AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

AP Vocabulary- Set 2 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5020262815admonish(v.) to caution or advise against something; to scold mildly; to remind of a duty0
5020262816akimbo(adj.) - with hands on hips and elbows extending outward1
5020262866lassitude(n.) weariness of body or mind, lack of energy2
5020263932licentious(adj.) displaying a lack of moral or legal restraints3
5020263933muse (n)a woman or a force personified as a woman who is a source of inspiration to a creative artist4
5020263934muse (v)to think about something carefully or thoroughly5
5020267203pecuniary(adj.) consisting of or measured in money; of or related to money6
5020267204plight(n.) a sorry condition or state; (v.) to pledge, promise solemnly7
5020267205presumptuous(adj) too bold or forward; going beyond that which is proper8
5020268709subversive(adj.) intended to undermine or overthrow; (n.) one who advocates or attempts to undermine a political system9
5020296230vacuous(adj.) lack of content or ideas, stupid10
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Vocab Words Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5114552423SurrealismA 20th-century movement in art and literature that sought to release the creative potential of the unconscious mind.0
5114554513Mock Heroic StyleMocking that which is considered heroic. Satire of Heroic1
5114556637PersonificationGiving inanimate objects human qualities or traits.2
5114558039AnticlimaxA disappointing end to an exciting or impressive series of events.3
5114560671AmbivalentHaving mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something or someone.4
5114565408CountenanceA person's face or facial expressions5
5114566752AbjectExtremely bad, unpleasant, and degrading6
5114568208RetributionPunishment inflicted on someone as vengeance for a wrong or criminal act.7
5114569991OmnipresencePresent everywhere at the same time. (God-like)8
5114571922AllegoryA short moral story.9
5225736989Epithetdescriptive word or phrase10
5225739039Euphemisman inoffensive expression substituted for an offensive one11
5225741879ChurlishHaving a bad disposition; surly12
5225743468EccentricConspicuously or extremely unconventional13
5225747969InimitableMatchless14
5253892233NostalgiaLonging for something in the past (Typically a happy memory)15
5253894574EvocationStimulation that calls up a particular class of behaviors16
5253898987MelodramaticHaving excitement and emotional appeal; especially in being exaggerated, or overly emotional17
5253901601CapriciousDetermined by chance or impulse, rather than necessity18
5253901602StridentExtremely loud or harsh19
5414361689PretentiousCreating an appearance of importance or distinction20
5414375429InexorableStubborn: Impossible to stop or prevent.21
5414381244ExasperateMake furious22
5414383121EmulateStrive to equal or match, especially by imitating23
5414384052OrnateMarked by complexity and richness of detail24
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Human Geography Population Flashcards

These are the vocabulary words from Rubenstein's AP Human Geography textbook.
Chapter-1: Thinking Geographically
Chapter-2: Population
Chapter-3: Migration
Chapter-4: Folk and popular culture
Chapter-5: Language
Chapter-6: Religion
Chapter-7: Ethnicity
Chapter-8: Political Geography
Chapter-9: Development
Chapter-10: Agriculture
Chapter-11: Industry
Chapter-12: Services
Chapter-13: Urban Patterns
Chapter-14: Resource Issues

Terms : Hide Images
6751930845arithmetic densityThe total number of people divided by the total land area0
6751930846CensusA complete enumeration of a population1
6751930847Crude Birth Rate (CBR)The number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in a society2
6751930848Crude Death Rate (CDR)The number of deaths in a year per 1,000 people alive in a society3
6751930849Demographic Transitionthe process of change in a society's population as a combination of medical advances and economic development, affecting a population's desire and ability to control its own birth and death rates4
67519308505 stages of Demographic Transition1. Total population is low but it is balanced due to high birth rates and high death rates. 2. Total population rises as death rates fall due to improvements in health care and sanitation. Birth rates remain high. 3. Total population is still rising rapidly. The gap between birth and death rates narrows due to the availability of contraception and fewer children being needed to work - due to the mechanisation of farming. The natural increase is high. 4. Total population is high, but it is balanced by a low birth rate and a low death rate. Birth control is widely available and there is a desire for smaller families. 5. Total population is high but going into decline due to an ageing population. There is a continued desire for smaller families, with people opting to have children later in life.5
6751930851Demographythe scientific study of population characteristics6
6751930852Infant Mortality RateThe total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year old per 1000 live births in a society7
6751930853Natural Increase Rate (NIR)The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate (NIR=CBR-CDR)8
6751930854Physiological Population DensityThe number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture9
6751930855Population CompositionStructure of population in terms of age, sex and other properties such as marital status and education10
6751930856Population DensityA measurement of the number of people per given unit of land11
6751930857Population DistributionDescription of locations on Earth's surface where populations live12
6751930858Population PyramidA bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex13
6751930859Total Fertility Rate (TFR)The average number of children a woman will have during her childbearing years.14
6751930860Zero population growth (ZPG)A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.15
6751930861Industrial Revolutiona series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods and drastically altered society16
6751930862Thomas Malthus(1766-1834) An English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in food production, which would lead to widespread famine and disease.17
6751930863Dr. John Snow(1813-1858) English physician who used hand-drawn data layering on maps of London to identify and treat a cholera epidemic18
6751930864Sustainabilitythe level of development that can be maintained without depleting resources19
6751930865CartographyThe science or practice of drawing maps.20
6751930866HearthThe area where an idea or cultural trait originates21
6751930867Spatial DistributionThe physical location of geographic phenomena across space22
6751930868FieldworkThe study of phenomena by visiting places and observing how people interact with and thereby change those places23
6751930869Sequent OccupationThe idea that successive societies leave their cultural imprint on a place and each contributing to the cummulative cultural landscape24
6751930870ScaleA representation of a real-world phenomenon at a certail level of reduction or generalization. i.e on maps the ratio of ground distance to map distance25
6751930871Political Mapfocuses solely on the state and national boundaries of a place. They also include the locations of cities - both large and small, depending on the detail of the map.26
6751930872Physical Mapshows the physical landscape features of a place. They generally show things like mountains, rivers and lakes and water is always shown with blue. Usually shown with different colors and shades to show topography.27
6751930873Topographic MapShows different physical landscape features. They use contour lines instead of colors to show changes in the landscape28
6751930874Climate MapShows information about the climate of an area; like the specific climatic zones based on the temperature, the amount of snow an area receives or average number of cloudy days. These maps normally use colors to show different climatic areas.29
6751930875Economic or Resource Mapshows the specific type of economic activity or natural resources present in an area through the use of different symbols or colors30
6751930876Road MapA map that depicts roads, routes, highways, major and minor cities, as well as airports and points of interest31
6751930877Thematic Mapfocuses on a particular theme or special topic and they are different from the six aforementioned general reference maps because they do not just show natural features like rivers, cities, political subdivisions, elevation and highways. If these items are on a thematic map, they are background information and are used as reference points to enhance the map's theme. i.e. WWII Maps, a Map of the Industrial Revolution, etc32
6751930878Stable Population Levela population which has constant mortality and fertility rates, and no migration, therefore a fixed age distribution and constant growth rate.33
6751930879Carrying CapacityThe number of living beings (people) that a specific area can support. i.e. SDS can only hold/accomodate so many people, it has a carrying capacity. Once reached changes must be made to space, resources, and accessibility34
6751930880MDCMore Developed Countries. Average 10 years of schooling; a 98% Literacy Rate; sicker populations; and a Life Expectancy in the 70s. Regions: • North-America • Western Europe • Eastern Europe • Japan • South Pacific35
6751930881LDCLess Developed Countries. Average a couple years of schooling; a 60% Literacy Rate; healthier populations; and a Life Expectancy in the 60s Regions: • Latin America • East Asia • Middle East • Southeast Asia • South Asia • Sub-Saharan Africa36
6751930882Hierarchical diffusionOccurs when the diffusion innovation or concept spreads from a place or person of power or high susceptibility to another in a leveled pattern. Fashion, fads, trends, etc. Many people cutting their hair the way Taylor Swift did.37
6751930883Stimulus DiffusionOccurs when the innovative idea diffuses from its hearth outward, but the original idea is changed by the new adopters. Christianity and its many sects (Protestant, Baptist, Catholic etc) Different Menu items from McDonalds around the world.38
6751930884Contagious DiffusionOccurs when numerous places or people near the point of origin become adopters (or infected, in the case of a disease) Hinduism spreading throughout the Indian subcontinent39
6751930885Relocation DiffusionInvolves the actual movement of the original adopters from their point of origin, or hearth, to a new place i.e. Spread of Christianity, when people moved and brought it with them40
6751930886Formal RegionsHave one or more common characteristics that distinguish them from the surrounding area. i.e. states, countries, cities, areas of specific towns/cities/countries (wealthy vs. poor, industrial vs. residential) MEASURABLE DATA41
6751930887Perceptual RegionsDefined by how the areas are perceived. Reflect people's feelings and emotions towards an area42
6751930888Functional RegionsDefined by a system of interactions. Organized around a specific function (transportation, import/export)43
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Environmental Science Biomes Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
4989164568Temperate Deciduous Forest-Cool Winters, Warm Summers (Seasonal Variation) -Precipitation is relatively evenly spread throughout the year -Deciduous Trees (Oak, Beech) -Europe, China, Eastern North America -Northern Hemisphere -Good Soils0
4989164569Temperate Grassland-Cool Winters, Warm Summers (seasonal variation is more extreme than temperate deciduous forests) -Limited amount of precipitation -Frequent fires (no trees) -Also called prairie or steppe -Northern Hemisphere -North America, Middle East, Europe, Asia -Very fertile soils (used for agriculture)1
4989164570Temperate Rainforest-Cool Winters, Warm Summers (Seasonal Variation) -Large amount of precipitation (Less rain in winters) -Coniferous Trees -Provide lumber and paper -Northern Hemisphere -East coast of North America and Canada -Fertile soils that are susceptible to land slides and erosion if forests are cleared2
4989164571Tropical Rainforest-Warm all year round -Very high amount of precipitation (300-500 mm per month) -Southern Hemisphere -Central America, Africa, South America, Southeast Asia -Great Biodiversity -Poor, thin soils3
4989164572Tropical Dry Forest/Tropical Deciduous Forest-Warm all year round -Extreme wet and dry seasons -Wet summer (October to April) and dry winter (May, June, July, August, September) -Southern Hemisphere -India, Africa, South America, northern Australia -Erosion-prone soils4
4989164573Savanna (Tropical Grasslands)-Slight seasonal variation (warmer in summer) -Extreme wet and dry seasons -Wet Summer (not as wet as tropical dry forest) -Southern Hemisphere -Isolated Trees -Africa, South America, India, Australia -Zebras, Giraffes, Gazelles5
4989164574Desert-Driest Biome -Barely an rainfall -Slight seasonal variation -Saline soils -Little Vegetation -Temperatures drop at night -Northern Hemisphere -Africa, Mexico, Middle East, Asia6
4989164575Tundra-Coldest Biome -Warmer in summers, but still cold (5 degrees celsius) -Freezing in winters (-20 degrees celsius) -Northern Hemisphere -Dry -Slightly wet summers -Soil is permanently frozen (permafrost) -Also occurs as alpine tundra at the tops of mountains -Northern Europe, Northern Canada, Northern Asia, Greenland7
4989164576Boreal Forest/Taiga/Coniferous Forest-Largest Biome -Northern Hemisphere -Coniferous Trees (Pinecones) -Cold. Cooler in summers (never above 20 degrees Celsius) -Moderate Precipitation -More wet in summer than winter -Poor soils -Moose, Wolves, Lynx, Bears -Northern Europe, Canada, Northern Asia8
4989164577Chaparral-Densely thicketed -Highly seasonal -Cool, wet winters and warm, dry summers -Induced by oceanic influences -Northern Hemisphere -California, Chile, Australia -Frequent fires9
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Biology: Evolution Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5701891174MicroevolutionRefers to the changes in one gene pool of a population0
5701891175MacroevolutionThe development of an entirely new species1
5701891176Hardy-Weinberg Equation(s)p² + 2pq + q² =12
5701891177Gene flowMigration of individual's alleles into or out of the population (Ex. pollen from one valley can be carried by the wind across a mountain to another valley. Gene flow tends to INCREASE diversity).3
5701891178MutationsChanges in genetic material and are the raw material for evolutionary change. A single point mutation can introduce a new allele into a population. INCREASE diversity.4
5701891179Nonrandom matingIndividuals choose their mates for a specific reason. The selection of a mate serves to eliminate the less- fit individuals.5
5701891180Natural SelectionThe major mechanism of evolution in any population. Those individuals who are better adapted to the environment exhibit better reproductive success. They pass the genes to their offspring and so on.6
5701891181Genetic DriftThe change in the gene pool due to chance. It is a fluctuation in frequency of alleles from one generation to another and is unpredictable. It tends to LIMIT diversity. (Ex. Bottleneck and Founder effects)7
5701891182Bottleneck EffectNatural disasters such as fire, earthquake, and flood reduce the size of a population unselectively, resulting in a loss of genetic variation. (Ex. From 1820 to 1880, the northern Elephant seal was hunted to extinction. In 1884, the few remaining seals were placed under protection, and throughout the years the population has increased to 35,000; all are descendants from the original group that have little genetic variation)8
5701891183The Founder EffectWhen a small population breaks away from a larger one to colonize a new area, it is most likely not genetically representative of the original larger population. Rare alleles may be overrepresented. (Ex. All of the colonists descended from a small group of settlers who came to the U.S from Germany in the 1770's. Apparently one or more of the settlers carried the rare but dominant gene for polydactyly, having extra fingers and toes. Due to the extreme isolation and intermarriage of the close community, this population now has a high incidence of polydactyly.9
5701891184Gene PoolThe stock of different genes in an interbreeding population.10
5701891185HeterozygousA diploid organism is heterozygous at a gene locus when its cells contain two different alleles of a gene. (Ex. Pp)11
5701891186HomozygousHomozygous is a genetic condition where an individual inherits the same alleles for a particular gene from both parents. (Ex. PP and pp) Dominant and Recessive12
5701891187Allelic Frequenciesthe proportion of a particular allele (variant of a gene) among all allele copies being considered. It can be formally defined as the percentage of all alleles at a given locus on a chromosome in a population gene pool represented by a particular allele. (Ex. p+q=1 where p represents the frequency of the dominant allele while q represents the frequency of the recessive allele)13
5701891188Populationa summation of all the organisms of the same group or species, which live in a particular geographical area, and have the capability of interbreeding.14
5701891189GenotypeAn individuals collection of genes.15
5701891190PhenotypeThe organisms physical appearance.16
5701891191Genetic Variationrefers to diversity in gene frequencies. Genetic variation can refer to differences between individuals or to differences between populations.17
5701891192AristotleAristotle spoke for the ancient world with his theory of Scala Natura. According to this theory, all life-forms can be arranged on a ladder of increasing complexity, each with its own issued support. The species are permanent and do not evolve. Humans are at the pinnacle of this ladder of increasing complexity.18
5701891193LinnaeusLinnaeus specialized in taxonomy, the branch of biology concerned with naming and classifying the diverse forms of life. He believed that scientists should study life and that a classification system would reveal a divine plan. He is also known for inventing binomial nomenclature, where an animal has a special scientific name consisting of two parts; a genus and a species. (Ex. the scientific name for lions is Panthera Leo)19
5701891194CuvierHe studied FOSSILS and realized that each layer of earth is characterized by different fossils. He believed that a series of catastrophes was responsible for the changes in the organisms on earth and was a strong opponent of evolution. His study of fossils was VERY important to Darwin's theory.20
5701891195James HuttonOne of the MOST influential geologists of his day, published his theory of GRADUALISM in 1795. He stated that the Earth had been molded, not by sudden violent events, but by slow, gradual change. He observed the effects of wind, water, and weather and that these were the same forces that formed the various geologic features on earth, such as mountain ranges and canyons. His theories were IMPORTANT because they were based on the idea that the Earth had a verryyyyy long history and that change is the normal course of events.21
5701891196LyellWas a leading geologist of Darwin's ERA. He stated that geological change results from slow, continuous actions. He believed that the Earth was much older than the 6,000 years thought by early theologians. His text, "Principles of Geology" was a great influence on Darwin.22
5701891197LamarckWas a contemporary of Darwin who also developed a theory of evolution. He published his theory in 1809, the year Darwin was born. His theory relies on the ideas of Inheritance of acquired characteristics and use of disguise. He stated that individual organisms change in response to the environment.23
5701891198WallaceA naturalist and author, published an essay discussing the process of natural selection identical to Darwin's, which...had not yet been published.24
5701891199Darwina naturalist and author, who went to the Galapagos islands to study organisms. By the early 1840's, he had worked out his theory of natural selection but did NOT publish them. He later published "On the origin of the species" in 1859 when he was convinced. Darwin's theory challenged the traditional view of a young earth (6000 yrs old) inhabited by unchanging species.25
5701891200Stabilizing SelectionSometimes called purifying selection, eliminates the extremes and favors the more common intermediate forms. Many mutant forms are weeded out in this way. (Ex. In humans, stabilizing selection keeps the majority of birth weights in the 6-8 pound range. For babies much smaller and much larger, infant mortality is greater)26
5701891201Disruptive SelectionIncreases the extreme types in a population at the expense of intermediate forms. What may result is called balanced polymorphism, one population divided into two distinct types. Over great lengths of time, disruptive selection may result in the formation of two new species.27
5701891202Directional SelectionChanging environmental conditions give rise to Directional Selection, where one phenotype replaces another in the gene pool. (Ex. the peppered moths issue in the industrial revolution, where the trees turned dark because of pollution, and the black moths then blended in while the white ones got eaten.......)28
5701891203Sexual SelectionSelection based on variation in secondary sexual characteristics related to competing for and attracting mates. In the males, antlers, strength are the result of sexual selection. Difference in APPEARANCE between males and females are known and sexual dimorphism.29
5701891204Artificial SelectionHumans breed plants and animals by seeking individual with desired traits as breeding stock. (Ex. racehorses are bred for speed, and laying hens are bred to produce more and larger eggs)30
5701891205Descent with modificationDescent with modification refers to the passing on of traits from parent organisms to their offspring. This passing on of traits is known as heredity, and the basic unit of heredity is the gene. Genes hold information about every conceivable aspect of an organism: its growth, development, behavior, appearance, physiology, reproduction. Genes are the blueprints for an organism and these blueprints are passed from parents to their offspring each generation.31
5701891206Differential Reproductive SuccessOne individual or group having better success than another.......obviously:)32
5701891207Fitnessis a central idea in evolutionary and sexual selection theories. It can be defined either with respect to a genotype or to a phenotype in a given environment. In either case, it describes individual reproductive success and is equal to the average contribution to the gene pool of the next generation that is made by an average individual of the specified genotype or phenotype.33
5701891208Adaptive evolutionresults from the propagation of advantageous mutations through positive selection. This is the modern synthesis of the process which Darwin and Wallace originally identified as the mechanism of evolution.34
5701891209Populations tend to..grow exponentially, overpopulate, and exceed their resources.35
5701891210Overpopulation results in...competition and a struggle for existence36
5701891211In ANY population there is....variation and an unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce.37
5701891212Only the best-fit individuals....survive and get to pass on their traits to offspring.38
5701891213Anti-biotic resistanceDirectional selection can produce rapid shifts in allelic frequencies. For example, soon after the discovery of antibiotics, bacteria appeared that were resistant to these drugs. Scientists now know that the genes for anti-biotic resistance carried on plasmids, small DNA molecules, which can be transferred from one bacterial cell to another and which can spread the mutation for antibiotic resistance veryyy rapidly within the bacterial population.39
5701891214when two or more clearly different phenotypes exist in the same population of a species—in other words, the occurrence of more than one form or morph. In order to be classified as such, morphs must occupy the same habitat at the same time and belong to a panmictic population (one with random mating)40
5701891215Geographic variationwhen 2 different phenotypes can be found in different regions (remember the phet simulation with the bunny rabbits??)41
5701891216Sexual reproductionWhen you mix 2 different sets of DNA, combining the genetic info from 2 different individuals...42
5701891217Independent Assortmentwhen two or more characteristics are inherited, individual hereditary factors assort independently during gamete production, giving different traits an equal opportunity of occurring together.43
5701891218Crossing overChromosomal crossover (or crossing over) is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes during sexual reproduction....so its basically when DNA from homologous pairs switches.44
5701891219Random FertilizationSperm randomly picks egg45
5701891220Diploidyin genetics, the number of chromosomes occurring in the nucleus of a cell. In normal somatic (body) cells, the chromosomes exist in pairs. The condition is called diploidy. During meiosis the cell produces gametes, or germ cells, each containing half the normal or somatic number of chromosomes46
5701891221Haploidywhen a cell has half the usual number of chromosomes. A normal eukaryote organism is composed of diploid cells, one set of chromosomes from each parent. However, after meiosis, the number of chromosomes in gametes is halved.47
5701891222Heterozygote advantagepreserves multiple alleles in a population48
5701891223Out breedingbreed from parents not closely related.49
5701891224FossilsThe fossil record reveals the existence of species that have become extinct or have evolved into other species. Radiometric dating and half life accurately measure the age of fossils. Prokaryotes were the first organisms to develop on earth, and they are the oldest fossils.50
5701891225BiogeographyAccording to the theory of plate tectonics, continents and oceans rest on giant plates of the Earth's crust that float on top of the hot mantle. Convection currents in the mantle are responsible for the slow, continuous movement of the plates know as continental drift.51
5701891226Comparative anatomyThe study of different structures contributes to scientists' understanding of the evolution of anatomical structures and of evolutionary relationships. ex. the wing of a bat, human arm, and a whale fin, all have the same internal bone structure, although the function of each varies. these structures are known as homologous structures.52
5701891227Vestigial Structuresvestigial structures, such as the appendix, are evidence that structures have evolved. So basically a vestigial structure is something that we once had and did something, but don't to anything anymore. ex. tail53
5701891228Homologous StructuresStructures that come from the same ancestor...have a common origin and reflect a common ancestry.54
5701891229Analogous StructuresNOT from a recent common ancestor. like a bat wing and a fly's wing have the same function, but the similarity is superficial and reflects adaptation to a similar environment.55
5701891230Divergent EvolutionOccurs when a population becomes isolated (for ANY reason) from the rest of da species, becomes exposed to new selective pressures, and evolves into a new species.56
5701891231Convergent EvolutionWhen unrelated species occupy the same environment, they are subjected to similar selective pressures and show similar adaptations. The best example is a Whale. Which has almost the same appearance as a fish because the two evolved in the same environment. Originally, Whales' ancestry came from mammals, not fish.57
5701891232Molecular EvidenceCellular/Molecular Evidence. All living things are fundamentally alike. At the cellular and molecular level living things are remarkably similar to each other. These fundamental similarities are most easily explained by evolutionary theory: life shares a common ancestor.58
5701891233Physiologythe branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts.59
5701891234Embryologyis the branch of biology that studies the development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization, and development of embryos and fetuses. Additionally, embryology is the study of congenital disorders that occur before birth.60
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Biology - Energy & Enzymes Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5406059814metabolismThe sum of the building & breaking reactions occurring in cells0
5406059815catabolic pathwaysSeries of reactions that release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds.1
5406059816anabolic pathwaysSeries of reactions that consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones.2
5406059817bioenergeneticsThe study of how organisms manage their energy resources.3
5406059818kinetic energyEnergy associated with relative motion of objects.4
5406059819thermal energyKinetic energy associated with the random movement of molecules or atoms. (heat)5
5406059820potential energyStored energy.6
5406059821first law of thermodynamicsEnergy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.7
5406059822entropyA measure of disorder or randomness. Tends to increase in the universe.8
5406059823second law of thermodynamicsEvery energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.9
5406059824free energyMeasures the portion of a system's energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system, as in a living cell.10
5406059825endergonic reactionReaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings.11
5406059826exergonic reactionReaction that proceeds with a net release of free energy.12
5406059827energy couplingThe use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic one.13
5406059828ATP (adenosine triphosphate)Composed of a sugar ribose, nitrogenous base adenine, and a chain of three phosphate groups bonded to it.14
5406059829phosphorylationThe metabolic process of introducing a phosphate group into an organic molecule.15
5406059830catalystA chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.16
5406059831enzymeProtein that speeds up reactions. Typically end in "ase" (ex. Peroxidase, Lipase)17
5406059832activation energyThe amount of energy needed to push the reactants over an energy barrier.18
5406059833enzyme-substrate complexWhen an enzyme binds to its substrate, it forms:19
5406059834active siteA pocket or groove on the surface of the enzyme where a substrate can bind.20
5406059835induced fit modelStates that the enzyme and substrate undergo conformational changes to interact fully with one another (as opposed to "Lock & Key"21
5406059836cofactorInorganic metal ion helpers that may be bound tightly to the enzyme as a permanent resident, or may bind loosely and reversibly along with the substrate.22
5406059837coenzymeNon-protein Organic helpers that may be bound tightly to the enzyme as a permanent resident, or may bind loosely and reversibly along with the substrate.23
5406059838competitive inhibitorsReduce the productivity of enzymes by blocking substrates from entering active sites.24
5406059839noncompetitive inhibitorsImpede enzymatic reactions by binding to another part of the enzyme (other than the active site).25
5406059842feedback inhibition/negative feedbackA metabolic pathway is switched off by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway.26
5406059855saturated enzymeDescribes an enzyme's maximum activity when every active site is being used.27
5406088554substrateThe reactant that an enzyme binds with to form product.28
5406108016Chemical EnergyPotential energy trapped in molecular bonds.29
5406115315Spontaneous ReactionWhen a reaction doesn't require energy to proceed it is said to be this - doesn't mean it will be FAST.30
Powered by Quizlet.com

Deutsch AP Einheit 1 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
4738108611die Nachrichtthe news0
4738108612die Wissenschaftthe science1
4738109439die Fernsehsendungthe television show2
4738110030die Wirtschaftthe economy3
4738110238der Berichtthe report4
4738111784die Unterhaltungthe entertainment5
4738113343die Sommerferienthe summer vacation6
4738110653der Nachrichtendienstthe news service7
4738111338die Gesellschaftthe society8
4738114000das Reisezielthe destination9
4738112189der Zeitungsartikelthe newspaper article10
4738116113der Anreisetagthe day of arrival11
4738117104die Leistungthe service12
4738114266die Sehenswürdigkeitthe attraction13
4738117277das Urlaubsangebotthe vacation offer14
4738115299die Verpflegungthe room and board15
4738117799die Werbungthe advertisement16
4738116281der Abreisetagthe day of departure17
4738118573der Familienurlaubthe family vacation18
4738118574die Webseitethe website19
4738117800die Anfragethe inquiry20
4738118956die Katastrophethe catastrophe21
4738118957das Ereignisthe event22
4738119643Ich will den Urlaub verlängern.I want to extend the vacation.23
4738119904Du hast viel gegessen.You ate a lot.24
4738119905Nichts ist kostenlos.Nothing is free.25
4738120501Wir sind heute angekommen.We arrived today.26
4738120920Haben Sie ein Zimmer frei?Do you have a room available?27
4738121431Was ist passiert?What happened?28
4738121837Der Urlaub ist all-inklusive.The vacation is all inclusive.29
4738122404Der Mann berichtet die Nachrichten.The man reports the news.30
4738122405Wir sind nach Spanien geflogen.We flew to Spain.31
4738123252Wie soll man seinen Urlaub verbringen?How should one spend their vacation?32
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Biology Genetic Vocabulary Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5833135787crossing overProcess in which homologous chromosomes exchange portions of their chromatids during meiosis.0
5833140911law of independent assortmentOne of Mendel's principles that states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes1
5833144576law of segregation(genetics) the separation of paired alleles during meiosis so that members of each pair of alleles appear in different gametes2
5833148036random fertilizationsource of genetic variation caused by the unlimited number of possible sperm & egg combinations3
5833150864heterozygousAn organism that has two different alleles for a trait4
5833152936monohybrid crossA cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits5
5833155751dihybrid crossA cross between two individuals, concentrating on two definable traits6
5833158780alleleAn alternative form of a gene.7
5833161345geneA discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses). Codes for RNA, polypeptides, and proteins8
5833164474synapsisPairing of homologous chromosomes. homologous chromosomes loosely pair up -align gene by gene -get together with homologous pair9
5833167716dominant alleleAn allele that will determine phenotype if just one is present in the genotype10
5833172225recessive alleleAn allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present11
5833174267phenotypeAn organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.12
5833176681genotypeAn organism's genetic makeup (alleles for a particular gene)13
5833179025test crossthe crossing of an individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype14
5833181440rule of multiplicationA statistical rule stating that the probability of two independent events occurring together is the product of their individual probabilities.15
5833184577rule of additionA statistical rule stating that the probability of either of two independent (and mutually exclusive) events occurring is the sum of their individual probabilities minus the probability of them both occurring together.16
5833188515complete dominanceA relationship in which one allele is completely dominant over another17
5833191314incomplete dominanceA type of inheritance in which two contrasting alleles contribute to the individual a trait not exactly like either parent; blending inheritance.18
5833193364codominanceBoth alleles are equally expressed19
5833196678multiple allelesthree or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait (but each individual only has 2)20
5833198671pedigreeA diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family21
5833201364cystic fibrosisan autosomal recessive disorder creating thick sticky mucus which is hard to expel22
5833205416Tay-SachsA human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for a dysfunctional enzyme, leading to accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months after birth.23
5833207702Sickle cellA human genetic disease of red blood cells caused by the substitution of a single amino acid in the hemoglobin protein; creating sickle shaped red blood cells that collect in vessels causing pain and reduced gas exchange24
5833212635lethal dominant allelehaving a single dominant allele results in death25
5833216115Huntington's diseaseprogressive hereditary disorder characterized by uncontrolled movements- changes in cortex & cerebellum26
5833219350sex-linked genesa gene that is carried on the X or Y chromosome27
5833221694X chromosomeThe sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child.28
5833223368Y chromosomeThe sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child29
5833228010Duchenne Muscular DystrophyA human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele; characterized by progressive weakening and a loss of muscle tissue.30
5833232992HemophiliaA sex-linked hereditary disease where blood does not coagulate to stop bleeding31
5833235389X-inactivationa process by which one of the two copies of the X chromosome present in female mammals is randomly inactivated creating a Barr body32
5833238751Barr BodyThe inactivated X chromosome33
5833241458Genetic recombinationthe regrouping of genes in an offspring that results in a genetic makeup that is different from that of the parents34
5833243534linkage mapA genetic map based on the frequencies of recombination between markers during crossing over of homologous chromosomes.35
5833245521map unitin chromosome mapping, an increment of 1 percent in the frequency of crossing-over36
5833247842nondisjuctionError in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes fail to separate.37
5833250753aneuploidyA chromosomal aberration in which one or more chromosomes are present in extra copies or are deficient in number.38
5833255062polyploidyCondition in which an organism has extra full sets of chromosomes39
5833257359trisomy3 copies of a chromosome40
5833259355monsomyChromosomal abnormality consisting of the absence of one chromosome from the normal diploid number41
5833261545mutationan event that changes the nucleotide sequence in a gene, creating a novel sequence which may have no function or a new function42
5833263775point mutationGene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides43
5833269835deletion(1) A deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment through breakage. (2) A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene.44
5833273487duplicationAn aberration in chromosome structure due to fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome, such that a portion of a chromosome is duplicated.45
5833277634inversion(genetics) a kind of mutation in which the order of the genes in a section of a chromosome is reversed46
5833279508translocationChange to a chromosome in which a fragment of one chromosome attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome47
5833282099frameshiftMutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide48
5833283925Down SyndromeA condition of retardation and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.49
5833286026KlinefelterSyndromeA chromosomal disorder in which males have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY instead of XY.50
5833291314Turner syndromea monosomic condition where a female has only 1 sex chromosome- the only known viable monosomy in humans51
5833294153true breedingIf an organism has a certain characteristic that is always passed on to its offspring, we say that this organism bred true with respect to that characteristic.52
5833296247linked genesGenes located close enough together on a chromosome that they tend to be inherited together.53
5833298594carrierA person whose genotype includes a gene that is not expressed in the phenotype.54
5833307657G1First stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal functions. Cell is diploid.55
5833309403G0Cell is performing its normal functions, but has left the cell cycle and is not dividing. Does not pass the G1 checkpoint56
5833311459S phaseThe synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.57
5833313280G2Last stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal functions. Cell is diploid.58
5833315003InterphaseCell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases59
5833316544ProphasePhase of mitosis in which chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane disappears, nucleolus disappears, and spindle fibers begin to form.60
5833318234MetaphasePhase of mitosis in which spindle fibers help chromosomes line up on the midline of the cell.61
5833320565AnaphasePhase of mitosis in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell.62
5833322681TelophasePhase of mitosis during which chromosomes uncoil, a nuclear envelope returns around the chromatin, and a nucleolus becomes visible in each daughter cell"63
5833325607cytokinesisAt the end of telophase, actin fibers form an equator around the cell and contract, separating the cytoplasm into two daughter cells.64
5833328772centrioleA paired cluster of microtubules near the nucleus in animal cells. This organelle organizes spindle fibers during mitosis.65
5833331298centromereRegion of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach to one another. Contains the kinetochore.66
5833333340kinetochoreA specialized region on the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle.67
5833336314spindle fibersMade of microtubules that connect centrioles to kinetochores of chromosomes and that separate sister (mitosis) or homologous (meiosis) chromosomes during cell division68
5833340151chromosomeA threadlike, gene-carrying structure found in the nucleus. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.69
5833342028chromatidOne of two identical "sister" parts of a duplicated chromosome.70
5833343806haploidA cell with only one copy of each chromosome.gamete -contains a single set of chromosomes -n71
5833346049diploidA cell with two copies of each chromosome.has two sets of chromosomes -human # is 46 -2n72
5833350697karyotypeMicrograph of the complete diploid set of chromosomes grouped together in pairs, arranged in order of decreasing size73
5833352710cancerDisorder in which some of the body's cells lose the ability to control growth; A disease in which the body cells grow & divide uncontrollably, damaging the parts of the body around them.74
5833354133metastisisspread of cancer cells75
5833361765genomeconsists of all the DNA in a cell -holds specific genetic traits76
5833365944somatic cellshave two sets of chromosomes -go through mitosis -nonreproductive body cells77
5833368335gameteshave half as many chromosomes as somatic cells -go through meiosis -reproductive cells78
5833374435metaphase platemidway point between the spindles two poles -where chromosomes line up in metaphase79
5833376185cleavage furrowformed in eukaryotic cells during late telophase and cytokinesis80
5833379626cell plateforms in plant cells during cytokinesis81
5833380978binary fissionprokaryotic method of reproduction and cell division -chromosome replicates and the two daughter chromosomes actively more apart82
5833383409cell cycle control systemdirects sequential event of the cell cycle -regulated by internal and external force -receives signals from the cytoplasm83
5833388864checkpointswhere the cell cycle stops until a go ahead signal is received -G1 is the most important for many cells84
5833392811growth factorsproteins released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide85
5833394386density dependent inhibitioncrowded cells stop dividing86
5833399545tumorsmasses of abnormal cells within otherwise normal tissue -formed by cancer cells87
5833401123benign tumor-lump of abnormal cells remaining only at the original site of the cancer88
5833402514malignant tumorinvade surrounding tissue89
5833404222metastasizeexporting cancer cells to other parts of the body, where they may form secondary tumors90
583341950946What is the chromosome number for humans?91
5833422069homologous chromosomes2 chromosomes in each pair -same length and shape -carry genes controlling the same inherited characters92
5833431668fertilizationthe union of gametes (sperm and egg)93
5833433346zygotefertilized egg -one set of chromosomes from each parent -diploid cell produces somatic cells by mitosis94
5833435697prophase 1occupies more than 90% of the time required for meiosis -chromosomes condense -synapse and crossing over -tetrads and chiasmata95
5839571334homozygousAn organism that has identical alleles for a trait96
5839584189Geneticsstudy of how characteristics are passed from parent to offspring97
5839589539Gregor MendelThe "father of genetics"98
5839593519hereditythe passing of characteristics from parents to offspring99
5839601698traita genetically determined characteristic100
5839606729molecular geneticstype of genetics that studies the genes & chromosomes of an organism101
5839632959hybridanother name for a heterozygous genotype102
5839638012probabiltythe chance of some event happening103
5839641848generationa span of time between the birth of parents & the birth of their offspring104
5839656681P (parent) generationthe generation of true-breeding plants105
5839667755F1 generationoffspring of a cross between the P generation106
5839673594F2 generationoffspring of a cross between the F1 generation107
5839683744cellbasic unit of life108
5839685976cell cyclean ordered sequence of events that includes when a eukaryotic cell is first formed to until it divides into two cells109
5839706461mitosisthe process by which the nucleus of a cell divides into two nuclei110
5839715969meiosisthe production of gamete cells111
5839719171sister chromatidthe two chromosomes that make up a matched pair in a diploid cell112
5839731610tetrada paired set of homologous chromosomes, each composed of two sister chromatids113
5839739331punnett squarea tool used to solve probability problems114
5839764139sex chromosomea chromosome that determines whether on individual is a male or female115
5839772254autosomea chromosome not directly involved in determining the sex of an organism116
5839795101sex influenced traita trait expressed in one sex but not the other117
5839811500chromatinthe material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria (i.e., eukaryotes) are composed. It consists of protein, RNA, and DNA.118
5839817188asexualnot involving the fusion of gametes.119
5839817189sexualthe fusion of gametes120
5839828987chiasmataa point at which paired chromosomes remain in contact during the first metaphase of meiosis, and at which crossing over and exchange of genetic material occur between the strands.121
5839833877centrosomean organelle near the nucleus of a cell that contains the centrioles (in animal cells) and from which the spindle fibers develop in cell division.122
5840909781cyclinsproteins that control the progression of cells through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) enzymes.123
5841039284syngamythe fusion of two cells, or of their nuclei, in reproduction.124
5841046037variationa change or difference in condition, amount, or level, typically with certain limits.125
5841053902synaptonemal complexa ladderlike series of parallel threads; adjacent to and coaxial with pairing chromosomes in meiosis.126
6161025015127
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Vocabulary Lesson 3 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5442519020abstruse (ADJ)difficult to understand, recondite, concealed0
5442519021affable (ADJ)friendly, courteous, amiable1
5442519022audacity (N)excessive boldness, rashness, daring2
5442519023contrite (ADJ)extremely apologetic, remorseful, repentant3
5442519024credulous (ADJ)believing too easily, gullible4
5442519025depravity (N)moral corruption, a wicked or perverse act5
5442519026deprecate (V)to disapprove regretfully, to belittle, to express mild disapproval6
5442519027didactic (ADJ)instructive, designed to teach7
5442519028dormant (ADJ)inactive, sleeping8
5442519029enigmatic (ADJ)mysterious, inexplicable, puzzling9
5442519030erudite (ADJ)scholarly10
5442519031exotic (ADJ)foreign, unfamiliar11
5442519032fuse (V)to mix or to join (usually by melting)12
5442519033immutable (ADJ)unchanging13
5442519034incorrigible (ADJ)incapable of being reformed or improved14
5442519035loathe (V)to detest15
5442519036mitigate (V)to cause to become less harsh or hostile; to make less severe16
5442519037nullify (V)to cause not to be in effect, to negate17
5442519038pacifistic (N)opposed to war or use of force18
5442519039pretentious (ADJ)making an extravagant outward show, self-important19
5442519040prologue (N)introductory remarks in a speech, play, or literary work, introductory action20
5442519041recant (V)to withdraw or repudiate a statement or belief, revoke21
5442519042servile (ADJ)overly submissive22
5442519043trepidation (N)fear, trembling, agitation23
5442519044vilify (V)to malign, to defame, to utter abusive statements against24
Powered by Quizlet.com

Pages

Subscribe to CourseNotes RSS

Need Help?

We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.

For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.

If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.

Need Notes?

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!