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AP Psychology - Research Methods Flashcards

Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)

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5817154980	Hindsight Bias	The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon.)	0
5817154981	Critical Thinking	Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.	1
5817154982	Theory	An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events.	2
5817154983	Hypothesis	A testable prediction, often implied by a theory.	3
5817154984	Operational Definition	A statement of the procedures used to define research variables, or how we make the variables measurable; i.e., extroversion could be operationally defined by a score on a personality test. Necessary for replication of the study.	4
5817154985	Replication	Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.	5
5817154986	Case Study	An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.	6
5817154987	Survey	A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.	7
5817154988	Population	All the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn.	8
5817154989	Random Sample	A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.	9
5817154990	Naturalistic Observation	Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.	10
5817154991	Correlation	A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.	11
5817154992	Correlation Coefficient	A statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1).	12
5817154993	Scatterplot	A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables.	13
5817154994	Illusory Correlation	The perception of a relationship where none exists.	14
5817154995	Experiment	A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the investigator aims to control other relevant factors.	15
5817154996	Random Assignment	Assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups.	16
5817154997	Double-Blind Procedure	An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.	17
5817154998	Placebo Effect	Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent.	18
5817154999	Experimental Group	In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.	19
5817155000	Control Group	In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.	20
5817155001	Independent Variable	The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.	21
5817155002	Confounding Variable	A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment.	22
5817155003	Dependent Variable	The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.	23
5817155004	Mode	The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution.	24
5817155005	Mean	The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores.	25
5817155006	Median	The middle score in a distribution; half the scores are above it and half are below it.	26
5817155007	Range	The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution.	27
5817155008	Standard Deviation	A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score.	28
5817155009	Normal Curve	A symmetrical, bell-shape that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes.	29
5817155010	Statistical Significance	A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.	30
5817155011	Culture	The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.	31
5817155012	Informed Consent	An ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.	32
5817155013	Debriefing	The post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants.	33
5817162139	Overconfidence	Being more confident than correct - which is further North?	34
5817177647	Confirmation Bias	I only look for research that supports my existing opinion...I find I am right (rule for a 3 # sequence)	35
5817185407	Replicate	Using the same methods as a previously published study & seeing is results match	36
5817203315	Random sample	Using a random number generator to select participants from a population	37
5817207206	Representative Sample	Demographic %s (i.e. race) of population match %s in sample	38
5817221934	Control Variables	Factors that the researcher keeps constant as to NOT impact the D.V.	39
5817236098	Correlation Coefficient	Shows strength AND direction of variable relationship	40
5817243430	Positive Skew	Most scores are on the LOWER end	41
5817250360	Negative Skew	Most scores are on the HIGHER end	42
5817260602	DV on y axis & IV on x axis	If students are engaged then test scores will be higher.	43
5817289702	Statistical Significance = .05	Results are NOT due to chance	44
5817292548	Informed consent	Participants know what they will be doing & that they can decline participation	45
5817300146	Confidentiality	Dr. Turner cannot tell the outcome for an identified individual	46
5817312723	Institutional Review Boards	Approval of research studies before they are conducted to make sure research is ethical	47

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AP Psychology Treatment & Therapy Flashcards

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6531502473	Insight Therapies	a type of psychotherapy in which the therapist helps their patient understand how their feelings, beliefs, actions, and events from the past are influencing their current mindset.	0
6531502474	Behavioral Therapies	A type of psychotherapy that focuses on changing or reducing the occurrence of some maladaptive behavior	1
6531502475	Bio-medical Therapies	Use a prescribed medication or medical procedure that acts directly on the patient's nervous system	2
6531502476	Eclectic Approach	The type treatment used will depend on the client's problems	3
6531502477	Psychoanalytic Therapy	Assumption: Problems stem from unconscious conflicts that usually date back to childhood experiences Aim: help patients gain insight into unconscious conflicts Evaluation: old, outdated, and lacks empirical evidence People: Freud	4
6531502478	Free Association	Patient lays on couch freely exposes thoughts, feelings, and mental images going on in their mind Therapist must encourage the flow of associations to provide clues to what the unconscious is hiding	5
6531502479	Dream Analysis	Patient describes the "manifest content" of the dream Therapist uncovers the "latent content" of the dream	6
6531502480	Transference	The patient projects or transfers unresolved conflicts and feelings onto the therapist (Could be love or hatred of a parent) Therapist helps patients gain insight by reliving painful past relationships	7
6531502481	Psychodynamic Therapy	Similarity to Psychoanalysis because they try to enhance self-insight by focusing on "unconscious forces" that and childhood experiences Differs from Psychoanalysis because they talk face to face and don't meet as much	8
6531502482	Humanistic Therapies	Assumption: Problems stem from obstacles that block personal growth and potential Aim: Focus on the present time (here and now) Evaluation: Unstructured, vague and subjective leaving it with little empirical proof People: Rogers	9
6531502483	Client Centered Therapy	Refer to people as "clients" and not patients Non-directive Approach where therapist listens without judgment and refrains from directing the client	10
6531502484	Unconditional Positive Regard	Important element of client centered therapy developed by Carl Rogers Blanket acceptance and support of a person regardless of what ether person says or does.	11
6531502485	Active Listening	involves echoing, restating and seeking clarification of what the client says and does, and acknowledging feelings	12
6531502486	Empathy	recognizing the clients feelings and reflecting it back to the client	13
6531502487	Behavioral Therapies (aka Behavior Modification)	Assumption: Problems stem from destructive behaviors Aim: Use learning principles to replace problem behaviors with constructive behaviors Evaluation: Effective but minimizes emotions People: Wolpe, Cover-Jones	14
6531502488	Counterconditioning	Using classical conditioning principles to create a new conditioned stimulus Includes exposure and aversive therapies	15
6531502489	Systematic Desensitization	Three Step Process: (1) learn progressive relaxation, (2) build an "anxiety hierarchy", (3) combine steps 1 and 2	16
6531502490	Flooding	A behavioral technique used to treat phobias in which the client is presented with the feared stimulus until the associated anxiety disappears.	17
6531502491	Bell and Pad Treatment	A behavior therapy technique used to treat nighttime bedwetting by conditioning arousal from sleep in response to bodily signals of a full bladder	18
6531502492	Aversive Conditioning	use of something unpleasant, or a punishment, to stop an unwanted behavior	19
6531502493	Token Economy	A system whereby participants earn generalized conditioned reinforcers (e.g., tokens, chips, points) as an immediate consequence for specific behaviors; participants accumulate tokens and exchange them for items and activities from a menu of backup reinforcers.	20
6531502494	Cognitive Therapies	Assumption:Faulty thoughts, such as negative self-talk and irrational beliefs, cause psychological problems Aims: change the faulty thoughts and replace with better ones Evaluation: Effective but minimizes emotions People: Ellis & Beck	21
6531502495	Rational Emotive therapy (RET) or Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT)	Albert Ellis's cognitive therapy to eliminate emotional problems through the rational examination of irrational beliefs.	22
6531502496	Negative Cognitive Bias	Aaron Beck found depressed people consistently distort their experiences in a negative cognitive way	23
6531502497	Cognitive Behavioral Therpay	a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy with behavior therapy	24
6531502498	Group Therapy	A group of 3-10 people meet to discuss similar problems, role play new behaviors, and receive instant feedback Evaluation: Effective (financially & psychologically) and people realize they are not alone in their problems	25
6531502499	Family Therapy	Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members hopes to identify unhealthy patterns and create new healthy rules & interactions Couples counseling is very similar	26
6531502500	Placebo Effect	Defined: you believe it works due to the power of the mind Clients' and therapists' believe the treatment will work and therefore it does	27
6531502501	Regression towards the mean	Defined: the tendency for unusual events (including emotions) to return to their average state Example: When things hit bottom, going to a therapist is more likely to be followed by improvement than by further descent.	28
6531502502	Meta Analysis	a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies	29
6531502503	Effective Therapies	No one therapy has been shown to be best in all cases but some therapies are better suited for particular disorders Most _________ __________ are when the problem is clear cut	30
6531502504	Evidence Based Practice	involves clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences. In short, available therapies are rigorously evaluated and then applied by clinicians who are mindful of their skills and of each patient's unique situation.	31
6531502505	Shared Elements of Therapy	Hope, New perspective, and an empathetic, caring relationship	32
6531502506	EMDR	therapist waves a finger inferno of the eyes of the client to unlock and reprocess previously frozen traumatic memories	33
6531502507	Light Exposure Therapy	a client is exposed to daily doses of light that mimics outdoor light used to fight against seasonal affective disorder (SAD)	34
6531502508	Psychopharmacology	Assumption: biological causes exists for the disorders or behaviors Aims: provide the right medication Evaluation: helpful but medicine cannot solve all problems	35
6531502509	Neuroleptics	prescription drugs used to reduce symptoms	36
6531502510	Tardive Dyskinesia	involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors	37
6531502511	Anti-Anxiety Drugs	How it works: treats anxiety by increasing the level of GABA and therefore depress the activity in the central nervous system Popular Drugs: Xanax, and Valium Negative Side Effects: addictive and only reduces symptoms in the short term	38
6531502512	Typical Anti-Psychotic Drugs	How it works: treat schizophrenic hallucinations and paranoia by reducing dopamine activity Popular Drugs: Thorazine Negative Side Effects: tardive dyskinesia	39
6531502513	Atypical Anti-Psychotic Drugs	How it works: treat all schizophrenic symptoms by blocking dopamine & serotonin Popular Drugs: Abilify Negative Side Effects: less harmful than typical ones	40
6531502514	Mood Stabilizing Drugs	How it works: used to treat bipolar disorder by stabilizing Glutamate levels in order to stabilize current and future moods Popular Drugs: Lithium & Depakote Negative Side Effects: small difference between appropriate and toxic dosage level	41
6531502515	SSRI	How it works: Treats depression by preventing the reuptake of serotonin Popular Drugs: Prozac, Zoloft, and Paxil Advantages: milder side effects making it the most popular anti-depressant	42
6531502516	Lobotomy	A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.	43
6531502517	Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)	a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient	44
6531502518	repetitive Trans-cranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)	performed on wide-awake patients where magnetic energy penetrates only to the brain's surface does not have the side effects of ECT	45
6531502519	BioPsychoSocial Approach to Treating Disorders	Using aerobic exercise, adequate sleep, light exposure, social connection, anti-rumination, and nutritional supplements to fight and prevent psychological problems	46
6531502520	Preventing Mental Health Issues	1. Build Resilience: an ability to cope with stress and recover from adversity. 2. Build a loving, nuturing environment	47

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AP Human Geography Agriculture Flashcards

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6014652231	Animal Husbandry	An agricultural activity associated with the raising of domesticated animals, such as cattle, horses, sheep, and goats.	0
6014652232	Cash Cropping	Planting large amounts of profitable crops for mass production and sell.	1
6014652233	Corporate Agriculture (Agribusiness)	System of food production involving everything from the development of the seeds to the marketing and sale of food products at the market.	2
6014652234	Commercial Crops	A crop grown for direct sale rather than for livestock feed.	3
6014652235	Domestication of Plants	Domesticating plants for human use, one of the first steps to a full fledged agricultural economy.	4
6014652236	Double Cropping	Planting and harvesting a crop on a field more than once a year.	5
6014652237	Fallow	When farmers grow crops in a clear field for only a few years until the soil nutrients are depleted. The farmers then have the soul empty for a few years so the nutrients in the soil can be restored; uncropped land.	6
6014652238	GMOs	Foods that are mostly products or organisms that have their genes altered in a laboratory for specific purposes, such as disease resistant, increased productivity, or nutrients value; Genetically Modified Organisms.	7
6014652239	Intensive Farming	Subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relative large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a pared of land.	8
6014652240	Labor-intensive Crops	Includes fruits, garden vegetables, herbs, and anything requiring constant tending or wielding.	9
6014652241	Labor-intensive Animals	Animals that require constant tending, includes dairy cow and poultry for eggs.	10
6014652242	Monoculture	Dependence on a single agricultural commodity.	11
6014652243	Mechanization	In agriculture, the replacement of human labor with technology or machines.	12
6014652244	Market Gardens	Small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers, Distinguishable by the large diversity of crops grown on a small area of land, during a single growing season. Labor is done manually.	13
6014652245	Primary Economy	Any economic activity pertaining to the collecting, harvesting, and obtaining of raw materials.	14
6014652246	Plantation Agriculture	Raising a large amount of a 'cash crop' for local sale or export.	15
6014652248	Suitcase Farmers	A suitcase farm is a farm in which no one reside permanently, they go against the grain of traditional farming. In the US migrant workers provide a cheap, abundant labor source; they work on the farm during the day and leave at night. There is no residence on the site.	16
6014652249	Spring Wheat	Wheat planted in the spring and harvested in the late summer.	17
6014652250	Sustainable Yield	Rate of crop production that can be maintained over time.	18
6014652251	Transhumance	Movement of animal herd to cooler highland areas in the summer to warmer lowland areas in the winter.	19
6014652252	Winter Wheat	Wheat plated in the fall and harvested in the early summer.	20
6014652253	Von Thunen Model	Theory that a commercial farmer wull decide which crops to grow and which livestock to raise depending on the proximity to market.	21
6014652254	Green Revolution	An outgrowth of the 3rd agricultural revolution, this effort began in the 1940s and developed new strains of hybrid seeds and fertilizers that dramatically increased the crop output possible from each farm.	22
6014652255	Communes	A group of people living together and sharing processions.	23
6014652265	SE Asia domesticated what?	Yams, Taro Root, Bananas, palm oil, cattle, sheep, goats	24
6014652266	Western Africa domesticated what?	Millet(China), Sorghum	25
6014652267	S. Mexico domesticated what?	squash, beans, cotton, Maize(Corn),	26
6014652268	SW Asia domesticated what?	Wheat, Barley, Rice(India)	27
6014652269	1st Agric Revo Location	Nile River Valley/Fertile Crescent	28
6014652270	1st Agric Revo Change	Nomadic herders to sedentary lifestyle and intentional farming	29
6014652271	1st Agric Revo Impact	Birth of civilization Birth of urban areas Birth of government Birth of class structures(social stratified) Before this egalitarian Created irrigation Created farmers,slaves, government officials, merchants Surplus of food Led to writing Began trading which led to system of defense Towns located on high ground(acropolis) and water	30
6014652272	2nd Agric Revo Location	England, Denmark, Netherlands	31
6014652273	2nd Agric Revo Sustained by...	Mechanical reaper Combustible engine Seed drill Railroad Refrigeration Artificial feed New banking practices	32
6014652274	2nd Agric Revo Before I.R	Improved methods Improved plows and draft-animals (Leesdale and ox) New crops Potato and Corn since both can be grown in marginalized land(Not-so fertile land) Government policies British Enclosure Act Crop rotation and consolidated/fenced off land In same year and plot, rotate crops to maintain soil fertility Improved soil fertility Canals	33
6014652275	3rd Agric Revo Defintion	new strains with higher yields through genetic manipulation to increase yield through the use of herbicides and fertilizers	34
6014652276	How to increase GMOs	1. Purchase artificial fertilizer Chemicals 2. Irrigation system 3. Purchase herbicides/pesticides 4. Purchase machines to keep up with production 5. Need a receptive environment 6. Need receptive commodity markets 7. Barriers to implementation Poor, unreceptive environment river water	35
6014652277	Shifting Cultivation Location	Subtropics and Tropics	36
6014652278	Shifting Cultivation Steps and Characteristics	Steps: Clear land Plant land Fallow(not planting anything so soil can replenish itself) Come back to land when it is full of nutrients Characteristics: Low quality land Low population density	37
6014652279	Slash-and-Burn is also know	Patch agriculture Milpa(Yucatan peninsula) Swidden(Indonesia) Chitemene (Nambia) Ladang(Old english meaning to farm)	38
6014652282	Nomadism	Dry Areas Same climate as livestock ranching(commercial farms in MDCs) Marginalized land	39
6014652283	Commercial Farming Positives	Increase yield Keeps food costs low	40
6014652284	Commercial Farming Negatives	Use of chemicals Human health Younger age of puberty Cancer increase Environment Rainforest destruction Desertification Rise in sustainably sourced farming Local and organic Blue zone where business collaborate to show thi	41
6014652285	Livestock Ranching	Raising of domesticated animals for food or items like leather Climate: Dry Growing industry As countries develop, meat eating increases Standard of living increases Not near market Bulk-reducing industry	42
6014652286	Dairying	Climate: Cold Perishable Area surrounding dairying is milk shed Closer to market North Latitude Bulk-gaining Bottling fluid	43
6014652287	Mixed livestock and grain	Raise domesticated animals and growing feed	44
6014652288	Commercial Grain Farming	Wheat belt Bread-basket US Corn belt	45
6014652289	Market Gardening	Items people garden Near market since items are perishable Suitcase farms Rely on migrant labor	46
6014652290	Mediterranean	Dry summers High rainfall needed France, Spain, Greece, North Africa, Australia, Chile, California Produce grapes, citrus, etc. Wine production	47
6014652291	Plantation farming	Tropics In LDCs Owned by MDCs Cash crops	48
6014652292	Cash Crop Examples	Worldwide Cotton Rubber Amazon Rice India Sugar from Caribbean	49
6014652293	Coffee	Ethiopian Origin US #1 consumer Central America and Africa produce it	50
6014652294	Tea	Most production in Asia China British own most tea plantations	51
6014652295	Illegal Drugs	Marijuana, Poppy seeds Core are demanders Periphery grows them Takes processing	52
6014652296	What two factors influenced Von Thunen model?	Perishability and Transport Costs	53
6014652297	Von Thunen ring outside city(1)	Market gardening/dairying/feedlot Feedlots fatten livestock before slaughter Skinny before sent near market	54
6014652298	Von Thunen ring (2)	Forestry and growing feed grains Wood: Fuel and building materials Feed: Food for livestock	55
6014652299	Von Thunen ring (3)	Food grains and cash crops	56
6014652300	Von Thunen ring (4)	Livestock ranching Low land cost and marginalized land	57
6014652301	Von Thunen assumptions	Flat terrain---Similar climate/soil---no barriers to transportation	58
6014652302	Von Thunen factors that decrease the model	Refrigeration Food preservation Global markets/corporate decision making New alternatives for fuel New ways grains are used	59
6014652303	Horizontal integration	Companies buy out companies Allows for them to set prices No quality for consumers Aka Monopoly Laws created in 1900s that makes monopoly illegal Multiple like industries	60
6014652304	Vertical integration	One industry that eliminates the middleman Control supply chain Food is homogenous Farm production becomes aggregated Create more commercial agricultural No more small farms Harmful effects on people and environment	61
6014652305	Double cropping	Harvesting twice in one year Employ crop rotation	62
6014652306	Triple cropping	Harvesting 3 times in one year Employ crop rotation	63
6014652310	Vertical farming	Urban, crowded, squatter areas Takes up less space	64
6014652311	Agrarian-based society	Based on agriculture Mesopotamian, River valley, Primary sectors	65
6014652312	Animal husbandry	Care of domesticated animals	66
6014652313	Open-lot farming	Type of subsistence farming Village farms the land Ejiado	67
6014652314	Subsistence crop	Food crops used only by family or local market trading	68
6014652322	Organic Farming	o extracts farmers from big corporations o environmental=reduce synthetic chemicals in soil/water farming and ranching without the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other synthetic inputs. o sold in 54% of US grocery store	69
6014652323	Truck Farms	Farm where farmers produce fruits for the market Use mechanization to produce large quantities of fruits and veggies	70
6014652324	Staple Grains	wheat, barley, rye, maize, or rice; potatoes, yams, taro, arrowroot, or cassava	71

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Unit 6: Immune System Flashcards

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10421295416	Inflammatory Response	Triggered by damage to tissue by physical injury or the entry of pathogens. Leads to the release of chemical signals including histamines.	0
10421295418	Phagocytes	White blood cells that engulf invading pathogens	1
10421295420	B Cells	Cells in charge of the humoral immune response, which are responsible for producing antibodies.	2
10421295421	T Cells	Cells in charge of the cell-mediated response, which target antigen presenting cells for death	3
10421295422	Helper T-Cell	Activate the adaptive immune response by activating B-cells and T-cells	4
10421295423	Cytotoxic T-Cell	Kills body cells that have been infected with pathogens; stimulated by fragments of antigens displayed on the surface of infected body cells.	5
10421295425	Antibody	Y-shaped protein produced by B cells that binds to a specific antigen	6
10421295428	HIV	A retrovirus that attacks helper T cells, weakening the immune response	7
10421295429	Autoimmune disease	A mistake in the immune system where the body produces antibodies against its own cells.	8
10421295430	Allergy	Hypersensitive immune response to non-pathogens, that causes that release of histamine	9
10421295431	Humoral Response	Adaptive immunity that involves the activation of B cells and that leads to the production of antibodies.	10
10421295432	Cell-mediated Response	Adaptive immunity that involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which defend against infected cells.	11
10421295437	Plasma B-Cells	Cells that develop from B cells and produce antibodies.	12
10421295438	Memory Cells	Long-living cells that are exposed to the antigen during the primary immune response.	13
10421295442	Antigen presenting cell (APC)	A cell that is displaying an antigen, to let the body know there is an infection. Examples include infected cells and phagocytes.	14
10421295444	Immunization	a non pathogenic form of a microbe of part of a microbe elicits an immune response, resulting in immunological memory for that microbe. Immunizations are vaccinations.	15
12669877682	Apoptosis	The programmed death of a cell	16
12670024852	Pathogen	A disease causing agent	17
12670027836	Antigen	A protein that, when introduced in the blood, triggers the production of an antibody.	18
12670258629	Innate Immunity	Internal and external responses and structures that help protect the body from all pathogens	19
12670278178	Adaptive Immunity	Learned immune responses that fight specific pathogens.	20

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AP Biology: Genetics Unit Flashcards

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6247430975	Goals of meiosis	The goal of meiosis is to produce sperm & eggs (gametes).	0
6247430976	Significance of events in prophase I and metaphase I	Significance of Prophase 1: In prophase 1, crossing-over occurs, which allows for genetic variation. Significance of Metaphase 1: In metaphase 1,	1
6247430977	Significance of crossing over to evolutionary history	Crossing over results in recombinant DNA, which leads to genetic variation. This variation helped humans adapt to changes in the environment and helps us evolve to this day.	2
6247430978	Be able to ID specific stages of meiosis I or II	Meiosis 1: In meiosis 1, crossing over occurs, and the diploid cell is separated into 2 Meiosis 2: In meiosis 2, no crossing over occurs, and the haploid cells are further separated so the sister chromatids are all separate.	3
6247430979	Be able to interpret a karyotype	A normal karyotype consists of: (see picture attached)	4
6247430980	Mendel's 3 principles & experiment (P, F1, F2)	Principle 1: Law of independent assortment (When two pairs of independent alleles enter into combination in the F2, they exhibit independent dominant effects.)(9:3:3:1 ratio) Principle 2: Law of dominance (Some traits Mendel observed as "dominant" to other traits, which are considered "recessive") Principle 3: Law of segregation (Mendel demonstrated that a hybrid between two different varieties possesses both types of parental factors, which subsequently separate or segregate in the gametes) (3:1 ratio) Generation P=Parents F1= First generation after F2= "grandkids" of Parent generation	5
6247430981	Monohybrid, Dihybrid & Trihybrid characteristic phenotypic ratios	Monohybrid: 1:2:1 Dihybrid: 9:3:3:1 Trihybrid: 27:9:9:9:3:3:3:1	6
6247430982	Why did Mendel use pea plants	Mendel used pea plants because of their: -short generation time -large # of offspring -controlled mating (cross-pollination)	7
6247430983	Epistasis Word Problems: EX: The chicken comb problem (single comb, rose comb, walnut comb) or the colored mice problem.	To solve epistasis problems, you would do a dihybrid cross and end up with a 9:3:3:1 ratio.	8
6247430984	Multiple alleles (blood type)	To solve blood type problems you would have to analyze the parents' blood type. For example, if Mom has type A, she either has the genotype IAi or IAIA. If Dad has blood type B, he is either IBIB or IBi. The child then, would either be the genotype IAIB (therefore type AB) or would have the genotype of ii (therefore type O). In another example, if Mom is type A (IAIA or IAi), the baby is type O, the father must then the father can either be type A, B, or O himself. The father cannot, however, be type AB.	9
6247430985	Incomplete dominance -Ratio -What it is/example -Word Problems & how to solve them	The phenotypic ratio is 1:2:1. The difference between incomplete dominance and codominance is that there is no "blending" of traits (such as redxwhite flowers making pink flowers). Incomplete dominance means that both traits show (such as roan cattle). Example of a word problem: In this same cactus, if you cross a plant that has red flowers to one that has yellow flowers, you produce a plant that has orange flowers. Is this codominance or incomplete dominance? Show the cross of an orange flowered plant to a red flowered plant. Question: Is this codominance or incomplete dominance? A: It's incomplete dominance because neither trait shows.	10
6247430986	Codominance -Ratio -What they are/examples -World Problems & how to solve them	The phenotypic ratio for codominance is 1:2:1. Codominance is when both traits show, and there is no clear dominance. An example of this is AB blood type; both the A allele and B allele show up, and neither is dominant over the other. Example of a word problem: In a certain cactus, prickly spines can be two pronged or one pronged. If a true breeding one-pronged cactus is crossed with a true breeding two-pronged cactus, the F1 generation has a mixture of spines, some are two-pronged, some are one-pronged. Question: What would the F2 generation look like? Answer: Well if you cross the P generation, FF and ff, the F1 generation will all be Ff (and will have mixture of spines). If you cross the Ff with another Ff, you'll have: 1/4 two-pronged, 1/4 one-pronged, 2/4 mixed.	11
6247430987	Sex-linked traits -Ratio -What they are/examples -Word Problems & how to solve them	Ratio: Varies Example: Colorblindness Word problem: Red-green color blindness is caused by a sex-linked recessive allele. A color-blind man marries a woman with normal vision whose father was color-blind. (a) What is the probability that they will have a color-blind daughter? (b)What is the probability that their first son will be color-blind? Answer A: Mother's genotype (normal vision but whose father was color blind) XNXn. She is a carrier because of her heterozygous condition. For the recessive gene to be expressed one must be homozygous for it. So the father's genotype (color blind) is XnY. The kids will then be: XNXn one normal (carrier) girl XNY one normal boy XnXn one color blind girl XnY one color blind boy SOOO, there is a 25% chance that their daughter will be colorblind. Answer B: The probability that their first son is color blind is 50% (0.50). In this question only males are part of the solution.	12
6247430988	Pedigrees: Autosomal dominant vs recessive	Autosomal dominant: -If it is a 50/50 ratio between men and women the disorder is autosomal -If the disorder is dominant, one of the parents must have the disorder -Does not skip generations Autosomal recessive: -If the disorder is recessive, neither parent has to have the disorder because they can be heterozygous - Trait tends to skip generations	13
6247430989	Pedigrees: Sex-linked dominant vs recessive	Sex-linked dominant: -Both males and females are affected; often more females than males are affected -Does not skip generations -Affected fathers will pass the trait on to all their daughters Sex-linked recessive: -More males than females are affected -It is never passed from father to son -All daughters of affected fathers are carriers	14
6247430990	Pedigrees: Mitochondrial	-Trait is inherited from mother only -All children of a mother are at risk to be affected or carriers	15
6247430991	Pedigrees: Y-linked traits	(Y Linked Dominant) -Only males are affected -It is passed from father to all sons -It does not skip generations	16
6247430992	Significance of Morgan's work with Drosophila melanogaster	Morgan used fruit flies which are cheap to breed and do so quickly. They have the same number of chromosomes as humans, so it makes for precise and accurate genetic research.	17
6247430993	X inactivation in females? Barr Body?	A Barr Body is an inactive X chromosome in a female somatic cell. The inactivation is random - one X chromosome may be turned off in one cell and the other X chromosome inactivated in a neighboring cell. Once a chromosome is turned off it remains turned off in all descendent cells.	18
6247430994	What are linked genes? How linkage affects inheritance?	Linked genes sit close together on a chromosome, making them likely to be inherited together, (recall the adding up and crossing over lab).	19
6247430995	How can crossing over and recombination of linked genes be used to create gene maps (see pgs 301-304)	Sturtevant predicted that the farther apart that two genes are, the higher the probability that a cross-over will occur and therefore there would be a higher recombination frequency. Going off of that, a genetic map based off of those recombination frequencies was made and is called a linkage map. Using that and a cytogenic map, you can plot out the order of genes.	20
6247430996	Huntington's Disease: symptoms & inheritance patterns	Symptoms: -abnormality walking -increased muscle activity -involuntary movements -problems with coordination, loss of muscle, or muscle spasms Inheritance pattern: Autosomal dominant	21
6247430997	Sickle-cell anemia: Symptoms & inheritance patterns	Symptoms: -joint pain -fatigue -abnormal breakdown of red blood cells -delayed development -inflamed fingers and toes Inheritance pattern: Autosomal recessive	22
6247430998	Hemophilia (Remember the 4H Club) symptoms & inheritance patterns	Symptoms: -pain in the joints -constant bleeding -bruising easily Inheritance pattern: X-linked recessive	23
6247430999	Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Symptoms & inheritance patterns	Symptoms: -muscle weakness -learn disability -walking on tip-toe -enlarged calves Inheritance pattern: X-linked recessive	24
6247431000	Colorblindness Symptoms & inheritance patterns	Symptoms: -inability to see variants of colors Inheritance pattern: X-linked recessive	25
6247431001	Cystic fibrosis Symptoms & inheritance patterns	Symptoms: -pulmonary hypertension -nasal polyps -chronic cough Inheritance pattern: Autosomal recessive	26
6247431002	Albinism Symptoms & inheritance patterns	Symptoms: -Extreme sensitivity to light -loss of freckles -astigmatism Inheritance pattern: Autosomal recessive	27
6247431003	Tay-Sachs: Symptoms & inheritance patterns Just for future nurses/doctors: Tay-Sachs has an identical inheritance pattern to Canavan's Disease, but Canavan's is deadlier, and babies usually show symptoms at 6 months and die shortly after. Both Tay-Sachs and Canavan's are diagnosed using amniocentesis and you can find out if you're a carrier by doing a simple blood test.	Symptoms: -muscle weakness, problems with coordination, rhythmic muscle contractions, or stiff muscles -Seizures Inheritance pattern: Autosomal Recessive	28
6247431004	Deletion as a chromosomal mutation	Deletions involve the loss of DNA sequences. The larger the deletion, the more severe phenotypic effect.	29
6247431005	Inversion as a chromosomal mutation	It is the rearrangement in which a segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end. An inversion occurs when a single chromosome undergoes breakage and rearrangement within itself. Inversions are of two types: paracentric and pericentric.	30
6247431006	Translocation as a chromosomal mutation	It is the rearrangement of parts between nonhomologous chromosomes. A gene fusion may be created when the translocation joins two otherwise separated genes.	31
6247431007	Duplication as a chromosomal mutation	A chromosomal duplication is when a fragment of the deleted chromosome is attached to another chromosome.	32
6247431008	Trisomy 21 Karyotype	See picture attached Characterized by: Duplication of chromosome 21.	33
6247431009	XXY Karyotype	See picture attached Characterized by: Duplication of chromosome X.	34
6247431010	XYY Karyotype	See picture attached Characterized by: Duplication of chromosome Y.	35
6247431011	Trisomy 18 Karyotype	See picture attached Characterized by: Third copy of chromosome 18 (aka duplication of chromosome 18).	36
6247431012	cri du chat karyotype	See picture attached Characterized by: A piece of chromosome 5 is missing	37
6247431013	CML (philadelphia chromosome) karyotype	See picture attached Characterized by: Translocation is a specific genetic abnormality in chromosome 22	38

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AP Vocab Lesson Seven Flashcards

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4745130258	gibberish	nonsense; unintelligible speech	0
4745130833	inimical	unfriendly; hostile; injurious	1
4745130834	nexus	a link, tie, or bond	2
4745131529	coeval	of the same time period	3
4745131530	dilatory	tending to delay or procrastinate	4
4745132119	convoluted	complicated; intricate	5
4745132746	entreat	to earnestly request or petition	6
4745133157	anecdote	a short account of an incident	7
4745133740	incumbent	obligatory; necessary	8
4745134274	churlish	boorish or vulgar	9
4745134275	promulgate	to announce; to make known	10
4745135216	staid	showing dignity and often strait-laced propriety	11
4745135859	livid	extremely angry	12
4745135860	lurid	shocking; explicit	13
4745136159	cogent	convincing; reasonable	14

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1750 - 1900 AP World Flashcards

Chapters 18 - 22 (these are all from the study guide & in chronological order)

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6135616895	Enlightenment	a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions	0
6135616897	John Locke	English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704)	1
6135616900	French Revolution	an uprising of the people that led to the end of the French monarchy and the beheading of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. The revolution began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799	2
6135616901	Three Estates	The clergy made up a very small percentage but owned 10% of the land; the nobles made up another small percentage but also owned most of the land; and the rest of the people made up 97% of France and owned very little land	3
6135616902	Bourgeoisie	the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people	4
6135616904	Robespierre	French revolutionary leader of the Jacobins and architect of the Reign of Terror; was himself executed in a coup d'etat (1758-1794)	5
6135616905	Louis XVI	king of France from 1774 to 1792. In 1789 he summoned the Estates-General, but his failure to grant reforms led to the French Revolution; he and his queen (Marie Antoinette) were guillotined (1754-1793)	6
6135616906	Napoleon Bonaparte	French general who overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile (1769-1821)	7
6135616907	Declaration of the Rights of Man	Revolutionary document of the French Revolution. Written in 1789, it stated certain rights believed to be universal to all mankind. Modeled after the American Declaration of Independence	8
6135616908	Industrial Revolution	Change in technology, brought about by improvements in machinery and by use of steam power; the change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850.	9
6135616909	Steam Engine	A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable steam engine in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. Steam power was then applied to machinery.	10
6135616910	James Watt	Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819)	11
6135616912	Textiles industry	economic activity connected with cloth making; the Industrial Revolution began in Britain with machines that improved cloth-making, making cloth faster and cheaper	12
6135616916	Legitimacy	Principle by which monarchies that had been unseated by the French Revolution or Napoleon were restored; hereditary right of a monarch to rule; popular acceptance of the right and power of a government or other entity to exercise authority	13
6135616917	Congress of Vienna	a series of meetings in 1814-1815, during which the European leaders sought to establish long-lasting peace and security after the defeat of Napoleon	14
6135616921	Communism	a form of socialism that abolishes private ownership; , a political theory favoring collectivism in a classless society	15
6135616922	Karl Marx	the founder of modern communism, he wrote the Communist Manifesto with Engels in 1848; wrote Das Kapital in 1867 (1818-1883)	16
6135616923	German unification	In the 19th-century, various independent German-speaking states, led by the chancellor of Prussia, Otto von Bismarck, unified to create a Germanic state. The state expanded with von Bismarck's military exploits against Austria, France and Denmark and 3 short wars. Unification was complete by 1871 with the Prussian king, Wilhelm, named the first leader of Germany.	17
6135616924	Otto von Bismark	Prussian prime minister, he led the unification of Germany and the creation of the German empire.	18
6135616927	Italian unification	During 1848, Italy was separated into many states. Cavour worked to unify the North then helped Giuseppe Garibaldi unify the South staring with Sicily. Garibaldi eventually stepped aside and handed over all of Southern Italy to Victor Emmanuel II (King of Sardinia) rule all of the now unified Italy	19
6135616928	Crimean war	a war in Crimea between Russia and a group of nations including England, France, Turkey, and Sardinia from 1853-1856	20
6135616931	Creoles	People of European descent born in Latin America	21
6135616932	Mestizos	People of mixed Native American and European ancestory	22
6135616933	Mulattoes	People of mixed African and European descent	23
6135616936	Simon Bolivar	Venezuelan statesman who led the revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule; founded Bolivia in 1825; (1783-1830)	24
6135616937	Jose de San Martin	South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru	25
6135616941	Haitian Revolution	A major influence of the Latin American revolutions because of its success; the only successful slave revolt in history; it was led by Toussaint L'Ouverture. Napoleon had an issue with its success	26
6135616942	Toussaint L'Overture	Leader of the slave rebellion on the French island of St. Domingue in 1791; led to the creation of the independent republic of Haiti in 1804.	27
6135616943	Caudillos	Independent leaders who dominated local areas by force in defiance of national policies; sometimes seized national governments to impose their concept of rule; typical throughout newly independent countries of Latin America	28
6135616946	Miguel Hidalgo	Mexican priest and revolutionary. Although the revolt he initiated (1810) against Spanish rule failed, he is regarded as a national hero in Mexico's struggle for independence from Spain. Started the war for independence	29
6135616947	Emiliano Zapata	Mexican revolutionary who led a revolt (by/for the peasants) for agrarian reforms (1879-1919)	30
6135616954	British East India Company	Government charted joint-stock company that controlled spice trade in the East Indies after the Dutch	31
6135616968	Muhammad Ali	Albanian soldier in the service of Turkey who was made viceroy of Egypt and took control away from the Ottoman Empire and established Egypt as a modern state (1769-1849)	32

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Biochemistry 1 - AP Biology Flashcards

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4821191255	Polar Molecule	An asymmetrical molecule with a slight charge (dipole); that is hydrophilic (water loving) ex: water	0
4821191256	Hydrophilic	Water loving	1
4821191257	Nonpolar Molecule	A symmetrical or balanced molecule with no charge; hydrophobic (water fearing) ex: lipid	2
4821191258	Hydrophobic	Water fearing	3
4821191259	Properties of Water	Ice is less dense than water Very polar High specific heat High heat of vaporization Universal solvent Strong cohesion property	4
4821191260	Cohesion	Attraction of water molecules to one another	5
4821191261	Adhesion	Attraction of water molecules to other substances	6
4821191262	pH	measure of concentration of hydrogen ions	7
4821191263	Carbohydrates	Consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio Polymers of monosaccharides Function: quick energy Ex: glucose, lactose, sucrose, maltose	8
4821191264	Lipids	Consists of chains of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Hydrophobic Function: energy storage, structure, steroids, hormones	9
4821191265	Steroid	Lipid made of 4 carbon rings	10
4821191266	Proteins	Consists of S, P, C, O, H, and N R-group is variable region of amino acid Polymers of amino acids Function: many, including growth and repair	11
4821191268	Primary Structure (Protein)	Determined by the amino acid sequence of the chain attached by peptide bonds	12
4821191269	Secondary Structure (Protein)	Determined by intermolecular hydrogen bonding within the chain alpha helix and beta pleated sheets	13
4821191270	Tertiary Structure (Protein)	3-D shape determined by the folding and interactions between amino acids (e.g., nonpolar, polar, disulfide bridges)	14
4821191271	Quaternary Structure (Protein)	Determined by the interactions between 2 or more chains of polypeptides	15
4821191272	Nucleic Acids	RNA, DNA, ATP Polymers of nucleotides Nucleotides consist of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base	16

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AP Bio: Chapter 6 Flashcards

Vocabulary words from the AP Edition of Campbell Biology, Chapter 6.

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5267732985	organelles	membrane-enclosed structures within a eukaryotic cell	0
5267732986	cytosol	a jellylike substance where organelles and other components are found	1
5267732987	eukaryotic cell	Cell with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles	2
5267732988	prokaryotic cell	Cell with no nucleus nor membrane bound organelles	3
5267732989	nucleoid region	a non-membrane-enclosed region of the cell where prokaryotic DNA is found	4
5267732990	cytoplasm	the region in a cell between the cell membrane and nucleus; it contains the cell structures and oganelles	5
5267732991	plasma membrane	The selective barrier that surrounds a cell; it controls what enters and leaves the cell	6
5267732992	nucleus	chromosome-containing part of a eukaryotic cell	7
5267732993	nuclear envelope	encloses the nucleus to separate its contents from the cytoplasm	8
5267732994	nuclear lamina	a netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope, lines the nuclear side of the nuclear envelope	9
5267732995	chromosomes	tightly coiled structures that carry the genetic information (can be seen during nuclear division)	10
5267732996	chromatin	loosly coiled genetic material that makes up chromosomes, a complex of proteins and DNA	11
5267732997	nucleolus	located in the nucleus, makes, synthesizes, and partially assembles ribosomes	12
5267732998	ribosomes	made of ribosomal RNA and protein, synthesize proteins	13
5267732999	endomembrane system	membranes that divide the cell into organelles such as the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and the cell membrane.	14
5267733000	endoplasmic reticulum (ER)	accounts for more than half of total membrane in many eukaryotic cells, continuous with the nuclear envelope	15
5267733001	smooth ER	portion of the endoplasmic reticulum free of ribosomes, synthesize lipids, detoxifies the cell, and regulates calcium levels	16
5267733002	rough ER	portion of the endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes, produce and transport membrane and secretory proteins	17
5267733003	glycoproteins	proteins with covalently-bonded carbohydrates that play a role in cell to cell interaction	18
5267733004	transport vesicles	vesicles in transit from one part of the cell to another	19
5267733005	Golgi apparatus	stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum	20
5267733006	lysosome	membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes, which the cell uses to digest unwanted materials	21
5267733007	phagocytosis	the process by which a cell engulfs a solid particle	22
5267733008	autophagy	lysosomes break down damaged organelles	23
5267733009	food vacuoles	formed by phagocytosis, pinches off from plasma membrane and encloses a food particle	24
5267733010	contractile vacuoles	pump excess water out of the cell to maintain a suitable concentration of ions and molecules in the cell	25
5267733011	central vacuole	the largest organelle in a plant cell. It is surrounded by the tonoplast and functions to hold materials and wastes. It also functions to maintain the proper pressure within plant cells	26
5267733012	mitochondria	chemically convert chemical (food) energy into usable ATP energy through cellular respiration	27
5267733013	chloroplasts	contain chlorophyll which help absorb solar energy in order to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars during photosynthesis	28
5267733015	mitochondrial matrix	compartment of the mitochondrion, enclosed by the inner membrane, contains enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle	29
5267733016	plastids	manufacture and store important chemical compounds used by the cell such as pigments, oils, and starches	30
5267733017	thylakoids	flattened and interconnected sacs found in chloroplasts. The light dependent stage of photosynthesis occurs on the membranes of these sacs	31
5267733018	granum	stacks of thylakoids	32
5267733019	stroma	fluid outside the thylakoids, contains chloroplast DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes. The light independent stage of photosynthesis occurs in this area	33
5267733020	cytoskeleton	a network of fibers bracing the cytoplasm	34
5267733021	microtubules	hollow rods of protein, support the cell and moves organelles within the cell	35
5267733022	centrosome	a region located near the nucleus where micro-tubules grow from; important in cell division	36
5267733023	centrioles	cylindrical organelle near the nucleus in animal cells, occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division	37
5267733024	flagella	a long tail-like structure that aids in cell movement	38
5267733025	cilia	a short hair-like structures that enable movement of cells or movement of materials outside a cell, utilizes a back-and-forth motion	39
5267733026	microfilaments	the thinnest part of the cytoskeleton, are used to give shape to the cell and support all of its internal parts	40
5267733027	actin	a globular protein that makes up microfilaments	41
5267733029	cytoplasmic streaming	the circular flow of cytoplasm within cells	42
5267733030	intermediate filaments	diverse class of cytoskeletal elements that bear tension like microfilaments	43
5267733031	cell wall	extracellular structure specific to plant cells, protects the cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive water uptake	44
5267733032	primary cell wall	a relatively thin and flexible layer in plant cells, first secreted by a young cell	45
5267733033	middle lamella	a thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells that glues them together with pectin	46
5267733034	secondary cell wall	a strong and durable matrix in plant cells, often deposited in several laminated layers for cell protection and support	47
5267733035	extracellular matrix	where animal tissue cells are embedded, consists of protein and polysaccharides	48
5267733036	collagen	most common glycoprotein in the ECM, forms strong fibers outside the cells	49
5267733037	plasmodesmata	channels that perforate cell walls, allow for connections between cells in plants	50
5267733038	tight junctions	intercellular junction in animal tissues where plasma membranes of neighboring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, bound by specific proteins	51
5267733039	desmosomes	intercellular junction in animal tissues that function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets	52
5267733040	gap junctions	intercellular junction in animal tissues that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell, similar to plasmodesmata in plants	53