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AP Language Vocab 9 Flashcards

5689884819	engender	call forth	0
5689889608	ephemeral	anything short-lived, as an insect that lives only for a day	1
5689893658	epistolary	written in the form of letters or correspondence	2
5689897334	equanimity	steadiness of mind under stress	3
5689902240	equivocal	open to two or more interpretations	4
5689906563	espouse	choose and follow	5
5689910114	evanescent	tending to vanish like vapor	6
5689913442	evince	give expression to	7
5689918564	exacerbate	make worse	8
5689923691	exhort	spur on or encourage especially by cheers and shouts	9
5689930050	execrable	unequivocally detestable	10
5689934860	exigent	demanding immediate attention	11
5689938764	expedient	appropriate to a purpose	12
5689945165	expiate	make amends for	13
5689947326	expunge	remove by erasing or crossing out or as if by drawing a line	14

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Logical Fallacies AP Language Flashcards

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6682220702	Ad Hominem (attacking the character of the opponent)	These arguments limit themselves not to the issues, but to the opposition itself. Writers who fall into this fallacy attempt to refute the claims of the opposition by bringing the opposition's character into question. These arguments ignore the issues and attack the people.	0
6682038666	Begging the Question (Circular Logic)	This happens when the writer presents an arguable point as a fact that supports the argument. This error leads to an argument that goes around and around, with evidence making the same claim as the proposition. Because it is much easier to make a claim than to support it, many writers fall into this trap.	1
6682053599	Non Sequitur arguments	The conclusion doesn't logically follow the explanation. These fallacies can be found on both the sentence level and the level of the argument itself.	2
6682065687	Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc (after this, therefore also this)	This argument assumes a faulty causal relationship. One event following another in time does not mean that the first event caused the later event. Writers must be able to prove that one event caused another event and did not simply follow in time.	3
6682093918	Faulty Analogies	These extended comparisons and metaphors attempt to relate ideas or situations that upon closer inspection aren't really that similar.	4
6682110285	Hasty Generalizations	These fallacies may base an argument on insufficient evidence. Writers may draw conclusions too quickly, not considering the whole issue. They may look only at a small group as representative of the whole or may look only at a small piece of the issue.	5
6682122767	Red Herrings	These fallacies may have little relevance to the argument at hand. Desperate arguers often try to change the ground of the argument by changing the subject. The new subject may be related to the original argument, but does little to resolve it.	6
6682140258	Equivocation	This may happen when the writer makes use of a word's multiple meanings and changes the meanings in the middle of the argument without really telling the audience about the shift. Often when we use vague or ambiguous words like "right," "justice," or "experience," we aren't sure ourselves what we mean.	7
6682146707	Ignoring the Question	This fallacy is similar to presenting a red herring. Rather than answering the question that has been asked or addressing the issue at hand, the writer shifts focus, supplying an unrelated argument. In this way, the writer dodges the real issues of the debate.	8
6682158021	Opposing a Straw Man	This fallacy is a tactic used by a lot of writers because they find it easier to refute an oversimplified opposition. Writers may also pick only the opposition's weakest or most insignificant point to refute. Doing so diverts attention from the real issues and rarely, if ever, leads to resolution or truth.	9
6682194705	Slippery Slopes	This fallacy suggest that one step will inevitably lead to more, eventually negative steps. While sometimes the results may be negative, this fallacy argues that the descent is inevitable and unalterable. Stirring up emotions against the negative trend, this fallacy can be avoided by providing solid evidence of the eventuality rather than speculation.	10
6682165695	Either—Or arguments	This fallacy may reduce complex issues to black and white choices. Most often issues will have a number of choices for resolution.	11
6682215998	Bandwagon Appeals (ad populum)	This fallacy tries to get everyone on board. Writers who use this approach try to convince readers that everyone else believes something, so the reader should also. The fact that a lot of people believe it does not make it so.	12
6682218196	False Authority	This fallacy is a tactic used by many writers, especially in advertising. An authority in one field may know nothing of another field. Being knowledgeable in one area doesn't constitute knowledge in other areas.	13
6682950158	Tu Quoque (you're another)	These fallacies avoid the real argument by making similar charges against the opponent. Like ad hominem arguments, they do little to arrive at conflict resolution.	14

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AP Language: Rhetorical Terms Flashcards

Allegory The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence.
Alliteration The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells"). Although the term is not frequently in the multiple choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.
Allusion A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.
Ambiguity The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.
Analogy A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging.
Antecedent The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences.

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8065737515	Alliteration	The repetition of sounds, especially initial consonant sounds in two or more neighboring words.	0
8065737514	Allegory	The device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning.	1
8065737516	Allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art.	2
8065737517	Ambiguity	The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.	3
8065737518	Analogy	A similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them.	4
8065737519	Anaphora	One of the devices of repetition, in which the same expression (word or words) is repeated at the beginning of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences.	5
8065737520	Anecdote	A short narrative detailing particulars of an interesting episode or event.	6
8065737521	Antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.	7
8065737522	Antithesis	Figure of balance in which two contrasting ideas are intentionally juxtaposed, usually through parallel structure.	8
8065737523	Aphorism	A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle.	9
8065737524	Apostrophe	A figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction.	10
8065737525	Asyndeton	Consists of omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses.	11
8065737526	Atmosphere	The emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work.	12
8065737527	Chiasmus	A figure of speech in which two successive phrases or clauses are parallel in syntax, but reverse the order of the analogous words.	13
8065737528	Clause	A grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb.	14
8065737529	Colloquial/Colloquialism	The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing.	15
8065737530	coherence	A principal demanding that the parts of any composition be arranged so that the meaning of the whole may be immediately clear and intelligible.	16
8065737531	Conceit	A fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects.	17
8065737532	Connotation	The nonliteral, associative meaning of a word.	18
8065737533	Denotation	The strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word.	19
8065737534	Diacope	Repetition of a word of phrase after an intervening word or phrase	20
8065737535	Diction	The writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness.	21
8065737536	Didactic	Teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.	22
8065737537	Enumeratio	Figure of amplification in which a subject is divided into constituent parts or details.	23
8065737538	Expletive	Figure of emphasis in which a single word or short phrase is used to lend emphasis to the words on either side.	24
8065737539	Euphemism	A more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept.	25
8065737540	Exposition	Writing that explains something.	26
8065737541	Extended Metaphor	A comparison developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout the work.	27
8065737542	Figurative Language	Writing or speech that is meant to be imaginative and vivid.	28
8065737543	Figure of Speech	A device used to produce figurative language.	29
8065737544	Generic Conventions	Traditions for each genre.	30
8065737545	Genre	The major category into which a literary work fits.	31
8065737546	Homily	A serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.	32
8065737547	Hyperbole	A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement.	33
8065737548	Hypophora	Figure of reasoning in which one or more questions is/are asked and then answered.	34
8065737549	Imagery	The sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions.	35
8065737550	Inference/infer	To draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented.	36
8065737551	Invective	An emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.	37
8065737552	Irony/ironic	The contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant.	38
8065737553	Juxtaposition	When two words, phrases, images, ideas are placed close together or side by side for comparison or contrast.	39
8065737554	Litotes	A figure of thought in which a point is affirmed by negating its opposite.	40
8065737555	Loose sentence	The main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses.	41
8065737556	Metaphor	A figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity.	42
8065737557	Metonymy	A figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it.	43
8065737558	Mood	The prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work.	44
8065737559	Narrative	The telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.	45
8065737560	Onomatopoeia	A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words.	46
8065737561	Oxymoron	A figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox.	47
8065737562	Paradox	A statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.	48
8065737563	Parallelism	The grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity.	49
8065737564	Parody	A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule.	50
8065737565	Pedantic	An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish.	51
8065737566	Periodic Sentence	Presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end.	52
8065737567	Personification	A figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concept, animal , or inanimate object by endowing them with human attributes or emotion.	53
8065737568	Polysyndeton	Figure of addition and emphasis which intentionally employs a series of conjunctions not normally found in successive words, phrases or clauses.	54
8065737569	Point of View	The perspective from which a story is told.	55
8065737570	Predicate Adjective	It is in the predicate of the sentence, and modifies, or describes, the subject.	56
8065737571	Predicate Nominative	It follows a linking verb and renames the subject.	57
8065737572	Prose	Fiction and non-fiction, including all its forms.	58
8065737573	Repitition	The duplication of any element of language.	59
8065737574	Rhetoric	The principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.	60
8065737575	Rhetorical Modes	The variety, the conventions, and purposes of the major kinds of writing.	61
8065737576	Rhetorical Question [erotesis]	It is not answered by the writer because its answer is obvious or obviously desired.	62
8065737577	Sarcasm	Bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something.	63
8065737578	Satire	A work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule.	64
8065737579	Semantics	The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another.	65
8065737580	Style	An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices.	66
8065737581	Subject Complement	The word or clause that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes, the subject of the sentence.	67
8065737582	Subordinate Clause	This word group contains both a subject and a verb but cannot stand alone.	68
8065737583	Syllogism	A deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion.	69
8065737584	Symbol/Symbolism	Anything that represents itself and stands for something else.	70
8065737585	Synecdoche	A type of metaphor in which the part stands for the whole or the whole for the part.	71
8065737586	Syntax	The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences.	72
8065737587	Theme	The central idea or message of a work.	73
8065737588	Thesis	The sentence or a group of sentences that directly expresses the author's position.	74
8065737589	Tone	The author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both.	75
8065737590	Transition	A word or phrase that links different ideas.	76
8065737591	Understatement	The ironic minimizing of fact.	77
8065737592	Undertone	An attitude that may lie under the ostensible tone of the piece.	78
8065737593	Wit	Intellectually amazing language that surprises and delights.	79

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7311240205	Bandwagon	Arguments that urge people to follow the same path everyone else is taking. They recommend a course of action b/c everyone else is doing it.	0
7311240206	Red Herring	Dodges main issue. Topic A is under discussion; Topic B is introduced under the guise of being relevant to topic A (it really isn't, however) Topic A is abandoned.	1
7311240207	Equivocation	Argument that gives a lie an honest appearance; a half truth. Juvenile tricks of language. Bill Clinton's "I never had sex with that woman" - loosely defined sex	2
7311240208	Hasty Generalization	Inference drawn from inadequate evidence, and it jumps to conclusions. Forms the basis for most stereotypes about people or institutions: because a few people in a large group are observed and act in a certain way, all members of that group are inferred to act similarly.	3
7311240209	Ad Hominem	These arguments are directed at the character of a person rather than at the argument or claim he or she makes. Turns argument into two sides: Good guy vs. Bad guy	4
7311240210	Ad Populum	Appeal to the populus; under bandwagon umbrella. Appeal to the popularity of a claim as a reason for accepting it.	5
7311240211	Faulty Analogy	The argument that gives an analogy that doesn't hold together; the compared parts are dissimilar. Meant to help reason a circumstance b/c people are more inclined to believe a comparison.	6
7311240212	Begging the Question	Assuming as true the very claim that is being disputed - form of circular argument that is divorce from reality. Most basic examples involve rephrasing. Similar to Nonsequitor.	7
7311240213	Either/Or Choice Also known as "Hobson's Choice" on the AP test :)	A way to simplify arguments and give them power is to reduce the options for action to only two choices. One option favorable, the other not so much.	8
7311240214	The Straw Man	Attacking an argument that is not there; it is much weaker than the point the opponent makes. The speaker is setting up an argument that is easy to knock down, proceeds to do so, and then claims victory over the opponent.	9
7311240215	Complex Question	Two-pronged question (combines two questions, one is implied). Involves an implicit argument, which is intended to trap the respondent into acknowledging something that he or she might not otherwise not want to acknowledge. Ex. When did you stop stealing?	10
7311240216	Nonsequitor	In this argument, the reasoning does not hold together; it fails to connect logically. One point does not follow from the other. Ex. If my teacher really liked me, he would give me an A. Can be seen as similar to begging the question, mainly because the dots don't really connect.	11
7311240217	Slippery Slope	Writer exaggerates the likely consequences of an action, usually to frighten readers (seen as a scare tactic). An argument that portrays today's tiny misstep as tomorrow's slide into disaster.	12
7311240218	Faulty Causality	Cause and effect problem; the fallacious assumption that because one event or action follows another, the first necessarily caused the other. Supposed connection between cause and effect turns out to be completely wrong. Ex. For instance, doctors now believe that when an elderly person falls and is found to have a broken hip, it was usually the break that caused the fall (not the other way around).	13

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AP English Language terms "A" Flashcards

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9637232749	allegory	A story in which each aspect of the story has a symbolic meaning outside the tale itself; characters have meanings outside themselves.	0
9637232750	anecdote	A brief story told in order to make a larger point; the event/incident itself helps speaker promote a related idea.	1
9637232751	aphorism	A concise statement designed to make a point or illustrate a commonly held belief.	2
9637232752	allusion	A direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art.	3
9637232753	asyndeton	Commas used (with no conjunction) to separate a series of words; speeds up flow of sentence. X, Y, Z as opposed to X, Y, and Z.	4
9637232754	alliteration	Repetition of initial consonant sounds.	5
9637232755	anaphora	Repetition of a word or words at the beginning of two or more successive verses, clauses, or sentences.	6
9637232756	antithesis	The direct opposite, a sharp contrast (ex: Whereas he was fractious, I was calm).	7
9637232757	apostrophe	A figure of speech in which someone absent or dead or something nonhuman is addressed as if it were alive and present and could reply (ex: Oh, love, where have you gone?).	8
9637232758	anadiplosis	Repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause.	9
9637232759	appeal to pathos	When a writer appeals to readers' emotions to excite and involve them in an argument.	10
9637232760	appeal to logos	Using logic or facts to appeal to audience.	11
9637232761	appeal to ethos	All about the speaker; appeal to Credibility.	12
9637232762	anachronism	Something that is not in its correct historical time; a mistake in chronology, such as by assigning a person or event to the wrong time period.	13
9637232763	analogy	A comparison of two different things that are similar in some way.	14
9637232764	audience	One's listener or readership; those to whom a speech or piece of writing is addressed.	15
9637232765	assonance	Repetition of a vowel sound within two or more words in close proximity.	16
9637232766	antecedent	The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP language exam occasionally asks for this of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences; every one of this refers back to a previous noun/pronoun (Ex: the car he wanted was a green one. - the antecedent of "one" is "car").	17
9637232767	appositive	A noun phrase that modifies the noun set next to it., A noun or noun substitute that is placed directly next to the noun it is describing (ex: My student, Sidney, makes me want to adopt a child).	18

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7245962868	Ad hominem	appealing to feelings or prejudices rather than intellect marked by or being on attack on an opponent's character	0
7245977006	Ad populum	a fallacious argument that concludes a proposition to be true because many or all people believe it, "if many believe, it is so."	1
7245983206	Alliteration	the repetition of usually initial consonant sounds	2
7245984592	Allusion	an implied or indirect reference especially in literature	3
7245991586	Analogy	similarity in some respects between things that are otherwise dissimilar	4
7245995585	Audience	a group of ardent admirers or devotes	5
7246001298	Concession	the act or an instance of conceding	6
7246015919	Connotation	the suggesting of a meaning by a word apart from the things it explicitly names or describes	7
7248998246	Context	the parts of a discourse that surround a word or passage and can throw light on its meaning	8
7340154487	Counterargument	a piece used in reckoning or in games	9
7340155853	Ethos	the distinguishing character, sentiment, moral nature, or guiding beliefs of a person, group or institution	10
7340162367	Logos	the divine wisdom manifest in the creation, government and redemption	11
7340166863	Occasion	a state of affairs that provides a ground or reason	12
7340174819	Pathos	an element in experience or in artistic representation	13
7340175890	Persona	a character assumed by an author in a written work	14
7340179834	Polemic	an aggressive attack on or refutation of the opinions or principles	15
7403081941	Propaganda	a congregation of the Roman curia having jurisdiction over missionary territories and related institutions	16
7403098228	Refutation	to prove wrong by argument or evidence	17
7403106660	Rhetoric	the art of speaking or writing effectively/ communication/ persuasion	18
7403114935	Rhetorical appeal	rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling	19
7478497603	Rhetorical triangle	a diagram that illustrates the interrelationship among the speaker, audience and subject in determining a text	20
7478503995	SOAPS	a mnemonic device that stands for subject, occasion, audience, purpose and speaker	21
7478516747	Speaker	the person or group who creates a text	22
7478523994	Subject	the topic of a text	23