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AP World Chapter 2 Flashcards

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7559369775Mesopotamialiterally "between the rivers"; the civilization that arose in the plain of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers0
7559369776Cuneiformform of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets1
7559369777Sumerianspeople who migrated into Mesopotamia c. 4000 BCE; created first civilization within the region; organized area into city-states2
7559369778City-statea form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations3
7559369779Babyloniansunified all of Mesopotamia c. 1800 BCE; empire collapsed due to foreign invasion c. 1600 BCE4
7559369780Hammurabithe most important ruled of the Babylonian empire; responsible for codification of law.5
7559369781Pharaohtitle of kings of ancient Egypt6
7559369782Pyramidsmonumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs7
7559369783Kushan African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 1000 BCE; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries.8
7559369784Indus Riverriver sources in Himalayas to mouth in Arabian Sea; location of Harappan civilization9
7559369785Harappaalong with Mohenjodaro, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on a planned grid pattern10
7559369786AryansIndo-European nomadic pastoralists who replaced the Harappan civilization; militarized society11
7559369787VedasAryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century BCE12
7559369788Upanishadslater books of the Vedas; contained sophisticated and sublime philosophical ideas; utilized by Brahmans to restore religious authority.13
7559369789Yellow Riveralso known as the Huang He; site of development of sedentary agriculture in China14
7559369790Ideographspictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing15
7559369791Shangfirst Chinese dynasty for which archaeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bulge of the Huang He; flourished from 1600 to 1046 BCE16
7559369792Olmecspeople of a cultural tradition that arose at San Lorenzo and La Venta in Mexico c. 1200 BCE; featured irrigated agriculture, urbanism, elaborate religion, beginnings of calendrical and writing systems17
7559369793Phoeniciansseafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean.18
7559369794Monotheismthe exclusive worship of a single god; introduced by the Jews into Western civilization.19

AP World History Period 1 Flashcards

From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations, 2.5 million-1000 B.C.E.: Origins

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8420168208Hunting and GatheringMeans of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of tribal social organization0
8420168209CivilizationSocieties with reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, along with merchant and manufacturing groups1
8420168210NeolithicThe New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished2
8420168211NomadsCattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies3
8420168212CultureCombination of ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction4
8420168213Agrarian revolutionOccurred between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; transition from hunting and gathering to sedentary agriculture5
8420168214PastoralismA nomadic agricultural lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies6
8420168215Catal HuyukEarly urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification7
8420168216Bronze AgeFrom 4000 to 3000 B.C.E.; increased use of plow, metalworking; development of wheeled vehicles, writing8
8420168217MesopotamiaLiterally "between the rivers"; the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys9
8420168218SumeriansPeople who migrated into Mesopotamia circa 4000 B.C.E.; created the first civilization within the region; organized area into city-states10
8420168219CuneiformA form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets11
8420168220City-stateA form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king12
8420168221ZigguratsMassive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple connections13
8420168222Babylonian EmpireUnified all of Mesopotamia circa 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion circa 1600 B.C.E.14
8420168223HammurabiThe most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law15
8420168224PharaohThe term used to denote the kings of ancient Egypt; the term, "great house" refers to the palace of the pharaohs16
8420168225PyramidsMonumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs17
8420168226HieroglyphsForm of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform18
8420168227KushAfrican state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile circa 1000 B.C.E.; conquered Egypt and ruled it for several centuries19
8420168228MonotheismThe exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization20
8420168229PhoeniciansSeafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean21
8420168230Harappa and Mohenjo DaroMajor urban complexes of Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern22
8420168231AryansIndo-European nomadic, warlike, pastorialists who replaced Harappan civilization23
8420168232Huanghe (Yellow) River BasinSite of the development of sedentary agriculture in China24
8420168233Shang1st Chinese dynasty25
8420168234OraclesShamans or priests in Chinese society who foretold the future through interpreting animal bones cracked by heat; inscriptions on bones led to Chinese writing26
8420168235Ideographic writingPictograph characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing27
8420168236PaleolithicThe period that ended about 3,000 years after the end of the last Ice Age, it lasted until about 10,000 years ago. (Old Stone Age) The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans. It predates the Neolithic period.28
8420168237EglitarianBelieving in the equality of all peoples29
8420168238Neolithic RevolutionGlobal conversion to agriculture over hunter-gatherer lifestyles30
8420168239PatriarchyA system of inequality organized around gender categories that privileges males31

AP World History Flashcards

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9918920714Themes in World History•Interaction between humans and the environment. •Developement and interaction of cultures. •State-building, expansion, and conflict. •Creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems. •Development and transformation of social structures0
9918920715Interaction between humans and the environment:Demography Migration Patterns of Settlement Creation of technology1
9918920716Developement and interaction of cultures:Religions Belief systems Science and technology Arts and architecture2
9918920717State building, expansion, and conflict:Political structures Empires Nations and nationalism Revolts and revolution Regional, transregional, and global structures and organizations3
9918920718Creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems:Agricultural and pastoral production Trade and Commerce Labor Systems Industrialization4
9918920719Developement and transformation of social structures:Gender roles and relations Family and kinship Racial and ethnic constructions Social and economic classes5
9918920720Our species can be traced back to the _________.Homo sapiens6
9918920721What is another name for homo sapiens?Thinking man7
9918920722Describe homo sapiens.Lived in a small group, mobile societies, hunted and gathered.8
9918920723What makes a group of people civilized?Permanent settlement, economy, hygiene9
9918920724What prevented a civilization from being civilized?Did not have a written language, food, b/c of migration they could not form a permanent settlement10
9918920725What were the changed of the earliest humans?They harvested crops, tamed and domesticated animals, cultivation and planted seeds in specific locations, their location determined what they consumed11
9918920726How will the earliest human's new changed affect them?It will determine what they consume, affect their health/diet, can now make permanent settlements, population growth12
9918920727What is the original name for "The Stone Age"?Neolithic Revolution13
9918920728Why was it called the Stone Age?B/c many tools and weapons were made out of stone.14

Ap world history trade Flashcards

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5266102496CaliphateAn Islamic state led by a caliph political and religious leader successor of muhammad. Mayan abasit0
5266102497KhanatePolitical entity ruled by a khan. Mongols1
5266105324SultanateThe dynasty and land ruled by sultan.2
5266105325CompassInstrument used for navigation. Delhi india3
5266108644AstrolabeAncient astronomical computer for time and position of sun and stars4
5266111704MissionaryPerson sent on religious mission5
5266115610Disaporic communititesSpread from homeland to new places spreading culture6
5266115611FeudalismSocial system in Europe nobility held land to trade for military service7
5266119078SerfdomPeasants under feudalism8
5266119079Guild organizationPassed laws levied taxes built walls each represented workers in one occupation9
5266129103Bills of exchangeSimilar to checks drawn from bank some transferable10
5284076695Bubonic plagueBacterial infections by fleas11
5284076696Waru waruRaised beds with irrigation channels to prevent erosion12
5284079328ToltecNomadic people from mesoamerica militaristic ethic13
5284082510Mit'aLabor extracted for lands assigned to state and religion Slavery14

AP World History - Summer 2016 - Religions Flashcards

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4773733841Founder of Hinduismdeveloped from Brahminism0
4773735118Foundation year - Hinduismcirca 2000 B.C.E.1
4773735874Founding location - HinduismIndia2
4773736473Basic beliefs - Hinduismtruth is eternal, Brahman is truth and reality, Vedas are the ultimate authority, dharma, moksha, individuals are immortal, reincarnation3
4773739504Basic practices - Hinduismpuja (worship), meditation, leave materials, passage4
4773742872Founder of JudaismAbraham5
4773743702Foundation year - Judaismapprox. 2000 - 1800 B.C.E.6
4773745075Founding location - JudaismMiddle East (Israel)7
4773745960Basic beliefs - Judaismone God (Yahweh), Torah, Talmud8
4773747322Basic Practices - Judaismfollow commandments, worship, prayer, eating kosher foods, synagogue9
4773749435Founder of SikhismGuru Nanak10
4773749862Foundation year - Sikhismc. 1500 A.D.11
4773750344Founding location - SikhismPunjab, India12
4773752568Basic beliefs - Sikhismone God, align life with will of God, reincarnation, overcome the self13
4773753615Basic practices - Sikhismprayer, meditation, service at gurdwara (temple), charity, balance work, worship14
4773756526Founder of ConfucianismConfucius15
4773757237Foundation year - Confucianismc. 500 B.C.E.16
4773758571Founding location - ConfucianismChina17
4773759335Basic beliefs - Confucianismsocial harmony is ultimate goal, family comes before individual, ren (humaneness), humans are teachable and improvable18
4773761402Basic practices - Confucianismno specific rituals (more philosophies than religion)19
4773763840Founder of IslamMuhammed20
4773764358Foundation year - Islam622 C.E.21
4773765205Founding location - IslamSaudi Arabia22
4773766579Basic beliefs - Islamsubmission to the will of God (Allah), Holy Book - Koran, five pillars of faith23
4773769015Basic practices - Islamfive pillars of faith - statement of faith, daily prayers to Mecca, charity, Ramadan (fasting in the 9th month), pilgrimage to Mecca, & Mosque, no alcohol or pork24
4773776131Founder of ChristianityJesus Christ25
4773776575Foundation Year - Christianity33 C.E.26
4773777372Founding location - ChristianityPalestine (Israel)27
4773782099Basic beliefs - Christianityone God, salvation to those who believe and trust in Jesus Christ, believers go to heaven28
4773784618Basic practices - Christianityworship, prayer, church, scripture, baptism29
4773788787Founder of BuddhismSiddhartha Guatama (Buddha)30
4773789550Founding year - Buddhism520 B.C.31
4773790275Founding location - BuddhismNE India32
4773790747Basic beliefs - Buddhismno God, Nirvana, four noble truths, suffering is caused by desire, Nirvana reached through Eightfold path33
4773794783Basic practices - Buddhismmeditation, prayer, chanting, vegetarianism34

AP Language Flashcards

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9866176214AnalogyExplaining something complex by comparing it to something more simple.0
9866176215ArgumentThe combination of reasons, evidence, etc that an author uses to convince an audience of their position.1
9866176216Aristotelian appealsThree different methods of appealing to an audience to convince them—ethos, logos, and pathos.2
9866176217AttitudeThe writer's personal views or feelings about the subject at hand.3
9866176218AudienceWho the author is directing his or her message towards4
9866176219Compare and contrastDiscussing the similarities and differences between two things to some persuasive or illustrative purpose.5
9866176220ConnotationThe implied meaning of a word; words can broadly have positive, negative, or neutral connotations.6
9866176221ContextThe extra-textual environment in which the text is being delivered.7
9866176222CounterargumentThe argument(s) against the author's position.8
9866176223Deductive reasoningA form of logical reasoning wherein a general principle is applied to a specific case.9
9866176224DenotationThe literal, dictionary-definition meaning of a word.10
9866176225DictionThe style of language used; generally tailored to be appropriate to the audience and situation.11
9866176226EthosSetting up a source as credible and trustworthy.12
9866176227EvidenceThe information presented meant to persuade the audience of the author's position.13
9866176228Figurative languageThe use of language in a non-literal way; i.e. metaphor, simile, etc.14
9866176229GenreThe specific type of work being presented.15
9866176230ImageryAny descriptive language used to evoke a vivid sense or image of something; includes figurative language.16
9866176231ImplicationWhen something is suggested without being concretely stated.17
9866176232Inductive reasoningMaking a generalization based on specific evidence at hand.18
9866176233IronyAt the most basic sense, saying the opposite of what you mean; also used to describe situations in which the results of an action are dramatically different than intended.19
9866176234JuxtapositionPlacing two very different things together for effect.20
9866176235LogosAppealing to someone's sense of concrete facts and logic.21
9866176236OccasionThe reason or moment for writing or speaking.22
9866176237OrganizationHow the different parts of an argument are arranged in a piece of writing or speech.23
9866176238PathosAn Aristotelian appeal. Involves appealing to someone's emotions.24
9866176239PurposeThe author's persuasive intention.25
9866176240RepetitionRe-using a word or phrase repeatedly for effect or emphasis.26
9866176241RhetoricThe use of spoken or written word (or a visual medium) to convey your ideas and convince an audience.27
9866176242Rhetorical triangleThe relationship between the author, the audience, the text/message, and the context.28
9866176243SpeakerThe persona adopted by the author to deliver his or her message; may or may not actually be the same person as the author.29
9866176244StyleThe author's own personal approach to rhetoric in the piece; similar to voice.30
9866176245SymbolismUsing a symbol to refer to an idea or concept.31
9866176246SyntaxThe way sentences are grammatically constructed.32
9866176247SynthesisCombining sources or ideas in a coherent way in the purpose of a larger point.33
9866176248ThemesOverarching ideas or driving premises of a work.34
9866176249ToneThe use of stylistic devices to reveal an author's attitude toward a subject.35
9866176250VoiceAn author's unique sound. Similar to style.36
9876887770AlliterationUsing words with the same first letter repeatedly close together in a phrase or sentence.37
9876887771AllusionMaking a brief reference to the cultural canon—e.g. the Bible, Shakespeare, classical mythology, etc.38
9876887772AnecdoteOffering a brief narrative episode. This device can serve many functions in a text—for example, introducing an issue, serving as evidence, to illustrate a point, and so on.39
9876887773ConcessionAgreeing with the opposing viewpoint on a certain smaller point (but not in the larger argument).40
9876887774DidacticA text with an instructive purpose, often moral.41
9876887775EuphemismReferring to something with a veiled phrase instead of saying it directly42
9876887776ExemplificationProviding examples in service of a point.43
9876887777HyperboleOverstating a situation for humorous or dramatic effect.44
9876887778IdiomA commonly used phrase that signifies something very different than its literal meaning.45
9876887779OnomatopoeiaUsing "sound-effect" words (e.g. "clap," "buzz).46
9876887780ParadoxA phrase or assertion that appears to contradict itself (but the contradiction itself may have its own meaning).47
9876887781ParallelismRepeated structural elements in a sentence.48
9876887782ParodyUsing the form of something to mimic and make fun of it.49
9876887783PersonificationGiving human characteristics to a nonhuman object or idea.50
9876887784SarcasmMockingly stating the opposite of what you mean. Easier to convey in the spoken word than via writing.51
9876887785SatireA genre of humorous and mocking criticism to expose the ignorance and/or ills of society.52
9876887786SynecdocheReferring to one part of something as a way to refer to the whole.53
9876887787UnderstatementDeliberately minimizing something, usually for humorous effect.54

AP Language: Rhetorical Devices Flashcards

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7636561082AllusionAn expression designed to call something to light without mentioning it explicitly; an indirect or passing reference i.e. Achilles heel0
7636561083AmbiguityA word or expression that can be understood in two or more possible ways1
7636561084MetonymyThe substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant, for example suit for business executive, track for horse racing2
7636561085ZeugmaA word applies to two other words in different senses3
7636561086WitA quick remark, a natural sense in using words and ideas in a quick and inventive way to create humor4
7636561087Extended metaphorA comparison between two unlike things that continues throughout a series of sentences in a paragraph or lines in a poem5
7636561088ApostropheAuthor detaches them self from reality and addresses an imaginary character, Thing, abstract idea; i.e. Twinkle twinkle little star... Like a diamond in the sky6
7636561089Ad HominemResponding to arguments by attacking a person's character, rather than addressing the content of the argument7
7636561090SynecdocheA figure of speech in which a part is used for a whole or the whole for a part8
7636561091SyllogismAn argument with a reference to something general and from this it draws conclusions about something more specific; three parts: major premise, minor premise, and a conclusion9
7636561092ConceitA figure of speech in which two vastly different objects are likened together with the help of similes or metaphors10
7636561093LitoteA figure of speech where a understatement is used to emphasize a point by stating a negative to further affirm a positive11
7636561094PeriphrasisThe term for using many more words than needed to describe a situation or object12
7636561095AllegoryComplete narrative which involves characters and events that stand for an abstract idea or event; a symbol on the other hand is an object that stands for another object giving it a particular meaning13
7636561096Climax vs. AnticlimaxC: the most intense, exciting, or important point of something A: a disappointing end to an exciting or impressive series of events14
7636561097AsyndetonList or a series in which no conjunction is used at all, rather all items are separated by commas15
7636561098Polysyndetonliterary technique in which conjugations are used repeatedly in quick successions16
7636561099PolyptotonThe rhetorical repetition of words, but in different forms I.e. Irresistible desire to be irresistibly desired17
7636561100AnastropheUsual word order of a phrase or sentence is reversed I.e. Yoda18
7636561101ChiasmusFigure of speech in which two or more clauses are related to each other through a reversal of structures in order to make a larger point19
7636561102ParataxisThe arranging of phrases and clauses without the use of coordinating conjunctions20
7636561103ParallelismThe use of successive verbal constructions in poetry or prose that correspond in grammatical structure, sound, meter, meaning, etc.21
7636561104Loose Sentence: the main point is at the beginning of the sentence and is easy to identify22
7636561105Periodic sentencemain point doesn't come until the end; used to create suspense23
7636561106ProcatalepsisA figure of speech in which the speaker raises an objection to his/her own argument and then answers it immediately24
7636561107AntithesisA person or thing that is the direct opposite of someone or something else25
7636561108EpistropheThe repetition of a word at the end of successive sentences or clauses26
7636561109Anaphorathe repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses.27
7636561110Aphorism(epigram)A short phrase that expresses a true or wise idea28
7636561111AnalogyA comparison between two things, typically on the basis of their structure and for the purpose of explanation or clarification29
7636561112TropeLiterary device30
7636561113SchemesSyntax31

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