| 9956275778 | simony | the selling of Church offices | | 0 |
| 9956275779 | pluralism | A theory of government that holds that open, multiple, and competing groups can check the asserted power by any one group. | | 1 |
| 9956275780 | nepotism | favoritism shown to relatives or close friends by those in power (as by giving them jobs) | | 2 |
| 9956275781 | absenteeism | an official not participation in benefices but receiving payment and privileges. On of the corruptions in the Catholic Church | | 3 |
| 9956275782 | sale of indulgences | the issue that initiated the Protestant Reformation--paying a fee to the Church so that a person could escape purgatory and go to heaven (began in the Crusades) used to raise money for the Church | | 4 |
| 9956275783 | clerical ignorance | clergy was ignorant; many preached in Latin that they couldn't read or understand | | 5 |
| 9956275784 | In Praise of Folly | written by Erasmus, criticized the problems of the Church | | 6 |
| 9956275785 | Martin Luther | a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. | | 7 |
| 9956275786 | Johann Tetzel | The leading seller of Indulgences. Infuriated Luther. | | 8 |
| 9956275787 | 95 Thesis | written by Martin Luther in 1517, they are widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation. Luther used these theses to display his displeasure with some of the Church's clergy's abuses, most notably the sale of indulgences; this ultimately gave birth to Protestantism. | | 9 |
| 9956275788 | Johann Eck | He defeated Luther in the Leipzig Debate over indulgences in July 1519. He forced Luther to deny authority of popes and councils. | | 10 |
| 9956275789 | Priesthood of all believers | Luther said/realized that everyone should follow their calling and find their own faith through scripture, which meant that no one could achieve a higher level of spirituality because of a church position. | | 11 |
| 9956275790 | Diet of Worms | Assembly of the estates of the empire, called by Holy Roman Emperor Charles V in 1521. Luther was ordered to recant but he refused. Charles V declared Luther an outlaw. | | 12 |
| 9956275791 | Confession of Augsburg | The main writings of Lutheranism; written by Luters friend, Philip Melanchthon | | 13 |
| 9956275792 | Philip Melanchthon | friend of Martin Luther, he wrote the Confessions of Augsburg, an attempt to unite Lutheran and Catholic princes that failed. The statements made did become the traditional statement of the Lutheran Church. | | 14 |
| 9956275793 | Charles V | Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). He summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563); supporter of Catholicism | | 15 |
| 9956275794 | Peasant's War | Rebellion broke out against all authority in 1524-1525 in Germany over class struggles and relgious revolts (such as controversy over what sin was defined as). Luther did not approve of this, despite being blamed for it. | | 16 |
| 9956275795 | Twelve Articles | 1525 - writen by representatives of the Swabian peasants in a Greman city, expressed their grievances, summarized the agarian crisis of the early 16th century | | 17 |
| 9956275796 | Leage of Schmalkalden | Alliance formed by protestant princes to protect themselves from Charles V (tried to catholize Germany). | | 18 |
| 9956275797 | Habsburg-Valois Wars | France vs. Habsburgs. France tried keeping GERMANY DIVIDED. Led to slow unification of German states. | | 19 |
| 9956275798 | Peace of Augsburg | 1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler | | 20 |
| 9956275799 | Anabaptists | A member of a radical movement of the 16th-century Reformation that viewed baptism solely as an external witness to a believer's conscious profession of faith, rejected infant baptism, and believed in the separation of church from state, in the shunning of nonbelievers, and in simplicity of life. | | 21 |
| 9956275800 | John of Leyden | led a radical group of Anabaptists to take control of the northwestern German city of Munster. He had 16 wives. | | 22 |
| 9956275801 | Tragedy at Munster | Anabaptist extremists took power over Münster; Anabaptists in the city forced the Catholics and Lutherans to either convert or emigrate; Münster was blockaded by besieging armies and under pressure transformed into an Old Testament theocracy | | 23 |
| 9956275802 | Mennonites | founded by Dutch leader Menno Simmons became descendants of Anabaptists and emphasized pacifism. | | 24 |
| 9956275803 | Quakers | English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania | | 25 |
| 9956275804 | Unitarians | a member of a religious group that emphasizes reason and faith in an individual; deny the idea of the Holy Trinity | | 26 |
| 9956275805 | Ulrich Zwingli | (1484-1531) Swiss reformer, influenced by Christian humanism. He looked to the state to supervise the church. Banned music and relics from services. Killed in a civil war. | | 27 |
| 9956275806 | Colloquy at Marburg | Zwingli officially split with Luther over issue of Eucharist | | 28 |
| 9956275807 | John Calvin | Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564) | | 29 |
| 9956275808 | Institutes of the Christian Religion | Written by John Calvin, it contained four books which codified Protestant theology. Among these beliefs were the ultimate authority of the word of God, the depravity of man, and his belief that the Bible is the only source of Revelation. | | 30 |
| 9956275809 | Predestination | the belief that what happens in human life has already been determined by some higher power | | 31 |
| 9956275810 | Elect/Visible Saints | Church members who have had their conversion experience. Should become model Christians | | 32 |
| 9956275811 | Geneva | Became home to protestant exiles from England, Scotland, and France, who later returned to their countries with Calvinist ideas. Calvin established a theocracy in Geneva by 1540 | | 33 |
| 9956275812 | Michael Servetus | a Spaniard who was among the chief thinkers for the Anti-Trinitarians. He was executed in 1553 in Geneva for "blasphemies against the Holy Trinity." This thinker was among the strongest opponents of Calvinism, especially its belief in original sin and predestination and has a deserved reputation of defending religious tolerance. | | 34 |
| 9956275813 | Protestant Work Ethic | Sociological term used to define the Calvinist belief in hard work to illustrate selection in elite group | | 35 |
| 9956275814 | John Knox | Scottish theologian who founded Presbyterianism in Scotland and wrote a history of the Reformation in Scotland (1514-1572) | | 36 |
| 9956275815 | Presbyterianism | a branch of the Protestant reformation that grew in Scotland, many of their ideas are rooted in Calvinism. They believed in a method of church governance where there were no bishops | | 37 |
| 9956275816 | Huguenots | French Protestants. The Edict of Nantes (1598) freed them from persecution in France, but when that was revoked in the late 1700s, hundreds of thousands of Huguenots fled to other countries, including America. | | 38 |
| 9956275817 | Dutch Reformed Church | United Provinces of the Netherlands. The rise of Calvinism here set the stage for a revolt against the Inquisition of King Philip II of Spain | | 39 |
| 9956275818 | Puritans | Protestant sect in England hoping to "purify" the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization. | | 40 |
| 9956275819 | English Reformation | result of the disagreement between Henry VIII and the Pope, created the Church of England or Anglican Church which was separate from the Catholic Church, still left little room for religious freedom | | 41 |
| 9956275820 | William Tyndale | This Protestant man was a Humanist who helped translate the Bible so that all people could read it in their own religion. He translated the New Testament, but was executed before he could finish the Old Testament because he was not supported by the English government in his translating in the early 16th century. | | 42 |
| 9956275821 | Henry VIII | English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval) | | 43 |
| 9956275822 | In Defense of the Seven Sacraments | A book written by King Henry III of England, criticizing Luther's views on the Catholic Church. This was written in a time of heightened power of the Catholic Church in England; kings had the power to appoint bishops. | | 44 |
| 9956275823 | Catherine of Aragon | Queen of England that could not produce a male heir for Henry VIII, first wife | | 45 |
| 9956275824 | Anne Boleyn | Henry VIII's mistress during the time of the English Reformation, she gave birth to Elizabeth, future queen of England. One of the reasons Henry VIII wanted to get his marriage to Catherine annulled is so that he could marry her, second wfe | | 46 |
| 9956275825 | Thomas Wolsey | Cardinal, highest ranking church official and lord chancellor. Dismissed by Henry VIII for not getting the pope to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. | | 47 |
| 9956275826 | Thomas Cranmer | Prepared the First Book of Common Prayer. | | 48 |
| 9956275827 | Church of England | Church created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope, Pope would not let Henry divorce his wife | | 49 |
| 9956275828 | Act of Supremacy | Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534. | | 50 |
| 9956275829 | Pilgrimage of Grace | An uprising in the North of England in 1536 posed a serious threat to the English crown. Both gentry and peasants were angry over the dissolution of monasteries, and feared that their spiritual needs would no longer be met. Henry VIII was able to suppress this as a result of his political power. | | 51 |
| 9956275830 | Statute of the Six Articles | upheld the seven sacraments, maintained Catholic theology, and replaced the authority of the pope with that of the monarch | | 52 |
| 9956275831 | Edward VI | (1547-1553) King Henry VIII's only son. Sickly, and became King at 9 years old. Since he wasn't capable of governing his country the Protestant church was soon brought in through his advisors Cromwell and Cranmer. | | 53 |
| 9956275832 | Mary Tudor | daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who was Queen of England from 1553 to 1558 she was the wife of Philip II of Spain and when she restored Roman Catholicism to England many Protestants were burned at the stake as heretics, "bloody Mary" | | 54 |
| 9956275833 | Marian Exiles | Protestants that fled England fearing persecution under Bloody Marry | | 55 |
| 9956275834 | Elizabeth I | This queen of England chose a religion between the Puritans and Catholics and required her subjects to attend church or face a fine. She also required uniformity and conformity to the Church of England | | 56 |
| 9956275835 | Politique | A ruler who suppresses his or her religious designs for his or her kingdom in favor of political expediency. Examples: Elizabeth I (England), Henry IV (France). | | 57 |
| 9956275836 | Elizabethan Settlement | Elizabeth and Parliament required conformity to the Church of England but people were, in effect, allowed to worship Protestantism and Catholicism privately | | 58 |
| 9956275837 | Thirty-Nine Articles | written in 1563, this defined the rules of the Anglican Church. The document followed Protestant doctrine but still accomodated for other English, except the Puritans. | | 59 |
| 9956275838 | Mary Stuart | queen of Scotland from 1542 to 1567, as a Catholic she was forced to abdicate in favor of her son and fled to England where she was imprisoned by Elizabeth I; when Catholic supporters plotted to put her on the English throne she was tried and executed | | 60 |
| 9956275839 | Katerina von Bora | German Catholic nun who became the wife of Martin Luther | | 61 |
| 9956275840 | Angela Merici | founded the Ursuline Order of Nuns in the 1530s to improve education and religious training | | 62 |
| 9956275841 | Teresa de Avila | Spanish leader of the reform movement for monasteries and convents. Believed an individual could have a direct relationship with God through prayer and contemplation | | 63 |
| 9956275842 | Catholic Reformation | Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline (Counter-Reformation) | | 64 |
| 9956275843 | Pope Paul III | Italian pope who excommunicated Henry VIII, instituted the order of the Jesuits, appointed many reform-minded cardinals, and initiated the Council of Trent. | | 65 |
| 9956275844 | Council of Trent | Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend. | | 66 |
| 9956275845 | Index of Prohibited Books | Books that supported Protestantism or that were overly critical of the Church were banned. Possession could be severe | | 67 |
| 9956275846 | Jesuits | Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism. | | 68 |
| 9956275847 | Ignatius Loyola | Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual Exercises. | | 69 |
| 9956275848 | Spanish and Italian Inquisitions | In Spain, Moriscos (Christian Moors) and Christian Jews were suspected of returning to their original faiths (Muslim and Judaism) and were thus persecuted or eliminated. In Italy, Pope Paul IV issued a papal bull accusing Jews of killing Christ and ordered Jews to be placed in ghettos. Both of these occurences led to increased persecution of Jews throughout Europe. | | 70 |
| 9956275849 | Baroque Art | art that originated in Rome and is associated with the Catholic Reformation, characterized by emotional intensity, strong self-confidence, spirit | | 71 |
| 9956275850 | Bernini | Italian sculptor and architect of the Baroque period in Italy | | 72 |
| 9956275851 | Colonnade in Piazza in Front of St. Peter's Basilica | Bernini's greatest architectural achievement |  | 73 |
| 9956275852 | Canopy over St. Peter's Tomb | Bernini's sculpture | | 74 |
| 9956275853 | Ecstasy of St. Teresa | Gianlorenzo Bernini |  | 75 |
| 9956275854 | Caravaggio | Italian painter noted for his realistic depiction of religious subjects and his novel use of light (1573-1610), the Conversion of St. Paul | | 76 |
| 9956275855 | Peter Paul Rubens | prolific Flemish baroque painter | | 77 |
