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Ultimate AP Language Study Guide Flashcards

9726942690	Essay: Rhetorical Analysis	Thesis includes: speaker, occasion, context, purpose, and speaker	0
9726947180	Essay: Rhetorical Analysis	Discuss three rhetorical strategies such as syntax, diction, tone, rhetorical mode, et cetera	1
9726954256	Essay: Rhetorical Analysis	11-sentence essay formatting	2
9727104542	Essay: Rhetorical Analysis	Body paragraphs should be organized by ideas that support the thesis, not by the rhetorical strategies.	3
9727110014	Essay: Rhetorical Analysis	Conclusion should show insight and go beyond the prompt.	4
9727113816	Essay: Rhetorical Analysis	Don't ever have a paragraph focused on rhetorical strategy. Explain how the message is being conveyed and why the author selected a particular rhetorical devices above all others.	5
9726954864	Essay: Rhetorical Analysis	Show vs. tell language	6
9726959533	Essay: Argument	Introduction includes 3rd person thesis, agree/disagree/qualify, clear position	7
9726965099	Essay: Argument	Create examples used in body paragraphs; draw on personal experiences and sources provided	8
9726968645	Essay: Argument	Refutation and concession may be embedded in body paragraphs or its own	9
9726970837	Essay: Argument	Must include conclusion that reuses language from both thesis and prompt	10
9726973468	Essay: Argument	First person POV is acceptable; avoid logical fallacies	11
9726980669	Essay: Synthesis	You must decide which sources best support your argument	12
9726985133	Essay: Synthesis	Introduction paragraph must include thesis, background information, and a clear position	13
9726989209	Essay: Synthesis	Body paragraphs always support the thesis	14
9726991131	Essay: Synthesis	Body paragraph should always use two or more sources	15
9726993333	Essay: Synthesis	Do not let sources dominate the paper. Provide a counterargument with support. Three sources MINIMUM.	16
9726999317	Essay: Synthesis	Conclusion should not explicitly restate thesis, but reuse language. Include societal themes.	17
9727004334	Essay: ALL	Read the prompt carefully; rephrase it as a question, and then answer. Use proper logical advancement, and annotate. Thoroughly.	18
9727020201	Close Reading: Diction	Look for words that draw attention or certain parts of speech that are repeated or used intensely	19
9727049657	Close Reading: Diction	Is language abstract or concrete? Identify if the language is formal, colloquial, informal, slang, etc?	20
9727056226	Close Reading: Diction	Are the words nonliteral or figurative? Are metaphors present?	21
9727061175	Close Reading: Diction	Are there words with strong context or connotations?	22
9727065677	Close Reading: Syntax	What is the order of the sentences- typical SVO or inverted? Are sentences periodic, cumulative, etc?	23
9727072980	Close Reading: Syntax	Are sentences complex or simple, long or short? How are words and phrases connected? Does the writer ask questions?	24
9727078571	Close Reading: Syntax	Look for parallelism, juxtaposition, antithesis, pacing, sentence structure	25
9727127060	Denotation	Dictionary definition, literal meaning of a word	26
9727130119	Connotation	The emotions that are associated with various words, even if they have the same meaning- investing vs gambling, brave vs outrageous, etc.	27
9727151082	Toulin Model of Arguing	Moves in the direction of CLAIM, SUPPORT, WARRANT. Warrants are justifications or generalizations, such as given information. Ex, The lady is the child's mother because she is holding the child's hand. Mothers often hold their children's hands to protect them.	28
9727166779	Toulin Model of Arguing	Warrants are followed by backing such as commentary or explanation. Backing is not necessary but provides a stronger argument.	29
9727172903	Toulin Model of Arguing	It is necessary to have an explicit warrant so the right claim is supported	30
9727176245	Toulin Model of Arguing	Structure: (Support), therefore (claim), since (warrant), on account of (backing)	31
9727190845	Deductive Logic	Uses syllogism as building blocks. Major premise, secondary premise, followed by a conclusion.	32
9727196011	Deductive Logic	Follows the Toulin model. Example: All humans have a heart (main premise, warrant). You are a human (support, secondary premise), therefore you have a heart (claim, conclusion).	33
9727204626	Deductive Logic	Enthymeme, a shortened syllogism in which certain premises are considered to be assumed or implied. Often just the claim and reason.	34
9727213312	Deductive Logic	To be valid, a conclusion must logically follow premises.	35
9727218037	Deductive Logic	For an argument to be sound, it must be valid and have true premises. If a premise is debatable, the argument is unsound.	36
9727224082	Deductive Logic	Look for assumptions in your own writing and be sure to defend them- look for invalid or unsound logic	37
9727235408	Logical Fallacy	Common error in reasoning that undermines the logic of an argument	38
9727238597	Scare Tactics	Argument that uses legitimate fear to incite panic or prejudice	39
9727243684	False Dilemma	Arguments that reduce options for action to only two choices	40
9727246722	Slippery Slope	Arguments that exaggerate the likely consequences to frighten the audience	41
9727250513	Sentimental Appeal	Overuse of pathos to distract readers from facts	42
9727254516	Bandwagon	Arguments that urge people to do what others are doing	43
9727257881	False Authority	Arguments that draw on the authority of widely respected people, institutions, or texts, regardless of relevance	44
9727267870	Dogmatism	Implies there is only one side to an argument	45
9727267871	Ad Hominem	Attack of the character of a person rather than the claim being made	46
9727273263	Hasty Generalization	Draw inference from insufficient evidence	47
9727277593	Faulty Causality	Argument that says all scenarios must be cause and effect	48
9727280079	Red Herring	Side tangent/argument	49
9727282670	Begging the question	Circular reasoning that assumes the conclusion is true even if the premises don't offer evidence of that conclusion	50
9727289067	Non Sequitur	One point does not follow another, logically	51
9727291665	False Analogy	Comparison of two things which are dissimilar	52
9727294990	Equivocation	Gives a lie an honest appearance	53
9727297807	Straw man	Refutes claim not offered, ignores actual position and substitutes a distorted, exaggerated, or misrepresented version of position	54
9727305520	Stacking the Deck	Choose only one side of an argument to address	55
9727313115	Prompt: Analysis	Requires critical reading. Asks how the author makes effective argument, why or why not, and is it appropriate	56
9727318533	Prompt: Analysis	Analyze the way the argument is made	57
9727321722	Prompt: Agree or Disagree	Often no reading; take a position on the issue and possibly present a solution. Use specific evidence and consider apposing viewpoints.	58
9727329698	Prompt: Consider Both Sides	Often no reading; examine both sides of an issue fairly, and take a position using specific evidence. Disprove and support opposing viewpoints.	59
9727342804	Prompt: Defend/Challenge/Qualify	Defend- agree with the author, and defend what they say. Show their worth and merit. Challenge- Oppose the author, show why their argument is incorrect Qualify: take a position but acknowledge weakness on the side you chose, and acknowledge the merit of the opposition. Most difficult but earns higher scores when done right.	60
9727362995	Essay: Synthesis	Mention or present both sides of an argument within your introduction. Thesis may be implicit or explicit, using language from the prompt.	61
9862034336	Tone Word: Bitter	Proceeding from strong animosity	62
9862037480	Tone Word: Condescending	To speak down to, as if inferior	63
9862043535	Tone Word: Contemptouous	To treat with scorn or disrespect	64
9862046874	Tone Word: Disdainful	To reject aloofly	65
9862050542	Tone Word: Disgusted	Offensive in a gross, sickly way	66
9862054241	Tone Word: Flippant	Casually disrespectful	67
9862054242	Tone Word: Indignant	Expressing anger by something unjust or rude	68
9862063593	Tone Word: Irreverent	Disrespect towards authority	69
9862067507	Tone Word: Petty	Of small importance	70
9862067508	Tone Word: Scornful	To treat as if unworthy	71
9862070781	Tone Word: Cynical	Belief that one is motivated by selfishness	72
9862075475	Tone Word: Solemn	Deeply earnest, grave	73
9862078086	Tone Word: Depressed	In low spirits	74
9862086891	Tone Word: Cold	Lacking emotion	75
9862091707	Tone Word: Mauldin	Effusively or tearfully sentimental	76
9862094602	Tone Word: Arrogant	Unpleasantly self-important	77
9862098038	Tone Word: Melancholic	Sad, depressed, gloomy	78
9955317458	Tone Word: Bantering	Good humoured, playful conversation	79
9955319386	Tone Word: Colloquial	Characteristic of informal speech or writing	80
9955323985	Tone Word: Confident	Trust or faith in a persona or thing	81
9955325479	Tone Word: Detached	Separated, disconnected, free from emotion	82
9955345158	Tone Word: Didactic	With intent to instruct	83
9955348062	Tone Word: Sober	Temperate, solemn, self-restrained	84
9955350329	Tone Word: Informal	Casual	85
9955352315	Tone Word: Objective	Uninfluenced by emotions or personal prejudices	86

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AP English Language: Schemes Flashcards

Rhetorical Schemes and Definitions

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7567110557	Parallelism	Similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases or clauses.	0
7567110558	Isocolon	Use of parallel elements similar not only in structure, as in parallelism, but in length (that is, the same number of words or even syllables).	1
7567110559	Antithesis	The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, often in parallel structure.	2
7567110560	Anastrophe	Inversion of the natural or usual word order. (Yoda speak)	3
7567110561	Parenthesis	Insertion of some verbal unit in a position that interrupts the normal syntactical flow of a sentence	4
7567110562	Apposition	Placing side by side two coordinate elements, the second of which serves as an explanation or modification of the first.	5
7567110563	Climax	The arrangement of words in order of increasing importance	6
7567110564	Ellipsis	Deliberate omission of a word or group of words which are readily implied by the context. From the Greek for "to leave out" or "to fall short."	7
7567110565	Asyndeton	Deliberate omission of conjunctions between a series of related words, phrases, or clauses.	8
7567110566	Polysyndeton	The deliberate use of many conjunctions. From the Greek for "bound together."	9
7567110567	Alliteration	Repetition of initial consonants in two or more adjacent words. From the Latin "putting letters together."	10
7567110568	Assonance	The repetition of similar vowel sounds, preceded and followed by different consonants. From the Latin for "sound."	11
7567110569	Anaphora	Repetition of the same word or group of words at the beginnings of successive clauses. From the Greek for "carrying back."	12
7567110570	Consonance	The repetition of the final consonant sounds of accented syllables or important words. From the Latin for "agree" + "sounds."	13
7567110571	Epistrophe	The repetition of the same word or phrase at the end of successive clauses. From the Greek for "return."	14
7567110572	Epanalepsis	Repeating a word from the beginning of a clause at the end of the same clause From the Greek for "repetition."	15
7567110573	Anadiplosis	Repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause	16
7567110574	Antimetabole	Repetition of words, in successive clauses, in reverse grammatical order.	17
7567110575	Chiasmus	Reversal of grammatical structure in successive phrases or clauses (literally, "the criss-cross"). Like antimetabole, but without the repetition. Think "reverse parallelism."	18
7567110576	Polyptoton	Repetition of words derived from the same root. Similar to word play, but the words do not lose their original meaning.	19
7586351566	isocolon	I like to read, to write, and to eat	20
7586351567	parallelism	Elon Musk is a smart, determined, and humble person.	21
7586351568	antithesis	it was the best of times, it was the worst of times	22
7586351569	anastrophe	"If't be so, For Banquo's issue have I fil'd my mind, For them the gracious Duncan have I murther'd, Put rancors in the vessel of my peace Only for them, and mine eternal jewel Given to the common enemy of man, To make them kings -the seed of Banquo kings! Rather than so, come, Fate, into the list, And champion me to the utterance!" - Macbeth, William Shakespeare	23
7586351570	parenthesis	Bob(a great fighter) fought with Floyd Mayweather.	24
7586351571	apposition	My tree, the biggest tree in the neighborhood, is a true wonder.	25
7586351572	ellipsis	I wanted to get a good grade. . .but the teacher taught me the wrong material for the exam.	26
7586351573	asyndeton	"Government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the Earth"(Lincoln's Gettysburg Address)	27
7586351574	polysyndeton	I was afraid of spiders, beetles, and grasshoppers, and insects, and lions, and all these other things.	28
7586351575	alliteration	Sally steadily sat on a see-saw.	29
7586351576	assonance	Charles Barkley was once called the "Round mound of rebound."	30
7586351577	anaphora	I had a happy life. I had a great family. I had a nice car. I had a nice house.	31
7586351578	epistrophe	I hated him. You hated him. Society hated him. Everyone hated him	32
7586351579	epanalepsis	The king is here; God save the king!	33
7586351580	anadiplosis	Strength through purity, purity through faith - Chancellor Adam Susan, V for Vendetta	34
7586351581	climax	"It may, perhaps, be fairly questioned, whether any other portion of the population of the earth could have endured the privations, sufferings and horrors of slavery, without having become more degraded in the scale of humanity than the slaves of African descent. Nothing has been left undone to cripple their intellects, darken their minds, debase their moral stature, obliterate all traces of their relationship to mankind; and yet how wonderfully they have sustained the mighty load of a most frightful bondage, under which they have been groaning for centuries!" (Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, 1845)	35
7586351582	antimetabole	"The absence of evidence is not the evidence of absence." -- Carl Sagan	36
7586351583	chiasmus	One should eat to live, not live to eat. - Cicero	37
7586351584	polyptoton	"His griefs grieve on no universal bones, leaving no scars."—William Faulkner, Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech, December 1950	38

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AP ENGLISH LANGUAGE Flashcards

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7291279208	Static character	One who does not change much throughout the story	0
7291280729	Dynamic character	Changes in important ways as a result of the story's actions	1
7291284014	Flat character	Have few personality traits	2
7291287002	Round character	More complex and have more dimensions to their personalities	3
7291289918	Cliche	A word or phrase that has become lifeless because of its overuse	4
7291295733	Climax	The point in plot with greatest intensity, suspense or interest	5
7291298218	Comedy	A story with a happy resolution of the conflicts faced by characters	6
7291302285	Conceit	Elaborated metaphor or other figure of speech that compares two totally different things	7
7291305455	Concrete language	Use specific words and details to describe a particular subject	8
7291308460	Conflict	The struggle between opposing forces or characters	9
7291311871	Connotation	Associations and emotional overtones that have become attched to a word or phrase, in addition to its dictionary definition	10
7291319359	Consonance	Repetition of the same or similar final consonant sound on accented syllables or in important words	11
7291323161	Couplet	Two consecutive rhyming lines in poetry	12
7291326678	Dark romantics	Group of nineteenth century writers who explored the dark side of human nature	13
7291329155	Denotation	Dictionary definition	14
7291330252	Denoment	Conclusion or resolution of a story	15
7291336774	Dialect	Way of speaking characterized of a certain social group of inhabitants of a certain geographical area	16
7291340480	Dialogue	Direct quoted words of people speaking to one another	17
7291343412	Diction	A speaker or writers choice of words	18
7291344930	Dramatic monologue	Poem in which character speaks to oneself or more listeners whose response are not known	19

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AP Language Terms 1-20 Flashcards

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7329092176	Absolute	a group of words that modifies an independent clause as a whole without a conjunction; highest degree	0
7329092177	Adage	a proverb or short statement expressing a general truth	1
7329092178	Ad Hominem Argument	appeals to one's prejudices, emotions, or special interests rather than to one's intellect or reason. It relies on personal attacks rather than reason or substance.	2
7329092179	Allegory	a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one	3
7329092180	Allusion	a brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary, or political significance	4
7329092181	Analogy	a comparison between two things, typically for the purpose of explanation or clarification	5
7329092182	Anaphora	the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses	6
7329092183	Anecdote	a short and amusing or interesting personal story about a real incident or person	7
7329092184	Antecedent	word or pronoun in a line or sentence refers to an earlier word	8
7329092185	Antithesis	a figure of speech in which an opposition or contrast of ideas is expressed by parallel structure	9
7329092186	Aphorism	a statement of truth or opinion expressed in a concise and witty manner	10
7329092187	Apostrophe	a figure of speech in which the poet addresses an absent person, an abstract idea, or a thing	11
7329092188	Argument	main statement or position of a poem, essay, short story, or novel	12
7329092189	Asyndeton	the omission or absence of a conjunction between parts of a sentence in order to shorten a sentence and focus on its meaning	13
7329092190	Bathos	an effect of anti-climax created by an unintentional lapse in mood from the sublime to the trivial or ridiculous	14
7329092191	Chiasmus	words, grammatical constructions, or concepts are repeated in reverse order in a modified form	15
7329092192	Cliche	a phrase or opinion that is overused and betrays a lack of original thought	16
7329092193	Colloquialism	a word or phrase that is informal and typically used in ordinary or familiar conversation	17
7329092194	Conceit	a metaphor that compares two very unlike things in a surprising and clever way, which usually becomes an extended metaphor	18
7329092195	Concrete Detail	facts, data, and specific knowledge offered to explain or justify a position	19

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AP Language Spring Vocabulary Words Flashcards

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9999244612	approbation	official approval, praise, commendation	0
9999442299	befuddle	confused	1
9999442774	candid	blunt, sincere honesty	2
9999444427	credulous	believing without question, gullible	3
9999446686	elegiac	mournful, expressing sorrow	4
9999447975	implacable	incapable of being satisfied	5
9999449950	incipient	beginning to come into being, the early stage of something	6
9999450469	laconic	using a minimum of words	7
9999451473	mercurial	changing unpredictably	8
9999451952	pompous	exaggerated show of dignity or self-importance	9
9999453410	raucous	loud and boisterous, harsh, disorderly	10
9999453910	repress	to restrain, to hold back	11
9999454432	reproach	to blame for something	12
9999456983	stolid	showing little emotion	13
9999457539	trepidation	fear, trembling, agitation	14
9999458133	commensurate	equal in value	15
9999458134	corpulence	state of being very fat	16
9999458808	deft	skillful, clever	17
9999458816	defunct	no longer existing or in use	18
9999459357	feint	a false appearance to perform a certain act	19
9999460064	florid	flowery, flushed with color	20
9999460493	impetuous	violent, hasty, rash, impulsive	21
9999461292	indignation	anger as a result of something unjust	22
9999462131	ineffable	incapable of being expressed in speech or words	23
9999462911	insolence	insulting or contemptuous behavior	24
9999465138	obstinate	unyielding regardless of reason or logic	25
9999467182	punctillious	stressing strict adherence to instructions, details, codes or conduct	26
9999468347	sumptuous	lavish, luxurious	27
9999468896	tentative	uncertain	28
9999468897	vacuous	lacking substance, marked by a lack of intelligence	29
9999470918	atheist	one who doesn't believe in G-d	30
9999471429	bourgeois	qualities associated with the middle class, often reflecting majority opinion	31
9999476881	conceit	excessively high opinion of one's own worth or ability	32
9999479376	exhaust	to use up, to drain	33
9999479810	inane	lacking significance, meaning, or point	34
9999480798	monotony	sameness to the point of boredom	35
9999481477	mutinous	rebellious, unruly	36
9999481485	nonchalance	indifference, a showing of little interest	37
9999482306	pacifist	one who opposes war or use of force	38
9999483338	rile	to make angry, to arouse resentment	39

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AP Language Arts Vocabulary 1 Flashcards

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7339224429	Hiatus	a break or interruption in the continuity of a work, series, action, etc. (noun)	0
7339224430	Quell	to suppress to put an end to; extinguish (verb)	1
7339224431	Hinder	to cause delay, interruption, or difficulty in; hamper; impede (verb)	2
7339224432	Brawn	Strong well developed muscles. (noun)	3
7339224433	Tout	to solicit business, employment, votes, or the like, importunately. (verb)	4
7339224434	Kindle	to start (a fire); cause (a flame, blaze, etc.) to begin burning. (verb)	5
7339224435	Efface	to wipe out; do away with; expunge. (verb)	6
7339224436	Extol	to praise highly; laud; eulogize. (verb)	7
7339224437	Copious	large in quantity or number; abundant; plentiful. (adjective)	8
7339224438	Artisan	a person skilled in an applied art; a craftsperson. (noun)	9

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AP Spanish Language Cram Review Flashcards

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9862172509	el medioambiente/ambiental	evironment	0
9862172510	la sostentabilidad	sustainabilty	1
9862172511	la ética	Ethics	2
9862172512	los negocios	business; commerce	3
9862172513	polémico	controversial	4
9862172514	marginación	marginalization	5
9862172515	recursos	resources	6
9862172516	diversidad	diversity	7
9862172517	atributos	Attributes	8
9862172518	desarrollo	development	9
9862172519	hacerse (se hizo)	to become	10
9862172520	aceso	access	11
9862172521	la escasez	shortage	12
9862172522	la crisis	crisis	13
9862172523	crecimiento	growth	14
9862172524	aumentar	to increase	15
9862172525	el éxito	success	16
9862172526	inversiones	investments	17
9862172527	desafío	challenge	18
9862172528	envejecimiento	aging	19
9862172529	lanzar	to launch	20
9862172530	alcanzar	to reach	21
9862172531	apoyar	to support	22
9862172532	lograr/ logros	to achieve	23
9862172533	se puede...	one can	24
9862172534	si hubiera___ado/ido ho/to	entonces (infinitive +_____ía)	25
9862172535	Si yo fuera en tu lugar,	yo (conditional.... estudaría más et cetera) ___ía	26
9862172536	Quiere decir	means	27
9862172537	o sea	in other words	28
9862172538	por eso	therefore	29
9862172539	Creo que	I think that	30
9862172540	Es obvio que	it's obvious that	31
9862172541	Dudo que ___subjunctive	I doubt that	32
9862172542	lo que importa es que ___ subjunctive	The important thing is that____	33
9862172543	Lo triste (insert adjective) es que____	The sad (adjective) part about this is that _____	34
9862172544	¡Qué triste (insert adjective)!	How sad(adjective)!	35
9862172545	La verdad es que ____	actually	36
9862172546	realizar	to perform, to accomplish	37
9862172547	para empezar (Primero)	to begin with	38
9862172548	para continuar (además/también)	to continue	39
9862172549	para concluir (finalmente)	to conclude	40
9862172550	según la fuente INTEGRATE AT LEAST ONE QUOTE	according to the source	41
9862172551	dice relata reporta explica indica analiza	ways to say "Says" creatively	42
9862172552	semejanzas diferencias	similarities and differences	43
9862172553	ventajas desventajas	advantages disadvantages	44
9862172554	por el otro lado por UNA mano, por la otra	to highlight a counter argument	45
9862172555	opino que creo que pienso que sugiero que	ways to give your point of view	46
9862172556	pero en cambio al contrario	transition words to disagree	47
9862172557	como resultado de otro modo	drawing conclusion	48
9862172558	sobre todo por ejemplo	highlighting supporting details	49
9862172559	ONU	United Nations	50
9862172560	ONG (Kiva, Doctores sin Fronteras)	non-governmental organization	51
9862172561	cifras	figures	52
9862172562	estadisticas	statistics	53
9862172563	tabla la imagen el gráfico	chart image graphic	54

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AP Language First Semester Vocab Flashcards

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8636925542	Juxtaposition	Two things being placed close together with a contrasting effect	0
8636925543	Ad hominem	Going at a persons character rather than their argument	1
8636925544	Retrospective	Dealing with past events or situations	2
8636929196	Audacity	Bold	3
8636929197	Chagrin	Humiliation or embarrassment	4
8636929198	Wryly	dry mocking tone mostly in humor	5
8636932790	Arbitrary	random choice rather than reason or system as a basis	6
8636932791	Callous	Insensitivity or cruel disregard towards others	7
8636935158	Unorthodox	Unusual, breaking a norm	8
8636935159	Levies	Imposing something on someone such as a tax	9
8636936949	Buttresses	Projecting support of stone or brick built against a wall	10
8636961044	Presage	a sign or warning of something that could happen	11
8636961045	Causal Reasoning	reasoning based on evidence/cause	12
8636963965	Inductive reasoning	premises are combined to obtain a claim or conclusion	13
8636963966	Deductive reasoning	if all premises are true the claim is true	14
8636965948	Antithetical	directly opposed or contrasted	15
8636969383	Inordinate	disorderly or not normal in behavior or size	16
8636969384	Acute	Highly developed or keen; knowledgeable etc.	17
8636969385	Fortitude	courage in pain or adversity	18
8636971850	Clandestine	kept secret or done in secret	19
8636971851	Futitility	uselessness	20
8636971852	Culpability	at fault for a situation; blamed	21
8636973492	Imagistic	a way of writing that relies heavily on similar word pattern and imagery	22
8636973493	Resolve	fix or settle a problem	23
8636984879	Illicit	forbidden by rule law or custom	24
8636984880	Amalgam	mixture or blend	25
8636984881	Fallibility	capable of making mistakes	26
8636987210	Unwarranted	uncalled for	27
8636987211	Epitome	perfect example of a quality or type	28
8636987212	Equestrian		29
8636989090	Tedium		30
8636989091	Deference		31
8636991349	Naivete		32
8636991350	Hedonism		33
8636991351	Nonplussed		34
8636995391	Petulant		35
8636995392	Discombobulated		36
8636995393	Temporal		37
8636997840	Transience		38
8636997841	Sultriness		39
8636997842	Nostalgic		40
8637000593	Gaudy		41
8637000594	Acerbic		42
8637000595	Avaricious		43
8637003208	Moralist		44
8637009779	Disenchantment		45

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AP WORLD HISTORY: UNIT 4 Flashcards

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9843547791	humanism	shift of emphasis from fulfillment in the afterlife to the here and now	0
9843550661	realism	art becoming more realistic and accurate	1
9843595387	indulgences	piece of paper Catholics could purchase to reduce time in purgatory; the catholic church began selling them to finance building projects	2
9843648300	heretics	people who believed against religious doctrine	3
9843785332	deism	viewing God as a watchmaker who set up the world and created its natural laws and then let it run by itself	4
9843884308	calvinism	taught predestination of fate	5
9853864185	peninsulares	select group of spanish officials sent to govern the colonies	6
9853868818	crillos / creoles	people born in the colonies to spanish parents	7
9853873131	mestizos	european and native american ancestry	8
9853878679	mulattoes	european and african ancestry	9
9853880777	viceroys	appointed governors of each of the five regions of new spain	10
9854009983	mercantilism	a country actively sought to trade, but tried not to import more than it exported	11
9854233759	thirty years' war	protestant territories in bohemia challenged authority of the holy roman catholic emperor; developed into huge religious and political war	12
9854556906	cossacks	peasants who were offered freedom from feudal lords if they agreed to settle and fight for land in the east	13
9854578491	ivan IV / ivan the terrible	expanded russia's hold but ruled a reign of terror and executed people he perceived as a threat to his power	14
9854649177	janissaries	Christian subjects in the ottoman empire who were turned into fighting warriors	15
9854874484	tokugawa shogunate	against the westerners and reestablished feudalism; immobile caste system	16
9867219442	jizya	tax on non-muslims	17

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Quarter 4 Terms AP World History Flashcards

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6843968147	Age of Revolution	Period of political upheaval beginning roughly with the American Revolution in 1775 and continuing through the French Revolution of 1789 and other movements for change up to 1848	0
6843968148	Population Revolution	Huge growth in population in western Europe beginning about 1730; prelude to Industrial Revolution; population of France increased 50 percent, England and Prussia 100 percent	1
6843968149	Proto-industrialization	Preliminary shift away from agricultural economy of Europe; workers became full or part time producers of textile and metal products	2
6843968150	American Revolution	Rebellion of English American colonies along Atlantic seaboard between 1775 and 1783	3
6843968151	French Revolution	Resulted in the overthrow of Bourbon monarchy and old regimes; ended with establishment of French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte	4
6843968152	Louis XVI	Bourbon monarch of France who was executed during the radical phase of the French Revolution	5
6843968153	Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen	Adopted during the liberal phase of the French Revolution; stated the fundament equality of all French citizens	6
6843968154	Guillotine	Introduced as a method of humane execution; utilized to executed thousands during the most radical phase of the French Revolution	7
6843968155	Nationalism	Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe; often allied with other "isms"; urged importance of nation unity; valued a collective identity based on culture, race, or ethnic origin	8
6843968156	Napoleon Bonaparte	Rose within the French army during the wars of the French Revolution; eventually became general; led a coup that ended the French Revolution; established French Empire under his rule; defeated and deposed in 1815	9
6843968157	Congress of Vienna	Meeting in the aftermath of Napoleonic Wars (1815) to restore political stability in Europe and settle diplomatic disputes	10
6843968158	Conservative	Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; opposed revolutionary goals; advocated restoration of monarchy and defense of church	11
6843968159	Liberal	Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; stressed limited state of interference in individual life, representation of propertied people in government; urged importance of constitutional rule and parliaments	12
6843968160	Radical	Political viewpoint with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; advocated broader voting rights than liberals; in some cases advocated outright democracy; urged reforms in favor of the lower classes	13
6843968161	Greek Revolution	Rebellion in Greece against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; key step in gradually dismantling the Ottoman Empire in the Balkans	14
6843968162	Reform Bill of 1832	Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain	15
6843968163	Chartist movement	Attempt by artisans and works in Britain to gain the vote during the 1840s; demands for reform beyond the Reform Bill of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions; movement failed	16
6843968164	Louis Pasteur	French scientist who discovered relationship between germs and disease in the 19th century, leading to better sanitation	17
6843968165	American Civil War	Fought from 1861 to 1865; first application of Industrial Revolution to warfare; resulted in abolition of slavery in the United States and reunification of North and South	18
6843968166	Trasformismo	Political system in late 19th century Italy that promoted alliance of conservatives and liberal; parliamentary deputies of all parties supported to status quo	19
6843968167	Social Question	Issues relation to repressed classes in western Europe during the Industrial revolution, particularly works and women; became more critical than constitutional issues 1870	20
6843968168	Socialism	Political movement with origins in western Europe during the 19th century; urged an attack on private property in the name of equality; wanted state control of means of production, end to capitalist exploration of the working man	21
6843968169	Karl Marx	(1818-1883) German socialist who blamed earlier socialist movements as utopian; saw history as defined by class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached necessity of social revolution to created proletarian dictatorship	22
6843968170	Revisionism	Socialist movements that at least tacitly disavowed Marxist revolutionary doctrine; believed social success could be achieved gradually through political institutions	23
6843968171	Feminist movements	Sought various legal and economic gains for women, including equal access to professions and higher education; came to concentrate on right to vote; won support particularly from middle class women; active in western Europe at the end of the 19th century; revived in light of other issues in the 1960s	24
6843968172	Mass Leisure Culture	An aspect of the later Industrial Revolution; based on newspapers, music halls, popular theater, vacation trips, and team sports	25
6843968173	Charles Darwin	Biologist who developed theory of evolution of species (1859); argued that all living species evolved in their present form through the ability to adapt in a struggle for survival	26
6843968174	Albert Einstein	Developed mathematical theories to explain the behavior of planetary motion and the movement of electrical particles; after 1900 issued theory of relativity	27
6843968175	Sigmund Freud	Viennese physician who developed theories of the workings of human subconscious	28
6843968176	Romanticism	Artistic and literary movement of the 19th century in Europe; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature	29
6843968177	Triple Alliance	Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed at the end of the 19th century	30
6843968178	Triple Entente	Alliance among Britain, Russia and France at the outset of the 20th century	31
6843968179	Balkan nationalism	Movements to create independent nations within the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire	32
6843968180	Sepoys	Troops that served the British East india Company; recruited from various warlike peoples of India	33
6843968181	British Raj	British political establishment in India; developed as a result of the rivalry between France and Britain in India	34
6843968182	Plassey	Battle in 1757 between troops of the British East India Company and an Indian army under Siraj ud-daula, ruler of Bengal	35
6843968183	Robert Clive	Architect of British victory at Plassey in 1757; established foundations of British Raj in northern India	36
6843968184	Presidencies	Three districts that made up the bulk of the directly ruled British territories in India	37
6843968185	Princely states	Domains of Indian princes allied with the British Raj	38
6843968186	Nabobs	Name given to British representatives of the East India Company who went briefly to India to make fortunes through grade and exploitation	39
6843968187	Lord Charles Cornwallis	Reformer of the East India Company administration of India in the 1790s; reduced power of local British administrators; checked widespread corruption	40
6843968188	Tropical dependencies	The greater portion of the European empires consisting of Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific where small numbers of Europeans ruled large populations of non-Western peoples	41
6843968189	Settlement colonies	Areas, such as North America and Australia, that were both conquered by European invaders and settled by large numbers of European migrants who made the colonized areas their permanent home and dispersed and decimated the indigenous inhabitants	42
6843968190	White Dominions	Colonies in which European settlers made up the overwhelming majority of the population	43
6843968191	Cecil Rhodes	British entrepreneur in south Africa around 1900; manipulated political situation in south Africa to gain entry to resources of Boer republics	44
6843968192	Anglo-Boer War	Fought between 1899-1902 over the continued independence of Boer republics; resulted in British victory	45
6843968193	Captain James Cook	Made voyages to hawaii from 1777 to 1779 resulting in opening of islands to the West	46
6843968194	Toussaint L'Overture	Leader of slave rebellion on the French sugar island of St, Domingue in 1791 that led to creation of independent republic of Haiti in 1804	47
6843968195	Father Miguel de Hidalgo	Mexican priest who established independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810	48
6843968196	Simon Bolivar	Creole military officer in northern South America; won series of victories in Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador; led to creation of Gran Colombia	49
6843968197	Gran Colombia	Independent state created in South America as a result of military successes of Simon Bolivar	50
6843968198	Caudillos	Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies	51
6843968199	Centralists	Latin American politicians who wanted politics, especially fiscal and commercial regulation, to be set by regional governments rather than centralized nation administrations	52
6843968200	Monroe Doctrine	American declaration started in 1823; established that any attempt of a European colony to colonize in the Americas would be considered an unfriendly act by the United Sates	53
6843968201	La Reforma	The liberal rebellion of Benito Juarez against the forces of Santa Anna	54
6843968202	Panama Canal	An aspect of American intervention in Latin America; resulted from United States support from Panamanian independence movement in return for a grant to exclusive rights to a canal across the Panam isthmus	55
6843968203	Tanzimat Reforms	Series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire in 1839 and 1876	56
6843968204	Ottoman Society for Union and Progress	Organization of political agitators in opposition to the rule of Abdul Harmid; also called "Young Turks"	57
6843968205	Muhammad Ali	Won power struggle in Egypt following the fall of the Mamluks	58
6843968206	Khedives	Descendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867	59
6843968207	Suez Canal	Built to connect the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea in 1869	60
6843968208	Banner armies	Eight armies of the Manchu tribes identified by separate flags	61
6843968209	Qing	Machu dynasty that seized control of China in mid-17th century after decline of the Ming	62
6843968210	Kangxi	Confucian scholar and Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722	63
6843968211	Compradors	Wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty	64
6843968212	Opium war	Fought between the British and Qing China beginning in 1839; fought to protect British trade	65
6843968213	Taiping Rebellion	Broke out in south China in 1850s and early 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-christian prophet	66
6843968214	Self-Strengthening movement	Late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the west; led by provincial leaders	67
6843968215	Cixi	Ultraconservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qing dynasty	68
6843968216	Boxer Rebellion	Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China	69
6843968217	Sun Yat-sen	Head of Revolutionary Alliance, organization that led 1911 revolt against Qing dynasty in China; briefly elected president in 1911, but yielded in favor of Yuan Shikai in 1912	70
6843968218	Puyi	Last emperor of China; deposed as emperor while still a small boy in 1912	71
6843968219	Decembrist uprising	Political revolt in Russia in 1825; led by middle-level army officers who advocated reforms	72
6843968220	Crimean War	Fought between 1854 and 1856; began as Russian attempt to attack Ottoman Empire	73
6843968221	Zemstvoes	Local policial councils created as part of reforms of Tsar Alexander II	74
6843968222	Intelligentsia	Russian term denoting articulate intellectuals as a class	75
6843968223	Anarchists	Political groups seeking abolition of all formal government	76
6843968224	Bolsheviks	Literally, the majority party; the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by V.I. Lenin	77
6843968225	Duma	National parliament created in Russia in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905	78
6843968226	Matthew Perry	American commodore who visited Edo Bay with American fleet in 1853; opened Japanese ports to American trade	79
6843968227	Diet	Japanese Parliament established as part of the new constitution of 1889	80
6843968228	Zaibatsu	Huge industrial combines created in Japan in the 1890s as part of the process of industrialization	81
6843968229	Yellow Peril	Western term for perceived threat of Japanese imperialism around 1900	82
6843968230	Gallipoli	Peninsula south of Istanbul; site of decisive 1915 Turkish victory of Australian and New Zealand forces in WWI	83
6843968231	Armenian genocide	Assault carried out by mainly Turkish military forces against Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915	84
6843968232	Self-determination	Right of people in a region to determine whether to be independent or not	85
6843968233	B.G. Tilak	Believed that nationalism in India should be based on appeals to Hindu religiosity; worked to promote the restoration and revival of ancient Hindu traditions	86
6843968234	Morley-Minto reforms	Provided educated Indians with considerably expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and all-India legislative councils	87
6843968235	Fascism	Political philosophy that became predominant in Italy and then Germany during the 1920s; attacked weakness of democracy, corruption of capitalism; promised vigorous foreign and military programs; undertook state control of economy to reduce social friction	88
6843968236	Syndicalism	Economic and political system based on the organization of labor; imported in Latin America from European political movements; militant force in Latin American politics	89
6843968237	New Economic Policy	Initiated by Lenin in 1921; state continued to set basic economic policies, but effort were now combined with individual initiative	90
6843968238	Collectivization	Creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holding; allowed more efficient control over peasants	91
6843968239	Mao Zedong	Communist leader in revolutionary China; advocated rural reform and role of peasantry in Nationalist revolution	92
6843968240	Winston Churchill	British Prime Minister during World War II	93
6843968241	Vichy	French collaborationist government established in 1940 in southern France following the defeat of French armies by the Germans	94
6843968242	Blitzkrieg	German term for lightning warfare	95
6843968243	Tehran Conference	Meeting among leaders of the United States, Britain, and Soviet Union in 1945; agreed to Soviet entry into the Pacific war in return for possessions in Manchuria, organization of the United Nations	96
6843968244	Total war	Warfare of the 20th century; vast sources and emotional commitments of belligerent nations were marshaled to support military effort	97
6843968245	New Deal	President Roosevelt's precursor of the modern welfare state; programs to combat economic depression enacted a number of social insurance measures and used government spending to simulate the economy	98
6843968246	Gestapo	Secret police in Nazi Germany, known for brutal attacks	99

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