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AP Physics 1 Review Flashcards

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6525713666First kinematics equation (constant acceleration) no displacement given*speed up or slow down *acceleration is how quickly velocity changes0
6525713667Second kinematics equation (constant acceleration) no final velocity given*speed up or slow down *most often used for projectile motion1
6525713668Third kinematics equation (constant acceleration) no time given*speed up or slow down m/s m m/s/s2
6525713669Fourth Kinematics Equation (constant acceleration) no acceleration given*speed up or slow down meters m/s seconds3
6525713670Newton's Second Law*vector addition *right-left=ma or up-down=ma ***one of the above equations acceleration=0 *****watch direction for a***** *mass is measured in kg4
6525713671Newton's 3 Laws3rd law means forces are equal and opposite5
6525713672Weight*depends on location and planet * Force is weight measured in Newtons *mass is m measured in kg *g is acceleration due to gravity (9.8 for Earth)6
6525713673Force of static Friction*from freebody diagram *Normal comes from up-down=ma equation *Newtons *coefficient is unitless7
6525713674Force of kinetic friction*depends on materials and normal force acting on object *Normal comes from up-down=ma equation *Newtons *coefficient is unitless8
6525713675Work*carrying a book across a room is not work *to do work the force must be parallel to displacement *friction does negative work Joules9
6525713676Work-Energy Theorem*Work is the change of kinetic energy *object speeding up or slowing down *option to Newton's 2nd Law approach Joules10
6525713677Hooke's Law (springs)F= force stretching or compressing a spring(N) k= spring constant/force constant (N/m) x= how much spring is stretched or compressed (m) *F=ma11
6525713678Elastic Potential Energy for a springU= potential energy (Joules) k= spring constant / force constant (N/m) x= how much spring is stretched or compressed (m) *Use in conservation of energy U+K=U+K12
6525713679Gravitational Potential EnergyU= potential energy (Joules) m= mass (kg) g=acceleration due to gravity (-9.8 Earth) y= vertical position from bottom (not ground) *swinging objects *roller coasters *used in conservation of energy U+K=U+K13
6525713680Conservation of Mechanical energy*one object *use for swinging objects, springs, roller coasters *potential loss is kinetic gained14
6525713681conservation of energy with frictionObject moving with friction *energy at one time = energy at later time + work done by friction U+K=U+K+W15
6525713682Powerrate of energy change Watts16
6525713683energy from powerEnergy= power * time Joules17
6525713684radial/ centripetal accelerationchange direction acceleration m/s/s18
6525713685total accelerationno angular acceleration m/s/s *object speeding up/slowing down and turning19
6525713686linear/tangential velocity for circular motionT is period= time for one complete circle x=vt where x is circumference m/s20
6525713687conversion for linear and angular velocityv=velocity (m/s) w=angular velocity (rad/s) r= radius (m)21
6525713688conversion for linear and angular accelerationa= acceleration m/s/s alpha= angular acceleration rad/s/s r= radius (m)22
6525713689angular momentum (something going in a circle like a spinning ice skater)L= angular momentum kgm^2/s I= rotational inertia kgm^2 w=angular velocity rad/s *when ice skater brings arms in I decreases which increases w23
6525713690net torque for systemtorque (Nm) I= rotational inertia (kgm^2) angular acceleration (rad/s/s) *object like a see saw speeding up or slowing down but going in a circle24
6525713691Rotational Kinetic energy*object turning like a spinning wheel K= kinetic energy (joules) I= rotational inertia (kgm^2) w= angular velocity (rad/s)25
6525713692Universal Gravitational Potential Energyobject with a planet U= potential energy (Joules) G=6.67x10^-11 r=distance center to center (m) m=mass (kg)26
6525713693acceleration due to gravityg= m/s/s acceleration due to gravity M = Mass of planet (kg) r = distance from the center of the plant to object location (m)27
6525713694position as a function of time for simple harmonic motion (mass on spring)RADIAN MODE x=position (meters) A= amplitude (meters) f=frequency (Hz)28
6525713695angular frequency for mass on springw = angular frequency (rad/s) k=spring/force constant (N/m) m= mass (kg)29
6525713696frequency for simple harmonic motionf=frequency (Hz) T=period (s) w=angular frequency (rad/s) *use parenthesis in calculator30
6525713697Period of a mass on a spring*doesn't change if you go to a different planet *period is time for one complete cycle *use parenthesis in calculator T= period (s) m= mass (kg) k= spring/force constant (N/m)31
6525713698Period of an simple pendulum*depends on planet/ location *period is time for one complete cycle (s) *L is length of string (m) *g is 9.8 for Earth32
6525713699momentumvector! Watch sign for VELOCITY33
6525713700impulsevector! change of direction means double the impulse WATCH SIGN for VELOCITY34
6525713701kinetic energyscalar, never negative if you are moving you have kinetic energy35
6525713702constant angular velocityw= angular velocity (rad/s) angular displacement (rad)36
6525713703universal law of gravitationF = force (equal and opposite on masses) G=6.67x10^-11 m = mass (kg) r = distance center to center (m) Force = mg or ma or mv^2/r37
6525713704Coulomb's Law (force between charges)F= force equal and opposite on charges (N) k=9x10^9 q=charge (C) r = distance center to center *opposite signs attract *like signs repel38
6525713705current*direction is from positive side of battery towards negative sign of battery I= current (Amps) q= charge (C) t = time *flow of charge through a cross sectional area of wire *equal in series (one pipe=one current)39
6525713706resistanceR= resistance (ohms) resistivity (ohm meters) L=length (m) A= cross-sectional area (circle for wires) (m^2) *Longer the wire the more the resistance *the greater the area the smaller the resistance40
6525713707powerrate of energy dissipated by resistor or rate of energy converted by battery *P= power (watts) *I= current (amps) *V= electric potential difference (volts)41
6525713708resistors in serieslonger means increased resistance *one path/ one pipe/ one *current is equal *voltage adds up42
6525713709resistors in parallel*multiple paths/ more pipes/two finger rule *voltage is equal *current adds up43
6525713710adding resistors in series and parallel44
6525713711wave speedv= wave speed (m/s) f=frequency (Hz) wavelength (m) *deceiving equation , wave speed only depends on medium45
6525713712slope of a position vs time graphv=x/t velocity46
6525713713slope of a velocity vs time grapha= change of v/time acceleration47
6525713714area of a velocity vs time graphx=vt displacement48
6525713715slope of a force vs acceleration graphm=F/a mass49
6525713716area of a force vs time graphFt= impulse= change of momentum50
6525713717area of a force vs displacement graphFx=work= change of kinetic energy51
6525713718slope of a force vs stretch graphk=F/x spring constant or force constant52
6525713719force of frictionanother force for freebody Normal comes from freebody53
6525713720Newton's 2nd Law Practicesplit tension Fcos (angle)- f =ma N +Fsin(angle)-mg=054
6525713721conservation of momentumuse for collisions momentum before + momentum before = momentum after +momentum after55
6525713722Elastic collisions*conserve momentum and kinetic energy *magnetic bumpers with carts56
6525713723Inelastic collisions*This is what you assume unless told otherwise *conserve momentum not kinetic energy *objects do not have to stick together57
6525713724completely inelastic collisions*conserve momentum only *objects stick together *Velcro with carts58
6525713725angular displacementradians rad/s rad/s/s59
6525713726speeding up/slowing down angular velocityrad/s rad/s/s60
6525713727torque (twisting force)*See Saw/ levers *demo with trying to hold up bar with hanging masses torque (Nm) r is distance from pivot point to force (m) force must be perpendicular (N)61
6525713728change of angular momentumchange of angular momentum (kgm^2/s) torque (Nm) time (s) *if there is a torque object speeds up or slows down which changes its angular momentum62
6525713729horizontal projectile motioninitial velocity = zero a=-9.8 displacement is negative63
6525713730projectile motion at an angle*split initial velocity into sin and cos *vsin is for vertical constant acceleration equations *vcos is for horizontal constant velocity equation x=vt64
6525713731densitydensity (kg/m^3) mass (kg) Volume (m^3)65
6525713732periodperiod is time for one complete cycle/circle w= angular velocity/frequency (rad/s) f= frequency (Hz)66
6525713733Ohm's LawI= current (A)....flow V= electric potential difference (Volts)....push R= resistance (ohm's law)... fight *the more the push the more the flow * the more the fight, the less the flow67
6525713734slope of a voltage vs resistance graphcurrent68
6525713735slopedivide axis and find equation for meaning69
6525713736area*multiply axis for meaning *area under x-axis is negative *shading is from the x-axis up and from the x-axis down70
6525713737Newton's 2nd Law - atwoodup-down=ma T-W=ma T-.9(9.8)=.9a T-.6(9.8)=.6(-a)71
6525713738Newton's 2nd law- incline planeN-mgcos(angle)=0 T-mgsin(angle)=ma T-mg=m(-a)72
6525713739Newton's 2nd law turningN-mg=mv^2/r73
6525713740projectile motion*force = weight (down whole time) *acceleration (down -9.8 m/s/s) *horizontal motion constant velocity x=vt *at P only horizontal velocity *at P vertical velocity is negative74
6525713741Newton's 2nd law -modified atwoodN-mg=0 T=4a T-2g=2(-a)75
6525713742Freebody for incline planeonly C and E correct C is at rest or moving down incline E is being accelerated up incline76
6525713743Soundcompressional / longitudinal wave *fastest in solids *cannot go through a vaccuum77
6525713744conservation of angular momentum78
6525713745torque79
6525713746Coulomb's Law80
6525713747Hooke's Law81
6525713748Ohm's law visual82
6525713749centripetal force*Net force towards center of circle Moon around earth it is gravity car going around curve friction83
6525713750no centripetal forceno centripetal force object moves straight... no longer turns84
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Drama Terms - AP Lit Flashcards

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5327212001DramaA story written to be performed by actors0
5327212002DialogueA conversation between characters1
5327212003Tragedyis a work of literature, especially a play, that results in a catastrophe for the main character(s)2
5327212004Stage directionsNotes included in a drama to describe how the work is to be performed or staged3
5327212005Monologuea lengthy speech by one character in a play, with other characters listening4
5327212006Soliloquya lengthy speech expressing the thoughts of a character, spoken alone on stage5
5327212007Asidea short line delivered by an actor in a play, intended to be heard by only the audience6
5327212008Foila character who provides a contrast to another character; each character's traits stand out more because they are opposites7
5327212009MotivationA reason that explains or partially explains why a character thinks, feels, acts, or behaves a certain way8
5327212012Free versePoetry not written in a regular rythmical pattern, or meter9
5327212013Blank versePoetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter lines10
5327212014Rhyme schemeA regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem11
5327212015SonnetA fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter12
5327212016CoupletA pair of rhyming lines, usually of the same length and meter13
5327212017MeterA poem's rhythmcal pattern14
5327212021AllegoryA story or tale with two or more levels of meaning -- a literal level and one or more symbolic level(s)15
5327212024Extended metaphorA writer speaks or writes about a subject as if it were something else16
5327212028ForeshadowThe use in a literary work of clues that suggest events that have yet to occur17
5327212029SuspenseA feeling of uncertainty about the outcome of events in a literary work18
5327212030Universal themeA message about life that can be understood by most cultures19
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AP STATISTICS FORMULAS Flashcards

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6265459092MeanSum of observations/Number of Observations0
6265459093IQRQ3-Q1 Resistant to outliers1
6265459094Standard DeviationCommon measure of spread. How far each observation is from the mean. Found with an average of the squared distances. Then taking the squared root. Avg squared distance: VARIANCE Square root of Var: STANDARD DEV2
6265459095Measures of PositionPercentiles: Percentile tells us a data point's position relative to other points in the data set. 85% (then that student scored higher than 85% of the students taking the SAT). Z-scores: Tells us a data point's position relative to the mean and measured in "standard" units or in standard deviations.3
6265459096Density CurveMath model for a distribution. Shows the overall pattern of a distribution via a smooth curve, ignoring minor irregularities and outliers.4
6265459097Area under curveRelative frequency of values in distribution. Always on or above horizontal axis. Total area underneath curve is exactly one.5
6265459098Mean + Median for Density CurveMedian of a density curve: Equal-areas point, the point that divides the area under the curve in half. Mean of a density curve: Balance point, at which the curve would balance if made of solid material. Median + Mean: Same for symmetric density curve, both lie at center Mean of skewed curve: Pulled away from median in direction of tail. Median is not at peak, but not affected by skew.6
6265459099Transforming DataMean: Changes when added to, also when multiplied Median: Changes when added to, also when multiplied Range/IQR: Does not change when addition, changes when multiplied St. Dev: Doesn't change when addition, changes when multiplied7
6265459100Normal DistributionAll: Symmetric, single-peaked, bell-shaped Described with Mean, Standard deviation Low standard deviation = high peak Mean= center Standard deviation= center of inflection point Describes as: APPROXIMATELY NORMAL8
6265459101Assessing Normality#1 Histogram or stemplot: Test symmetry, bell-shaped #2 Empirical Rule (68%-95%-99.7%) Find the intervals, check the number and percent of data that appears within standard deviations from the sample mean. #3 Normal Probability Plot Found in Plot 1. Check if it is linear or not.9
6265459102Expected Value of Discrete Random Variable (Mean)Ux= E(X) = x1p1 + x2p2..... Multiply each probability with the value it represents. Add all. This gives equal representation of values.10
6265459103Probability Distribution Standard DeviationVar(x) = (X1-M1)^2p1 + ..... St Dev(X) = Root of Variance11
6265459104Binomial FormulaP(X=k) = P(exactly K successes in trial) = (Failure) (Success) Binompdf(n, p, k) for P(X=k) Bimocdf(n, p, k) for P(X<=k) 1-Binomcdf(n, p, k) for P(X<=k) = P(x>=k) n= # of attempts p= probability of success 1-p=1 = probability of failure k= number of successes12
6265459105BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION RULEIf the sample is less than 10% of the population, can ignore issue of replacement. n< N/10 n= sample size N= population size13
6265459106Binomial Distribution SOCSShape: Depends of values of n, p Center: Mean=np Spread: Standard Dev= sqrt[ n * P * ( 1 - P ) ]14
6265459107Rule of Thumb for using normal distribution for the approximation of the binomial distributionIf np> 10 and n(1-p)10>10 It means it is approximately normal15
6265459108Geometric FormulasP (x=k) = p (1-p) ^(k-1) P(x<=k) = p+ (1-p)p =(1-p)^2(p).... P(x>k)= 1-P(x<=k) Geompdf(p,k) = P(x=k) Geomcdf(p,k) = P(x<=k)16
6265459110Manipulating Normal DistributionsRandom variable y=x+c Mean(y): Mean(x) + c Variance(y): Variance(x) Deviation(y): Deviation(x) Random variable z= bx Mean(z)= Mean(x) X b Variance(z)= Variance(z) X b^2 Deviation(z)= Deviation(w) X (abs value of b) Random variable w=bx+c Mean(w)=Mean(w) X b +c Variance(w)= Variance(w) X b^2 Deviation(w)= Deviation(w) X (abs value of b)17
6265459111Combining Probability DistributionsMean(y-x)= Mean(y)-Mean(x) Standard Deviation(y-x)= Square root[ dev(x)^2 + dev(y)^2) ] Mean (x+y) = Mean(x)+Mean(y) Standard Deviation(x+y)= Square root[ dev(x)^2 + dev(y)^2) ]18
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AP Environmental Science (Energy) Flashcards

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6616682877Chapter 120
6616682878NonrenewableOnce they're gone, there's no more1
6616682879Fossil fuelsDerived from biological material that became fossilized millions of years ago. (Coal, Oil, Natural gas)2
6616682880Nuclear FuelsDerived from radioactive materials that give off energy3
6616682881Commercial energy sourcesThose that are bought and sold, (coal, oil, wood, etc)4
6616682882Subsistence energy sourcesThose gathered by individuals for their own immediate needs. More used in developing countries.5
6616682883Energy CarrierSomething that can move and deliver energy into a convenient, usable form to end users.6
6616682884TurbineLarge device that will turn to spin a shaft of a generator which produces electricity.7
6616682885Electrical GridConnects power plants together and links them with end users of electricity.8
6616682886Combined CycleNatural gas-fired power plant. 2 turbines and generators. Natural gas is burned to spin a turbine and the waste heat will boil water which will turn another turbine.9
6616682887CapacityMaximum Electrical output of a plant10
6616682888Capacity FactorFraction of time a plant is operating.11
6616682889CogenerationCombined heat and power. Use of fuel to generate electricity and heat.12
6616682890CoalSolid fuel formed by remains of plants that were preserved at least 280 million years ago.13
6616682891PetroleumWidely used fossil fuel. Mixture of hydrocarbons, water and sulfur that occurs in underground deposits.14
6616682892Crude OilLiquid petroleum that is removed from the ground. Oil=crude oil=petroleum15
6616682893Oil SandsSlow flowing viscous deposits of bitumen mixed with sand, water and clay.16
6616682894Bitumen(Tar/Pitch) Degraded type of petroleum that forms when a petroleum deposit is not capped with nonporous rock.17
6616682895CTLCoal to liquid. Process to make solid coal a liquid fuel18
6616682896Energy IntensityTotal energy is increasing, but energy per person is staying constant.19
6616682897Hubbert Curve (Dealing with Oil)20
6616682898Peak OilMaximum amount of oil that can be extracted before it begins to decline.21
6616682899FissionNuclear reaction in which a neutron strikes a relatively large atomic nucleus which then splits into 2 or more parts.22
6616682900Fuel RodsContainment structure enclosing the nuclear fuel which is contained in a cylindrical tube.23
6616682901Control RodsCylindrical devices that can be inserted between the fuel rods to absorb excess neutrons. thus slowing and stopping the fission reaction.24
6616682902Radioactive WasteWaste after the nuclear fuel is used up and can't produce heat, but still emits radioactivity.25
6616682903Becquerel (Bq)Measures the rate at which a sample of radioactive material decays.26
6616682904CurieAnother unit of measure for radiation. 37 billion decays per second.27
6616682905Nuclear FusionReaction that powers the Sun and other stars. Lighter nuclei are forced together to produce heavier nuclei. Lots of heat is generated.28
6616682906Chapter 1329
6616682907NonrenewableOnce gone, no more. Oil Coal Nuclear30
6616682908Potentially RenewableAs long as we do not consume them more quickly than can be replenished. Wood Biofuel31
6616682909NondepletableSolar, Wind, Hydro etc. Energy for all time.32
6616682910RenewablePotentially Renewable and Nondepletable33
6616682911Energy ConservationFinding ways to use less energy34
6616682912Tiered Rate SystemCustomers pay a low rate for the first increment of electricity they use and pay higher rates as their use goes up.35
6616682913Peak DemandGreatest quantity of energy used at any one time.36
6616682914Passive Solar DesignTechnique that takes advantage of solar radiation to maintain a comfortable temperature in a building.37
6616682915Thermal InertiaAbility of a material to retain heat or cold. Stay hot when heated or cold when cooled.38
6616682916BiofuelsBiomass can be processed or refined into liquid fuels such as ethanol and biodiesel.39
6616682917Modern CarbonCarbon in biomass40
6616682918Fossil CarbonCarbon in fossil fuels.41
6616682919Carbon NeutralAn activity that does not change atmospheric CO2 concentrations42
6616682920Net RemovalRemoving more timber than is replaced by growth. Unsustainable practice -> Deforestation.43
6616682921EthanolAlcohol. Made by converting starches and sugars from plant material into alcohol and CO2.44
6616682922Flex-Fuel VehiclesCan run on either gas or E-85 (85% ethanol, 15% gas) fuel.45
6616682923HydroelectricityElectricity generated by the kinetic energy of moving water. 2nd most common form of renewable energy.46
6616682924Run-of-the-riverHydroelectricity generation, water behind a low dam and runs through a channel before returning to the river.47
6616682925Water ImpoundmentStoring water in a reservoir behind a dam. Allows for on demand electricity generation.48
6616682926Tidal EnergyComes from the movement of water. This is driven by the gravitational pull of the moon.49
6616682927Active Solar EnergyTechnologies capture the energy of sunlight with the use of technologies. Includes, Small scale solar water heating systems, photovoltaic solar cells etc.50
6616682928Photovoltaic Solar CellsCapture energy from the sun as light, not heat, and convert it directly to electricity.51
6616682929Geothermal EnergyHeat that comes from the natural radioactive decay of elements deep within the earth.52
6616682930Ground Source Heat PumpsTake advantage of the high thermal inertia of the ground.53
6616682931Wind EnergyWidely used in some countries and making a comeback in others.54
6616682932Wind TurbineConverts kinetic energy of moving air into electricity.55
6616682933Fuel CellOperates like a battery. This reaction happens in a closed container to which no additional elements are added.56
6616682934ElectrolysisElectric current is applied to water to split it into hydrogen and oxygen.57
6616682935Smart gridEfficient, Self-Regulating electricity distribution network that accepts any source of electricity and distributes it automatically to end users.58
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AP Biology Chapter Biochemistry Flashcards

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5760102133macromoleculea giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction.0
5760102134Four classes of biological macromoleculesProteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids1
5760102135polymera long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds.2
5760102136monomerthe subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer.3
5760102137dehydration synthesisa chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule.4
5760102138hydrolysisa chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in dis-assembly of polymers to monomers.5
5760102139proteina biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure.6
5760102140Functions of proteinsstructural support, catalyst, transport, defense, movement, regulation7
5760102141amino acidan organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group. The monomers of polypeptides. There are 20 different forms. Distinguished by side chains.8
5760102142peptide bondthe covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction.9
5760102143Primary structurethe level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids.10
5760102144secondary structureregions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone (not the side chains). Helix or pleated sheet.11
5760102145B pleated sheetprotein structure with two or more segments of the polypeptide chain link side by side (called B strands) connected by hydrogen bonds between parts of the two parallel segments of the polypeptide backbone.12
5760102146tertiary structurethe overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges.13
5760102147quaternary structurethe particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide.14
5760102148denaturationloss of a proteins normal 3D structure; can possibly be caused by pH and temperature which affect the ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds & hydrophilic interactions15
5760102149enzymea macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. most of them are proteins.16
5760102150carbohydratea sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides). Primarily C, H and O.17
5760102151What are the functions of carbohydratesfunction as energy source & structure18
5760102152monosaccharidethe simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also called simple sugars, they have formulas that are generally some multiple of CH2O (1:2:1).19
5760102153disaccharidea double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction.20
5760102154glycosidic linkagea covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.21
5760102155polysaccharidea polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions.22
5760102156starcha storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by x glycosidic linkages. Used for energy storage.23
5760102157glycogenan extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.24
5760102158cellulosea structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by B glycosidic linkages. A type of plant starch.25
5760102159lipidsany of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water (hydrophobic). No true monomers.26
5760102160What are the three types of lipids?fats/oils, phospholipids & steroids27
5760102161fat/oila lipid consisting of three fatty acids lined to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride. Function as energy storage.28
5760102162saturateda fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms that are attached to the carbon skeleton.29
5760102163unsaturateda faty acid that has one or more double bonds betwen carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.30
5760102164fatty acida carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain. Vary in length and __________ linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule, also called triglyceride.31
5760102165triglyceridea lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule32
5760102166phospholipida lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts s a polar, hydrophilic head. They form bilayers that function as biological membrane.33
5760102167steroida type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached. Function as part of membranes or hormones.34
5760102168hydrophobica type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water.35
5760102169disulfide bridgesa strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer.36
5760102170polypeptidea polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.37
5760102171nucleotidethe building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups.38
5760102172phosphodiester linkagebond between nucleotides in nucleotide chain to form polynucleotide39
5760102173RNAtransmission of information, consists of monomers with a ribose sugar and nitrogenous bases cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A) & uracil (U). Single stranded.40
5760102174DNAa nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins.41
5760102175deoxyribosethe sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides.42
5760102176ribosethe sugar component of RNA nucleotides.43
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AP Biology - Cells Flashcards

Campbell's Ch 6, 7: structure and function, prokaryotes v eukaryotes, mvmnt of substances, protein function. Also Cliff's AP Bio 4th ed., Ch 3: Cells.

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4938175380plasma membraneseparates internal metabolic event; controls mvmnt of materials0
4938175381saturated fatty acid membranepacked tight; rigid membrane1
4938175382unsaturated fatty acid membranenot packed tight; flexible membrane2
4938175383selectively permeableallows: small, unchanged, polar molecules; hydrophobic molecules blocks: large polar molecules; ions3
4938175384integral proteinsimbedded in bilipid layer4
4938175385peripheral proteinsattached to membrane surface5
4938175386channel proteinspassage for hydrophillic substances6
4938175387aquaporinschannel proteins; increase rate of H20 passage7
4938175388ion channelsions; gated channels8
4938175389gated channelsopen and close in response to stimuli EX: nerve and muscle cells9
4938175390carrier proteinsspecific molecules bind, changing protein shape10
4938175391transport proteinsuse ATP (active transport) EX: sodium-potassium pump11
4938175392recognition proteinsunique identification; glycoproteins EX: blood types12
4938175393receptor proteinsprovide binding sites; activates specific cell response13
4938175394adhesion proteinsattaches cells to cells; provides anchors for filaments14
4938175395cholesterolstability to animal cells; @ high T=maintain firmness, @ low T=allows flexibility15
4938175396organellesbodies within cytoplasm; chemical rxns isolated, able to take place w/o interference; large surface areas to max. space for rxns16
4938175397nucleuscontains DNA and nucleoli; site of cell division17
4938175398chromatinDNA spread through nucleus like web18
4938175399chromosomesDNA becomes rod-shaped as cell begins division; includes 2 long DNA molecules and histone proteins19
4938175400histonesorganize long DNA20
4938175401nucleosomescoiling of DNA by histones21
4938175402nucleoliconcentrations of DNA in process of manufacturing ribosomes22
4938175403nuclear porespassageway for proteins and RNA23
4938175404nuclear envelope2 bilipid layers; bounded to nucleus, continuous with ER24
4938175405ribosome2 RNA subunits + proteins; free v bound; protein synthesis25
4938175406free ribosomesin cytosol; proteins made function within cell EX: enzymes that catalyze sugar breakdown26
4938175407bound ribosomesattached to ER or nuclear envelope; proteins made function within cell membrane or exported from cell27
4938175408smooth ERw/o ribosomes; synthesis of lipids and steroids, metabolizes CHO, detoxification28
4938175409rough ERw/ ribosomes; synthesis of proteins and glycoproteins, produces new membrane29
4938175410golgi apparatuscollect, modify, and package proteins, CHO and lipids30
4938175411lysosomes(animal cells only) vesicles from Golgi with hydrolytic enzymes; break down material in cytosol for recycling; low pH31
4938175412peroxisomesanimals: breakdown H202, fatty acids, AAs; plants: modify by-products of photosynthesis32
4938175413mitochondriacarry out cellular respiration; two membranes allow separation of metabolic processes33
4938175414chloroplasts(plant cells only) carry out photosynthesis; two membranes34
4938175415microtubulesmade of protein tubulin; found in spindle apparatus (guides chromosome mvmnt in cell division); support and motility for cell activity35
4938175416intermediate filamentssupport for cell shape36
4938175417microfilamentsmade of protein actin; found in cells that move by shape change, e.g. muscle cells; cell motility37
4938175418flagellalong, few, snake-like mvmnt; 9+2 microtubule EX: sperm38
4938175419ciliashort, many, back-and-forth mvmnt; 9+2 microtubule EX: line respiratory tract39
4938175420centrioles(animal cells only) microtubule organizing centers; create spine apparatus in cell division40
4938175421transport vesiclesmove materials btwn organelles41
4938175422food vacuolesreceive nutrients; usually merge with lysosomes42
4938175423contractile vacuolescollect and pump water in cell43
4938175424central vacuoles(plant cells only) contain most of plant cell interior; exert tugor when full for cell rigidity; functions specialized: 1) store starch, nutrients, waste, etc. 2) lysosome function 3) cell growth by absorbing H20 4) renders large SA-to-V ratio44
4938175425cell walls(plant cells only) support45
4938175426extracellular matrix(animal cells only) mechanical support, helps bind adjacent cells46
4938175427cell junctionsanchor cells together for cellular exchange47
4938175428anchoring junctions(animals) protein attachments between cells EX: desmosome48
4938175429tight junctions(animals) seal that prevents cellular exchange49
4938175430communication junctionsallow chemical and electrical signal passage50
4938175431gap junctions(animals) (communication) narrow tunnels; basically channel protein connecting 2 cells51
4938175432plasmodesmata(plants) (communication) narrow tunnels; like gap junctions52
4938175433prokaryotesplasma membrane, DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell wall53
4938175434hypertonicsolute hypertonic to solution=higher [solutes]54
4938175435hypotonicsolute hypotonic to solution=lower [solutes]55
4938175436isotonic[solute]=[solution]56
4938175437bulk flowcollective movement in response to pressure57
4938175438passive transport[higher] to [lower]; increases w/ increase in [x], temp., smaller particle size58
4938175439diffusionrandom mvmnt leads to net mvmnt from [high] to [low]59
4938175440osmosisdiffusion of water across selectively permeable mmbrn60
4938175441turgor pressureosmosis into cell61
4938175442plasmolysisosmosis out of cell62
4938175443cell lysisswelling of cell b/c excess turgor pressure63
4938175444facilitated diffusiondiffusion through channel or carrier proteins64
4938175445active transport[lower] to [higher]; requires use of E (usually ATP)65
4938175446electrochemical gradientcombo. of concentration and electrical voltage gradients of ions66
4938175447cotransportprotein that allows downhill mvmt to drive another uphill; E for uphill from [gradient] from downhill67
4938175448vesicular transportuses vesicles to move substances across plasma mmbrn68
4938175449exocytosisfuse w/ membrane, release contents outside cell69
4938175450endocytosiscapture substance outside cell, fuse w/ membrane, release contents into cell; 3 types: phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated70
4938175451phagocytosiscellular eating; undissolved material enters cell; forms phagocytic vesicle71
4938175452pinocytosiscellular drinking; dissolved material enters cell; forms liquid vesicle72
4938175453receptor-mediated endocytosisspecific molec. (ligands) binds to site, resulting in pinocytosis73
4938175454water potentialmovement of water from where there is high potential to low potential; based upon solute and pressure components74
4938175455solute potential=-iCRT i = ionization constant (NaCl = 2, glucose = 1) C = concentration (M) R = constant (0.0831 mol-liters/bar K) T = temperature (K) more solute = lower overall potential75
4938175456pressure potentialmeasurement of pressure, in an open container usually = 076
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Environmental Terms (Japanese AP) Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5357966821節約To save0
5358620348節約するようにするremind myself to save1
5357966822無駄Waste2
5358624021無駄づかいwasteful use3
5358626212無駄づかいをしないようにするremind myself not to use wastefully4
5357966823もったいないWasteful5
5357966824利用するTo use6
5357966825将来Future (Short)7
5357966827限られているLimited8
5357966828地球Earth9
5357966830資源Resource10
5358598016天然資源natural resource11
5358600963再生可能エネルギーrenewable energy12
5357966831自然Nature13
5357966832守るTo protect14
5357966842きれいにするTo clean15
5357966843汚すTo pollute16
5357966844燃えるごみFlammable garbage17
5357966846燃えないゴミInflammable garbage18
5358099609水を流しっぱなしにするkeep the water running19
5358103341電気をつけっぱなしにするleave the lights on20
5358110042環境environment21
5358116769太陽光発電solar power22
5358610917増えてきているgradually increasing23
5358614100減ってきているgradually decreasing24
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