factors remain constant	26
4913474449	resource partitioning	occurs when species competing for similar scarce resources evolve specialized traits that allow them to use shared resources at different times, in different ways, or in different places	27
4973588946	Insolation	the amount of solar radiation reaching surface at a particular location	28
4973588947	Relative Humidity	the amount of water vapor in the air relative to the air's capacity to hold it the warmer the air is, the higher its capacity for moisture	29
4973588948	ecotones	transition zones between biomes	30
4973597725	rainshadow	occurs when a mountain range prevents moisture from reaching inland areas	31
4996145320	ecological succession	process in which communities of plant and animal species in a particular area are replaced over time by a series of different and often more complex communities; GRADUAL CHANGE IN THE SPECIES STRUCTURE OVER TIME	32
4996159045	primary succession	ecological succession in a bare area that has never been occupied by a community of organisms	33
4996165845	secondary succession	ecological succession in an area in which natural vegetation has been removed or destroyed but the soil or bottom sediment has not been destroyed	34
4996188555	resilience	ability of a living system to be restored through secondary succession after a moderate disturbance	35
4996199421	inertia/persistence	ability to survive distubances	36
4996224174	latitudinal diversity graident	there are more species at the equator and fewer species at the poles	37
4996238175	The Area Effect	larger islands are easier to find by colonizing species, have more niches, and can support large population sizes	38
4996318038	The Distance Effect	closer islands are easier for more species to colonize	39
4996339908	Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography	a balance between species colonizing the island vs species becoming extinct on islands	40
4996373181	Coriolis Effect	a phenomenon that causes fluids, like water and air to curve as they travel across or above the Earth's surface NH- to the right SH- to the left	41
4996374720	Ekman Spiral	wind travels perpendicular to the net water transport, causing the surface current to to curve at a 45 degree angle. each layer of water gets slightly less energy from the wind than the layer above it. (net movement of 90 degrees to the direction of the wind)	42
4996392483	upwelling	movement of nutrient-rich bottom water to the ocean's surface. It can occur far from shore but usually takes place along certain steep coastal areas where the surface layer of ocean water is pushed away from shore and replaced by cold, nutrient-rich bottom water. winds blowing parallel to the shore, which causes offshore transport	43
4996598021	mutation	a random change in DNA molecules making up genes that can alter anatomy, physiology, or behavior of offspring	44
4996612708	adaptation	any genetically controlled structural or behavioral characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce under a given set of environmental conditions. It usually results from a beneficial mutation	45
4996659742	genetic resistance	the ability of one or more organisms in a population to tolerate a chemical designed to kill it.	46
4996669764	extirpation	The disappearance of a particular population from a given area, but not the entire species globally (LOCAL EXTINCTION)	47
4996690271	species richness	the number of species in a community	48
4996702571	permafrost	underground soil in which captured water stays frozen for more than 2 consecutive years. It keeps melted snow from soaking into the ground.	49
4996748310	thermohaline circulation (density circulation)	Movement of ocean water caused by density difference brought about by variations in temperature and salinity. As ocean water freezes at the poles it concentrates salt, and the colder, denser water sinks. without it, the overall global temperatures will be warmer GLOBAL CIRCULATION OF WATER, SHAPED BY DIFFERENCES IN TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY	50
4996750851	teleconnections	impacts that occur a great distance apart	51
4996753251	jet stream	a high-speed high-altitude airstream blowing from west to east near the top of the troposphere	52
4996784859	Biomes		53
5002122222	walker circulation	East-West pattern of circulation at the equator that wraps around the entire globe at the equator causing air to rise and sink. helps explain why rainforests don't everywhere at the equator	54
4996814571	Species Area Relationship	the larger area you sample, the more species you will find The relationship between the size of an island and the number of inhabitants. As the size of the island increase, the number of species increases.	55
5002774971	biomes		56
5002834516	cold desert	cold temps, little precipitation, little vegetation, occurs at 30 degrees N and S(?)	57
5002873140	tundra	cold temps, medium precipitation, permafrost (underground soil), little vegetation, 90 degrees	58
5002894803	taiga	cold temps, heavy precipitation, evergreens, very acidic soil (nutrient poor soil) (????????????), 60 degrees	59
5002924863	temperate desert	high summer temps, low winter temps, average precipitation, 30 degrees	60
5002962487	tropical desert	hot and dry most of the year (?????????), 30 degrees	61
5002965656	temperate grassland	cold winters, hot summers, sparse rain deep fertile soil	62
5002983815	savanna	warm temps year round, alternating wet seasons	63
5003010786	chapparal	slightly longer winter rainy season, wet, soil is thin and not very fertile	64
5003026403	tropical rainforest	hot temperatures, high precipitation, low quality soil, 0 degrees	65
5003132940	temperature deciduous forest	moderate temperatures, long warm summers, chilly winters, abundant rainfall	66
5003529260	Ekman Transport	the net movement of water at 90 degrees to the direction of the wind	67