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AP World History Chapter 5 Flashcards

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5940398670The two American centers of Civilization included central Mexico and theD= Andean river valleys and plateaus of Ecuador and Peru0
5940408201The core or mother civilization for other civilizations in Mesoamerica was theA= Olmecs1
5940411301In Ethiopia, trade and contactsB= led to the kingdom's conversion to Christianity2
5940414432ShintoIs an extremely developed form of animistic nature worship3
5940417605At the end of the Classical AgeD= there was a religious upsurge as a result of social and economic problems4
5940422043As the Han Empire collapsedC= landowners and warlords dominated the successor governments5
5940427195In India, during the period after the Gruptan Collapse,C= Hinduism maintained cultural cohesion when the central state collapsed6
5940436213Christianity different from classical Mediterranean culture, in all of these ways EXCEPT:B= it adapted classical Roman governmental institutions to organize the church7
5940442879All of these contributed to the decline and fall of Rome EXCEPTA= Spread of Christianity8
5940444354The fall of the Roman EmpireE= Divided the Mediterranean into three different cultural zones9
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AP World History Chp 15 Flashcards

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8232067151Indian Ocean- Malay people traded for spices, gold, aromatic woods - Ming China - Zheng He - Giant treasure ships - Entrepots: good storing cities0
8232104123Pacific Ocean- Lapita settelers reached Tonga, Samoa, Fiji - 500 CE, migration to Hawaiian Islands - Double-hulled canoes - Plants and animals transported - Tongans and Samoan warfare - Farming and fishing1
8232154719Atlantic Ocean- Vikings first settled in Iceland, spotted North America later - Failed African voyages - Arawak and Caribs - Transfer to maize cultivation - Balsa wood rafts2
8232192810European Exploration Motives- Revival of urban life and trade - Alliance between merchants and rulers - Struggle with islamic powers, jews and muslims were kicked out, Incuisition - curiosity bout outside world - Spain & Portugal first to exploration - Unifying Iberia3
8232229420Portuguese Voyages- Captured Ceuta - Prince Henry the Navigator - Used compass, astrolabe, coast line - caravel: small ship, able to sail upstream, well armed - Portugal asserts control over Indian Ocean - Posts: Goa, Gujarat... - Malacca seized - Superior ships and weapons4
8232282072Bartolomeu Diassouthern most tip of Africa, made it half way to India5
8232290076Vasco De Gamamakes it all the way to India6
8232295707Pedro Alvarez Cabraldiscovers Brazil7
8232318879Reaction to Portugal (Mughals, Ottoman, Calicut, Gujarat)M: ignored O: started naval warfare Small states: cooperation or evasion C: resisted and suffered G: resisted, eventually gave in Portuguese dominated key ports8
8232342773The Americas- Colombus: forced labor, killed rebels, brought disease - Cortes: native allies, killed Moctezuma and took treasury, brought disease Pizarro: Initiated civil war9
8232361878Spanish Voyages- Many internal affairs - Colombus thinks he reaches India - Discovery of Caribbean - Amerigo Vespucci names America - Treaty of Tordesillas, new border - Ferdinand Magellan: circumnavigated new world, names Pacific Ocean10
8232397203Western Africa encounters Europe- Benin trade- tusks, pepper, prisoners - Slight interest in Christianity - Slavery out of control11
8232417002Eastern Africa encounter Europe- Suspicious of Muslims - Portuguese alliance with Ethiopians - de Gama killed - Pope vs patriarch12
8232432386Indian Ocean states encounter Europe- Not impressed with de Gama13
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AP World History Ch. 19 Flashcards

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8125197391Bantu migrations (Pg. 485) Time Period: 1000 BCE - 1500 CE Theme: InteractionsThe period when the Bantu migrated to Africa, introducing agriculture and metallurgy.0
8125197392Sundiata (Pg. 483) 1235 CE CultureA legend involving a lion prince that welcomed Islam and established the Mali empire.1
8125197393Gold-salt trade (Pg. 488) 800-1500 CE Theme: InteractionsGold was in abundance in Africa. However, salt was not, leading to trade.2
8125197394Stateless society (Pg. 485) 1000 CE PoliticsA social organization with no elaborate heiarchy, but family and kinship groups.3
8125197395Mansa Musa (Pg. 490-492) 1312-1337 CE PoliticsA wealthy king who gave gifts to many people.4
8125197396Ibn Battuta (Pg. 493) 1331 CE CultureMoroccan traveler who described the land of Kilwa.5
8125197397Kinship groups (Pg. 485) 1000 CE PoliticsFamilial groups that ruled in stateless societies6
8125197398Creator god (Pg. 500 - 501) 1000 CE CultureThe divine force that set the world in motion in African Religion.7
8125197399Age groups (Pg. 499) 1000 CE Culture, PoliticsThese include individuals in a community born a few years within one another.8
8125197400Great Zimbabwe (Pg. 494) 400 - 500 CE CultureA massive stone complex and city that was the capital of a large kingdom.9
8125197401Kilwa (Pg. 493 - 494) 800 - 1500 CE Culture, PoliticsOne of the busiest trade city-states, which Ibn Battuta wrote about.10
8125197402kingdom of Axum (Pg. 501-502) 300 CE CultureA kingdom that became Christian due to missionaries, making Ethiopian have christian populations.11
8125197403kingdom of Ghana (Pg. 488) 400 CE CultureThe principal state of west Africa that became an important commercial site.12
8125197404kingdom of Kongo (Pg. 486-487) 1200 CE Culture, PoliticsThey participated in trade and oversaw military affairs.13
8125197405Koumbi-Saleh (Pg. 489) 800 CE-1200 CE CultureA thriving commercial center with many mosques.14
8125197406Mali empire (Pg. 490) 1230 CE Culture, PoliticsAn empire made by Sundianta that embraced neighboring kingdoms, benefiting from trade.15
8125197407Swahili (Pg. 493) 100 CE Culture, InteractionsThe area along the east African Coast that engaged in trade.16
8125197408Zimbabwe (Pg. 494) 500 CE Culture, InteractionsThis is the dwelling of a chief, as well as a state. Great Zimbabwe was a city made of stone.17
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Chapter 2 -- AP World History Flashcards

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7320990435Mesopotamia"Land between the rivers" Early civilizations developed along the rivers( Tigris and Euphrates) People learned how to capture and make the water go where they wanted0
7321002432SumerSouthern half of Mesopotamia. People developed elaborate irrigation networks. Attracted migrants. Built first cities(Eridu, Ur, Uruk, Lagash, Nippur, Kish) based on political and military authority and cultural centers for priests and scribes1
7321036487Zigguratsdistinctive step pyramids that housed temples , Inanna fertility goddess2
7321051291Sargon Of Akkadcreator of the empire in Mesopotamia, talented administrator and warrior3
7321058911Hammurabifamous of his code common punishment was death, this Babylonian king who styled himself as the king of the four quarters of the world, regularly collected taxes developed a more efficient and predictable government.4
7321077072Lex talionisbases of Hammurabi's code another words for an eye for an eye5
7321100309Assyrian Empireknown for their cruelty, took advantage of their trade routes and armies and set out to basically conquer the world, had chariots that defeated the Babylonian empire and iron from the Hittites6
7321117847Hittitesfirst to cast iron and invent the wheel7
7321122287NebuchadnezzarNew Babylonian Empire made it stronger than ever, made the hanging gardens for his wife8
7321142480Bronze MetallurgyCopper +Tin. Had an immediate reaction with the military ways9
7321154997Iron MetallurgyUse of the new technique with this element created stronger longer lasting tools for military and farming need. This allowed the Assyrians to take over Babylonian10
7321163926WheelCreation of this changed every bodies life in one way or another. Used for war11
7321170686ShipbuildingStarted mainly by the Phoenicians to expanded their trade network this allowed men to sail across seas12
7321181839Patriarchal SocietySocial class in which fathers and men lead while women and child follow13
7321192202Cuneiformwedge shaped stylus that allowed them to write in clay adapted from the Sumerians script14
7321195867AlphabetPhoenicians developed an this15
7321202098Epic of Gilgameshfirst written legends. recounted tales of him and Enkidu relationships between gods and humans16
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AP WORLD HISTORY - BENTLEY unit 3 Flashcards

Terms from 13 to 17

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5561748732ConstantineEmperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337)0
5561748733JustinianByzantine emperor in the 6th century A.D. who reconquered much of the territory previously ruler by Rome, initiated an ambitious building program , including Hagia Sofia, as well as a new legal code1
5561748734TheodoraThe wife of Justinian, she helped to improve the status of women in the Byzantinian Empire and encouraged her husband to stay in Constntinople and fight the Nike Revolt.2
5561748735BelisariusA Byzantine general under Justinian. He recovered former Roman territories in Northern Africa and fought against the Persians.3
5561748736Basil IIThe Byzantine ruler who led a resurgence of power in the eleventh century by crushing the Bulgars; established the theme system in the empire4
5561748737St Cyrila missionary sent by the Byzantine government to eastern Europe and the Balkans... converted southern Russia and Balkans to Orthodox Christianity...responsible for creation of written script for Slavic known as Cyrillic5
5561748738Vladimir of KievPrince Vladimir of Kiev converted to Orthodox Christianity around 989. He ordered that his subjects convert, affirming the influence that Byzantine had on Russia.6
5561748739ConstantinoplePreviously known as Byzantium, Constantine changed the name of the city and moved the capitol of the Roman Empire here from Rome.7
5561748740CaesaropapismReligious and political power concentrated in the hands of the emperor8
5561748741Hagia SophiaMost famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world.9
5561748742Greek fireByzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals (petroleum, quicklime, sulfur) that ignited when exposed to water; utilized to drive back Arab fleets that attacked Constantinople10
5561748743IconoclasmA religious controvery of the 8th century; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to surpress icon veneration11
5561748744CrusadesA series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims12
5561748745SaljuqsTurkish tribe that gained control over the Abbasid empire and fought with the Byzantine empire.13
5561748746OttomansTurks who had come to Anatolia and conquered Constantinople and changed the name to Istanbul. They converted to Islam14
5561748747Cyrillic alphabetan alphabet drived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages15
5561748748KievTrade city in southern Russia established by Scandinavian traders in 9th century; became focal point for kingdom of Russia that flourished to 12th century.16
5561748749Muhammadthe Arab prophet who founded Islam (570-632)17
5561748750Alithe fourth caliph of Islam who is considered to be the first caliph by Shiites18
5561748751AllahMuslim name for the one and only God19
5561748752Dar al-Islaman Arabic term that means the "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule.20
5561748753Ummathe community of all Muslims21
5561748754Five Pillars of Islamtrue Muslims were expected to follow (principle of Salvation): belief in Allah, pray 5 times a day, giving of alms, fasting during Ramadan, pilgrimage to Mecca once in a lifetime22
5561748755Shariabody of Islamic law that includes interpretation of the Quran and applies Islamic principles to everyday life23
5561748756Calipha supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government24
5561748757UmayyadArabic dynasty (661-750), with its capital at Damascus, that was marked by a tremendous period of expansion to Spain in the west and India in the east.25
5561748758ShiaThe branch of Islam whose members acknowledge Ali and his descendants as the rightful successors of Muhammad26
5561748759AbbasidDynasty that overthrew the Umayyad to rule the Muslim caliphate from 750 to 1258; for 150 years they maintained the unity of the caliphate and Islamic civilization and culture flourished27
5561748760UlamaMuslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies.28
5561748761Caravanseriaan inn with a large outdoor area where caravans could stay29
5561748762Sufisa mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life30
5561748763Hajjthe fifth pillar of Islam is a pilgrimage to Mecca during the month of Dhu al-Qadah31
5561748764MadrasasIslamic schools32
5561748765Sui DynastyThe short dynasty between the Han and the Tang; built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China33
5561748766Grand CanalThe 1,100-mile (1,700-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire.34
5561748767Tang DynastyConsidered the golden age of Chinese civilization and ruled for nearly 300 years; China grew under the dynasty to include much of eastern Asia, as well as large parts of Central Asia35
5561748768Equal-field systemAgricultural reform favoring the peasants under the Tang dynasty in China, inheritance system where 1/5 of the land when to the peasant's descendants and the rest went to the government.36
5561748769Bureaucracy of MeritBureaucracy chosen by civil service examinations based on Confucian education - no longer decided by family lineage37
5561748770Middle Kingdomrefers to China because the people believed that their land stood between heaven and earth.38
5561748771UighursNomadic Turkish people who were hired by the Tang to defeat the rebellion of An Lushan, later sacked Chang'an and Luoyang.39
5561748772Song Dynasty(960 - 1279 AD); this dynasty was started by Tai Zu; by 1000, a million people were living there; started feet binding; had a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with India and Persia (brought pepper and cotton); first to have paper money, explosive gun powder; *landscape black and white paintings40
5561748773KhitanNomadic peoples of Manchuria; militarily superior to Song dynasty China but influenced by Chinese culture; forced humiliating treaties on Song China in 11th century41
5561748774Neo-ConfucianismThe Confucian response to Buddhism by taking Confucian and Buddhist beliefs and combining them into this. However, it is still very much Confucian in belief.42
5561748775SillaIndependent Korean kingdom in southeastern part of peninsula; defeated Koguryo along with their Chinese Tang allies; submitted as a vassal of the Tang emperor and agreed to tribute payment; ruled united Korea by 668.43
5561748776VietnamSoutheastern Asian country, called Nam Viet, successfully rebelled from China in 939. fell into chaos, stabilized after a series of long dynasties44
5561748777Nara JapanJapanese period (710-794) centered around city of Nara, that was the highest point of Chinese influence.45
5561748778Heian periodThe era in Japanese history from A.D. 794-1185, arts and writing flourished during this time. Moved away from Chinese culture46
5561748779MinamotoDefeated the rival Taira family in Gempei Wars and established military government (bakufu) in 12th century Japan47
5561748780Shoguna hereditary military dictator of Japan48
5561748781Samuraia Japanese warrior who was a member of the feudal military aristocracy49
5561748782BushidoThe strict code of behavior followed by samurai warriors in Japan50
5561748783Harsha(r.606-648 CE) He restored centralized rule in northern India after the collapse of the Gupta. He can be compared to Charlemagne.51
5561748784Mahmud of GhazniThird ruler of Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan; led invasions of northern India; credited with sacking one of wealthiest of Hindu temples in northern India; gave Muslims reputation for intolerance and aggression.52
5561748785Sultanate of DelhiUnstable kingdom in North India founded by the Ghaznavids. This invasion was more systematic than Mahmud's and after it succedded, the capital was established at Delhi. Raided south India. Established Islam in India.53
5561748786Chola kingdomKingdom situated in the deep south. At its high point, Chola forces conquered Ceylon and parts of southeast Asia, funded by the profits of trade, dominated the sea, did not build a tightly centralized state.54
5561748787Kingdom of AxumFounded in the highlands of northern Ethiopia, adopted Christianity, built an empire that included most of Ethiopia as well as Yemen in southern Arabia.55
5561748788Sufisa mystical Muslim group that believed they could draw closer to God through prayer, fasting, and a simple life56
5561748789Clovisking of the Franks who unified Gaul and established his capital at Paris and founded the Frankish monarchy57
5561748790Charles MartelCarolingian monarch of Franks; responsible for defeating Muslims in battle of Tours in 732; ended Muslim threat to western Europe.58
5561748791CharlemagneFrankish king who conquered most of Europe and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in the year 80059
5561748792Pope Gregory IHe protected the city of Rome and the church by mobilizing forces for the purpose of defense; he reasserted papal supremacy and increased the role and importance of the church in people's lives60
5561748793FranksGroup of Germanic people who rose to prominence under the leadership of King Clovis. They converted to Christianity61
5561748794Missi dominiciRoyal officials under Charlemagne who traveled around the country to enforce the king's laws62
5561748795MagyarsMuslims who attacked Europe and converted to Christianity and established Hungary63
5561748796VikingsSeafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western from the eighth through the tenth century.64
5561748797Holy Roman EmpireLoose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor who had little control over the hundreds of princes who elected him. It lasted from 962 to 1806.65
5561748798MonasticismA way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith66
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AP World History: Ch. 12 The Americas on the Eve of Invasion Flashcards

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5071470975IndiansMistaken name created by Columbus referring to indigenous peoples of the New World that implies social and ethnic commonality among Native Americans that did not exist.0
5071498559MesoamericaThe complex of indigenous cultures that developed in parts of Mexico and Central America prior to Spanish exploration and conquest in the 16th century.1
5071520262TeotihuacanLarge Mesoamerican city at the height of its power in 450-600 C.E. The city had a population of 125,000 to 150,000 inhabitants and was dominated by religious structures, including pyramids and temples where human sacrifice was carried out. Collapsed around 750 BCE.2
5071549838ToltecsSucceeded Teotihuacan in Central America and were strongly militaristic, including human sacrifice from about 1000CE to 1200CE.3
5071576318TopiltzinReligious leader and reformer of the Toltecs in the 10th c., who was dedicated to the God Quetzalcoatl , who later became confused with the God himself.4
5071602068QuetzalcoatlToltec deity known as the feathered serpent who as later adopted by the Aztecs, and may have been believed to return as Topiltzin when Europeans arrived.5
5071638273MississippiansBetween 1200-1500 CE, the culture was based on maize and bean agriculture, whose towns were located on rivers and had stepped temples made of earth and large burial mounds--evidence of social stratification was found.6
5071667883CahokiaNear East St. Louis, Illinois, this Mississippian site that may have been the home of 30,000 people, and a 15 acre mound.7
5071712394AztecsKnown to themselves as the Mexica, this group won out for control of the lake-based cultural heartland of the center of Mexico and established an imperial state.8
5071751678NahuatlToltec language that the Aztecs also spoke and may have aided their rapid rise to power possible.9
5071764959TenochtitlanFounded in 1325 CE on a marshy island in Lake Texcoco, this first served as a base for alliances, but by 1428 was the home of the Aztecs as an independent power.10
5071889827Stratified SocietyAs the Aztecs expanded and conquered, the changed from a loose association of clans under the authority a supreme leader.11
5071907280Flower WarsStaged military engagements where both sides could obtain captives for sacrifice.12
5071952001TlalocThe god of rain who was representative of the god of fertility and agriculture.13
5071969366HuitzilopochtliTribal patron god who was a central figure of the cult of human sacrifice and warfare identified with the old sun god.14
5072000035NezhualcoyotlKing of Texcoco wrote hymns to the "lord of the close vicinity"--a somewhat monotheist gesture similar to Akhenaton in Egypt, and never gained popularity.15
5072038665ChinampasBeds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth placed in frames of cane and rooted in lakes to create floating islands that acted as irrigated agriculture.16
5072061261PochtecaSpecial merchant class in Aztec society that specialized in long distant trade in luxury items.17
5072084759CalpulliClans in Aztec society that later expanded to include residential groups that distributed land and provided labor and warriors.18
5072113036PipiltinNoble class that was distinguished from commoners and growing wider in separation as the Aztec Empire grew.19
5072200233Tribute EmpireConcept whereby local rulers often stayed in place as long as they paid tribute to Aztec overlords--political domination without direct administrative control.20
5072228613Inca EmpireArose about the same time as the Aztec Empire incorporating many of the aspects of previous Andean cultures in South America.21
5072256192AyllusHouseholds in Andean societies that recognized some form of kinships and traced descent from some common, and sometimes mythical ancestors.22
5072276306PachacutiRuler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471 who launched a series of military campaigns that gave the Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca.23
5072304073TwantinsuyuIncan Empire that stretched from present day Colombia to Chile and eastward to northern Argentina.24
5072324486ChimorPolitical grouping of the Chimú culture that ruled the northern coast of Peru beginning around 850 CE and ending around 1470 CE.25
5072338582Split InheritanceInca practice of descent where all titles and political power went to a successor, but wealth and land remained in the hands of male descendants for support of cult of dead Inca's mummy, which created a self-perpetuating need for expansion.26
5072369024Temple of the SunInca religious center located at Cuzco the center of state religion that held mummies of past Incas.27
5072381763ViracochaIncan creator god favored among Pachacuti.28
5072401712State BureaucracyDeveloped by the Inca to administer the 4 territories they had divided Twantinsuyu.29
5072413806CuracasLocal Incan rulers who were allowed to maintain their positions and privileges in return for loyalty.30
5072435681QuechuaIncan language used to integrate the empire.31
5072441550TambosWay stations used by the Incas as inns, storehouses, and supply centers for the armies on the move, or relay points for a system of runners used to carry messages.32
5072474527MitaLabor extracted for lands assigned to the state and church lands--as opposed to tribute in the Aztec Empire.33
5072503797Inca SocialismA view created by Spanish authors to describe Inca society as a type of Utopia that was carefully organized where every community collectively contributed to the whole.34
5072517195YanasA class of people within the Inca society removed from their ayllus to serve permanently as servants, artisans, or workers for the Inca or the Inca nobility.35
5072538972Orejones"Big Ears," a cultural distinction reserved for the most distinguished nobles most closely related to the Inca.36
5072559992QuipuSystem of knotted strings utilized by the Incas in place of writing that could contain numerical and other types of information for censuses and financial records.37
507274763667 MillionsEstimate of total population of pre-conquest Americas.38
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AP World History - Period 3 Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450

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8342830953Bedouinnomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats0
8342830954MeccaArabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam1
8342830955Medinatown northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar2
8342830956Umayyadclan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty3
8342830957Muhammad(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh4
8342830958Qur'anthe word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam5
8342830959Ummacommunity of the faithful within Islam6
8342830960Five Pillarsthe obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)7
8342830961Caliphthe successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community8
8342830962Alicousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism9
8342830963Abu Bakrsucceeded Muhammad as the first caliph10
8342830964JihadIslamic holy war11
8342830965Sunnisfollowers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads12
8342830966Shi'afollowers of Ali's interpretation of Islam13
8342830967Mawalinon-Arab converts to Islam14
8342830968Dhimmis"the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus15
8342830969Abbasidsdynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad16
8342830970Hadiths"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam17
8342830971Wazirchief administrative official under the Abbasids18
8342830972DhowsArab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants19
8342830973Seljuk Turksnomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids20
8342830974Crusadesinvasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 129121
8342830975UlamaIslamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking22
8342830976SufisIslamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions23
8342830977Mongolscentral Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph24
8342830978Chinggis Khan(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms25
8342830979MamluksRulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves26
8342830980Arabic numeralsIndian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West27
8342830981Shrivijayatrading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam28
8342830982Malaccaflourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya29
8342830983Malistate of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers30
8342830984Mansatitle of the ruler of Mali31
8342830985Ibn BattutaArab traveler throughout the Muslim world32
8342830986Sundiatacreated a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 126033
8342830987Songhaysuccessor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao34
8342830988East African trading portsurbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar35
8342830989Great Zimbabwewith massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa36
8342830990Greek FireByzantine weapon consisting of mixture of chemicals that ignited when exposed to water; used to drive back the Arab fleets attacking Constantinople37
8342830991Iconsimages of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians38
8342830992Iconoclasmthe breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration39
8342830993ManzikertSeljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory40
8342830994Cyril and MethodiusByzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic41
8342830995Kievcommercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c42
8342830996Ruriklegendary Scandinavian, regarded as founder of Kievan Rus' in 85543
8342830997Vladmir Iruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity44
8342830998Russian OrthodoxyRussian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire45
8342830999TatarsMongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact46
8342831000Middle Agesthe period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c47
8342831001Gothican architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls48
8342831002Vikingsseagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily49
8342831003Manorialismrural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection50
8342831004Serfspeasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system51
8342831005Three-field systempractice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure52
8342831006ClovisKing of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 49653
8342831007Carolingiansroyal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c54
8342831008Charles Martelfirst Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 73255
8342831009CharlemagneCarolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 80056
8342831010Holy Roman Emperorspolitical heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy57
8342831011Feudalismpersonal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service58
8342831012Vassalsmembers of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty59
8342831013William the Conquerorinvaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England60
8342831014Magna CartaGreat charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law61
8342831015Parliamentsbodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects62
8342831016Hundred Years Warconflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a since of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism.63
8342831017Pope Urban IIorganized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control64
8342831018Investiturethe practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV65
8342831019Gregory VII11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops66
8342831020Thomas Aquinascreator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God67
8342831021Scholasticismdominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems68
8342831022Hanseatic Leaguean organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance69
8342831023Guildsassociations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities70
8342831024Black Deathbubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia71
8342831025Period of the Six Dynastiesera of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han72
8342831026Jinshititle given students who passed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office73
8342831027Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhismemphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia74
8342831028WuzongTang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism75
8342831029Southern Songsmaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.76
8342831030Grand Canalgreat canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin77
8342831031JunksChinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula78
8342831032Flying moneyChinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency79
8342831033Footbindingmale imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.80
8342831034Taika reformsattempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army81
8342831035Fujiwaramid-9th c Japanese aristocratic family; exercised exceptional influence over imperial affairs; aided in decline of imperial power82
8342831036Bushiregional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies83
8342831037Samuraimounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor84
8342831038Seppukuritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor85
8342831039Gempei warsWaged for 5 years from 1180-1185, on the island of Honshu between Taira and Minamoto families; resulted in the destruction of Taira and also resulted in the feudal age86
8342831040Bakufumilitary government established by the Minamoto following Gempei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai87
8342831041Shogunsmilitary leaders of the bakufu88
8342831042Daimyoswarlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states89
8342831043Sinificationextensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions90
8342831044Yidynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence91
8342831045Trung Sistersleaders of a rebellion in Vietnam against Chinese rule in 39 CE; demonstrates importance of women in Vietnamese society92
8342831046Khmers and ChamsIndianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by northern government at Hanoi93
8342831047Nguyensouthern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi94
8342831048Chinggis Khanborn in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 122795
8342831049Shamanistic religionMongol beliefs focused on nature spirits96
8342831050Batugrandson of Chinggis Khan and ruler of Golden Horde; invaded Russian in 123697
8342831051Golden Hordeone of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c98
8342831052Ilkhan khanateone of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire99
8342831053Hulegugrandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad100
8342831054MamluksMuslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260101
8342831055Kubilai Khangrandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271102
8342831056White Lotus Societysecret religious society dedicated to overthrow of Yuan dynasty103
8342831057Ottoman EmpireTurkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire104
8342831058Ming Dynastyreplaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China105
8342831059Ethnocentrismjudging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history106
8342831060Muhammad's primary historical achievementspread of Islam107
8342831061Silk Road Trade system108
8342831062Kingdom of Mali109
8342831063Inca and Rome both hadextensive road systems110
8342831064Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place111
8342831065Champa Ricetributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase112
8342831066Diasporic communitiesmerchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas113
8342831067Trans Saharan tradeDominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..114
8342831068Effect of Muslim conquestscollapse of other empires, mass conversion115
8342831069Tang Dynastyfollowed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence116
8342831070Black Deathplague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe.117
8342831071Indian Ocean Maritime Trade118
8342831072Cities that rose during this time due to increased tradeNovgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu119
8342831073Timbuktutrade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people120
8342831074New forms of monetizationChecks, Bills of Exchange121
8342831075Bantu Migrations122
8342831076footbindingbegan during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming123
8342831077Marco Polotraveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan124
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