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AP Literature Unit 9 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5377797185avatar(n.) an embodiment (as of a concept or philosophy) often in a person; an electronic image that represents and is manipulated by a computer user AV a TAR0
5377797186beatitude(n.) a state of perfect happiness or blessedness; a blessing bee-AT-i-tood1
5377797187bete noire(n.) someone or something that one especially dislikes, dreads, or avoids beyt NWAHR2
5377797188bode(v.) to be an omen of; to indicate by signs None3
5377797189dank(adj.) unpleasantly damp or wet None4
5377797190ecumenical(adj.) worldwide or universal in influence or application EK5
5377797191fervid(adj.) burning with enthusiasm or zeal; extremely heated FUR vid6
5377797192fetid(adj.) having an unpleasant or offensive odor FET id7
5377797193gargantuan(adj.) of immense size, volume, or capacity; enormous, prodigious8
5377797194heyday(n.) the period of greatest power, vigor, success, or influence; the prime years9
5377797195incubus(n.) a demon or evil spirit supposed to haunt human beings in their bedrooms at night; anything that oppresses or weights upon one, like a nightmare10
5377797196infrastructure(n.) a basic foundation or framework; a system of public works; the resources and facilities required for an activity; permanent military installations11
5377797197inveigle(v.) to entice, lure, or snare by flatter or artful inducement; to obtain or acquire by artifice12
5377797198kudos(n.) the acclaim, prestige, or renown that comes as a result of some action or achievement13
5377797199lagniappe(n.) an extra or unexpected gift or gratuity14
5377797200prolix(adj.) long-winded and wordy; tending to speak or write in such a way15
5377797201protege(n.) someone whose welfare, training, or career is under the patronage of an influential person; someone under the jurisdiction of a foreign country or government16
5377797202sycophant(n.) someone who attempts to win favors or advance him- or herself by flatter or servile behavior; a slanderer, defamer17
5377797203tautology(n.) needless repetition of an idea by using different but equivalent words; a redundancy18
5377797204truckle(v.) to yield or submit tamely or submissively19

AP English Literature: Literary Terms Flashcards

Literary Terms for the AP English Literature Exam. copied from Quizlet user arios96

Terms : Hide Images
5819100643Accentthe stressed portion of a word0
5819100644Allegorya story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one1
5819100645Alliterationthe occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words.2
5819100646Allusionan expression designed to bring something to mind without mentioning it plainly3
5819100647Anachronisma thing belonging or appropriate to a period other than that in which it exists; something that is old-fashioned4
5819100648Analogya comparison between two things, typically on the basis of their structure and for the purpose of explanation or clarification5
5819100649Anecdotea short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person6
5819100650Aphorisma witty observation that contains a general truth about life, such as, "if it ain't broke, don't fix it."7
5819100651Apostrophean exclamatory passage in a speech or poem addressed to a person or thing8
5819100652Asidea remark or passage by a character in a play that is intended to be heard by the audience but unheard by the other characters in the play.9
5819100653Assonancein poetry, the repetition of the sound of a vowel in non-rhyming stressed syllables near enough to each other for an echo effect10
5819100654Ballada long narrative poem or song narrating a single story, which is often tragic or violent, in short stanzas.11
5819100655Caesuraa break between words within a metrical foot; "To err is human forgive, divine"12
5819100656Folk BalladTraditional ballads are typically of unknown authorship, having been passed on orally from one generation to the next as part of the folk culture.13
5819100657Literary Balladalso called an art ballad that imitates the form and spirit of the folk ballad, but is more polished and uses a higher level of poetic diction14
5819100658Blank Versepoetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter; often found in Shakespeare's works15
5819100659Burlesquean absurd or comically exaggerated imitation of something in a literary or dramatic work; a parody16
5819100660Cacophonya harsh, discordant mixture of sounds; opposite of euphony17
5819100661Caricaturea picture, description, or imitation of a person or thing in which certain striking characteristics are exaggerated in order to create a comic or grotesque effect18
5819100662Catharsisthe process of releasing, and thereby providing relief from, strong or repressed emotions.19
5819100663Chorusa group of performers, in Greek drama, who comment on the main action, typically speaking and moving together.20
5819100664Classicismthe following of ancient Greek or Roman principles and style in art and literature, generally associated with harmony, restraint, and adherence to recognized standards of form and craftsmanship21
5819100665Colloquialisma word or phrase that is not formal or literary, typically one used in ordinary or familiar conversation.22
5819100666Conceita fanciful expression in writing or speech; an elaborate metaphor23
5819100667Consonancethe recurrence of similar sounds, such as consonants, in close proximity24
5819100668Conundruma riddle whose answer is or involves a pun; may also be a paradox or difficult problem25
5819100669Descriptionthe picturing in words of something or someone through detailed observation of color, motion, sound, taste, smell, and touch; one of the four modes of discourse26
5819100670Dictionword choice; also called syntax27
5819100671Discoursewritten or spoken language and literary works28
5819100672Dissonancethe grating of sounds that are harsh or do not go together29
5819100673Elegya poem of serious reflection, typically a lament for the dead30
5819100674End Rhymea rhyme that comes at the end of lines of poetry31
5819100675Epica long poem, typically one derived from ancient oral tradition, narrating the deeds and adventures of heroic or legendary figures or the history of a nation32
5819100676Epigrama pithy saying or remark expressing an idea in a clever and amusing way; a short poem having a witty or ingenious ending33
5819100677Euphonythe quality of being pleasing to the ear through a harmonious combination of words34
5819100678Exempluma model moralizing or illustrative story35
5819100679Expositionthe part of a play or work of fiction in which the background to the main conflict is introduced and revealed36
5819100680Farcea comic dramatic work using buffoonery and horseplay and typically including crude characterization and ludicrously improbable situations37
5819100681Figurative Languagelanguage that contains figures of speech such as similes and metaphors in order to create associations that are imaginative rather than literal38
5819100682Figures of Speechexpressions such as similes, metaphors, and personifications that make imaginative, rather than literal, comparisons or asscociatons39
5819100683Foila character who, by contrast, highlights the characteristics of another character40
5819100684Folklorethe traditional beliefs, customs, stories, and songs of a community, passed through the generations by word of mouth41
5819100685Footthe combination of stressed and unstressed syllables that makes up the basic rhythmic unit of a line of poetry42
5819100686Anapesta metrical foot consisting of two short or unstressed syllables followed by one long or stressed syllable; in-ter-rupt43
5819100687Dactyla metrical foot consisting of one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables or one long syllable followed by two short syllables; beau-ti-ful44
5819100688Iamba metrical foot consisting of one short unstressed syllable followed by one long stressed syllable; dis-turb45
5819100689Spondeea foot consisting of two long or stressed syllables; hodge-podge46
5819100690Trocheea foot consisting of one long or stressed syllable followed by one short or unstressed syllable; in-jure and con-stant47
5819100691Foreshadowingbe a warning or indication of a future event in a story48
5819100692Free Versepoetry that is written without a regular meter, usually without ryme49
5819100693Genrea category of literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter50
5819100694Gothicreferring to a type of novel that emerged in the eighteenth century that uses mystery, suspense, and sensational and supernatural occurrences to evoke terror51
5819100695Hubrisin Greek tragedies, excessive pride toward or defiance of the gods, leading to nemesis52
5819100696Humoranything that causes laughter or amusement53
5819100697Hyperboleexaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally54
5819100698Idylla short description in verse or prose of a picturesque scene or incident, esp. in rustic life55
5819100699Imageryvisually descriptive or figurative language in a literary work56
5819100700Interior Monologuewriting that records the conversation that occurs inside a character's head57
5819100701Internal Rhymea rhyme occurring within a line of poetry58
5819100702Inversionreversal of the normal order of words, typically for rhetorical effect but also found in the regular formation of questions in English59
5819100703Ironythe expression of one's meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect60
5819100704Loose Sentencea sentence that is grammatically complete before its end61
5819100705Lyricexpressing the writer's emotions, usually short and briefly and in stanzas or recognized form62
5819100706Metaphora figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action to which it is not literally applicable63
5819100707Meterthe repetition of a regular rhythmic unit in a line of peotry64
5819100708MonometerOne foot65
5819100709DimeterTwo feet66
5819100710TrimeterThree feet67
5819100711TetrameterFour feet68
5819100712PentameterFive feet69
5819100713HexameterSix feet70
5819100714HeptameterSeven feet71
5819100715Metonymythe substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant72
5819100716Modethe method or form of a literary work: a manner in which a work of literature is written73
5819100717Moodsimilar to tone, it is the primary emotional attitude of a work74
5819100718Mytha traditional story, concerning the early history of a people or explaining some natural or social phenomenon, and typically involving supernatural beings or events75
5819100719Narrationthe action or process of narrating a story76
5819100720Naturalism19th-century artistic and literary movement, influenced by contemporary ideas of science and society, that rejected the idealization of experience and adopted an objective and often uncompromisingly realistic approach to art.77
5819100721Objectivityan impersonal presentation of events and characters78
5819100722Odea lyric poem in the form of an address to a particular subject, often elevated in style or manner and written in varied or irregular meter79
5819100723Onomatopoeiathe formation of a word from a sound associated with what is named; cuckoo; sizzle80
5819100724Oxymorona figure of speech in which apparently contradictory terms appear in conjunction81
5819100725Parablea simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson, as told by Jesus in the Gospels82
5819100726Paradoxa statement or proposition that leads to a conclusion that seems senseless, logically unacceptable, or self-contradictory83
5819100727Parallelismthe use of successive verbal constructions in poetry or prose that correspond in grammatical structure, sound, meter, meaning84
5819100728Parodyan imitation of the style of a particular writer, artist, or genre with deliberate exaggeration for comic effect85
5819100729Pastorala work of literature portraying or evoking country life, typically in a romanticized or idealized form86
5819100730Periodic Sentencea sentence that is not grammatically complete until it's last phrase87
5819100731Personificationthe attribution of a personal nature or human characteristics to something nonhuman88
5819100732Persuasiona mode of discourse in which the action or fact of persuading someone or of being persuaded to do or believe something89
5819100733Petrarchan Sonnetone of the most important types of sonnets, composed of an octave with abba abba rhyme scheme and ending in a sestet with cde cde rhyme scheme; also called an Italian sonnet90
5819100734Point of Viewthe perspective from which a story is presented91
5819100735First Person Narratorcharacter in a story who relates their actions and thoughts through his or her perspective92
5819100736Stream of Consciousness Narratorsimilar to first person, but places the reader in the character's head93
5819100737Omniscient Narratora third person narrator who is able to see into other character's minds and understand all their actions94
5819100738Limited Omniscient Narratora third person narrator who only reports the thoughts of one character and generally only what the one character sees95
5819100739Objective Narratora third person narrator who only reports what would be visible to a camera; thoughts and feelings are only revealed if the character speaks of them96
5819100740Protagonistthe leading character or one of the major characters in a literary work97
5819100741Realismlate 19th-century movement that meant to portray and focus on simple and unidealized treatment of contemporary life98
5819100742Refrainrepeated line or number of lines in a poem or song, typically at the end of each verse99
5819100743Regionalisman element in literature that conveys a realistic portrayal of a specific geographical locale, using the locale and its influences as a major part of the plot100
5819100744Rhymea similarity of accented sounds between two words101
5819100745Masculine Ryhmethe rhyme sound is the last syllable of a line102
5819100746Feminine Ryhmethe accented syllable is followed by an unaccented syllable103
5819100747Romanticisma movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing inspiration, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual104
5819100748Sarcasmthe use of irony to mock or convey contempt105
5819100749Similea figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid106
5819100750Soliloquyan act of speaking one's thoughts aloud when by oneself or regardless of any hearers, especially by a character in a play107
5819100751Sonneta poem of fourteen lines using any of a number of formal rhyme schemes, in English typically having ten syllables per line108
5819100752Speakerthe voice of a poem; an author may speak as himself or herself or as a fictional character109
5819100753Stanzaa group of lines forming the basic recurring metrical unit in a poem; a verse110
5819100754Coupletthe simplest stanza, consisting of two rhymed lines111
5819100755Tercetthree lines, usually having the same rhyme112
5819100756QuatrainFour lines113
5819100757CinquainFive lines114
5819100758SestetSix lines115
5819100759OctaveEight lines116
5819100760Stereotypea widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing117
5819100761Stock Charactera standard character who may be stereotyped such as the miser or fool118
5819100762Stylean author's characteristic manner of expression119
5819100763Subjectivitybased on or influenced by the authors personal feelings, tastes, or opinion120
5819100764Suspension of Disbeliefthe demand made of a theater audience to provide some details with their imagination and to accept the limitations of reality and staging; also the acceptance of the incident of the plot by the reader or audience121
5819100765Symbolismthe use of symbols to represent both literal and representative ideas or qualities with a more complex significance122
5819100766Synecdochea figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa123
5819100767Syntaxthe word choice of diction124
5819100768Themethe central idea or message of a literary work125
5819100769Tonethe characteristic emotion of attitude of an author toward the characters, subject, and audience126
5819100770Tragic Flawthe one weakness that causes the downfall of the hero in a tragedy127
5819100771Villanellea lyric poem consisting of five tercets ad a final question128
5819100772Voicethe way a written work conveys an author's atittude129
5819100773RhythmFour strong beats; "To err is human forgive, divine"130
5819100774KenningTwo word poetic renaming; sea-paths (rivers); Lord of life, Ruler of glory (God)131
5819100775EpithetsBrief, descriptive phrases used to characterize people or things132
5819100776HamartiaGreek word for character flaws. (Often used instead of "character flaws" on AP Test)133

AP Human Geography: Language Flashcards

Language

Terms : Hide Images
8119222866AccentA distinctive mode of pronunciation of a language, especially one associated with a particular nation, locality, or social class.0
8119222867DialectA regional variation of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation, particular to a specific region or social group.1
8119222868Extinct LanguageA language that no longer has any speakers, or that is no longer in current use.2
8119222869IdeogramA written character symbolizing the idea of a thing without indicating the sounds used to say it. Used in Mandarin (Chinese)3
8119222870IsoglossA geographic boundary line delimiting the area in which a given linguistic feature occurs.4
8119222871Isolated LanguageA natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other languages or language families; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language. i.e A language family with only one language. (Basque)5
8119222872Language BranchA Subsection of a Language Family. Differences are not as extensive or old as with language families. i.e The Romance "-------" of the Indo-European language family.6
8119222873LanguageThe method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.7
8119222874Language GroupA Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary. An individual language, including all dialects (I.e. Italian, German, English)8
8119222875Language FamilyA collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history. The trunk of the language tree, from which language branches come from.9
8119222876Indo European language familyLargest language family that includes English and most other languages in the Western Hemisphere. Also used in South and Southwest Asia. Includes the Germanic branch, Indo-Iranian branch, Balto-Slavic branch, and Romance branch.10
8119222877Sino-Tibetan Language Family2nd largest language family. Includes Madarin, Thai, Cantonese and Burmese11
8119222878Lingua FrancaA Language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages (currently English worldwide).12
8119222879Literary TraditionA Language that is written as well as spoken.13
8119222880Monolingual StateA country in which only one language is spoken (i.e. Japan, Korea)14
8119222881BilingualThe ability to speak two languages.15
8119222882Multilingual StateA country in which more than one language is in use (India, Nigeria, Belgium, Switzerland)16
8119222883Official LanguageThe language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents, a language that is given special legal status.17
8119222884OrthographyThe conventional spelling system of a language.18
8119222885Pidgin LanguageA Form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.19
8119222886Standard LanguageThe specific form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.20
8119222887ToponymThe name of a place, often reflecting that place's history and culture.21
8119222888VernacularUsing a language or dialect native to a region or country rather than a literary, cultured, or foreign language. It is usually the language of the common people.22
8119222889CreoleA language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated. Developed out of an earlier pidgin stage.23
8119222890DenglishThe term is used in all German-speaking countries to refer to the increasingly strong influx of English or pseudo-English vocabulary into German.24
8119222891FranglaisA form of French using many words and idioms borrowed from English.25
8119222892EbonicsA dialect of English spoken by some African Americans.26
8119222893SpanglishA hybrid language combining words and idioms from both Spanish and English, especially Spanish speech that uses many English words and expressions.27
8119222894FrancophonePlaces and countries where French is spoken around the world. (Quebec in Canada, Vietnam, Haiti, Sub-Saharan Africa, Belgium, Switzerland, France).28
8119222895HankulThe system of writing Korean is written in. In this system, each letter represents a sound.29
8119222896Romance BranchA language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch includes languages that evolved from Latin (the language of the Romans). The 5 main languages include: Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, and Romanian.30
8119222897Germanic BranchA language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch is divided into North and West Germanic. North Germanic includes Scandinavian languages (Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic), which all came from Old Norse. West Germanic is further divided into High Germanic and Low Germanic subgroups. High German includes the standard German language. Low German includes English, Dutch, Flemish (Dialect of Dutch), Afrikaaans, and Frisian.31
8119222898Indo-Iranian BranchThe branch of the Indo-European language family with the most speakers. This branch includes more than 100 individual languages divided into an eastern group (Indic), which includes the languages of Hinid and Urdu and a western group (Iranian), which includes Farsi and Kurdish.32
8119222899Balto-Slavic BranchThis branch of the Indo-European language family can be broken down into four groups: East Slavic (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian), Baltic (Latvian, Lithuanian), West Slavic (Polish, Czech, and Slovak), and South Slavic (Serbo-Croatian). Russian is the most widely used language in this branch, due to the spread of the Soviet Union.33
8119222900Celtic BranchA language branch of the Indo-European Language Family. This branch includes the languages of the British Isles before the invasion of the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. This branch is divided into two language groups: Goidelic(Gaelic), which includes Irish Gaelic and Scottish Gaelic, and Brythonic, which includes Welsh, Breton, and Cornish. These languages declined because the Celts lost most of their territory and the English colonizers forbid the use of the Celtic languages.34
8119222901Uralic Language FamilyLanguage Family in Europe that includes the languages of Estonian, Finnish, and Hungarian. Languages in this family originated from the Ural mountains in Russia, spreading through migration.35
8119222902Austronesian Language FamilyLanguage Family spoken mostly in Indonesia. This family includes the languages of Javanese, Indonesian, Malay, and Malagasy. The most spoken language in this family is Javanese, since Java is the populous island of Indonesia. The Indonesian language is used as a lingua franca in Indonesia, due to so many different native languages (739 active languages). Malay is spoken in Malaysia, Malagasy is spoken in Madagascar.36
8119222903Afro-Asiatic Language FamilyThis language family is found in northern Africa and southwestern Asia (Middle East), where Islam is the dominant religion. This family includes the languages of Arabic and Hebrew. Hebrew is spoken in Israel, a Jewish state, and Arabic is spoken throughout the region since it is the language of the Koran, the Islamic holy book.37
8119222904Niger-Congo Language FamilyMore than 95% of people in Sub-Saharan Africa speak languages from this family. This family includes Swahili, the lingua franca in Africa, used by many to communicate as a second language, due to so many different native languages.38
8119222905Prehistoric SubgroupA language that predates the current language family, before the written record. Ex: Proto-Indo-European39
8119222906Altaic Language FamilyA language family spoken across central Asia named after the Altai Mountains. The most spoken language in this family is Turkish. The family also includes the languages spoken in the Caucasus Region and across Central Asia, previously controlled by the Soviet Union. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, newly independent countries in these regions reverted to their native languages in this family, including the countries of Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Mongolia and Georgia.40
8119222907Kurgan TheoryProposed by Marija Gimbutas, this theory argues the Proto-Indo-European language diffused by military conquest as nomadic herders on horseback (Kurgans) invaded west from the Asian Steppe ( border between Russia and Kazakhstan) around 4300 B.C in search of grasslands.41
8119222908Renfrew (Anatolian) TheoryProposed by Colin renfrew, this theory argues the Proto-Indo-European language diffused by way of agriculktural practices from Anatolia (Turkey) in 6300 BC.42
8119222909British Received Pronunciation (BRP)The dialect of English associated with upper class Britons living in the London area now considered the standard form of British speech.43
8119222910Language DivergenceWhen a lack of spatial interaction (isolation) among speakers of a language breaks the language into dialects and then new languages.44
8119222911Language ConvergenceWhen peoples with different languages have consistent spatial interaction and their languages collapse into one (i.e. pidgin and creole).45
8119222912Backward ReconstructionWhen linguists track sound shifts and the hardening of consonants backward to reveal an "original" language.46
8119222913Sound ShiftSlight word change in language within the subfamilies and language family from present time, backward to its origin (i.e: lacte in Latin, latta in Italian).47
8119222914Treaty of TordesillasPope Alexander VI's 1493 decision that officially split the New World into two empires, with Spain getting the West and Portugal the East.48
8119222915HindiApproximately one-third of Indians, mostly in the north, use this Indic language. This language can be spoken in many different ways, but there is only one official way to write the language, using a script called Devanagari. It serves as the lingua franca in India and is used by the government, growing into a national language in the nineteenth century when the British encouraged its use in government. It is part of the Indo-Iranian branch.49
8119222916SwahiliThe lingua franca in Africa, used by many to communicate as a second language, due to so many different native languages. This language was developed between African and Arab traders and is one for the few African languages with extensive literature. It is part of the Niger-Congo language family.50
8119222917UrduPakistan's principal language, spoken very much like Hindi but written with the Arabic alphabet, a legacy of the fact that most Pakistanis are Muslims, and their holiest book (the Quran) is written in Arabic. It is part of the Indo-Iranian branch.51
8119222918FarsiThe principle language of Iran, a remnant of the Persian Empire. It is written with the Arabic alphabet since Iran is a Muslim country. This language is part of the Indo-Iranian branch.52
8119222919MandarinThis language is the most spoken language in the world. It is spoken by approximately three-fourths of the Chinese people, and is used by the Chinese government. There is no single Chinese language. Instead of letters, Chinese languages use ideograms (characters) that mostly represent concepts rather than sounds.53
8119222920ArabicThis language serves as a unifying force in the Middle East (Northern Africa and Southwest Asia), typically referred to as the Arab World. This language is the language of Islam (used in the Koran),, which is predominant throughout the region. This language belongs to the Afro-Asiatic language family and is the official language in two dozen countries of North Africa and southwestern Asia, from Morocco to the Arabian Peninsula.54
8119222921HebrewThis language was an extinct language that has been revived. It diminished in use in the fourth century B.C. and was thereafter retained only for Jewish religious services. When Israel was established in 1948, this language became one of the new country's two official languages, along with Arabic. This language was chosen to unify the Jews of Israel and give them a sense of nationalism, since Israel was created by Jewish refugees and migrants who spoke many different languages. Reviving this language required the creation of many new words for the modern world.55
8119222922Irish GaelicThis is one of the two official languages of Ireland, along with English. This language was forbidden under English rule. When Ireland got their independence form England in 1922, this language became an important part of their cultural identity and sense of nationalism and became a compulsory course in all public schools and required for public service jobs.56
8119222923BasqueAlso known as Euskera, this isolated language predates the Indo-European language and is not related to any other language family in Europe. Spoken in the Pyrenees Mountains (between Spain and France), the mountainous homeland created isolation, making the preservation of the language possible.57
8119222924WelshThis is one of the two official languages of Wales, along with English. This language was forbidden under English rule, but has been revived in recent years. This language is a compulsory subject in all schools in Wales and knowledge of the language is now required for many jobs in Wales. Bilingual signs and television and radio programs have also been added to help preserve this language.58
8119222925InuktitutThe language spoken by the Inuits (indigenous tribe) of northern Canada. It is recognized as an official language, along with English and French in Nunavut, the Inuit territory of Canada. Similar to the Celtic languages, it has declined with the forces of globalization and is undergoing a revival since it is an important part of the Inuit culture and is taught in schools and represented on bilingual signs and in the government.59
8119222926GlobalizationThe process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence and operate on an international scale. Currently, America dominates the world with multinational corporations and media, which has made English the world's current lingua franca (international language of business).60
8119222927QuebecThis province in Canada primarily speaks French, due to its history of colonization. As a result, Canada is officially bilingual, recognizing both English and French as official languages.61
8119222928Vulgar LatinThis language was spoken by the Roman army at the time of occupation and is the basis of the Romance languages, which evolved out of this language overtime due to isolation.62
8119222929Latin AmericaThis region of the Americas primarily speaks Romance Languages, which derived from Latin. Brazil speaks Portuguese, Haiti and French Guiana speak French, while the majority of the other countries speak Spanish, all due to the patterns of colonization.63
8119222930BelgiumThis multilingual state in Europe, which is part of the francophone world, has experienced tensions between its two language groups. The Flemings live in the north province Flanders and speak Flemish, a Dutch dialect. The Walloons live in the south province Wallonia and speak French. Brussels, the capital city if officially bilingual to create a since of unity in the country. Antagonism between the Flemings and Walloons is aggravated by economic and political differences. Historically, the Walloons dominated Belgium's economy and politics and French was the official state language.64
8119222931SwitzerlandThis multilingual state in Europe, which is part of the francophone world, remains peaceful with four official languages (German, French, Italian, and Romanish). This country has institutionalized cultural diversity by creating a form of government that places considerable power in local, small communities (Decenetralization).65

FAMOUS PEOPLE IN AP WORLD HISTORY Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
8644272098Homerancient Greek epic poet who is believed to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey0
8644272099AesopGreek author of fables1
8644272100SophoclesGreek writer of tragedies2
8644272101EuripidesWrote many famous Greek tragedies3
8644272102PythagorasGreek philosopher and mathematician who proved the Pythagorean theorem4
8644272103SocratesGreek philosopher; socratic method--questioning; sentenced to death for corrupting Athens youth5
8644272104PlatoStudent of Socrates, wrote The Republic about the perfectly governed society; established the Academy6
8644272105AristotleGreek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great7
8644272106Herodotusthe ancient greek known as the father of history8
8644272107Philip IIking of ancient Macedonia and father of Alexander the Great9
8644272108Alexander the Greatson of Philip II; was a student of Aristotle; great leader; conquered much land in Asia Minor, Syria, Egypt, and Mesopotamia; goal was to conquer the known world10
8644272109EratosthenesGreek mathematician and astronomer who estimated the circumference of the earth and the distances to the moon and sun11
8644272110ArchimedesA great Greek mathematician and physicist who explained the principle of the lever and other inventions.12
8644272111Aryansnomads from Europe and Asia who migrated to India and conquered the Dravidians; created caste system to control them13
8644272112Dravidiansdark-skinned inhabitants of central India prior to Aryan arrival14
8644272113BrahmansPriest class of Aryans who were considered at the top of the social scale15
8644272114Siddartha Gautamafounder of buddahism16
8644272115Dalai Lamachief lama and once ruler of Tibet17
8644272116AsokaThe greatest Maurya king, responsible for helping spread Buddhism throughout Asia18
8644272117ConfuciusChinese philosopher who taught respect for parents19
8644272118Laozifounder of Daoism20
8644272119Hanfeizifounder of legalism and believed that harsh punishments were the only way to control people21
8644272120Qin ShihuangdiQIN EMPEROR WHO BUILT ROADS, A HUGE CANAL, AND THE GREAT WALL; BASED HIS RULE ON THE IDEAS OF LEGALISM22
8644272121Hannibalgeneral who commanded the Carthaginian army in the second Punic War23
8644272122ScipioRoman general who commanded the invasion of Carthage in the second Punic War and defeated Hannibal at Zama (circa 237-183 BC)24
8644272123Julius CaesarRoman general and dictator. He was murdered by a group of senators25
8644272124OctavianFormed Second Triumvirate in 43BC with Antony and Lepidus after Caesar's death,reduced power of the Senate, began a period known as Pax Romana or Roman Peace26
8644272125Marc AntonyOne of Caesar's generals, Falls in love with Cleopatra, He and Cleopatra declare war on Rome in 31 BC which they lose, member of second triumvirate.27
8644272126AugustusFirst emperor of the Roman Empire. Reign brings Pax Romana28
8644272127CaligulaA cruel and insane ruler of the Roman Empire29
8644272128NeroAn emperor of immense cruelty, psychological sickness, and paranoia.30
8644272129Hadrian"Romanized"and organized the empire- built bridges, roads, and aqueducts, ruled during the height of the Pax Romana, Built Hadrians Wall across Britain, strengthened borders31
8644272130TrajanOne of the "Good Emperors"; brought Rome to it's greatest size32
8644272131Marcus AureliusLast of the "Good Emperors", end of the Pax Romana33
8644272132Ptolemyancient scientist who said earth was the center of the universe34
8644272133Spartacusa gladiator who lead a slave revolt against the Roman Empire35
8644272134DiocletianRoman emperor who was faced with military problems, when that happend he decided to divide the empire between himself in the east and Maximian in the west36
8644272135ConstantineEmperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians37
8644272136AlaricVisigoth leader; he and his soldiers captured Rome38
8644272137VandalsOne of a group of Germanic tribes who invaded and destroyed territory in the Roman empire.39
8644272138OdoacerThe Osrogoth general who sacked Rome40
8644272139Justinianone of the greatest Byzantine emperors41
8644272140HammurabiAmorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.). He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases.42
8644272141HatshepsutQueen of Egypt (1473-1458 B.C.E.). Dispatched a naval expedition down the Red Sea to Punt (possibly Somalia), the faraway source of myrrh. There is evidence of opposition to a woman as ruler, and after her death her name was frequently expunged.43
8644272142Mosesbiblical leader, lawgiver, and prophet who is believed to be the author of the Torah44
8644272143Ramses the Greatthe third Egyptian pharaoh of the Nineteenth dynasty; came to power in 1200s BCE; one of the longest reigns in Egyptian history; signed peace treaty with Hittites after long war where no one could defeat the other45
8644272144PericlesAthenian leader noted for advancing democracy in Athens and for ordering the construction of the Parthenon.46
8644272145Euclid(circa 300 BCE), Greek mathematician. Considered to be the father of modern geomertry.47
8644272146Hippocrates"Founder of Medicine" During the Golden Age in Greece he was a scientist that believed all diseases came from natural causes. He also had high ideals for physicians & an oath was made that is still used today.48
8644272147Charlemagne800 AD crowned by the Pope as the head of the Holy Roman Empire, which extended from northern Spain to western Germany and northern Italy. His palace was at Aachen in central Europe49
8644272148NapoleonFrench military and political leader, a soldier who became Emperor of a new French Empire, shaping 19th century European politics50
8644272149Sundiatathe founder of Mali empire. He crushed his enemies and won control of the gold trade routes51
8644272150Mansa Musa10th emperor of the Mali Kingdom, first African king to make the hajj and leader in promoting Islamic scholarship in Africa52
8644272151Marco PoloVenetian trader and explorer known as one of the first Westerners to travel the Silk Road and meet Kublai Khan53
8644272152Ibn BattutaMuslim scholar and explorer who traveled for almost 30 years through parts of Northern and Western Africa, Europe, Eastern Europe, India, Central & Southeast Asia and China54
8644272153Prince ShotokuJapanese regent and politician who laid the groundwork for a centralized government, proponent of Buddhism leading to a time of great art and culture55
8644272154Lady MurasakiJapanese novelist, poet, and maid of the Imperial Court, known as writer of the The Tale of Genji, one of the earliest novels in human history56
8644272155Joan of ArcFrench national heroine and a Catholic saint, a peasant girl who led the French Army to several victories during the Hundred Years War57
8644272156Elizabeth I(1533-1603) Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603. She was an absolute monarch and is considered to be one of the most successful rulers of all time.58
8644272157St. Francis of AssisiFriar and founder of the Franciscan order, known as patron saint of Italy and animals, challenged Muslim scholars to a "trial by fire" of the power of God during the Crusades59
8644272158St. Thomas Aquinasa priest of the Roman Catholic Church who is known as a great philosopher and theologian, it is believed that his ideas of theology were immensely influential in modern Western philosophy60
8644272159Dante"Father of the Italian language", he was the writer of The Divine Comedies which is considered one of the greatest literary works composed in Italian61
8644272160Chauceran English poet and writer of The Canterbury Tales, one of the proponents of the use of vernacular English in writing and called "Father of English Literature"62
8644272161MachiavelliRenaissance writer; formerly a politician, wrote The Prince, a work on ethics and government, describing how rulers maintain power by methods that ignore right or wrong; accepted the philosophy that "the end justifies the means."63
8644272162Thomas Morean English statesman and Renaissance humanist who coined the word "utopia", he was beheaded for refusing to acknowledge Henry VIII as the head of the Church of England64
8644272163Shakespearean English poet and playwright who is considered one of the Greatest Writers of the English language, his plays have been translated into every living language and have been performed more than any other writer65
8644272164Elvis Presleycalled the "King of Rock and Roll", a cultural icon, he is considered one of the most influential music artists in history, his music was best-selling in its time and continues to sell today66
8644272165Genghis Khanfounder of the largest empire in history, head of the Mongols67
8644272166Zheng HeChinese explorer and diplomat whose voyages spanned between the years of 1405 - 1433, some historians believe him to be the first world explorer68
8644272167MagellanPortuguese explorer, who is credited with manning the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe69
8644272168Francis DrakeEnglish sea captain, explorer and privateer, he was second in command during the Spanish Armada and was hailed as an English hero for sailing around the world70
8644272169Isaac NewtonEnglish physicist and mathematician whose book, Philosophae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, is considered the most influential book in the history of Science, credited with the discovery of gravity and co-founder of calculus71
8644272170Francis BaconEnglish philosopher, statesman, lawyer and scientist, known for establishing the scientific method still in use today72
8644272171Catherine the GreatRussian empress who continued westernization, improved administration, and expanded the empire making Russia a power in Europe73
8644272172Peter the GreatRussian tsar and predecessor to Catherine known for initial Westernization and expansion of Russia making Russia an Eastern European power to be reckoned with74
8644272173Louis XIVKing of France, known as the "Sun King", an absolute monarch who built the lavish palace of Versailles and set the standard for monarchical power75
8644272174Louis XVIKing of France during the French Revolution, married to Marie Antoinette, was tried and convicted of treason and executed by the guillotine76
8644272175John LockeEnglish philosopher, and Enlightenment thinker whose ideas were reflected in the American Declaration of Independence77
8644272176RousseauFrench philosopher who influenced both political and educational thought, influential during the French Revolution78
8644272177LeninRussian revolutionary, leader during the October Revolution and first leader of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics79
8644272178Stalinleader of the USSR following Lenin, launched new economic plans, allied power during WWII, formed the Eastern bloc, began the Cold War80
8644272179Franklin D. RooseveltPresident of the US during Great Depression and World War II81
8644272180Winston ChurchillBritish Prime Minister during WWII82
8644272181Adolf HitlerAustrian-born founder of the German Nazi Party and chancellor of the Third Reich (1933-1945). His fascist philosophy, embodied in Mein Kampf (1925-1927), attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. His pursuit of aggressive nationalist policies resulted in the invasion of Poland (1939) and the subsequent outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent (1945).83
8644272182Benito MussoliniLeader of the Fascist Party in Italy. He took control of Italy in 1924-calling himself Il Duce (the leader). He turned Italy into a fascist state.84
8644272183Mao Zedong1893-1976. Chinese military and political leader who led the Communist Party of China to victory against the Kuomintang in the Chinese Civil War. Leader of the People's Republic of China from establishment in 1949 till death in 1976. Heralded as an influential leader who transformed China into world power. Programs led to large unnecessary loss of life and damage to the culture, society, economy, and foreign relations.85
8644272184GandhiIndian nationalist and spiritual leader who developed the practice of nonviolent disobedience that forced Great Britain to grant independence to India (1947). He was assassinated by a Hindu fanatic.86
8644272185AttaturkWho was the founder of Turkey, the successor state to the Ottoman Empire? Nicknamed "Father of the Turks", he founded the country on strictly secular principles.87
8644272186NasserEgyptian committed to opposing Israel and no imperialism (aids Algeria against the French, abolishes British rights to the Suez Canal). Takes control in bloodless coup. Advocates neutralism (believes, like Indian Nehru, that the cold war is imperialism); condemns alliances like the Baghdad pact between Turkey, Iraq and Iran, but extracts pledges of support. He nationalized the Suez, using the money to build a Nile River dam at Aswan, but was defeated by the British, French, and Israelis, angering the US.88
8644272187Jomo KenyattaLeader in the independence movement for Kenya. He was the first Prime Minister and then the first President of Kenya.89
8644272188Nelson MandelaBorn 1918. 11th President of South Africa. Spent 27 years in prison after conviction of charges while he helped spearhead the stuggle against apartheid. Received Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.90
8644272189Helen KellerThe first deaf and blind person in the United States to ear a college degree, she campaigned for mangy liberal causes including women's suffrage, labor rights, and socialism91
8644272190Mother TheresaRoman Catholic missionary who became a nun, and devoted herself to helping destitute. She was noted for working among the poor and dying in Calcutta and awarded the nobel prize. * Model of saintly compassion.92
8644272191Lech WalesaA Polish politician, a former trade union and human rights activist, and also a former electrician. He co-founded Solidarity, the Soviet bloc's first independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland from 1990 to 1995.93
8644272192Mikhail GorbachevHead of the Soviet Union from 1985-1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of communist governments in eastern Europe.94
8644272193Deng XiaopingOpened China to foreign, capitalist values95
8644272194Ronald ReaganHe took office in 1981 with the belief that the Soviet Union was the focus of evil in the world. He had a tough anticommunist stand, and he wanted to deal with the Soviets from a position of strength, so he persuaded the Congress to increase military spending by more than $100 billion during his first five years in office.96
8644272195Barack ObamaHe was elected as the first African American president in the 2008 election.97

AP Literature Terminology derby ccds Flashcards

Use this to help you study for your test!

Terms : Hide Images
5184268862AllegoryA narrative or description having a second meaning beneath the surface one0
5184268863Alliterationuse of the same consonant at the beginning of each stressed syllable in a line of verse1
5184268864Allusiona reference to something literary, mythological, or historical that the author assumes the reader will recognize2
5184268865AmbiguityAn event or situation that may be interpreted in more than one way.3
5184268866Anachronismsomething located at a time when it could not have existed or occurred4
5184268867Analogydrawing a comparison in order to show a similarity in some respect5
5184268868Anaphorarepetition of a word or phrase as the beginning of successive clauses6
5184268869Antithesisthe juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas to give a feeling of balance7
5184268870Apostropheaddress to an absent or imaginary person8
5184268871ArchetypeA detail, image, or character type that occurs frequently in literature and myth and is thought to appeal in a universal way to the unconscious and to evoke a response9
5184268872Assonancethe repetition of similar vowels in the stressed syllables of successive words10
5184268873AsyndetonWhen the conjunctions (such as "and" or "but") that would normally connect a string of words, phrases, or clauses are omitted from a sentence11
5184268874Catharsisa release of emotional tension12
5184268875Characterizationthe process by which the writer reveals the personality of a character13
5184268876Comedy of MannersDeals with the relations and intrigues of gentlemen and ladies living in a polished and sophisticated society; it evokes laughter mainly at the violations of social conventions and decorum and relies on the wit and humor of the dialogue for its effect.14
5184268877Comic ReliefAn amusing scene, incident, or speech introduced into serious or tragic elements, as in a play, in order to provide temporary relief from tension, or to intensify the dramatic action.15
5184268878Connotationrefers to the implied or suggested meanings associated with a word beyond its dictionary definition16
5184268879Consonancerepetition of consonant sounds17
5184268880Dictiona writer's or speaker's choice of words18
5184268881Didactichaving the primary purpose of teaching or instructing19
5184268882Dramatic Irony(theater) irony that occurs when the meaning of the situation is understood by the audience but not by the characters in the play20
5184268883Elegya mournful poem, esp. one lamenting the dead21
5184268884Epigrapha quotation at the beginning of some piece of writing22
5184268885Epitheta term used to point out a characteristic of a person. Homeric epithets are often compound adjectives ("swift-footed Achilles") that become an almost formulaic part of a name. Epithets can be abusive or offensive but are not so by definition. For example, athletes may be proud of given epithets ("The Rocket").23
5184268886Euphemismthe substitution of a mild, indirect, or vague expression for one thought to be offensive, harsh, or blunt24
5184268887ExplicationThe art of interpreting or discovering the meaning of a text. It usually involves close reading and special attention to figurative language.25
5184268888ExpositionThe introductory material which gives the setting, creates the tone, presents the characters, and presents other facts necessary to understanding the story.26
5184268889Farce(n.) a play filled with ridiculous or absurd happenings; broad or far-fetched humor; a ridiculous sham27
5184268890Figurative LanguageWriting or speech that is used to create vivid impressions by setting up comparisons between dissimilar things, [examples are metaphor, simile, and personification.28
5184268891Flat Charactera character who embodies a single quality and who does not develop in the course of a story29
5184268892Foil Charactera character who is used as a contrast to another character; the contrast emphasizes the differences between the two characters, bringing out the distinctive qualities in each30
5184268893Genrea kind of literary or artistic work31
5184268894Hubrisexcessive pride32
5184268895Hyperbolea figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor33
5184268896Imagerythe use of language to evoke a picture or a concrete sensation of a person, thing, place, or experience34
5184268897Litotesunderstatement for rhetorical effect (especially when expressing an affirmative by negating its contrary)35
5184268898Metaphora figure of speech in which an expression is used to refer to something that it does not literally denote in order to suggest a similarity36
5184268899Extended MetaphorA metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout a work.37
5184268900MetonymyA figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it38
5184268901Moodthe overall emotion created by a work of literature39
5184268902Motifa unifying idea that is a recurrent element in a literary or artistic work40
5184268903Onomatopoeiausing words that imitate the sound they denote41
5184268904Oxymoronconjoining contradictory terms (as in 'deafening silence')42
5184268905Parablea short moral story (often with animal characters)43
5184268906Paradoxa statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.44
5184268907Parallelismphrases or sentences of a similar construction/meaning placed side by side, balancing each other45
5184268908Parodya work which imitates another in a ridiculous manner46
5184268909Periodic Sentencea complex sentence in which the main clause comes last and is preceded by the subordinate clause47
5184268910Personificationrepresenting an abstract quality or idea as a person or creature48
5184268911Point of Viewthe perspective from which a story is told49
5184268912Polysyndetonusing several conjunctions in close succession, especially where some might be omitted (as in 'he ran and jumped and laughed for joy')50
5184268913Protagonistthe principal character in a work of fiction51
5184268914Puna humorous play on words52
5184268915Repetitionthe repeated use of the same word or word pattern as a rhetorical device53
5184268916Round Characterthis character is fully developed - the writer reveals good and bad traits as well as background54
5184268917Satireform of literature in which irony, sarcasm, and ridicule are employed to attack human vice and folly55
5184268918Sarcasmharsh, cutting language or tone intended to ridicule56
5184268919Settingthe state of the environment in which a situation exists57
5184268920SimileComparison using "like" or "as"58
5184268921Situational Ironyoccurs when the outcome of a work is unexpected, or events turn out to be the opposite from what one had expected59
5184268922Soliloquyin drama, a character speaks alone on stage to allow his/her thoughts and ideas to be conveyed to the audience60
5184268923Monologuespeech you make to yourself61
5184268924Stock Charactera fictional character that relies heavily on cultural types or stereotypes for its personality manner of speech and other characteristics. Stock characters are instantly recognizable to members of a given culture.62
5184268925Stream of Consciousnessthe continuous flow of ideas and feelings that constitute an individual's conscious experience63
5184268926Stylea way of expressing something (in language or art or music etc.) that is characteristic of a particular person or group of people or period64
5184268927Symbolsomething that stands for something else65
5184268928SynecdocheA figure of speech in which a part is used for the whole (as hand for sailor), the whole for a part (as the law for police officer), the specific for the general (as cutthroat for assassin), the general for the specific (as thief for pickpocket), or the material for the thing made from it (as steel for sword).66
5184268929Syntaxthe rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language67
5184268930Themea unifying idea that is a recurrent element in a literary or artistic work68
5184268931Tonethe quality of something (an act or a piece of writing) that reveals the attitudes and presuppositions of the author69
5184268932TragedyA work in which the protagonist, a person of high degree, is engaged in a significant struggle and which ends in ruin or destruction70
5184268933Hamartiathe error, frailty, mistaken judgment, or misstep through which the fortunes of the hero of a tragedy are reversed71
5184268934Understatementthe opposite of exaggeration. It is a technique for developing irony and/or humor where one writes or says less than intended.72
5184268935Verbal IronyA figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant73
5184268936Static Charactera character that does not change from the beginning of the story to the end74
5184268937Dynamic CharacterA character who grows, learns, or changes as a result of the story's action75
5184268938Catalysta person, thing, or agent that speeds up or stimulates a result, reaction, or change76
5184268939Anapesta metrical unit with unstressed-unstressed-stressed syllables77
5184268940Ballada type of poem that is meant to be sung and is both lyric and narrative in nature78
5184268941Ballad StanzaA four-line stanza, known as a quatrain, consisting of alternating eight- and six-syllable lines.79
5184268942Blank Verseunrhymed verse (usually in iambic pentameter)80
5184268943Colloquial Dictioncharacteristic of informal spoken language or conversation81
5184268944Pedantic Dictionmarked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects82
5184268945Cosmic IronyType of irony where it seems that God or fate is manipulating events so as to inspire false hopes, which are inevitably dashed.83
5184268946CoupletTwo consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme.84
5184268947Dactyla metrical unit with stressed-unstressed-unstressed syllables85
5184268948DimeterA metrical line containing two feet86
5184268949End RhymeRhyme that occurs at the end of two or more lines of poetry87
5184268950End-Stopped Linea line that ends with a natural speech pause, usually marked by punctuation88
5184268951Shakespearean Sonneta sonnet consisting three quatrains and a concluding couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg89
5184268952Enjambentthe continuation of a sentence from one line or couplet of a poem to the next.90
5184268953Epic Poema long narrative poem telling of a hero's deeds91
5184268954Epigrama witty saying expressing a single thought or observation92
5184268955Eye Rhymerhyme that appears correct from spelling but does not rhyme because of pronunciation93
5184268956Exact Rhymeperfect rhyme, such as buzz and fuzz94
5184268957Fixed Forma traditional pattern that applies to whole poem (sonnet, limerick)95
5184268958Foota group of 2 or 3 syllables forming the basic unit of poetic rhythm96
5184268959Free VersePoetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme97
5184268960Heptametera verse line containing seven feet98
5184268961Heroic Coupleta couplet consisting of two rhymed lines of iambic pentamenter and written in an elevated style99
5184268962Hexametera metrical line containing six feet100
5184268963Iambicone unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable101
5184268964Internal Rhymea word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line102
5184268965Italian Sonneta poem that falls into two parts: an octave of eight lines and a sestet of six; the octave rhyme pattern is "abba abba" (two sets of four lines); the sestet's lines are more variable: "cde cde"; or "ced ced"; or "cd cd cd".103
5184268966Limericka kind of humorous verse of five lines, in which the first, second, and fifth lines rhyme with each other, and the third and fourth lines, which are shorter, form a rhymed couplet104
5184268967Lyric Poema short poem of songlike quality105
5184268968Masculine Endinga stressed syllable ending a verse line106
5184268969Meter(prosody) the accent in a metrical foot of verse107
5184268970Monometera metrical line containing one foot108
5184268971Narrative Poema poem that tells a story and has a plot109
5184268972Near RhymeA rhyme based on an imperfect or incomplete correspondence of end syllable sounds.110
5184268973OctameterA metrical line containing eight feet111
5184268974Odea poem usually addressed to a particular person, object or event that has stimulated deep and noble feelings in the poet112
5184268975Open FormA type of structure or form in poetry characterized by freedom from regularity and consistency in such elements as rhyme, line length, and metrical pattern.113
5184268976Pentametera metrical line containing five feet114
5184268977Quatraina stanza of four lines115
5184268978Sestinaa lyric form that consists of six stanzas of six lines each followed by a three-line conclusion or envoy; this form requires a strict pattern of repetition of six key words that end the lines of the first stanza116
5184268979Sonneta verse form consisting of 14 lines with a fixed rhyme scheme117
5184268980Terceta three line stanza118
5184268981Tetrametera metrical line containing four feet119
5184268982Villanellehighly structured poem consisting of six stanzas: five tercets and a quatrain; first and third line are repeated throughout120

AP Human Geography: Language Flashcards

Language: Unit 4

Terms : Hide Images
5446238341Accenta diacritical mark used to indicate stress or placed above a vowel to indicate a special pronunciation0
5446238342Dialecta regional variety of a language, with differences in vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation; also a form of a language spoken by members of a particular social class or profession1
5446238343Esperantoan artificial language based as far as possible on words common to all the European languages2
5446238344Extinct LanguageA language that was once used by people in daily activities but is no longer used.3
5446238345Ideogramsymbol that stands for a concept rather than a word4
5446238346Isolated LanguageA language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family.5
5446238347Official LanguageThe language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.6
5446238348Pidgin LanguageA form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.7
5446238349Toponymplace name8
5446238350Vernacularthe everyday speech of the people9
5446238351Creole LanguageA language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated.10
5446238352Language BranchA collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago.11
5446238353Languagea system of words used in a particular discipline12
5446238354Language Groupa set of languages with a relatively recent common origin and many similar characteristics13
5446238355Language FamilyA collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.14
5446238356Lingua Francaa common language used by speakers of different languages15
5446238357Literary TraditionA language that is written as well as spoken16
5446238359Orthographya method of representing the sounds of a language by written or printed symbols17
5446238360Standard LanguageThe form of a language used for official government business, education, and mass communications.18
5446238361Trade LanguageA language used between native speakers of different languages to allow them to communicate so that they can trade with each other.19
5446238362Conquest Theorythe theory that early Proto-Indo-European speakers spread westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European tongues20
5446238363Global Languagelanguage used commonly around the world21
5446238364Backward Reconstructionthe tracking of sound shifts and hardening of consonants backward toward the original language22
5446238365Mutual IntelligibilityThe ability of two people to understand each other when speaking.23
5446238366Dialect Chainsa set of contiguous dialects in which the dialects nearest to each other at any place in the chain are most closely related24
5446238367Sound Shiftslight change in a word across languages within a subfamily or through a language family from the present backward toward its origin25
5446238368Proto-Indo-Europeana prehistoric unrecorded language that was the ancestor of all Indo-European languages26
5446238369Deep Reconstructiontechnique using the vocabulary of an extinct language to re-create the language that preceded it.27
5446238370Nostraticthe core of a pre-Proto-Indo-European language28
5446238371Language Convergencecollapsing of two language into one.29
5446238372Language Divergencenew languages are formed when a language breaks into dialects30
5446238373Renfrew Hypothesisthree areas in and around fertile crescent, gave rise to three language families.31
5446238374Dispersal Hypothesissays that Indo-European language arose from Proto-Indo-European and spread east through Southwest Asia.32
5446238375Multilingual Statescountries in which more than one language is spoken33
5446238376Monolingual Statescountries in which only one language is spoken34

AP World History Unit 1 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5030478765Paleolithic Era"Old Stone Age", long period of human development before agriculture0
5030478766Neolithic Era"New Stone Age", discovery and cultivation of agriculture1
5030478767Periodizationcategorization of human history into time periods. BCE & CE- Before Common Era & Common Era BC & AD - Religious time phrasing2
5030478768MetallurgyPractice of mining & extracting metal ores3
5030478769TextilesMost important enterprise in agricultural society; result of selective breeding of animals/crops4
5030478770Neolithic "Revolution"Early stages of agricultural society5
5030478771Mesopotamia SubcontinentSubcontinent; "b/w the rivers";the Tigris and Euphrates6
5030478772Tigris RiverMesopotamian River, above Euphrates7
5030478773Euphrates RiverMesopotamian river, below Tigris8
5030478774Mediterranean SeaSea connecting Mesopotamia, Anatolia, and N.Africa9
5030478775Anatolia SubcontinentPowerful empire in modern day Turkey, home of Hittites10
5030478776Black SeaSea in N.Anatolia11
5030478777BabylonMesopotamian empire w/ centralized bureaucracy12
5030478778PhoeniciaPhoenician settlement along Mediterranean coast & Lebanon mountains13
5030478779JerusalemCosmopolitan capital city built by the Israelites in Palestine14
5030478780The Epic of GilgameshCollection of Mesopotamian myths abt. Gilgamesh, King of Uruk15
5030478781IrrigationManmade canals and reservoirs for easier access to water, developed by Sumerians16
5030478782SemiticArabian/Syrian nomadic herders who migrated to Mesopotamia17
5030478783City-statePolitical organization: urban king rules surrounding agricultural regions18
5030478784Indo-EuropeansS.Russian tribes who went on series of migrations from India - western Europe; spread Indo-European languages in eurasia19
5030478785PolytheismBelief in more than one god20
5030478786Hammurabi's CodeExtensive law code est. by Babylonian King Hammurabi21
5030478787CuneiformWorld's 1st written language, invented by Sumerians22
5030478788Stratified Patriarchal SocietyKings->Nobles->priests/priestesses->free commoners, dependent clients->slaves; patriarchal, much influence from Hammurabi's Code23
5030478789Economic SpecializationIncrease of city population and non-agricultural work --> variety of human skills; skills produced items for trade and boosted economy24
5030478790Pastoral NomadsEarly Hebrews; nomads who traveled b/w Mesopotamia & Egypt w/ cattle25
5030478791Hebrews, Israelites, JewsWere heavily influenced by Mesopotamia26
5030478792AbrahamSumerian patriarch Hebrew, migrated North27
5030478793MosesIsraelite leader who led others to Palestine, embraced monotheism and announced Ten Commandments to Israelites28
5030478794MonotheismBelief in only one god29
5030478795PhoeniciansMaritime civilization in Mediterranean that developed extensive trade, communication networks, early alphabetical script30
5030478796Arabian DesertDesert on Arabian Peninsula31
5030478797Sahara DesertDesert in N.Africa32
5030478798SavannahA grassy plain in tropical and subtropical regions, Sudan b/w 10,000-5,000 BCE33
5030478799Niger RiverWest African river utilized by early Sudanic cultivators34
5030478800Zambezi RiverCentral African river utilized by Bantu people35
5030478801Congo RiverSouthern African river utilized by Bantu people36
5030478802Kalahari DesertDesert in Sub-Saharan Africa37
5030478803PharaohEgyptian kings considered to be gods on earth38
5030478804Nile RiverPrincipal water source of water flowing through North Africa (site of sophisticated cultural development)39
5030478805CairoEgyptian city along lower Nile40
5030478806MercenaryProfessional soldiers hired to serve in foreign army41
5030478807ScribePrepared administrative and legal documents for governments & private parties42
5030478808HieroglyphicsEgyptian writing (pictographs & symbols representing sounds+ideas)43
5030478809India Subcontinent44
5030478810Indus RiverNorth Indian river that enabled agricultural societies to arise45
5030478811Hindu Kush Mountain RangeMountain range that led Aryans to India46
5030478812Deccan PlateauSouthern India plateau47
5030478813Ganges RiverReligious, east Indian river48
5030478814Himalayas Mountain RangeMountain range in NE India49
5030478815Tibetan PlateauPlateau in NE India, above Himalayas50
5030478816Rosetta StoneEgyptian stone w/ hieroglyphs, demotic, and greek writing51
5030478817AryansEuropean tribes, settled in India after 1500 B.C.E, formed the basis of Hinduism with Dravidians52
5030478818HarappansEarliest urban society in the Indus River Valley -centered around Harappa & Mohenjo-Daro53
5030478819Vedas (Vedic Age)1500-500 B.C.E : Indian era when the Vedas (Hindu religious text) were composed54
5030478820UpanishadsIndian reflections and dialogues (800-400 B.C.E.) that reflected basic Hindu concepts.55
5030478821BrahmanThe universal soul in Hinduism56
5030478822KarmaHindu concept that the sum of good and bad in a person's life will determine his or her status in the next life57
5030478823AsceticHindu concept of a simple, non-materialistic lifestyle58
5030478824DharmaHindu concept of obedience to religious and moral laws and order59
5030478825Yellow RiverPrincipal, loess- filled river in N.China60
5030478826Yangtze RiverRiver in central China61
5030478827South China SeaSea in S.China62
5030478828Gobi DesertDesert in N.China63
5030478829Kunlun Shan Mountain RangeMountain range north of Tibetan Plateau64
5030478830Takla Makan DesertDesert in NW China65
5030478831Mekong RiverRiver stretching from Tibetan Plateau to Vietnam66
5030478832"China's Sorrow"Yellow Sea's nickname, bc of its tremendous flooding67
5030478833Hereditary StatePolitical organization in which rulers were from the same family ex: Xia,Shang,Zhou dynasties68
5030478834Dynasty (Shang, Zhou, Qin,Han)A line of hereditary rulers of a69
5030478835"Mandate of Heaven"Chinese belief : heavenly powers' approval chooses emperor70
5030478836Decentralized AdministrationGovernment rules by giving power&authority to regional officials in exchange for loyalty& military support.71
5030478837Royal CourtChinese royal family and noble allies,who dominated public and private affairs72
5030478838ArtisansSmall class of people in China, worked exclusively for ruling elites73
5030478839Ancestor VenerationChinese belief : ancestors influence one's fortunes in life. Rituals and worship to ancestors conducted to ensure good fortune.74
5030478840Oracle BonesMeans of foretelling the future in Chinese Shang dynasty75
5030478841Steppe NomadsNomadic peoples w/ pastoral societies in the Eurasian steppe/grassy lands.76
5030478842Caribbean SeaAtlantic sea bordering the Yucatán Peninsula77
5030478843Andes Mountain RangeMountain Range along coasts of Peru &Bolivia78
5030478844Amazon RiverPrincipal river in South America79
5030478845Patagonia PlateauPlateau in southern South America80
5030478846New GuineaN. Australian island, separated by Torres Strait81
5030478847MaizeThe staple food of Mesoamerica82
5030478848Bering Land BridgeLand connecting siberia + alaska during ice age era83
5030478849Terrace FarmingMountainside farming method used in Andean region84
5030478850Andean HighlandsLand b/w Andes mountains & pacific ocean85
5030478851Austronesian PeoplesSE Asian mariners who settled in New Guinea86
5030478852EquatorImaginary horizontal line around the earth87
5030478853Latitude & LongitudeMeasures north-south position & Measures east-west position88
5030478854Continents (7)North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa. Australia, Antarctica89
5030478855Oceans (4)Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic90
5030478856Mississippi RiverLargest river in North America91
5030478857Danube RiverHorizontal river in W.Europe, below Rhine92
5030478858Rhine RiverVertical river in W.Europe, above Danube93
5030478859Volga RiverLongest European river, through central Russia94
5030478860Urals Mountain RangeVertical mountain range b/w Europe and Asia95
5030478861Pyrenees Mountain RangeHorizontal mountain range b/w Spain and Europe96
5030478862Caucasus Mountain RangeMountain Range b/w Black and Caspian Sea97
5030478863River Valley Civilizations - Mesopotamia- Tigris & Euphrates rivers - Cuneiform -Est. government for order & stability - Job specialization -> Social classes98
5030478864River Valley Civilization - Nile River-Pharaoh -Religious traditions (mummification,Amon-Re) -Industries, Transportation, Trade networks -Writing systems (hieroglyphic, hieratic, demotic,Coptic)99
5030478865River Valley Civilization - Indus River-Regional states w/ kingship (rajas) - Caste System - Organized religious beliefs (Hinduism) - Literature & Sanskrit100
5030478866River Valley Civilization - Huang He- Yellow & Yangtze rivers -"Mandate of Heaven" -Ancestor Worship/Veneration -Writing101

AP Literature & Composition Vocabulary Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
6633366098AllegoryA narrative or description having a second or symbolic meaning beneath the surface one0
6633370457AllusionA reference, explicit or implicit, to something in previous literature or history1
6633371892AnecdoteA short account of an interesting or humorous incident2
6633376173Artistic unityThat condition of a successful literary work whereby all its elements work together for the achievement of its central purpose3
6633379991CacophonyA harsh, discordant, unpleasant-sounding choice and arrangement of sounds4
6633388333EuphonyA smooth, pleasant-sounding choice and arrangement of sounds5
6633389632GenreA type or class, as poetry, drama, etc6
6633393135ImageryThe representation through language of sensory experience7
6633395165MoodThe pervading impression of a work8
6633398829MoralA rule of conduct or maxim for living expressed or implied as the "point" of a literary work. Compare Theme.9
6633404027ProseNon-metrical language; the opposite of verse10
6633406454ThemeThe main idea, or message, of a literary work. Themes often explore timeless and universal ideas and may be implied rather than stated explicitly11
6633408257ToneThe writer's or speaker's attitude toward the subject, the audience, or herself or himself; the emotional coloring, or emotional meaning, of a work12
6633414421TopicThe subject matter or area of a literary work. Not to be confused with theme.13
6633416465SettingThe context in time and place in which the action of a story occurs14
6633421981Symbol (literary)Something that means more than what it is; an object, person, situation, or action that in addition to its literal meaning suggests other meanings as well, a figure of speech which may be read both literally and figuratively.15
6633426043VerseMetrical language; the opposite of prose16
6633428036VoiceThe distinctive style or manner of expression of an author or a character in a book17
6633435306AntagonistCharacter in a story or poem who opposes the main character (protagonist). Sometimes the antagonist is an animal, an idea, or a thing.18
6633438261Character(1) Any of the persons involved in a story or play [sense 1] (2) The distinguishing moral qualities and personal traits of a character [sense 2]19
6633440177CharacterizationThe process of conveying information about characters20
6633441669Deuteragonistthe second most important character, after the protagonist, often a foil or eventual antagonist21
6633442977Direct presentation of characterA method of characterization in which the author, by exposition or analysis, tells us directly what a character is like, or has someone else in the story do so22
6633446457Dynamic characterA character (sense 1) who during the course of a story undergoes a permanent change in some aspect of character (sense 2) or outlook23
6633449275Flat characterA character (sense 1) whose character (sense 2) is summed up in one or two traits24
6633450541Foila character who contrasts with another character (usually the protagonist) in order to highlight various features of that other character's personality, throwing these characteristics into sharper focus.25
6633452086HeroA man who is endowed with great courage and strength, celebrated for bold exploits, and favored by the gods26
6633454492HubrisOverbearing and excessive pride27
6633456321Indirect presentation of characterThat method of characterization in which the author shows us a character in action, compelling us to infer what the character is like from what is said or done by the character28
6633456322ProtagonistThe main character of a novel, play, or film29
6633458418Round characterA character (sense 1) whose character (sense 2) is complex and many sided30
6633463884Static characterA character who is the same sort of person at the end of a story as at the beginning.31
6633466658Stock characterA stereotyped character.32
6633468747AsideA brief speech in which a character turns from the person being addressed to speak directly to the audience; a dramatic device for letting the audience know what a character is really thinking or feeling as opposed to what the character pretends to think or feel33
6633467801Tragic FlawA flaw in the character of the protagonist of a tragedy that brings the protagonist to ruin or sorrow34
6633470910ColloquialInformal, conversational language35
6633472191Dialogue(1) Conversation between characters in a drama or narrative. (2) A literary work written in the form of a conversation.36
6633474699DialectA regional variety of a language distinguished by pronunciation, grammar, or vocabulary37
6633474700DictionWord choice38
6633476477EuphemismSubstituting a mild, indirect, or vague term for a harsh, blunt, or offensive one39
6633479330HyperboleA figure of speech in which exaggeration is used in the service of truth40
6633477857Figure of speechBroadly, any way of saying something other that the ordinary way; more narrowly (and for the purposes of this class) a way of saying one thing and meaning another41
6633480986InvectiveDenunciatory or abusive language.42
6633483154Monologue(1) A dramatic soliloquy. (2) A literary composition in such form43
6633484629ProverbA short, pithy saying that expresses a basic truth or practical precept44
6633485974PunA play on words, sometimes on different senses of the same word and sometimes on the similar sense or sound of different words45
6633488258SarcasmBitter or cutting speech; speech intended by its speaker to give pain to the person addressed46
6633489737Soliloquya device often used in drama where by a character relates his or her thoughts and feelings to him/herself and to the audience without addressing any of the other characters.47
6633491195SlangA kind of language esp. occurring in casual or playful speech, usu. made up of short-lived coinages and figures of speech deliberately used in place of standard terms48
6633496249UnderstatementA figure of speech that consists of saying less than one means, or of saying what one means with less force than the occasion warrants.49
6633496250ExpositionThe part of a play (usually at the beginning) that provides the background information needed to understand the characters and the actions50
6633501740Rising actionThat development of plot in a story that precedes and leads up to the climax51
6633498972ConflictA clash of actions, desires, ideas, or goals in the plot of a story or drama. Conflict may exist between the main character and some other person or persons; between the main character and some external force—physical nature, society, or "fate"; or between the main52
6633503627ClimaxThe turning point or high point of a plot53
6633505320Falling ActionThe falling action immediately follows the climax and shows the aftereffects of the events in the climax54
6633507103IronyA situation, or a use of language, involving some kind of incongruity or discrepancy. Three kinds of irony are distinguished in this class:55
6633507102Denouement(Also called the resolution) the conclusion of the story. Conflicts are resolved, creating normality for the characters and a sense of catharsis for them and the reader. Sometimes a hint as to the characters' future is given56
6633510290Dramatic ironyAn incongruity of discrepancy between what a character says or thinks and what the reader knows to be true (or between what a character perceives and what the author intends the reader to perceive).57
6633512227Irony of situationA situation in which there is an incongruity between appearance and reality, or between expectation and fulfillment, or between the actual situation and what would seem appropriate.58
6633513879Verbal ironyA figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant59
6633516072Epistolary novela novel written as a series of documents60
6633519619FlashbackA literary device in which an earlier event is inserted into a narrative.61
6633517685First person point of viewThe story is told by one of its characters, using the first person62
6633521697FlashforwardA literary device in which a later event is inserted into a narrative63
6633523262In medias res(into the middle of things) is a Latin phrase denoting the literary and artistic narrative technique wherein the relation of a story begins either at the mid-point or at the conclusion, rather than at the beginning, establishing setting, character, and conflict via flashback and expository conversations.64
6633524899Limited omniscient point of viewThe author tells the story, using the third person, but is limited to a complete knowledge of one character in the story and tells us only what that one character thinks, feels, sees, or hears.65
6633526473Linear structurea plot that follows a straight-moving, cause and effect, chronological order66
6633528365Objective point of viewThe author tells the story, using the third person, but is limited to reporting what the characters say or do; the author does not interpret their behavior or tell us their private thoughts or feelings.67
6633529426Omniscient point of viewThe author tells the story, using the third person, knowing all and free to tell us anything, including what the characters are thinking or feeling and why they act as they do68
6633662513Narratorthe speaker or the "voice" of an oral or written work. Although it can be, the narrator is not usually the same person as the author. The narrator is one of three types of characters in a given work, (1) participant (protagonist or participant in any action that may take place in the story), (2) observer (someone who is indirectly involved in the action of a story), or (3) non participant (one who is not at all involved in any action of the story). The narrator is the direct window into a piece of work69
6633664641Nonlinear structureis when the plot is presented in a non-causal order, with events presented in a random series jumping to and from the main plot with flashbacks or flashforwards; or in any other manner that is either not chronological or not cause and effect, for example, in medias res.70
6633666140Point of ViewThe angle of vision from which a story is told.71
6633668348Stream of consciousnessNarrative which presents the private thoughts of a character without commentary or interpretation by the author72
6633686942Unreliable narratora narrator whose credibility has been seriously compromised. Unreliable narrators are usually first-person narrators.73
6633689869AnticlimaxA sudden descent from the impressive or significant to the ludicrous or inconsequential74
6633760172CatastropheThe concluding action of a classical tragedy containing the resolution of the plot75
6633761777Comic ReliefA humorous incident introduced into a serious literary work in order to relieve dramatic tension or heighten emotional impact76
6633763509DilemmaA situation in which a character must choose between two courses of action, both undesirable77
6633765397Deus ex machina(god from the machine) The resolution of a plot by use of a highly improbable chance or coincidence (so named from the practice of some Greek dramatists of having a god descend from heaven at the last possible minute—in the theater by means of a stage machine—to rescue the protagonist from an impossible situation)78
6633767777Indeterminate endingAn ending in which the central problem or conflict is left unresolved79
6633768893InversionA reversal in order, nature, or effect80
6633781042MotivationAn emotion, desire, physiological need, or similar impulse that acts as an incitement to action81
6633782855MysteryAn unusual set of circumstances for which the reader craves an explanation; used to create suspense82
6633784434ParadoxA statement or situation containing apparently contradictory or incompatible elements83
6633784435PlotThe sequence of incidents or events of which a story is composed84
6633787505Plot manipulationA situation in which an author gives the plot a twist or turn unjustified by preceding action or by the characters involved85
6633789434Plot deviceAn object, character, or event whose only reason for existing is to advance the story. Often breaks suspension of disbelief.86
6633791377PrologueAn introduction or a preface, esp. a poem recited to introduce a play87
6633793708Red herringa literary tactic of diverting attention away from an item or person of significance88
6633808593SceneA subdivision of an act in a dramatic presentation in which the setting is fixed and the time continuous89
6633810622SuspenseThat quality in a story that makes the reader eager to discover what happens next and how it will end90
6633812773Suspension of DisbeliefAn unspoken agreement between writer and reader: "I agree to believe your make-believe if it entertains me."91
6633814616SubplotA plot subordinate to the main plot of a literary work92
6633816771SurpriseAn unexpected turn in the development of a plot93
6633818084ComedyA type of drama, opposed to tragedy, having usually a happy ending, and emphasizing human limitation rather than human greatness94
6633820056Comedy of mannersComedy that ridicules the manners (way of life, social customs, etc.) of a certain segment of society95
6633822189SatireA kind of literature that ridicules human folly or vice with the purpose of bringing about reform or of keeping others from falling into similar folly or vice.96
6633824830Scornful comedyA type of comedy whose main purpose is to expose and ridicule human folly, vanity, or hypocrisy97
6633826912Romantic comedyA type of comedy whose likable and sensible main characters are placed in difficulties from which they are rescued at the end of the play98
6633828720FarceA type of comedy that relies on exaggeration, horseplay, and unrealistic or improbable situations to provoke laughter99

Biochemistry Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
8217364215CarbohydratesC / H / O0
8217363179Smallest / Simplest form =Sugar1
8217365383Simple Sugar =Monosaccharide2
82173658362 Monosaccharide =Disaccharide3
8217366534Many disaccharides =Polysaccharides4
8217384503Glucose + Glucose (animals & plants)Maltose + H2O5
8217390225Glucose + Fructose (plants)Sucrose (table sugar)6
8217433188glucose + galactose (animals)Lactose7
8217436769Molecules -> larger bases- Sugar -> starch / glycogen - Amino acids -> proteins - Fatty acids + glycerol -> fats / oils8
8217442091Glucose for animals use (monosaccharide) (carbohydrate)- Transport to cell in blood - Used in cellular respiration or converted to glycogen9
8217442092Glucose for plants use (monosaccharide) (carbohydrate)First product of photosynthesis10
8217445113Galactose use for animals (monosaccharide) (carbohydrate)Used in production of lactose (milk sugar)11
8217445889Fructose use for plants (monosaccharide) (carbohydrate)Product of cellular respiration / step in glucose breakdown12
8217447726Lactose use for animals (disaccharide) (carbohydrate)Produced as milk in mammary gland for young mammals13
8217453402Sucrose use for plants (disaccharide) (carbohydrate)- Produced in green leaves from glucose + fructose - Transported in vascular bundles14
8217455343Maltose use for plants (disaccharide) (carbohydrate)Breakdown product from hydrolysis of starch15
8217463961Corner 1 and 4 on GlucoseCreate H2O and bond to make maltose16
8217475719Glycogen use for animals (polysaccharide) (carbohydrate)Storage of carbohydrates from glucose in liver and other cells (not in brain) when glucose is not needed immediately for cellular respiration17
8217477535Starch use for plants (polysaccharide) (carbohydrate)storage of carbohydrates18
8217478558Cellulose use for plants (polysaccharide) (carbohydrate)main component of cell walls19
8217489634Proteins- Amino acids - Contain: N, S C, H, O - has peptides & polypeptides - shape defines function20
8217493674Peptides (Protein)less than 50 Amino Acids21
8217493690Polypeptides (Protein)from 50 - 1000 + Amino Acids22
8217478638histonehelps dna stay in structure and stay organized, a protein23
8217487595how many strands does dna have224
8217487596how many strands does rna have125
8217488768what sugar does dna havedeoxyribose26
8217490015dna basesA-T (2 H bonds ) G-C (3 H bonds)27
8217499913watson and crickFigured out structure of DNA was a double helix28
8217501725rosalind franklinwatson and crick's idea couldn't have been done without rosalind's x-ray crystallography29
8217491006rna basesA-U (2 H bonds ) G-C (3 H bonds)30
8217492002anti parallelThe opposite arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix.31
8217488769what sugar does rna haveribose32
8217479769nucleosomewhen dna is packed/wrapped around 8 molecules of histone, most organized dna structure33
8217473106function of dnato maintain genetic instructions in all living creatures34
8217474750nucleotide35
8217514191lock and key modelsubstrate = key // enzyme = lock, both must fit perfectly for the lock to open36
8217521354use of Protein- structural support (hair, cartilage) - storage (muscles) - transport of other substances(hemoglobin) - intercellular signaling (insulin, nerves) - movement (muscles) - defense against foreign substances (antibodies) - enzymes which regulate metabolism (amylase) - membrane functions (plasma membranes)37
8217525201Shapes of Proteinprimary + primary = secondary secondary folds onto itself = tertiary 2 or more polypeptide (tertiary + tertiary) = quaternary38
8217517539limiting factors of all enzymestemperature & pH39
8217518554denaturingwhen an enzyme looses it's shape and therefore it's function too40
8217521682pHa measure of how acidic or basic a solution is, changes the shape or charge of a substance41
8217522750optimum temp in our bodies37degrees celcius42
8217526605pepsin (substrate, product,location)substrate = breaks down proteins product = amino acid location = stomach pH = 243
8217528544tripsin (substrate, product,location)substrate = breaks down proteins product = amino acid location = gut44
8217530416amylase (substrate, product,location)substrate = breaks down carbohydrates product = maltose location = mouth and germinating seeds45
8217533670maltase (substrate, product,location)substrate = maltose product = glucose location = gut46
8217536433lipase (substrate, product,location)substrate = breaks down lipids/fats product = triglyceride location = gut47
8217538165lactase (substrate, product,location)substrate = breaks down lactose product = glucose + galactose location = gut48
8217540066pectinasesubstrate = breaks down cell walls of fruit (pectin) product = disaccharides location = industry49
8217544614active sitewhere the reaction takes place50
8217546200substratewhat the enzyme works on51
8217549522temperaturebonds between molecules move faster but too high temp and the enzyme will denature52
8217551492enzymea protein that functions as a biological catalyst53
8217552631catalystsubstance that speeds up a reaction but isn't changed by the reacion54
8217523335optimum temp in plants25 degrees celcius55
8217519588optimum"perfect", enzymes only work in optimum condition56
8217511442Amino Acid57
8217555128metabolic reactionsall chemical reactions that take place in an organism58
8217686129Fats- glycerol + fatty acids - H / C/ O - Oil / fats59
82176877103 fatty acids joined togethertriglyceride60
8217691184Fats use- For storage of energy (underneath skin) - Make cell membrane - Insulation of heat61
8217699695Protein use- For building new cells / growth / repair - Hemoglobin - transport of oxygen in RBC - Enzymes - to carry out metabolic activity62
8217699696Carbohydrate use- For energy - taken in each cell as glucose (in blood to each cell) - Fructose - found in nectar (energy source for pollinators) - Maltose - For seed germination63
8217721398Enzyme reaction (with its specific substrate)64
8217840658de-naturedafter the enzyme has reached optimal and the temp is too high65
8217848390PH2stomach enzymes66
8217849397PH8most enzymes67
8217852964(enzyme) Fruit + Pectinase ->Broken down cell walls of fruit68
8217863396(enzyme) Lactose + Lacatase ->Glucose + Galactose69
8217868149(enzyme) Grease + Lipase ->broken down fats70
8217869661(enzyme) Protein + Trypsin ->amino acids71
8217879905(enzyme) Carbohydrate + Amylase ->maltose72
8223345142primary protein structuredifferent protein structures = peptide types of bonds = elongated chain of amino acids73
8223348112secondary protein structuredifferent protein structures = polypeptides types of bonds = beta pleated sheets74
8223351651tertiary protein structuredifferent protein structures = polypeptides types of bonds = alpha helix and beta pleated sheets75
8223355277quartinary protein structure ex) enzymesdifferent protein structures = polypeptides types of bonds = a mix of tertiary structures76
8223360765fat molecules77
8223361704carbohydrate molecules78
8223363001protein molecules79
8225444272dna functionto maintain the genetic instructions for all living organisms80

AP Literature Biblical Allusions Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
3676615953Abraham and Issacthe first two patriarchs of the Old Testament. Go made a covenant with Abraham, telling him to leave his own country and promising to give his family (the Hebrews) the land of Canaan. God tested Abraham by telling him to sacrifice his son, Isaac, as a burnt offering. Abraham obeyed, but before he sacrificed Isaac, an Angel told him to spare his son as he had proven his faith.0
3676616750Alpha and Omegathe beginning and the end, from a quote in the Revelations in the New Testament.1
3676616751Apostlesthe 12 men chosen by Jesus to follow him and spread the gospel after his death. Generally, a person who preaches or promote a cause.2
3676617177Armageddona destructive confrontation; in the Book of Revelation, the site of the final battle between good and evil.3
3676617782Babel, Tower ofIn the Book of Genesis, the tower the the descendants of Noah built. They intended that the tower would reach heaven and make them more like God. God prevented them from completing the tower by confusing their language so they could not understand one another. "Babel" (babble) is confusion and noise.4
3676617783Babylonany place of sin and confusion; during the Babylonian captivity, the Jews were exiled to Babylon, which they found luxurious and corrupt.5
3676618498Burning Bushin the Book of Exodus, God revealed himself to Moses, telling him that he must go to the Pharaoh, free the Israelites from slavery, and deliver them to the promised Land. It was considered a miracle because "the bush burned with fire and the bush was not consume." Speaking out of the bush, God said "I Am That I Am" in reply to Moses' inquiry about His name.6
3676618499Caina brother who kills a brother; from the story of Adam and Eve's son Cain, who killed his brother Abel out of jealousy.7
3676619607Cast not pearls before swineto share something of value with someone who will not appreciate it; from the Sermon on the Mount, suggesting that the followers of Jesus should pass his message to those most likely receive it.8
3676620118Chapter and versemethod of locating passages in the Bible; "quoting chapter and verse"generally means giving evidence for something.9
3676620864Coat of many colorsthe special coat that Jacob gave to his son, Joseph; it made his other sons jealous and resentful.10
3676621665Consider the lilies of the fieldword of Jesus in the Sermon on the Mount, encouraging his followers not to worry about their worldly needs or possessions.11
3676621666Crown of thornssomething that causes intense suffering; a mock crown, made of thorn branches, that Roman soldiers put on the head of Jesus before the crucifixion.12
3676622065Danielone known for wisdom and accurate judgement; from a wise leader in the Old Testament who was able to read the handwriting on the wall (during the Babylonian captivity). Daniel was thrown in a lion's den to be devoured when he refused to stop praying to his God, but an Angel came to help him and he was unharmed.13
3676622066Doubting Thomassomeone who demands evidence to be convinced, especially when the demand is out of place; an Apostle who first doubted the resurrection of Jesus and then believed. Not present when Jesus appeared alive to his disciples after his resurrection, Thomas said he would only believe Jesus was alive if he saw him with his own eyes and touched his wounds with his own hands.14
3676622655Exodusa departure; from the second book of the Old Testament, describing the departure of the Israelites from slavery in Egypt. Moses led them out of Egypt, but they were cursed to wander the desert for 40 years because of their complaining and lack of faith.15
3676622656Eye of the Needlea very difficult task; from famous narrow gateway called "the needle". In the New Testament, Jesus said it was easier for a camel to go through the eye of the needle than for a rich man to enter heaven.16
3676623278Filthy Lucremoney or profits; from a story in the New Testament of Jesus casting moneylenders out of the Temple.17
3676623279Forbidden Fruitanything that is tempting but potentially dangerous, often associated with sexuality; the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil in the Garden of Eden, often pictured as an apple.18
3676623804Four HorsemenFour figures in the Book of Revelation who symbolize the evils to come at the end of the world. The figure representing conquest rides a white horse; war, a red horse; famine, a black horse; and plague, a pale horse. Also called, Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse.19
3676624146Golden calfany false god or something worshipped undeservedly; in Exodus, an idol that the Israelites made while God was handing down the law of Moses. When Moses arrived with the stone tablets on which the Ten Commandments were written, he saw the golden idol, smashed the tablets and made the people destroy the idol.20
3676624558Good Samaritansomeone who helps another person, perhaps someone of a different race or background; from a New Testament parable about a Samaritan, a traditional enemy of the Hebrews, who stopped to help a Jewish man who had been beaten and left for dead at the side of the road.21
3676624559Handwriting on the wallwhat the future holds; from the Old Testament story of Daniel, who was able to accurately predict some mysterious writing that appeared on the wall (translated, it predicted the imminent death of the king).22
3676625506Isaacson of Abraham and father of Jacob and Esau; Isaac is the son that Abraham was ready to sacrifice at God's request.23
3676625507Ishmaelone who is cast out as being unworthy; the son of Abraham and his handmaiden Hagar, Ishmael was cast out into the desert when Abraham's wife Sarah had their son Isaac; therefore, Ishmael is said to be the ancestor of the nomadic desert tribes of Arabs.24
3676625866Jacobgrandson of Abraham, son of Isaac and Rebekah, brother of Esau, and the traditional ancestor of the Israelites. His name was changed to Israel, and his 12 sons became the 12 Tribes of Israel. His brother, Esau, should have inherited the covenant with God as Abraham's eldest son, but he traded his brightest to Jacob for a "mess of pottage."25
3676625867Jacob's Laddera ladder that Jacob saw in a dream. He had a vision of the angels of God ascending and descending a ladder that extended from heaven to earth. God, who stood at the top, promised to bless Jacob and his offspring and bring them into the Promised Land.26
3676626250Jobone who suffers a great deal but remains faithful; from an Old Testament figure whose faith in God was tested by Satan;though God lost his family and belongings, he remained patient and faithful.27
3676626797Job comforters"friends" who try to comfort another person but actually make them worse. Ironically Job's "comforters" didn't comfort at all but were the source of more affliction28
3676626798Judasa traitor; one of the 12 Apostles, notorious for betraying Jesus. His surname in Latin means "murderer" or "assassin." Judas disclosed Jesus' whereabouts to the chief priests and elders for thirty pieces of silver.29
3676627479Judge not lest ye be judgeda command of Jesus in his Sermon on the Mount; suggests that since all people are sinners, no one is worthy to condemn another.30
3676628072King Ahab and Jezebelan evil king of Israel and his treacherous wife, synonymous today with evil. Through her marriage to Ahab, Jezebel introduced the worship of Baal, an idol, to Israel, inciting mutual enmity with the prophets. She instigated the murder of Naboth for the possession of a vineyard. Today, "Jezebel" means a brazen or forward woman.31
3676628073Lamb of Goda Christian term for Jesus, first used by John the Baptist. It carries out the image of the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus as a sacrifice: a lamb was killed for the Jewish Passover, and Jesus himself is the lamb for the New Passover.32
3676628696Land of milk and honeyany place of great abundance: in the Old Testament, a poetic name for the Promised Land.33
3676628697Lazarussomeone who makes a comeback from obscurity; in the Gospel of John, a man brought back to life by Jesus after being in a tomb for four days.34
3676629181Loaves and fishesa miracle that Jesus performed, taking five loaves and two fishes, and multiplying them in order to feed a crowd of thousands. When he was finished, and everyone had eaten, it was said that 12 baskets of food remained.35
3676629604Lot's wifein the Book of Genesis, God's angels were destroying the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah, but they chose to spare Lot and his family. The angels commanded them to flee without looking back; Lot's wife disobeyed and was turned to a pillar of salt.36
3676629981Mammonmoney; wealth that some worship as a god.37
3676629982Mannaa sustaining life-giving source or food; from the sweetish bread-like food that fell from heaven for the Israelites as they crossed the Sinai Desert to the Promised Land with Moses.38
3676630710Methuselahan extremely old person; according to the Book of Genesis, he was the grandfather of Noah and lived to be 969 years old.39
3676630711MosesBorn in Egypt during the Babylonian captivity. When Moses was an infant, the Pharaoh ordered all male children of the Hebrews to be killed. His mother placed him in a boat of reeds and hid him in a marsh where he was found and adopted by the daughter of the Pharaoh. Moses received the Ten Commandments and led the Israelites to the Promised Land.40
3676630714Olive Brancha sign of piece; the branch brought to Noah's Ark by a dove to signify that the Flood was receding.41
3676631623Pearl of Great Pricesomething so precious that one would devote everything to or give up everything for it. In one of Jesus' parables, the kingdom of heaven is compared to a pearl of great price, or value, found by a merchant.42
3676631624Philistinea person indifferent or hostile to the arts and refinement; from sea-going people from Crete who became enemies of the Israelites and fought over their lands.43
3676632155Plagues of Egyptthe set of disasters that God inflicted on Egypt before Moses led to Israelites to the Promised Land. The plagues included swarms of locusts, hordes of frogs, and a scourge of boils. After the tenth plague, when the angel of death killed every Egyptian firstborn male child, the Pharaoh freed the Israelites.44
3676632740Pontius Pilatethe governor of the Jews at the time of Jesus' crucifixion; according to the Gospels, Pilate did not think that Jesus was guilty and wanted to spare his life, but under pressure from the crowd, he sentenced him to death, washing his hands to indicate his lack of responsibility in Jesus' faith.45
3676634182Prodigal Sona wasteful son who disappoints his father; from the New Testament parable of a man with two sons who split the estate between the two - the younger son gathered his fortune and left home to live the wild life, while the older son stayed home to work in the fields. When the younger son spent all of the money, he came crawling back to his father, who accepted him, pardoning his error by saying he was "lost but was found."46
3676634822Road of Damascusa sudden turning point in someone's life; the Apostle Paul (then known as Saul) fell from his horse, saw a dazzling light, and heard a voice that made him undergo a dramatic conversion.47
3676634823Salt of the Eartha person of admirable character; words of Jesus in the Sermon on the Mount, implies that if people lose their dedication to the Gospel, no one can give it to them.48
3676635859Samson and DelilahSamson, an Israelite hero and legendary warrior with extraordinary physical strength, fell in love with Delilah, a Philistine. When Delilah learned that Samson's hair was the source of his strength, she betrayed him by accepting a Philistine bride to cut off his hair while he slept. Today the name Delilah is associated with a voluptuous, treacherous woman.49
3676635860Scapegoatone that is made an object of blame for others; the goat was symbolically burdened with the sins of Jewish people and thrown over a precipice outside of Jerusalem to rid the nation of iniquities.50
3676636561Sepulchera tomb in the Old Testament.51
3676637067Sodom and Gomorrahany place associated with wickedness or sin; from the evil cities of the Old Testament that were destroyed by fire.52
3676639379Thirty pieces of silveranything paid for a treacherous act; "blood money"; the money Judas Iscariot received for betraying Jesus to the authorities.53

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