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AP Vocab Lesson Three Flashcards

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4744874254scapegoatone who bears the blame for others0
4744874507peremptorynot allowing refusal or delay; imperative1
4744874876atelieran artist's or a designer's workshop2
4744875357axioma universal truth; an established rule3
4744875712dulcetmelodious; pleasing to the ear4
4744875986usurpto take over; to seize power5
4744876198patronizingtreating with condescension; acting superior6
4744876606iniquityan evil or wicked act7
4744876883archaicno longer current or applicable; antiquated8
4744877232vacillateto waver; to sway indecisively9
4744877523perspicaciouskeen; mentally sharp10
4744878363abstemioususing or consuming sparingly11
4744878865talismana magic charm or superstitious object for protection or luck12
4744879613expurgateto remove vulgar or objectionable material13
4744880387pellucidtransparent; clear14

AP Vocab Lesson Four Flashcards

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4744881509efficaciouseffective; producing the desired outcome0
4744881723catharsisa release of emotional tension1
4744882030inundateto overwhelm; to fill beyond capacity2
4744882390revereto regard with respect, awe, or adoration3
4744883114internecinemutually destructive4
4744883485risiblerelating to laughter; laughable5
4744883486sybariticmarked by luxury or pleasure6
4744884098crepuscularpertaining to twilight7
4744884099kudosacclaim or praise8
4744884664estrangeto alienate9
4744885063intrinsicof or relating to a thing's basic nature10
4744885180maximan established principle; a truth or rule of conduct11
4744886003putridrotten and foul smelling12
4744886219servilesubmissive; slavish13
4744886231apocryphalof questionable authenticity, but widely believed14

AP Midterm Vocab Review Flashcards

A comprehensive review of terminology for AP Psychology. Definitions are for triggering other information. (Pulled from other lists.)

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5874562089absolute thresholdintensity level at which one can detect a stimulus 50% of the time0
5874562090accommodationthe process of modifying a schema to account for new information; the process of the eyes lens changing shape in order to focus on distant or near objects1
5874562091acetylcholine (ACh)a neurotransmitter involved in learning, memory and muscle movement2
5874562095action potentialthe electrical process by which information is transmitted the length of an axon3
5874562097adrenal glandsource of the hormone norepinephrine which affects arousal4
5874562102alcoholthe most frequently used and abused CNS depressant in most cultures; its use affects mood, judgment, cognition5
5874562103all-or-nothingdescription of the action of neurons when firing6
5874562104alpha wavesseen when an individual is in a relaxed, unfocused, yet still awake state7
5874562105amygdalalimbic system component associated with emotion, particularly fear and anger8
5874562107anorexia (nervosa)an eating disorder in which one starves oneself even though significantly underweight9
5874562109anterograde amnesialoss of memory for events that occur after the onset of the amnesia; eg, see in a boxer who suffers a severe blow to the head and loses memory for events after the blow10
5874562110retrograde amnesialoss of memory for events that occurred before the onset of amnesia; eg a soldier's forgetting events immediately before a shell burst nearby, injuring him11
5874562112anvilthe middle of the three ossicles12
5874562113aphasiaimpairment of language usually caused by damage to the left hemisphere13
5874562116assimilationinterpreting new experiences in terms of existing schema14
5874562117association areasareas of the cerebral cortex which have no specific motor or sensory repsonsibilities, but rather are involved in thinking, memory and judgment15
5874562118associative learninglearning in which an organism learns that certain events occur together, such as my cat knowing that she will be fed when I get home from work16
5874562123auditory canalthe area that sound waves pass through to reach the eardrum17
5874562125autonomic nervous systemdivision of the nervous system that control the glands and organs; its divisions arouse or calm18
5874562127availability heuristicthis cognitive shortcut features the idea that events which are vividly in memory seem to be more common19
5874562128axonextension of the neuron which carries, via an action potential, information that will be sent on to other neurons, muscles or glands20
5874562130basic researchscientific investigations intended to expand the knowledge base21
5874562131applied researchscientific investigations intended to solve practical problems22
5874562132behavioralperspective on psychology that sees psychology as an objective science without reference to mental states23
5874562135binocular cuesretinal disparity and convergence which enable people to determine depth using both eyes24
5874562137bipolar cellseye neurons that receive information from the retinal cells and distribute information to the ganglion cells25
5874562138bipolar disordermood disorder in one experiences both manic and depressed episodes26
5874562140bottom-up processinganalysis that begins with sensory receptors and works its way up to the brain's integration of sensory information27
5874562141hemisphereswe have two, right and left, and some brain functions seem to centered in one or the other28
5874562142brainstemoldest part of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells upon entering the skull; controls fundamental survival processes like heartrate and breathing29
5874562143bulimiaeating disorder characterized by excessive eating followed by purging30
5874562144bystander effectthe tendency to not offer help when needed if others are present who do not offer help31
5874562146case studyscientific investigation in which a single subject is studied in great detail32
5874562147CAT scana method of creating static images of the brain through computerized axial tomography33
5874562150Central Nervous Systemconsists of the brain and the spinal cord34
5874562151cerebellumbrain structure that controls well-learned motor activities like riding a bike35
5874562152cerebral cortexthe fabric of interconnecting cells that blankets the brain hemispheres; the brain's center for information processing and control36
5874562155circadian rhythmthe daily biological rhythms that occur in a 24-hour period37
5874562156classical conditioningmethod of learning in which a neutral stimulus can be used to elicit a response that is usually a natural response to a stimulus38
5874562158clinicalthis type of psychologist studies, assesses and treats those with psychological disorders39
5874562159cochleathis coiled structure in the inner ear is fluid-filled and in it the energy from sound waves stimulate hair cells40
5874562162cognitive therapytreatment for psychological disorders that centers on changing self-defeating thinking41
5874562164color blindnessa variety of disorders marked by inability to distinguish some or all colors42
5874562168conditioned responsein classical conditioning, the response elicited by the conditioned stimulus43
5874562169conditioninggenerally, learning in which certain experiences make certain behaviors more or less likely; there are two forms of this44
5874562171conesneurons in the retina that are responsible for color vision45
5874562175consciousnessone's awareness of one's environment and oneself.46
5874562177control groupsubjects in an experiment who do not receive application of the independent variable but are measured nonetheless for the dependent variable47
5874562179corneathe transparent outer covering of the eye48
5874562181correlationthe degree of relationship between two variables49
5874562182correlation coefficienta positive one near 1.0 indicates two variable are positively related; a negative number indicates a negative relationship; zero indicates no relationship50
5874562184debriefinggiving participants in a research study a complete explanation of the study after the study is completed51
5874562190dendritea branch off the cell body of a neuron that receives new information from other neurons52
5874562192dependent variablethe variable that the experimenter measures at the end of the experiment53
5874562193depressantany agent that reduces the activity of the CNS54
5874562194depth perceptionan ability that we exercise by using both monocular and binocular cues55
5874562195difference thresholdalso called the jnd; smallest distinction between two stimuli that can consistently be detected56
5874562203dopaminea neurotransmitter that is associated with Parkinson's disease (too little of it) and schizophrenia (too much of it)57
5874562204double blindthis term describes an experiment in which neither the subjects nor the experimenter knows whether a subject is a member of the experimental group or the control group58
5874562205dreamsoccur most often during REM sleep; may be caused by activation-synthesis, or may be a way of cementing memories59
5874562209eardrumalso called the tympanic membrane60
5874562211EEGinitials of a method of representation of brain waves61
5874562218encodingconversion of sensory information into a form that can be retained as a memory62
5874562219endocrine systemthe slow messenger system of the body; produces hormones that affect many bodily functions63
5874562220endorphinsneurotransmitters that give one a feeling of well-being, euphoria or eliminate pain64
5874562223experimentform of scientific investigation in which one variable is tested to determine its effect on another65
5874562224experimental groupsubjects in an experiment to whom the independent variable is administered66
5874562231feature detectionthe ability of the brain to identify specific components of visual stimuli such as corners or edges67
5874562234figure-groundrefers to our ability to distinguish foreground from background in visual images68
5874562242foveathe central focus area of the retina69
5874562243frequencytheory of hearing which states that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the tone's frequency70
5874562245functionalismWilliam James's school of thought that stressed the adaptive and survival value of behaviors71
5874562247ganglion cellstheir axons form the optic nerve72
5874562252gestaltGerman word for "whole", it refers to our tendency to perceive incomplete figures as complete73
5874562253glial cellthis acts as a support system for neurons74
5874562258hallucinationa false sensory perception that seems to be real but for which there is not an actual external stimulus75
5874562259hallucinogena substance capable of producing a sensory effect in the absence of real external sensory stimuli76
5874562260heritabilitythe extent to which differences in a group of a characteristic is due to genetics, not environment77
5874562261heuristica useful, but unprovable, cognitive shortcut, such as a "rule of thumb"78
5874562262hierarchy of needsMaslow's theory of the most important motivations people have79
5874562263hindsight biasthe tendency, after an event occurs, to overestimate the likelihood that an event could have been predicted80
5874562264hippocampuslimbic system component associated with memory81
5874562265homeostasisthe steady, stable state that is the body's regulatory processes try to maintain82
5874562266hormonechemical substance secreted by endocrine glands that affect body processes83
5874562269hypnosisa social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain events or emotions will occur84
5874562271hypothalamuslimbic system component that regulates hunger, body temperature and other functions85
5874562272hypothesisa prediction of how the an experiment will turn out86
5874562279independenttype of variable manipulated by the experimenter87
5874562280individualistculture in which the individual is valued more highly than the group88
5874562281industry vs. inferiorityErikson's stage between 6 and 11 years, when the child learns to be productive89
5874562282inferiority complexAdler's conception of a basic feeling of inadequacy stemming from childhood experiences90
5874562283information processinghumans accomplish this either in parallel (unconsciously) or in serial fashion (consciously)91
5874562284informed consentagreement to participate in psychology research, after being appraised of the dangers and benefits of the research92
5874562288insomniainability to fall asleep or remain asleep long enough for sufficient rest93
5874562295interpositionmonocular visual cue in which two objects are in the same line of vision and one patially conceals the other, indicating that the first object concealed is further away94
5874562301just noticeable differencethe threshold at which one can distinguish two stimuli that are of different intensities, but otherwise identical95
5874562302kinethesissense of balance and of one's physical position96
5874562303latentFreud's stage of psychosexual development occuring from about age 6 to puberty during which little happens in psychosexual terms97
5874562305latent learninga change in behavior due to experience acquired without conscious effort, s, for example, a student using a quote in an exam essay that the student had never tried to memorize, though eh had encountered it in studying98
5874562308lensa curved, transparent element of the vision system that provides focus99
5874562309lesionany destruction or damage to brain tissue100
5874562312long termrefers to memory that is stored effectively in the brain and may be accessed over an extended period of time101
5874562313long term potentiationa possible source of the formation of memories; improvement in a neuron's ability to transmit caused by repeated stimulations102
5874562318marijuanaa drug, often smoked, whose effects include euphoria, impairment of judgment and concentration and occasionally hallucinations; rarely reported as addictive103
5874562319meannumerical average of a set of numbers104
5874562320medianthe middle one of a set of numbers105
5874562321medullapart of the brain nearest the spinal cord which controls breathing, heart rate and blood pressure106
5874562322memoryfunctions associated with this include encoding, storage and retrieval107
5874562327mnemonic devicemethod of improving memory by associating new information with previously learned information108
5874562328modethe most commonly occurring term in a batch of data109
5874562329modelingthe process of observing and imitating a behavior110
5874562330monocularterms that means "one eyed", used to indicate the sort of of enviromental cues to depth perception tha tonly require one eye, for example, interposition111
5874562333motivationa need or desire that energizes and directs behavior112
5874562334motor cortexan area of the brain, near the rear of the frontal lobes, that controls voluntary movement113
5874562335motor neuronthis carries information from the brain to the muscles; also called "efferent"114
5874562336MRIa technique that enables us to see static images of the brain's structures; uses magnetism to achieve this effect115
5874562338myelin sheatha layer of fatty tissue encasing a neuron's axon that speeds transmission116
5874562339narcolepsya disorder characterized by sudden sleep attacks, often at inopportune times117
5874562341nature vs nurturename for a controversy in which it is debated whether genetics or environment is responsible for driving behavior118
5874562342negative reinforcementin operant conditioning, removing something unpleasant in order to elicit more of a particular behavior119
5874562343neural networkrefers to interconnected neuron cells120
5874562344neuronthe fundamental building block of the nervous system121
5874562345neuroscienceperspective on psychology that emphasizes the study of the brain and its effects on behavior122
5874562346neurotransmittera chemical that is released by a neuron for the purpose of carrying information across the gaps (synapses) between neurons123
5874562347neutraldescribes a stimulus in classical conditioning that would normally not elicit the response intended, such as the tone in Pavlov's experiments before it was associated with the food124
5874562348night terrorsalso called sleep terror disorder, these include the characteristic of waking abruptly in a state of panic, usually in children, less often in adults125
5874562349normal distributiondescribes a symmetrical, bell shaped curve that shows the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes126
5874562351NREMrefers to sleep during which there is no rapid eye movement127
5874562353object permanencerecognition that things continue to exist even though hidden from sight; infants generally gain this after 3 to 7 months of age128
5874562354observational learningchange in behavior due to watching other people behave129
5874562355obsessive-compulsive disorderan anxiety disorder characterized by repetitive obsessions and compulsions130
5874562356occipitalthis lobe contains the primary vision processing function131
5874562358olfactory bulbthe first brain structure to pick up smell information from the nose132
5874562360operant conditioninga method of influencing behavior by rewarding desired behaviors and punishing undesired ones133
5874562363optic nervethe axons of the ganglion cells form this134
5874562365opponent process theoryterm used in both vision theory and emotion theory135
5874562370parasympatheticthe branch of the nervous system that automatically calms us down when the reason for arousal has passed136
5874562371parietallobe that contains the sensory cortex137
5874562373perceptionthe process of organizing and interpreting sensory information138
5874562374peripheral nervous systemthe subsystem of the nervous system that does not include the CNS139
5874562378PET scanmethod of brain imaging using positron emissions140
5874562380phobiafear141
5874562382pituitarygland that is the master gland of the endocrine system142
5874562383place theorythe idea that different sound frequencies stimulate different locations on the basilar membrae143
5874562384placeboan inert substance given to the control group in an experiment144
5874562385placebo effectphenomenon that some people get better even though they receive not medication but an inert substance which should have no medical effect145
5874562387ponspart of the brain, works with the cerebellum in coordinating voluntary movement; neural stimulation studied in activation synthesis theory may originate here146
5874562398psychiatristmedical doctor who has specialized in treating psychological disorders147
5874562399psychoanalysisFreud's therapeutic technique148
5874562400psychodynamicterm describes the perspective on psychology in which inner feeling and unconscious tensions are emphasized149
5874562401psychopharmacologythe study of the effects of drugs on the mind and behavior150
5874562402punishmentcan be either positive or negative, intended to reduce the occurrence of a behavior151
5874562411reinforcerin operant conditioning any event that strengthens the behavior it follows152
5874562413REMdescribes sleep in which vivid dreams typically occur; this type of sleep increases as the night progresses while stage 4 sleep decreases153
5874562414representativethis kind of sample accurately reproduces the characteristics of the population a researcher is studying154
5874562415representativeness heuristicthis cognitive short cut enables one to generalization based on how closely a stimulus matches a typical member of a class; given a picture of a man in a tweed jacket with a textbook, is this man a professor or a truck driver?155
5874562417reticular formationa network of cells in the brainstem that filters sensory information and is involved in arousal and alertness156
5874562418retinathe sensory reception system of the eye; includes rods and cones157
5874562419retrievalthe process of recovering information stored in memory158
5874562421rodsresponsible for black and white vision159
5874562427scatterplotname for a graph of data points in a two variable correlation160
5874562429schemaa collection of basic knowledge about a category of information; serves as a means of organization and interpretation of that information161
5874562430schemataplural form of schema162
5874562442sensory adaptationreduced responsiveness caused by prolonged stimulation163
5874562443sensory cortexthe parts of the brain that receive information from the sensory receptors164
5874562444sensory neuronsnervous system cells that receive information from the environment165
5874562447serotonina neurotransmitter; associated with improved mood and other positive emotions166
5874562452short-termtype of memory that holds a few items briefly before they are lost167
5874562454sleep apneaa disorder characterized by cessation of breathing during sleep168
5874562459social learninga theory that suggests we learn social behaviors by watching and imitating others169
5874562460somatica division of the nervous system that controls voluntary muscle movements170
5874562462split braina condition in which the two brain hemispheres are isolated by cutting the corpus callosum171
5874562463spontaneous recoveryin classical conditioning the re-occurence of conditioning after it had appeared to be extinct172
5874562469sympatheticpart of the nervous system that controls the "flight or fight" response173
5874562470synaptic gapspace between the axon terminal of one neuron and the receptors of the next neuron174
5874562471syntaxin language the set of rules that describe how words are arranged to make sentences175
5874562473temporalthe lobe that controls audition176
5874562474thalamusthe sensory switchboard177
5874562477thresholdin a neuron, reaching this causes the neuron to fire178
5874562479twin studiesa common method of investigating whether nature or nurture affects behavior179
5874562480unconditioned responsein conditioning the behavior elicited by the unconditioned stimulus180
5874562481unconditioned stimulusin conditioning it elicits the UCR181
5874859079FlashbulbTerm describes a vivid memory of a personally significant and emotional event182
5874859080InterneuronsCells in the spinal chord through which reflexes travel without going to the brain183
5874859081StructuralismSchool of psychology developed by Wilhelm Wundt184

AP Biology Ecology Flashcards

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6728980140Populationa localized group of individuals of the same species that can interbreed, producing fertile offspring0
6728980141Communityall the organisms that inhabit a particular area; as assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction1
6728980142Ecosystemall the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact2
6728980143Bioticpertaining to the living organisms in the environment3
6728980144Abioticnonliving; referring to physical and chemical properties of an environment4
6728980145Biospherethe entire portion of earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosystems5
6728980146Nichethe sum of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment6
6728980147Clumped Distributionindividual aggregated patches, some organisms group together where food is abundant7
6728980148Uniform Distributionevenly spaced, some organisms maintain evenly distributed spacing to avoid aggressive interactions between neighbors8
6728980149Random Distributionunpredictable spacing, some plants grow in random groups if their seeds were windblown across an area9
6728980150Population Ecologythe study of populations in relation to their environment, including environmental influences on populations, on population density and distribution, age structure, and variations in population size10
6728980151Birth Raterate of annual birth within a population11
6728980152Death Raterate of annual death within a population12
6728980153Sex Ratioratio of females to males within a population13
6728980154Age Structurethe relative number of individuals of each age in a population14
6728980155Immigration Ratethe rate of influx of new individuals INTO a population from other areas15
6728980156Emigration Ratethe rate of movement of individuals OUT of a population16
6728980157Carrying Capacitythe maximum population size that can be supported by the available resources, (symbolized by K)17
6728980158Density Dependentany characteristic that varies according to an increase in population density18
6728980159Exponential Growthgrowth of a population in an ideal, unlimited environment, (represented by a J-Shaped curve when population size is plotted over time)19
6728980160Logistical Growthpopulation growth that levels off as population size approaches carrying capacity20
6728980161K-Selectedstabilize around carrying capacity, have fewer offspring later in life, mature later, live longer and invest more parental care21
6728980162R-Selectedreside in unstable environment, have many offspring early in life, mature earlier, shorter life span, no parental care22
6728980163Survivorship Curvethe plot of the proportion or numbers in a cohort still alive at each age23
6728980164Type I Surivorship Curvelow death rates during early/middle life then increase among older age groups (humans)24
6728980165Type II Surviorship Curveconstant death rate over the organism's life span25
6728980166Type III Surviorship Curvevery high death rates for the young and then declines for those few individuals that survive the early period (insects)26
6728980167Symbiosisan ecological relationship between organisms of two different species that live together in direct and intimate contact27
6728980168Commensalisma symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but the other is neither helped nor harmed28
6728980169Mutualisma symbiotic relationship in which both participants benefit29
6728980170Parasitisma symbiotic relationship in which one organism (the parasite) benefits at the expense of another (the host) by living either within or on its host30
6728980171Intraspecific Competitioninteractions between the same species competing for resources31
6728980172Interspecific Competitioncompetition for resources between individuals of two or more species when resources are in short supply32
6728980173Predationan interaction between species in which one species (the predator) eats the other (the prey)33
6728980174Aposematic Colorationthe bright coloration of animals with effective physical or chemical defenses that acts as a warning to predators34
6728980175Batesian Mimicrya type of mimicry in which a harmless species look like a species that is poisonous or harmful to predators35
6728980176Cryptic Colorationcamouflage that makes a potential prey difficult to spot against its background36
6728980177Mullerian Mimicrya mutual mimicry by two unpalatable species37
6728980178Pioneer Speciesthe first species to colonize previously disrupted or damaged ecosystems, beginning a chain of ecological succession that ultimately leads to a more biodiverse steady-state ecosystem38
6728980179Climax Communityin a community of organisms in a specific area there is one state of equilibrium controlled solely by climate39
6728980180Successionthe process by which the structure of a biological community evolves over time40
6728980181Primary Successiona type of ecological succession that occurs in an area where there were originally no organisms present and where soil has not yet formed41
6728980182Secondary Successiona type of succession that occurs where an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that leaves the soil or substance intact42
6728980183Photoautotrophsan organism that harnesses light energy to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from Carbon Dioxide (CO2)43
6728980184Chemoautotrophsan organism that needs only CO2 as a carbon source but obtains energy by oxidizing inorganic substances44
6728980185Herbivorean animal that eats mainly plants or algae45
6728980186Carnivorean animal that mainly eats other animals46
6728980187Detritivorea consumer that derives its energy and nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material, and the wastes of living organism (a decomposer)47
6728980188Food Chainthe pathway along which food energy is transferred from trophic level to trophic level, beginning with producers48
6728980189Food Webthe interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem49
6728980190Trophic Levelsthe positions organisms occupy in a food chain50
6728980191Secondary Consumera carnivore that eats herbivores51
6728980192Primary Consumera herbivore; an organism that eats plants or other autotrophs52
6728980193Biogeochemical Cyclesany of the various chemical cycles, which involve both biotic and abiotic components of ecosystems53
6728980194Carbon Cycleforming the framework of organic molecules, photosynthesis & cellular respiration circulate this nutrient54
6728980195Phosphorus Cyclecycling of this nutrient through geologic processes such as erosion and sedimentation55
6728980196Nitrogen Cyclethis nutrient is converted to compounds that can be assimilated by plants then returned in gas form to the atmosphere; all processes rely on bacteria56
6728980197Nitrogen Fixationthe conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia57
6728980198Denitrificationprocess where bacteria use nitrates in their metabolism instead of oxygen releasing nitrogen gas then into the atmosphere58
6728980199Water Cyclethis nutrient cycle involves evaporation from the earth & transpiration from plants and falls then by precipitation back down to the earth to begin the cycle again59
6728980200Age Structure Diagramsa visual representation of the relative number of individuals of each age in a population60
6728980201Competitive Exclusion Principlethe concept that when populations of two similar species compete for the same limited resources, one population will use the resources more efficiently and have a reproductive advantage that will eventually lead to the elimination of the other population61
6728980202Resource Partitioningthe division of environmental resources by coexisting species such that the niche of each species differs by one or more significant factors from the niches of all the coexisting species62
6728980203Zero Population Growth (ZPG)a period of stability in population size, when the per capita birth rate and death rate are equal63
6728980204Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)the total primary production of an ecosystem64
6728980205Net Primary Productivity (NPP)the gross primary production of an ecosystem minus the energy used by the producers for respiration65
6728980206Keystone Speciesa species that is not necessarily abundant in a community yet experts strong control on community structure by the nature of its ecological role or niche66
6728980207Bottom-up Modela model of community organization in which mineral nutrients influence community organization by controlling plant or phytoplankton numbers, which in turn control herbivores, which in turn control predator numbers67
6728980208Top-down Modela model of community organization in which predation influences community organization by controlling herbivore numbers, which in turn control plant or phytoplankton numbers, which in turn control nutrient levels; also called the trophic cascade model68
6728980209Biological Magnificationa process in which retained substances become more concentrated at each high trophic level in a food chain69
6728980210Decomposersorganisms that absorb nutrients from nonliving organic material such as corpses, fallen plant material, the wastes of living organisms and converts them into inorganic forms; a detritivore70
6728980211Eutrophicationa process by which nutrients, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, become highly concentrated in a body of water, leading to increased growth of organisms such as algae or cyanobacteria71
6728980212Fundamental Nichethe niche potentially occupied by that species72
6728980213Realized Nichethe portion of the fundamental niche that a species actually occupies in the environment73
6728980214Invasive Speciesa species often introduced by humans, that takes hold outside its native range74
6728980215Altruismbehavior that increases fitness of another individual but decreases their own fitness75
6728980216Kin selectionenhancing the reproductive success of one's relatives76
6728980217Nitrificationammonia is converted to nitrates and nitrites77
6728980218Ammonificationdecomposers convert organic nitrogen to ammonia78
6728980219Classical conditioningassociation between neutral stimulus and natural response (ex: dogs salivating to sound of bell ringing)79
6728980220Operant conditioningtrial and error learning; making associations between behavior and a reward or punishment80
6728980221Communicationtactile, visual, auditory and chemical means of relaying messages to other members of ones species81
6728980222Taxisdirected movement towards or away from a stimulus82
6728980223Kinesismovement in response to a stimulus that is not directional83
6728980224Fixed Action Patterna sequence of unlearned actions that are unchangable and often carried to completion84
6728980225Density dependent factorfactor that affects population based on size (disease, predation etc)85
6728980226Density independent factorfactor that affect population regardless of size (weather, humans etc)86
6728980227Species diversityvariety of organisms in a community87
6728980228Species richnessthe number of different species in a community88
6728980229Relative abundanceevenness of distribution of individuals among species in a community89

AP Biology Cell and Organelles Flashcards

Vocabulary words from the AP Edition of Campbell Biology, Chapter 6.

Terms : Hide Images
5760122585organellesmembrane-enclosed structures within a eukaryotic cell0
5760122586cytosola jellylike substance where organelles and other components are found1
5760122587eukaryotic cellCell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles2
5760122588prokaryotic cellCell with no nucleus nor membrane bound organelles3
5760122589nucleoid regiona non-membrane-enclosed region of the cell where prokaryotic DNA is found4
5760122590cytoplasmthe region in a cell between the cell membrane and nucleus; it contains the cell structures and oganelles5
5760122591plasma membraneThe selective barrier that surrounds a cell; it controls what enters and leaves the cell6
5760122592nucleuschromosome-containing part of a eukaryotic cell7
5760122593nuclear envelopeencloses the nucleus to separate its contents from the cytoplasm8
5760122594nuclear laminaa netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope, lines the nuclear side of the nuclear envelope9
5760122595chromosomestightly coiled structures that carry the genetic information (can be seen during nuclear division)10
5760122596chromatinloosly coiled genetic material that makes up chromosomes, a complex of proteins and DNA11
5760122597nucleoluslocated in the nucleus, makes, synthesizes, and partially assembles ribosomes12
5760122598ribosomesmade of ribosomal RNA and protein, synthesize proteins13
5760122599endomembrane systemmembranes that divide the cell into organelles such as the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and the cell membrane.14
5760122600endoplasmic reticulum (ER)accounts for more than half of total membrane in many eukaryotic cells, continuous with the nuclear envelope15
5760122601smooth ERportion of the endoplasmic reticulum free of ribosomes, synthesize lipids, detoxifies the cell, and regulates calcium levels16
5760122602rough ERportion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, produce and transport membrane and secretory proteins17
5760122603glycoproteinsproteins with covalently-bonded carbohydrates that play a role in cell to cell interaction18
5760122604transport vesiclesvesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another19
5760122605Golgi apparatusstack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum20
5760122606lysosomemembranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes, which the cell uses to digest unwanted materials21
5760122607phagocytosisthe process by which a cell engulfs a solid particle22
5760122608autophagylysosomes break down damaged organelles23
5760122609food vacuolesformed by phagocytosis, pinches off from plasma membrane and encloses a food particle24
5760122610contractile vacuolespump excess water out of the cell to maintain a suitable concentration of ions and molecules in the cell25
5760122611central vacuolethe largest organelle in a plant cell. It is surrounded by the tonoplast and functions to hold materials and wastes. It also functions to maintain the proper pressure within plant cells26
5760122612mitochondriachemically convert chemical (food) energy into usable ATP energy through cellular respiration27
5760122613chloroplastscontain chlorophyll which help absorb solar energy in order to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars during photosynthesis28
5760122614cristaeinfoldings in the inner membrane of the mitochondria29
5760122615mitochondrial matrixcompartment of the mitochondrion, enclosed by the inner membrane, contains enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle30
5760122616plastidsmanufacture and store important chemical compounds used by the cell such as pigments, oils, and starches31
5760122617thylakoidsflattened and interconnected sacs found in chloroplasts. The light dependent stage of photosynthesis occurs on the membranes of these sacs32
5760122618granumstacks of thylakoids33
5760122619stromafluid outside the thylakoids, contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes. The light independent stage of photosynthesis occurs in this area34
5760122620cytoskeletona network of fibers bracing the cytoplasm35
5760122621microtubuleshollow rods of protein, support the cell and moves organelles within the cell36
5760122622centrosomea region located near the nucleus where micro-tubules grow from; important in cell division37
5760122623centriolescylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division38
5760122624flagellaa long tail-like structure that aids in cell movement39
5760122625ciliaa short hair-like structures that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell, utilizes a back-and-forth motion40
5760122626microfilamentsthe thinnest part of the cytoskeleton, are used to give shape to the cell and support all of its internal parts41
5760122627actina globular protein that makes up microfilaments42
5760122628pseudopodiacellular extensions that enable a cell to crawl along a surface43
5760122629cytoplasmic streamingthe circular flow of cytoplasm within cells44
5760122630intermediate filamentsdiverse class of cytoskeletal elements that bear tension like microfilaments45
5760122631cell wallextracellular structure specific to plant cells, protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive water uptake46
5760122632primary cell walla relatively thin and flexible layer in plant cells, first secreted by a young cell47
5760122633middle lamellaa thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells that glues them together with pectin48
5760122634secondary cell walla strong and durable matrix in plant cells, often deposited in several laminated layers for cell protection and support49
5760122635extracellular matrixwhere animal tissue cells are embedded, consists of protein and polysaccharides50
5760122636collagenmost common glycoprotein in the ECM, forms strong fibers outside the cells51
5760122637plasmodesmatachannels that perforate cell walls, allow for connections between cells in plants52
5760122638tight junctionsintercellular junction in animal tissues where plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, bound by specific proteins53
5760122639desmosomesintercellular junction in animal tissues that function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets54
5760122640gap junctionsintercellular junction in animal tissues that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell, similar to plasmodesmata in plants55

AP Literature Vocab List 6 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
6280194935ameliorateto make or become better, more bearable, or more satisfactory, to improve0
6280194936blitheshowing a casual and cheerful indifference considered to be callous or improper1
6280194937cogentclear, logical, and convincing2
6280194938entreatask someone earnestly or anxiously to do something3
6280194939exegesiscritical explanation or interpretation of a text, especially of scripture4
6280194940freneticfast and energetic in a rather wild and uncontrolled way5
6280194941luridvery vivid in color, especially so as to create an unpleasantly harsh or unnatural effect6
6280194942nexusa connection or series of connections linking two or more things7
6280194943promulgatepromote or make widely known (an idea or cause)8
6280194944recalcitranthaving an obstinately uncooperative attitude toward authority or discipline9

APES - Friedland Chapter 9 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5928970654AquifersPermeable layers of rock and sediment that contain groundwater in many small spaces.0
5928970655Unconfined AquiferWater can flow easily in and out of the aquifer. Porous rock covered by soil1
5928970656Confined AquiferAquifers covered by an impermeable and confining layer impeding water flow in or out.2
5928970657Water TableUppermost aquifer layer where water fully saturates the rock or soil.3
5928970658Groundwater RechargeWater from precipitation percolates through soil and into aquifer. If confined, can't recharge.4
5928970659SpringsWater from some aquifers naturally comes up, natural source of freshwater5
5928970660Artesian WellsDrilled hole in a confined aquifer releases pressure and pushes water up.6
5928970661Cone of DepressionArea where there's no longer any groundwater, caused by well overuse, eventually will go dry.7
5928970662Saltwater intrusionLessened pressure from over-pumping so salt water infiltrates and makes well water salty.8
5928970663FloodplainLand adjacent to river where excess water spreads onto.9
5928970664OligotrophicLakes with low productivity because of little nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen.10
5928970665MesotrophicLakes with moderate levels of productivity11
5928970666EutrophicLakes with high levels of productivity12
5928970667Impermeable SurfacesPavement, buildings, etc. Doesn't allow water penetration, water then runs into sewers and streams. Excess water causes floods.13
5928970668LeveeEnlarged bank on each side of river to prevent flooding14
5928970669DikesSimilar to levees but to prevent ocean waters from flooding coasts that are under sea level.15
5928970670DamBarrier that runs across a river/stream to control water flow16
5928970671ReservoirLarge body of water stored behind a dam. Held for consumption, generating electricity, flood control, or recreation.17
5928970672Fish LaddersSets of stairs with water flowing over them to have fish migrate despite dams.18
5928970673AqueductsCanals or ditches used to carry water between locations. Transports water to dry areas.19
5928970674DesalinationRemoves salt from salt water to make fresh water.20
5928970675DistillationDesalination method. Seawater flows in, heated to create steam, cool seawater in condensing coil causes steam to condense. Brine and fresh water then flows out.21
5928970676Reverse OsmosisDesalination method. Seawater flows in, pressure applied, water goes through semipermeable membrane, salt can't. Water and brine flows out.22
5928970677Hydroponic AgricultureCultivation under greenhouse conditions with roots in nutrient rich solution, and not soil.23

Immune System - AP Biology Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5893363721First Line of DefenseNonspecific barrier to keep out pathogens ex: skin, stomach acid, mucous membrane, cilia0
5893363722Second Line of DefenseNonspecific defense and inflammatory response initiated by chemical signals to attack and isolate invading pathogens1
5893363723Inflammatory ResponseVasodilation, phagocytosis, and increase in body temperature2
5893363724Histamineschemical signals that trigger vasodilation, increasing blood supply to area3
5893363725PhagocytesWhite blood cells that engulf invading pathogens e.g., neutrophils, macrophages4
5893363726Chemokineschemical signals secreted by blood vessel cells that attract more white blood cells (phagocytes) to the area5
5893363727Specific immunityB and T cells; humoral and cell-mediated response6
5893363728Adaptive immunitySpecific immunity7
5893363729LymphocyteWhite blood cell8
5893363730B CellsHumoral response by producing antibodies; activated by T cells or free antigens9
5893363731T CellsCell-mediated response, stimulating by APCs10
5893363732Helper T CellSet off an alarm to the immune system that pathogens have broken through the body's line of defense; binds to class II MHC11
5893363733Cytotoxic T CellKills body cells that have been infected with pathogens; stimulated by antigens and helper T-cells12
5893363734MacrophagesAPC that engulfs large numbers of pathogens; presents antigen to activate T cells13
5893363737MHC Imolecules found on every body cell that presents antigen; signals cytotoxic T to destroy14
5893363738MHC IImolecules found on macrophages, B cells, and activated T cells; signal helper T cells15
5893363739Memory CellsResponsible for lifelong immunity by storing copy B and T cells to more quickly fight secondary infection16
5893363740AntibodyY-shaped protein with variable antigen bind region; slows pathogens to facilitate destruction17
5893363741AntigenIdentifying marker on the outside of a pathogen18
5893363742Passive ImmunityTemporary immunity where antibodies are transferred from another animal ex: mother transfers some of her antibodies to her nursing child19
5893363743HIVA retrovirus that attacks helper T cells20
5893363744Autoimmune diseaseA mistake in the immune system where the body does not properly distinguish self from nonself21
5893363745AllergyHypersensitive immune response to certain substances that causes that release of histamine22

AP World Period 3 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5163846690Trans -Saharan TradeTrade of goods through the Sahara dessert Goods: Salt, gold, animal hides, slaves Important points: Timbuktu, Goa,Djenne0
5163846691IslamMonotheistic religion created in the 7th century by Arabic merchant, Muhammed1
5163846692CaliphateA regional state unified by Islam2
5163846693CrusadesA series of Christian vs Muslim military campaigns for the "holy land"3
5163846694Dar-al-Islamterritory of Islam4
5163846695Byzantine EmpireEastern Roman empire extending to the Eastern Mediterranean and Southwest Asia5
5163846696SinificationChinese-ification of Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia6
5163846697Mongolsnomadic invaders that conquered Eurasia with force and diplomacy7
5163846698Black DeathPlague that killed 1/3 of European population8
5163846699MayaMesoAmerican civilization that had pyramids, large cities, a written system, and complex society9
5163846700Coerced laborslavery, serfdom, corvee (government-recquired labor on public works projects), and indentured servitude10
5163846701FeudalismAgricultural workers serving landowners or lords (knights and samurai)11
5163846702Zheng HeMing explorer that crossed the Indian Ocean12
5163846703Silkhighly-priced luxury commodity mainly exported from China13
5163846704Chinese Inventionsgunpowder, compass, paper, astrolabe14
5163846705Tang Dynasty(618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system.15
5163846706Song Dynasty(960 - 1279 AD); started by Tai Zu; by 1000, a million people were living there; started feet binding; had a magnetic compass, navy, traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton), first to have paper money, explosive gun powder16
5163846707Central AsiaA region that includes the republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan17
5163846708Indian Ocean tradetrade between Arab, Persian, Turkish, Indian, African, Chinese, and Europe merchants18
5163846709Ming DynastySucceeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.19
5163846710Grand Canalan inland waterway 1000 miles long in eastern China20
5163846711Pax MongolicaMongol peace from mid-1200's through mid-1300's imposed stability and law and order across Eurasia. Guaranteed safe passage for trade caravans, travelers, and missionaries from one end of empire to other.21
5163846712VikingsA nomadic group that conquered ex: Normans22
5163846713SyncretismA blending of two or more religious traditions23
5163846714Marco PoloItalian explorer and author who made numerous trips to China and returned to Europe to write of his journeys, responsible for much of the knowledge exchanged between Europe and China during this time period.24
5163846715Ibn Battuta(1304-1369) Morrocan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period.25
5163846716Mansa MusaEmperor of the kingdom of Mali in Africa. He made a famous pilgrimage to Mecca and established trade routes to the Middle East.26
5163846717The Renaissance(1350-1600) bagan in Italy. Rebirth of learning, science, art, music, literature, and culture. Rediscovery of Ancient Greece and Rome27
5163846718SecularNon-religious28
5163846719MissionaryA person who spreads his or her religious beliefs to others29
5163846720Charles Martel"The Hammer" the Frankish commander for the battle of Tours. He defeated the Muslimsin the Battle of Tours, allowing Christianity to survive throughout the Dark Ages. He in a way started Feudalism by giving land to his knights that served for him.30
5163846721Charlemagne768-843; reunited western Europe for the first time since the Roman Empire.31
5163846722Justinian6th century Byzantine emperor; failed to reconquer the western portions of the empire; rebuilt Constatinople; codified Roman law32
5163846723hajjA pilgrimage to Mecca, performed as a duty by Muslims33
5163846724Zakatpart of 4th Pillar, charitable giving of 2.5% of your net worth to community treasury34
5163846725jihadA holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal35
5163846726Umayyad CaliphateFirst hereditary dynasty of Muslim caliphs (661 to 750). From their capital at Damascus, the Umayyads ruled one of the largest empires in history that extended from Spain to India. Overthrown by the Abbasid Caliphate.36
5163846727Abbasid Caliphate(750-1258 CE) The caliphate, after the Umayyads, who focused more on administration than conquering. Had a bureaucracy that any Mulim could be a part of37
5163846728BaghdadAbbasid capital38
5163846729Heian Era794 to 1185 AD, a period in Japan were there was a power struggle between those who favored a strong central emperor and those who wanted nobles to rule, during this time there was "disguised rule", (794-1185) ruled by the Fujiwara family39
5163846730Sudanic StatesSonghay Ghana and Mali. often led by patriarch or council of elders from a family or lineage40
5163846731ChinampasAztec floating gardens41

AP Psychology - Therapies Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

Terms : Hide Images
6633622339eclectic approachan approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy.0
6633622340psychotherapytreatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.1
6633622341psychoanalysisSigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences—and the therapist's interpretations of them—released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.2
6633622342resistancein psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.3
6633622343interpretationin psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.4
6633622344transferencein psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent).5
6633622345psychodynamic therapytherapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight.6
6633622346insight therapya variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing the client's awareness of underlying motives and defenses.7
6633622347client-centered therapya humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)8
6633622348active listeningempathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.9
6633622349unconditional positive regarda caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.10
6633622350behavior therapytherapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.11
6633622351counterconditioninga behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.12
6633622352exposure therapybehavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid.13
6633622353systematic desensitizationa type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.14
6633622354virtual reality exposure therapyAn anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking.15
6633622355aversive conditioninga type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol).16
6633622356token economyan operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats.17
6633622357cognitive therapytherapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.18
6633622358cognitive-behavioral therapya popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior).19
6633622359family therapytherapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members.20
6633622360regression toward the meanthe tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average.21
6633622361meta-analysisa procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies.22
6633622362evidence-based practiceclinical decision-making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences.23
6633622363biomedical therapyprescribed medications or medical procedures that act directly on the patient's nervous system.24
6633622364psychopharmacologythe study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior25
6633622365antipsychotic drugsdrugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder26
6633622366tardive dyskinesiainvoluntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors27
6633622367antianxiety drugsdrugs used to control anxiety and agitation28
6633622368antidepressant drugsdrugs used to treat depression; also increasingly prescribed for anxiety. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters29
6633622369electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient30
6633622370repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity31
6633622371psychosurgerysurgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior32
6633622372lobotomya now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain33
6633622373resiliencethe personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma34

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