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AP Literature Vocabulary Flashcards

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8764587177plaintive (adj.)sounding sad and mournful0
8766838566portentous (adj.)/portend (v.)of or like portent/be a sign of warning that is likely to happen1
8767413796semblance (n.)the outward appearance or apparent form of something, especially when the reality is different; likeness2
8767425405penury (n.)extreme poverty3
8767432355desolate (adj.)/( v.)deserted of people and in a state of bleak and dismal emptiness/ make bleakly and depressingly empty or bare4
8768359216ascetic (adj.)/(n.)characterized by or suggesting the practice of severe self-discipline and abstention from all forms of indulgence/a person who practices severe self-discipline and abstention5
8768369372sullen (adj.)/(n.)bad-tempered and sulky; gloomy/a sulky or depressed mood6
8768383107peremptory (adj.)insisting on immediate attention or obedience, especially in a brusquely imperious way, over bearing7
8768387916soporific (adj.)/(n.)tending to induce drowsiness or sleep/a drug or other agent ghat induces sleep8
8768397362ludicrous (adj.)ridiculous; laughable; absurd9
8768402744facade (n.)the face of a building, especially the principal front that looks onto a street or open space; false exterior10
8768405409approbation (n.)approval; praise; acclaim11
8768409208interminable (adj.)endless12
8768411338calumny (n.)a false and slanderous statement13
8768418475acquiesce (v.)accept something reluctantly, but without protest14
8768423109propitious (adj.)favorable; favorably inclined15
8768428793venerate (v.)regard with great respect16
8768435911phlegmatic (adj.)having an unemotional and stolidly calm disposition; indifferent17
8768449750enigma (n.)a mystery; something seemingly inexplicable18
8768452899deprecate (v.)express disappointment off19
8768456685noxious (adj.)harmful; poisonous; or very unpleasant20
8768465766assiduous (adj.)showing great care and perseverance21
8768472256solicitous (adj.)concerned and attentive; eager22
8768476285fastidious (adj.)very attentive to and concerned about accuracy and detail; meticulous23
8768480126insipid (adj.)uninspired; uninteresting; dull24
8768485007inveterate (adj.)having a particular habit, activity, or interest that is long-established and unlikely to change25
8768491013enervate (v.)/(adj.)to weaken; to reduce in vitality/lacking in energy or vitality26
8768496991trepidation (n.)/intrepid (adj.)a feeling of fear or agitation about something that may happen/fearless27
8768506923evince (v.)to display clearly; to make evident; to provoke28
8768512306indefatigable (adj.)persisting tirelessly29
8768517406insuperable (adj.)impossible to overcome30
8768526289engender (v.)cause or give rise to31
8768530281capricious (adj.)tending to make sudden and unpredictable changes; erratic32
8768533467countenance (n.)/(v.)a person's face or facial expression/ admit as acceptable or possible; outward appearance33
8768537120conjecture (n.)/(v.)an opinion or conclusion formed on the basis of incomplete info/form an opinion or supposition about on the basis of incomplete info34
8768542913inexorable (adj.)unrelenting; unavoidable35
8768548229sardonic (adj.)grimly mocking or cynical36
8768553659impetuous (adj.)acting or done quickly and without thought or care; impulsive37
8768558176equivocal (adj.)open to more than one interpretation; doubtful38
8768560836transitory (adj.)not permanent39
8768566144ephemeral (adj.)/(n.)lasting for a very short time/an ephemeral plant40
8768575202obscure (adj.)/(v.)not discovered or known about/keep from being seen; confusing/to confuse41
8768579329sanguine (adj.)/(n.)optimistic or positive, especially in an apparently bad or difficult situation/a blood red color42
8768583303prodigal (adj.)/(n.)spending money or resources freely and recklessly/a person who spends money in a recklessly extravagant way43
8768592302discern (v.)perceive or recognize44
8768597252profligate (adj.)/(n.)recklessly extravagant or wasteful in the use of resources/a licentious, dissolute person45
8768601925languid (adj.)displaying or having a disinclination for physical exertion or effort46
8768603635sententious (adj.)given to moralizing in a pompous or affected manner47
8768610258disposition (n.)a person's inherent qualities of mind and character; pleasant48
8768620356apoplexy (n.)unconsciousness or incapacity resulting from a cerebral hemorrhage or stroke49
8768624070capacious (adj.)spacious, roomy50
8768627123fervent (adj.)intense, enthusiastic, ardent51
8768659342ascertain (v.)find out for certain52
8768662608innocuous (adj.)harmless53
8770329682dauntless (adj.)brave54
8770340279picayune (adj.)measly; of little value55
8770344839querulously (adv.)whiny, grouchy56
8770352231puerile (adj.)childishly silly and trivial57
8770355655indemnity (n.)payment, compensation58
8770359561effluence (n.)outflow, emission59
8770656595irascible (adj.)easily angered60
8770660277imbibe (v.)consume, swallow61
8770666108dross (n.)trash, refuse62
8770669016physiognomy (n.)outward appearance63
8770676026confabulation (n.)conversation, discuss64
8770680124noisome (adj.)offensive65
8770689924conciliate (v.)to calm66
8770693514automaton (n.)a robot67
8770696135misconstrue (v.)to misjudge68
8770699889propinquity (n.)nearness in place; proximity69
8770705025asperity (n.)bitterness70
8770707095tyro (n.)novice71
8770710178panegyric (n.)a eulogy72
8770713810assuage (v.)to ease73
8770718077invidious (adj.)hateful74
8770719572effrontery (n.)shameless boldness; impudence75
8770725760disquieting (adj.)unsettling; disturbing76
8770728231rapt (adj.)wholly absorbed; captivated77
8770731917sapient (adj.)wise; intelligent78
8770736389mien (n.)manner; disposition79
8770738956capitulate (v.)to surrender80
8770740224preclude (v.)to prevent; to hinder; to impede81
8770742370disputatious (adj.)argumentative82
8770749926salient (adj.)significant; obvious; remarkable83
8770756298facile (adj.)effortless; defy; hasty84
8770785077maladroit (adj.)clumsy; unskillful85
8770790404fait accompli (n.)an accomplished and presumably irreversible deed, fact, or action86
8770795581pedantry (n.)slavish attention to rules; meticulousness87
8770800214ineffable (adj.)inexpressible; indescribable88
8770806756salubrious (adj.)helpful; wholesome; hygienic89
8770813837misanthropy (n.)someone who hates mankind90
8770817362eclectic (adj.)diversified91
8770820180cursory (adj.)careless92
8770821869dissimulate (v.)to pretend93
8770825405immutable (adj.)unchangeable94
8770828203ameliorate (v.)to improve95
8770830335palliate (v.)to sooth96
8770832233fetter (v.)to restrain97
8770843047arrogate (v.)to claim or take without right98
8770846934predilection (n.)a passion99
8770852911choleric (adj.)easily angered100
8770858383ambivalent (adj.)undecided; irresolute101
8770860082contumelious (adj.)insolent; rude102
8770864559prurient (adj.)lewd; lascivious103
8770866918machinations (n.)schemes; plots104
8770871744ignominious (adj.)shameful105
8770874389pedantic (adj.)unimaginative; didactic106
8770879206imperious (adj.)insistent; peremptory107
8770883069rankle (v.)to irritate; to irk108
8770885626exculpate (v.)to pardon; to forgive109
8770888265lassitude (n.)weariness; exhaustion110
8770891287abstruse (adj.)complex; obscure111
8770895268sobriquet (n.)nickname112
8770901110abject (adj.)miserable; insuperable113
8770905457diffident (adj.)shy; timid; reticent114
8770908404sanguinary (adj.)bloody; murderous115
8770911165sedulous (adj.)hardworking; assiduous116
8770913199dirge (n.)a funeral song117
8770915139petulant (adj.)moody; irritable; irascible118
8770922178ostensible (adj.)apparent; supposed119
8770924703equanimity (n.)calmness; composure; refusal to panic120
8773545109dastardly (adj.)cowardly; pusillanimous121
8773547678amalgamate (v.)to combine122
8773549066palpable (adj.)concrete; real; touchable123
8773551985censure (v.)/(n.)to condemn; to criticize harshly/condemnation; remonstrate; remonstration124
8773562395temporize (v.)to procrastinate; to delay125
8773570528hidebound (adj.)narrow-minded; intolerable; dogmatic126
8773581543bibulous (adj.)fond of drink; alcoholic127
8773586786obstreperous (adj.)rowdy; unruly; boisterous128
8773589301sundry (adj.)varied; assorted; many129
8773593486circuitous (adj.)rambling; indirect; roundabout130
8773596067garish (adj.)gaudy; flashy131
8773597841clamorous (adj.)noisy; cacophonous132
8773600825compunction (n.)remorse; regret133
8773603492erudite (adj.)learned; scholarly134
8775110748indigent (adj.)very poor; destitute135
8775117877nebulous (adj.)cloudy; unclear136
8775294544refractory (adj.)mulish; stubborn137
8775298872coquette (n.)a flirt138
8775305547castigate (v.)to criticize severely139
8775311592desultory (adj.)wandering; unfocused; off-the-subject140
8775318934lugubrious (adj.)mournful; gloomy; very sad; saturnine141
8775326682malingerer (n.)one who feigns an illness (pretends to be sick)142
8775334786copious (adj.)plentiful; ample; replete143
8775389310profusion (n.)overabundance; plethora; surfeit; plentitude;144
8775522437bowdlerize (v.)to purge; to censor; to remove bad or offensive parts145
8775532918rapacity (n.)inordinate greed; cupidity146
8775539161obfuscate (v.)to darken or confuse; to obscure147
8775549213cozen (v.)to trick; to cheat148
8775552035sere (adj.)withered; dried-up; arid149
8775554187temperate (adj.)calm; even-tempered; mild150
8775566601celerity (n.)swiftness; speed; haste151
8775570131illimitable (adj.)boundless; measureless152
8775574306steadfast (adj.)loyal; unswerving; resolute153
8775579502mellifluous (adj.)musical; harmonious; euphonious154
8775587596vacuous (adj.)stupid; inane; meaningless; asinine155
8775596801debauch (v.)to corrupt morally; to seduce156
8775602954moribund (adj.)near death; on the verge of extinction; dying157
8775612568ribald (adj.)vulgar; indecent; scurrilous158
8775615668fortuitous (adj.)fortunate; lucky159
8775625016proselyte (n.)a convert; a disciple160
8775649079hoi polloi (n.)the common people; the masses161
8775653916melee (n.)a brawl; a free-for-all162
8776646555risible (adj.)laughable; amusing; comical163
8776653261caterwaul (n.)/(v.)a racket or noisy disturbance/to howl or screech164
8776661743solecism (n.)a breech of etiquette; a faux pas; a misusage165
8776672198pecuniary (adj.)pertaining to money; financial166
8776674832brazen (adj.)sassy; cheeky; impudent167
8776686397pundit (n.)a learned person; an expert168
8776698104tautology (n.)needless repetition; redundancy169
8776705808deference (n.)courtesy; respect170
8776708645avuncular (adj.)of, pertaining to, or characteristic of an uncle; friendly; helpful171
8776716155aesthetic (adj.)pertaining to beauty; artful or beautiful172
8776727371blithe (adj.)cheerful; jolly; joyful; jocund173
8776739258antipathy (n.)a strong dislike; hatred174
9179498115onus (n.)burden; responsibility175
9179507845pungent (adj.)sharp or strong in smell or taste; acrid176
9179561199buffoon (n.)clown; buffoonery; foolishness; silliness177
9179564613denizen (n.)inhabitant; resident178
9179567091truncate (v.)to shorten; to lop; to trim179
9179573500insouciant (adj.)carefree; happy-go-lucky180
9179576882panache (n.)a confident or stylish manner; dash181
9179580327chicanery (n.)trickery; deception; sophistry182
9179587634euphonious (adj.)pleasing in sound; harmonious; mellifluous183
9179602624cacophonous (adj.)discordant; noisy; harsh-sounding; clamorous184
9179608600gauche (adj.)socially awkward; socially clumsy185
9179614193cogent (adj.)convincing; to the point; conclusive186
9179623892indubitable (adj.)undeniable; unquestionable; incontrovertible187
9179629114gadfly (n.)a pest; someone who is bothersome188
9179642530pernicious (adj.)harmful; deadly; (obsolete-evil; wicked)189
9179649014impious (adj.)sinful; unethical; irreligious190
9179653205jocund (adj.)jolly; light-hearted; joyful; blithe; jovial191
9179659243lucid (adj.)clear; easily understood; limpid192
9179664139hirsute (adj.)hairy193
9179671185tepid (adj.)lukewarm; mild; half-hearted194
9179673994curmudgeon (n.)a grouch; a crank; a churl195
9179677218florid (adj.)ornate; flowery; red; ruddy196
9179681839eleemosynary (adj.)charitable; beneficient197
9179690924disparate (adj.)divergent; entirely dissimilar198
9179694327excoriate (v.)to denounce; to criticize severely; to drub199
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AP Language & Comp Terms Flashcards

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7819317303AllegoryThe device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence.0
7819317304AlliterationUsing words with the same first letter repeatedly close together in a phrase or sentence.1
7819317305AllusionMaking a brief reference to the cultural canon—e.g. the Bible, Shakespeare, classical mythology, etc.2
7819317306AmbiguityThe multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.3
7819371952AnachronismA character, object, or event placed in an incorrect period of time.4
7819317307AnalogyExplaining something complex by comparing it to something more simple.5
7819317308AnaphoraA sub-type of parallelism, when the exact repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive lines or sentences.6
7819385103AnastropheThe inversion of a sentence's normal word order, usually used in poetry to reassign emphasis.7
7819397494AntagonistThe opponent of a narrative's protagonist or hero. The antagonist can sometimes be called the villain of a story, but not all antagonists are villainous.8
7819422717AnticlimaxA sudden decline in tension, especially with comic effect or ironic disappointment.9
7819433418AntiheroA protagonist with villainous qualities who nevertheless can be relatively sympathetic in a narrative.10
7819317311AntithesisThe opposition or contrast of ideas; the direct opposite.11
7819445065AntonymA word that has the opposite meaning of another.12
7819317312AphorismA terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) An aphorism can be a memorable summation of the author's point.13
7819317313ApostropheA figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer. The effect may add familiarity or emotional intensity.14
7819452091ArchetypeA symbol so ancient and fundamental that its meaning is understood by the unconscious mind, even without contextual explanation.15
7819465528AssonanceThe repetition of a vowel sound in a sentence or line of poetry.16
7819474673Avant-gardeEdgy, innovative, nontraditional works of art and literature.17
7819317323ConceitA fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. A conceit displays intellectual cleverness as a result of the unusual comparison being made.18
7819317325ConnotationThe implied meaning of a word; words can broadly have positive, negative, or neutral connotations.19
7819317331DictionThe style of language used; generally tailored to be appropriate to the audience and situation.20
7819317336Figurative LanguageThe use of language in a non-literal way; i.e. metaphor, simile, etc.21
7819317340HyperboleOverstating a situation for humorous or dramatic effect.22
7819317342ImageryAny descriptive language used to evoke a vivid sense or image of something; includes figurative language.23
7819317346IronyAt the most basic sense, saying the opposite of what you mean; also used to describe situations in which the results of an action are dramatically different than intended.24
7819317352NarrativeThe telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.25
7819317353OccasionThe reason or moment for writing or speaking.26
7819317354OnomatopoeiaUsing "sound-effect" words (e.g. "clap," "buzz).27
7819317355OrganizationHow the different parts of an argument are arranged in a piece of writing or speech.28
7819317356ParadoxA phrase or assertion that appears to contradict itself (but the contradiction itself may have its own meaning).29
7819317357ParallelismRepeated structural elements in a sentence.30
7819317358ParodyUsing the form of something to mimic and make fun of it. A work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. It exploits peculiarities of an author's expression. Well-written parody offers enlightenment about the original, but poorly written parody offers only ineffectual imitation. Usually an audience must grasp literary allusion and understand the work being parodied in order to fully appreciate the nuances of the newer work.31
7819317359PathosAn Aristotelian appeal. Involves appealing to someone's emotions.32
7819317360PedanticAn adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish (language that might be described as "show-offy"; using big words for the sake of using big words).33
7819317361Periodic SentenceThe opposite of loose sentence, a sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. The effect of a periodic sentence is to add emphasis and structural variety. It is also a much stronger sentence than the loose sentence34
7819317362PersonificationGiving human characteristics to a nonhuman object or idea.35
7819317363ProseOne of the major divisions of genre, prose refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms. In prose the printer determines the length of the line; in poetry, the poet determines the length of the line.36
7819317364PurposeThe author's persuasive intention.37
7819317365RepetitionRe-using a word or phrase repeatedly for effect or emphasis.38
7819317366RhetoricThe use of spoken or written word (or a visual medium) to convey your ideas and convince an audience.39
7819317367Rhetorical ModesThis flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and the purposes of the major kinds of writing. The four most common rhetorical modes (often referred to as "modes of discourse") are as follows: 1. The purpose of exposition (or expository writing) is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion. The AP language exam essay questions are frequently expository topics. 2. The purpose of argumentation is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader. Persuasive writing is a type of argumentation having an additional aim of urging some form of action. 3. The purpose of description is to re-create, invent, or visually present a person, place, event or action so that the reader can picture that being described. Sometimes an author engages all five senses in description; good descriptive writing can be sensuous and picturesque. Descriptive writing may be straightforward and objective or highly emotional and subjective. The purpose of narration is to tell a story or narrate an event or series of events. This writing mode frequently uses the tools of descriptive writing.40
7819317368Rhetorical TriangleThe relationship between the author, the audience, the text/message, and the context. The author communicates to the reader via the text; and the reader and text are surrounded by context.41
7819317369SarcasmMockingly stating the opposite of what you mean. Easier to convey in the spoken word than via writing.42
7819317370SatireA genre of humorous and mocking criticism to expose the ignorance and/or ills of society.43
7819317371SemanticsThe branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another.44
7819317372SpeakerThe persona adopted by the author to deliver his or her message; may or may not actually be the same person as the author.45
7819317373StyleThe author's own personal approach to rhetoric in the piece; similar to voice. The consideration of style has two purposes: An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices. Some authors' styles are so idiosyncratic that we can quickly recognize works by the same author. We can analyze and describe an author's personal style and make judgments on how appropriate it is to the author's purpose. Styles can be called flowery, explicit, succinct, rambling, bombastic, commonplace, incisive, laconic, etc. Classification of authors to a group and comparison of an author to similar authors. By means of such classification and comparison, we can see how an author's style reflects and helps to define a historical period, such as the Renaissance or the Victorian period, or a literary movement, such as the romantic, transcendental, or realist movement.46
7819317374Subject ComplementThe word (with any accompanying phrases) or clause that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes, the subject of the sentence by either (1) renaming it (the predicate nominative) or (2) describing it (the predicate adjective). These are defined by: 1.) the predicate nominative - a noun, group of nouns, or noun clause that renames the subject. It, like the predicate adjective, follows a linking verb and is located in the predicate of the sentence. Example: Julia Roberts is a movie star. movie star = predicate nominative, as it renames the subject, Julia Roberts 2.) The predicate adjective -- an adjective, a group of adjectives, or adjective clause that follows a linking verb. It is in the predicate of the sentence, and modifies, or describes, the subject. Example: Warren remained optimistic. optimistic = predicate adjective, as it modifies the subject, Warren47
7819317375Subordinate ClauseLike all clauses, this word group contains both a subject and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers), but unlike the independent clause, the subordinate clause cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought. Also called a dependent clause, the subordinate clause depends on a main clause (or independent clause) to complete its meaning. Easily recognized key words and phrases usually begin these clauses. For example: although, because, unless, if, even though, since, as soon as, while, who, when, where, how and that. Example: Yellowstone is a national park in the West that is known for its geysers. underlined phrase = subordinate clause48
7819317376SyllogismA deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the first one called "major" and the second called "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. A syllogism's conclusion is valid only if each of the two premises is valid. Syllogisms may also present the specific idea49
7819317377SymbolismUsing a symbol to refer to an idea or concept.50
7819317378SynecdocheReferring to one part of something as a way to refer to the whole.51
7819317379SynesthesiaWhen one kind of sensory stimulus evokes the subjective experience of another. In literature, synesthesia refers to the practice of associating two or more different senses in the same image.52
7819317380SyntaxThe way sentences are grammatically constructed.53
7819317381SynthesisCombining sources or ideas in a coherent way in the purpose of a larger point.54
7819317382ThemesOverarching ideas or driving premises of a work.55
7819317383ThesisIn expository writing, the thesis statement is the sentence or group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position. Expository writing is usually judged by analyzing how accurately, effectively, and thoroughly a writer has proven the thesis.56
7819317384ToneThe use of stylistic devices to reveal an author's attitude toward a subject.57
7819317385TransitionA word or phrase that links different ideas. Used especially, although not exclusively, in expository and argumentative writing, transitions effectively signal a shift from one idea to another. More sophisticated writers use more subtle means of transition.58
7819317386UnderstatementDeliberately minimizing something, usually for humorous effect.59
7819317387VoiceAn author's unique sound. Similar to style.60
7819317388WitIn modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights. A witty statement is humorous, while suggesting the speaker's verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks. Wit usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement. Historically, wit originally meant basic understanding. Its meaning evolved to include speed of understanding, and finally, it grew to mean quick perception including creative fancy and a quick tongue to articulate an answer that demanded the same quick perception.61
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[node:title] Flashcards

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7230410170ameliorateto make better; to improve0
7230410171callowinexperienced and immature1
7230410172ex officioby virtue of holding a certain office2
7230410511ingratiatebring oneself into favor with someone by flattering or trying to please them3
7230410512inveighto disapprove; protest vehemently4
7230410513occultbeyond the range of ordinary knowledge or understanding; mysterious.5
7230410514stringentrigorously binding or exacting; strict; severe6
7230410515aplombself-confidence or assurance, especially when in a demanding situation7
7230410516drivelchildish, silly, or meaningless talk or thinking; nonsense; twaddle.8
7230411061exhortto urge strongly; advise earnestly9
7230411062interlopera person who interferes or meddles in the affairs of others; a person who becomes involved in a place or situation where they are not wanted or are considered not to belong10
7230411063lassitudeweariness of body or mind; lack of energy11
7230411064permeateto spread through, penetrate, soak through12
7230411065surmiseto think or infer without certain or strong evidence; conjecture; guess.13
7230411068bombastic(of speech, writing, etc.) high-sounding; high-flown; inflated; pretentious.14
7230411234epitomeThe best or most typical example15
7230411235infringeto go beyond set limits16
7230411236intrinsicbelonging to a thing by its very nature17
7230411237millenniuma period of 1000 years18
7230411415precipitateto hasten the occurrence of; bring about prematurely, hastily, or suddenly19
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AP English Language and Composition Flashcards

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9959981297AllegoryThe device of using character and/or story elements symbolically; an extended narrative in prose or verse in which characters, events, and settings represent abstract qualities and in which the writer intends a second meaning to be read beneath the surface story; the underlying meaning may be moral, religious, political, social, or satiric0
9959981298AntecedentWord, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun.1
9959981299AntithesisOpposition or contrast of ideas through parallelism.2
9959981300Aphorisma short, often witty statement of a principle or a truth about life. Early to bed and early to rise help make a man healthy, wealthy, and wise. -Ben Franklin3
9959981301Apostropheusually in poetry but sometimes in prose; the device of calling out to an imaginary, dead, or absent person or to a place, thing, or personified abstraction "Oh, Captain, my Captain, our fearful trip is done..."4
9959981302Argumentationwriting that attempts to prove the validity of a point of view or an idea by presenting reasoned arguments; persuasive writing is a form of argumentation5
9959981303Assonancethe repetition of vowel sounds between different consonants, such as in neigh/fade6
9959981304Authoritysupport for an argument that is based on recognized experts in the field7
9959981305Burlesquebroad parody; whereas a parody will imitate and exaggerate a specific work, such as Romeo and Juliet, a burlesque will take an entire style or form, such as myths, and exaggerate it into ridiculousness8
9959981306Colloquial/ColloquialismThe use of slang or informalities in speech or writing; word or phrase used in everyday conversation and informal writing but that is often inappropriate in formal writing9
9959981307ConceitA fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor; an elaborate figure of speech in which two seemingly dissimilar things or situations are compared10
9959981308Connotationimplied or suggested meaning of a word because of its association in the reader's mind11
9959981309Consonancethe repetition of identical consonant sounds before and after different vowel sounds, as in boost /best; it can also be seen within several compound words, such as fulfill and Ping-Pong12
9959981310Conundruma riddle whose answer is or involves a pun; it may also be a paradox or difficult problem13
9959981311Cacophonyharsh, awkward, or dissonant sounds used deliberately in poetry or prose; the opposite of euphony14
9959981312Caricaturedescriptive writing that greatly exaggerates a specific feature of a person's appearance or a facet of personality15
9959981313Classicismthe principles and styles admired in the classics of Greek and Roman literature, such as objectivity, sensibility, restraint, and formality16
9959981314Coherencequality of a piece of writing in which all the parts contribute to the development of the central idea, theme, or organizing principle17
9959981315Euphemismcorrectional facility = jail between jobs = unemployed18
9959981316HomilyThis term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.19
9959981317InvectiveAn emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attack using strong, abusive language.20
9959981318Metonymya figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. a figure of speech that uses the name of an object, person, or idea to represent something with which it is associated, such as using "the crown" to refer to a monarch21
9959981319Metaphora figure of speech in which one thing is referred to as another; for example, "my love is a fragile flower"22
9959981320Modethe method or form of a literary work; the manner in which a work of literature is written23
9959981321Moodsimilar to tone, mood is the primary emotional attitude of a work24
9959981322Motifmain theme or subject of a work that is elaborated on in the development of the piece; a repeated pattern or idea25
9959981323Mythone story in a system of narratives set in a complete imaginary world that once served to explain the origin of life, religious beliefs, and the forces of nature as supernatural occurrences26
9959981324AnaphoraThe exact repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of successive lines or sentences. Specific type of repetition; word, phrase, or clause repeated at the beginning of two or more sentences in a row27
9959981325PedanticAn adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish28
9959981326Proseone of the major divisions of genre, prose refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms.29
9959981327SemanticsThe branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words.30
9959981328SyllogismA deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion.31
9959981329SynecdocheA figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent the whole. a figure of speech in which a part of something is used to represent a whole, such as using "boards" to mean a stage or "wheels" to mean a car32
9959981330Speakerthe voice of a work; an author may speak as himself or herself or as a fictitious persona33
9959981331Stereotypea character who represents a trait that is usually attributed to a particular social or racial group and who lacks individuality34
9959981332Stylean author's characteristic manner of expression35
9959981333Subjectivitya personal presentation of events and characters, influenced by the author's feelings and opinions36
9959981334Suspension of disbeliefthe demand made that the reader accept the incidents recounted in the literary works37
9959981335Symbolismthe use of symbols or anything that is meant to be taken both literally and as representative of a higher and more complex significance38
9959981336SynesthesiaWhen one kind of sensory stimulus evokes the subjective experience of another.39
9959981337ApologiaA written or spoken defense of one's beliefs and actions.40
9959981338EpigramA brief witty statement; a concise, witty saying in poetry or prose that either stands alone or is part of a larger work; it may also refer to a short poem of this type41
9959981339Euphonya succession of harmonious sounds used in poetry or prose; the opposite of cacophony42
9959981340Exempluma brief tale used in medieval times to illustrate a sermon or to teach a lesson43
9959981341Expositionthe immediate revelation to the audience of the setting and other background information necessary for understanding the plot; also, explanation; one of the four modes of discourse44
9959981342DigressionThe use of material unrelated to the subject of a work.45
9959981343Denotationliteral meaning of a word as defined46
9959981344Descriptionthe picturing in words of something or someone through detailed observation of color, motion, sound, taste, smell, and touch; one of the four modes of discourse47
9959981345Dictionword choice, an element of style; also called syntax48
9959981346Syntaxword choice or diction49
9959981347Discoursespoken or written language, including literary works; the four traditionally classified modes of discourse are description, exposition, narration, and persuasion50
9959981348Dissonanceharsh or grating sounds that do not go together51
9959981349EllipsisThe omission of a word or several words.52
9959981350Ad HominemAttacking a speaker's character instead of to their argument.53
9959981351AnachronismA person, scene, event or other element that fails to correspond with the appropriate time or era. an event, object, custom, person, or thing that is out of order in time; some anachronisms are unintentional, such as when an actor performing Shakespeare forgets to take off his watch; others are deliberately used to achieve a humorous or satiric effect, such as the sustained anachronism of Mark Twain's A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court54
9959981352Analogya comparison of two similar but different things, usually to clarify an action or a relationship, such as comparing the work of a heart to that of a pump55
9959981353DidacticHaving an instructive purpose; intending to convey information to teach a lesson usually in a dry, pompous manner.56
9959981354FallacyAn incorrect belief or supposition based on faulty data, defective evidence, or false information.57
9959981355Figurative languagelanguage that contains figures of speech, such as similes and metaphors, in order to create associations that are imaginative rather than literal58
9959981356Similea figure of speech that uses like, as, or as if to make a direct comparison between two essentially different objects, actions, or qualities; for example, "the sky looked like an artist's canvas"59
9959981357Figures of speechexpressions, such as similes, metaphors, and personifications, that make imaginative, rather than literal, comparisons or associations60
9959981358Folkloretraditional stories, songs, dances, and customs that are preserved among a people; folklore usually precedes literature, being passed down orally from generation to generation until recorded by scholars61
9959981359Foreshadowingthe use of a hint or clue to suggest a larger event that occurs later in the work62
9959981360HubrisExcessive pride that often brings about one's fall; the excessive pride or ambition that leads a tragic hero to disregard warnings of impending doom, eventually causing his or her downfall63
9959981361Humoranything that causes laughter or amusement; up until the end of the Renaissance, humor meant a person's temperament64
9959981362Hyperboledeliberate exaggeration in order to create humor or emphasis65
9959981363AlliterationRepetition of consonant sounds, usually at the beginnings of words that are close to one another; for example, "beautiful blossoms blooming between the bushes"66
9959981364LitotesA form of understatement in which the negative of the contrary is used to achieve emphasis or intensity.67
9959981365ParadoxA statement or idea that seems contradictory but is in fact true. a statement that seems to contradict itself but that turns out to have a rational meaning, as in this quotation from Henry David Thoreau: "I never found the companion that was so companionable as solitude."68
9959981366Parablea short tale that teaches a moral; similar to but shorter than an allegory69
9959981367Non SequiturA statement or idea that fails to follow logically from the one before.70
9959981368AnecdoteA short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person.71
9959981369JargonSpecial words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group.72
9959981370TaciturnNot talking much, reserved; silent, holding back in conversation.73
9959981371DogmaticInclined to lay down principles as incontrovertibly true.74
9959981372PerniciousHaving a harmful effect, especially in a gradual or subtle way.75
9959981373BellicoseDemonstrating aggression and willingness to fight.76
9959981374VoraciousCraving or consuming large quantities of food.77
9959981375ZealousHaving or showing zeal.78
9959981376TacitUnderstood or implied without being stated.79
9959981377InnuendoAn allusive or oblique remark or hint, typically a suggestive or disparaging one.80
9959981378LackadaisicalDisplaying or having a disinclination for physical exertion or effort; slow and relaxed.81
9959981379ConsecrateMake or declare (something, typically a church) sacred; dedicate formally to a religious or divine purpose.82
9959981380ChiasmusA type of parallelism in which elements are reversed. "Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country."83
9959981381Loose SentenceA sentence in which the subject and verb come at the front of the sentence. a sentence that is grammatically complete before its end, such as "Thalia played the violin with an intensity never before seen in a high school music class"; the sentence is grammatically complete after the word violin84
9959981382PetulantChildishly sulky or bad-tempered.85
9959981383Periodic SentenceA sentence in which the subject and verb come toward the end of the sentence. a sentence that is not grammatically complete until its last phrase, such as, "Despite Glenn's hatred of his sister's laziness and noisy eating habits, he still cared for her."86
9959981384Personaa fictional voice that a writer adopts to tell a story, determined by subject matter and audience, e.g., Mark Twain87
9959981385Personificationthe attribution of human qualities to a nonhuman or an inanimate object88
9959981386Persuasiona form of argumentation, one of the four modes of discourse; language intended to convince through appeals to reason or emotion89
9959981387Point of viewthe perspective from which a story is presented; common points of view include the following90
9959981388First-person narratora narrator, referred to as "I," who is a character in the story and relates the actions through his or her own perspective, also revealing his or her own thoughts91
9959981389Stream of consciousness narratorlike a first-person narrator, but instead placing the reader inside the character's head, making the reader privy to the continuous, chaotic flow of disconnected, half-formed thoughts and impressions in the character's mind92
9959981390Omniscient narratora third-person narrator, referred to as "he," "she," or "they," who is able to see into each character's mind and understands all the action93
9959981391Limited omniscient narratora third-person narrator who reports the thoughts of only one character and generally only what that one character sees94
9959981392Objective narratora third-person narrator who only reports what would be visible to a camera; thoughts and feelings are only revealed if a character speaks them95
9959981393Protagonistthe main character of a literary work96
9959981394ExhortStrongly encourage or urge someone to do something.97
9959981395CloisteredKept away from the outside world; sheltered.98
9959981396SarcasmCaustic, bitter language--iterally means "to tear the flesh." harsh and personal remarks to or about someone; less subtle than irony99
9959981397Independent ClauseA complete sentence.100
9959981398Dependent ClauseIncludes a subordinate conjunction, such as because, while, etc.101
9959981399AllusionA reference to something (e.g., a book, a movie, an historical event) that is presumed to be well known to the audience.102
9959981400SatireA work that pokes fun human vices and follies in order to call attention to a larger problem.103
9959981401ParodyA work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. a work that ridicules the style of another work by imitating and exaggerating its elements104
9959981402Parallelismthe technique of arranging words, phrases, clauses, or larger structures by placing them side by side and making them similar in form105
9959981403Coup de GraceThe "death blow"--the culminating event in a bad situation.106
9959981404Coup d'EtatLiterally "blow to the state"--a violent overthrow.107
9959981405Faux PasA social misstep or inappropriate action.108
9959981406Laissez-FaireLiterally "allow to do"--letting things run their natural course; hands off.109
9959981407En MasseIn a body as a whole; as a group.110
9959981408ProprietaryCharacteristic of an owner of property; constituting property.111
9959981409ProprietyThe quality of behaving in a proper manner; obeying rules and customs.112
9959981410ImminentAbout to happen.113
9959981411EminentFamous, outstanding, distinguished.114
9959981412EgoAccording to Freud, the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle.115
9959981413SuperegoAccording to Freud, that facet of the psyche that represents the internalized ideals and values of one's parents and society116
9959981414IdLiterally the "It"--our base impulses, driven by selfishness and greed, for example.117
9959981415idylla short descriptive narrative, usually a poem, about an idealized country life; also called a pastoral118
9959981416imagerywords or phrases that use a collection of images to appeal to one or more of the five senses in order to create a mental picture119
9959981417Interior monologuewriting that records the conversation that occurs inside a character's head120
9959981418Inversionreversing the customary order of elements in a sentence or phrase; it is used effectively in many cases, such as posing a question: "Are you going to the store?"; often, it is used ineffectively in poetry, making it sound artificial and stilted: "To the hounds she rode, with her flags behind her streaming"121
9959981419Ironya situation or statement in which the actual outcome or meaning is opposite to what was expected122
9959981420HamartiaA character's error in judgment that contributes to one's downfall.123
9959981421OrwellianThe manipulation of language and ideas to control and obstruct the truth.124
9959981422AutonomosIndependent, self-governing, not under the control of something or someone else.125
9959981423Genrea type of literary work, such as a novel or poem; there are also subgenres, such as science fiction or sonnet, within the larger genres126
9959981424Narrationthe telling of a story in fiction, nonfiction, poetry, or drama; one of the four modes of discourse127
9959981425Naturalisma literary movement that grew out of realism in France, the United States, and England in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries; it portrays humans as having no free will, being driven by the natural forces of heredity, environment, and animalistic urges over which they have no control128
9959981426Objectivityan impersonal presentation of events and characters129
9959981427Onomatopeiathe use of words that sound like what they mean, such as h i s s and b o o m130
9959981428Oxymorona figure of speech composed of contradictory words or phrases, such as "wise fool"131
9959981429Realisma nineteenth-century literary movement in Europe and the United States that stressed accuracy in the portrayal of life, focusing on characters with whom middle-class readers could easily identify; it is in direct contrast with romanticism132
9959981430Regionalisman element in literature that conveys a realistic portrayal of a specific geographical locale, using the locale and its influences as a major part of the plot133
9959981431Rhetoricthe art of using language effectively; involves (1) writer's purpose, (2) his or her consideration of the audience, (3) the exploration of the subject, (4) arrangement and organization of the ideas, (5) style and tone of expression, and (6) form134
9959981432Rhetorical modesexposition, description, narration, argumentation135
9959981433Romanticisma literary, artistic, and philosophical movement that began in the eighteenth century as a reaction to neoclassicism; the focal points of the movement are imagination, emotion, and freedom, stressing subjectivity, individuality, the love and worship of nature, and a fascination with the past136
9959981434Themethe central idea or "message" of a literary work137
9959981435Tonethe characteristic emotion or attitude of an author toward the characters, subject, and audience138
9959981436Unityquality of a piece of writing; see also coherence139
9959981437Voicethe way a written work conveys an author's attitude140
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AP Biology Metabolism Flashcards

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5673616409Metabolismthe totality of an organisms chemical reactions that result from interactions between molecules within the cell0
5673616410metabolic pathwaya sequence of chemical reactions undergone by a compound in a living organism, start with substrate end with product1
5673616411catabolic pathwaybreaking a complex molecule down into its simpler parts, releasing energy. ie. cellular respiration2
5673616412anabolic pathwayusing energy to build complex molecules from simpler molecules. ie. protein synthesis3
5673616413Bioenergeticsthe study of how organisms manage their energy resources4
5673616414energycapacity to cause change, do work5
5673616415kinetic energyenergy of motion6
5673616416heat(thermal energy)kinetic energy associated with random movement of molecules7
5673616417potential energyenergy of position8
5673616418chemical energypotential energy available for release in a chemical reaction, energy within bonds9
5673616419thermodynamicsstudy of energy transformations10
5673616420closed systemisolated from surroundings, no energy transfer, cant work at equilibrium bc its exhausted its ability to do work. free energy at a min11
5673616421open systemnot isolated, energy and matter can be transferred between system and surroundings, ie. cells12
56736164221st law of thermodynamicsenergy of the universe is constant, cannot be created or destroyed, can only be transferred or transformed, conservation of energy13
56736164232nd law of thermodynamicsduring every energy transfer, some energy is unusable and often lost, every energy transfer or transformation increases the total entropy of the universe14
5673616424entropydisorder, randomness15
5673616425free energydelta G, energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are constant, related to change in enthalpy(delta H), change in entropy(delta S) and temperature in Kelvin(T). delta G = delta H - T delta S16
5673616426exergonic reactiona reaction with a net release of free energy, negative free energy, spontaneous17
5673616427endergonic reactiona reaction that absorbs free energy from its surroundings, non-spontaneous, positive free energy18
5673616428coupled reactionsthe use of exergonic processes to drive endergonic ones, the energy given off from the exergonic is absorbed by the endergonic19
5673616429ATPadenosine triphosphate, composed of ribose (5 carbon sugar), adenine (nitrogenous base), and 3 phosphate groups. Phosphate tail can be broken through hydrolysis to produce energy, ADP, and an inorganic phosphate20
5673616430phosphorylationhow ATP drives endergonic reactions, covalently bonding a phosphate with another molecule, such as as reactant21
5673616431catalysta chemical agent that speeds up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction22
5673616432enzymesa catalytic protein, speeds up metabolic reactions by lowering activation energy, very specific, reusable, unchanged by reaction23
5673616433activation energyinitial energy needed to start a chemical reaction, free energy for activating reaction, given off by heat24
5673616434induced fitbrings the chemical groups of the active site into positions that enhance their ability to catalyze the reaction, makes the enzyme more effective25
5673616435cooperativityanother type of allosteric activation, binds to one active site but locks ALL active sites open, allowing products to be constantly produced26
5673616436Substratethe REACTANT that an enzyme acts on27
5673616437Enzyme-Substrate Complexenzyme and substrate28
5673616438Active Siteregion on the enzyme where substrate binds29
5673616439Hydrogen and Ionic Bondssubstrate held in active site by WEAK interactions30
5673616440Lock and Keyactive site on enzyme fits substrate exactly31
5673616443Ways enzymes lower activation energycan do this by having a favorable environment, straining substrate molecules, orienting substrates correctly32
5673616444hydrolysishappens when phosphate leaves ATP to give energy to something else. This causes ATP to become ADP, produces water33
5673616445cofactorsnon-protein enzyme helpers ex. zinc, iron, copper34
5673616446coenzymesorganic enzyme helpers ex. vitamins35
5673616447Denatureabove a certain temperature, activity declines, protein changes shape36
5673616449Gene Regulationcell switches on or off the genes that code for specific enzymes37
5673616451negative feedback inhibitionaccumulation of end product slows the reaction to stop production38
5673616452positive feedbackend product speeds up production (less common)39
5673616453Allosteric Regulationcan accelerate or inhibit production and enzyme activity by attaching to another part of the protein. this changes the shape of the active site which inhibits substrates from bonding and producing more products40
5673616454Activatorone of the allosteric regulators, stabilizes and keeps active site open for production41
5673616455Inhiibitorone of the allosteric regulators, changes shape of the active site so the substrate can't bind42
5673616456Competitive Inhibitorinhibitor that mimics original substrate and blocks the active site43
5673616457Noncompetetitive Inhibitorbind to another part of enzyme to change shape and block substrate from producing44
5673616458ways enzymes are affectedpH, temperature, salinity, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration45
5673616459exergonicreaction is spontaneous (-G), releases energy46
5673616460endergonicreaction is not spontaneous (positive G), absorbs energy47
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AP Language and Composition Vocabulary Flashcards

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7248006835PathosGreek for suffering or experience. speakers appeal to _ to emotionally motivate their audience. More specific appeals to _ might play on the audiences values, desires, and hopes, on the one hand, or fears and prejudices, on the other. Ex: The most striking appeal to _ is the poignant contrast between Gehrig's horrible diagnosis and its public display of courage.0
7248006836personaGreek for "mask." The face or character the speaker shows to his or her audience. Ex: Lou Gehrig is a famous baseball hero, but in his speech he presents himself as a common man who is modest and thankful for the opportunities he's had.1
7248006837polemicGreek for "hostile." An aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion over all the others. _s generally do not concede that opposing opinions have any merit.2
7248006838propagandathe spread of ideas and information to further a cause. In it's negative sense _ is the use of rumors, lies, disinformation, and scare tactics in order to damage or promote a cause. For more information see How to Detect _ on page 7563
7248006839purposeThe goal the speaker wants to achieve. Ex: One of Gehrig's chief _s in delivering his Farewell Address is to thank his fans and his teammates, but he also wants to demonstrate that he remains positive: he emphasizes his past luck and present optimism and down plays his illness4
7248006840refutationA denial of the validity of an opposing argument. in order to sound reasonable, _s often follow a concession that you acknowledges that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. Ex: Lou Gehrig _s that his bad break is a cause for discouragement by saying that he has "an awful lot to live for!"5
7248006841rhetoricAs Aristotle defined the term, "the faculty of observing in any given case the the available means of persuasion." In other words, it is the art of finding ways to persuade an audience.6
7248006842rhetorical appeals_ techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major _s are to ethos (character), logos (reason), and pathos (emotion).7
7248006843rhetorical triangle (Aristotelian triangle)A diagram that illustrates the interrelationship among the speaker, audience, and subject in determining a text. See pg. 48
7248006844SOAPSA mnemonic device that stands for Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, and Speaker. It is a handy way to remember the various elements that make up the rhetorical situation.9
7248006845speakerThe person or group who creates a text. This might be a politician who delivers a speech, a commentator who writes an article, an artist who draws political cartoon, or even a company that commissions an advertisement. Ex: In his Farewell Address, the _ is not just Lou Gehrig, but baseball hero and ALS victim Lou Gehrig, a common man who is modest and thankful for the opportunities he's had.10
7248006846subjectThe topic of a text. What the text is about. Ex: Lou Gehrig's _ in his speech is his illness, but it is also a catalog of all the lucky breaks that proceeded his diagnosis.11
7248006847textWhile this term generally means the written word, in the humanities it has come to mean any cultural product that can be "read" - meaning not just consumed and comprehended, but investigated. This includes fiction, nonfiction, poetry, political cartoons, fine art, photography, performances, fashion, cultural trends, and much more.12
7248006848Aristotelian trianglesee rhetorical triangle13
7248006849audienceThe listener, viewer, or reader of a text. Most texts are likely to have multiple _s. Ex: Gehrig's _was his teammates and fans in the stadium that day, but it was also the teams he played against​, the fans listening on the radio, and posterity-us.14
7248006850concessionAn acknowledgement that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. And a strong argument, a _ is usually accompanied by refutation challenging the validity of the opposing argument. Ex: Lou Gehrig _s what some of his listeners may think-does bad break it's a cause for discouragement or despair.15
7248006851connotationMeanings or associations that readers have with the word Beyond its dictionary definition, or denotation. _s are usually positive or negative, and it can greatly affect the author's tone. Consider the _s of the words below, all of which mean "overweight."16
7248006852contextThe circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text. Ex: The _ for Lou Gehrig's speech is the recent announcement of his illness and his subsequent retirement, but also the poignant contrast between his potent career and his debilitating disease.17
7248006853counterargumentAn opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward. rather than ignoring a _, a strong writer we usually addressed to the process of concession and refutation. Ex: Some of Lou Gehrig's listeners might have argued that his bad break was a cause for discouragement or despair.18
7248006854ethosGreek for "character". Speakers appeal to _ to demonstrate their credible and trustworthy to speak in a given topic _ is established by both who you are and what you say. Ex: Lou Gehrig brings the _ of being a legendary athlete to his speech, yet in it he establishes a different kind of _-that have a regular guy that good sport who shares the audiences love of baseball and family. And like them, he has known good luck and bad breaks.19
7248006855logosGreek for "embodied thought." Speakers appeal to _, or reason, by offering clear, rational ideas and using specific details, examples, facts, statistics, or expert testimony to back them up. Ex: Gehrig starts with a thesis that "he is the luckiest man on the face of the Earth" and supports it with two points. The love and kindness he's received in his 17 years of playing baseball, and a list of great people who have been his friends, family, and teammates.20
7248006856occasionThe time and place a speech is given or a piece is written. Ex: In the case of Gehrig's speech, the _ is Lou Gehrig's Appreciation Day. More specifically, his moment comes at home plate between games of a doubleheader.21
7446532294synecdochea figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa, as in Cleveland won by six runs (meaning "Cleveland's baseball team").22
7446551283metonymythe substitution of the name of an attribute or adjunct for that of the thing meant, for example suit for business executive, or the track for horse racing.23
7446561662polysyndetonPolysyndeton is a stylistic device in which several coordinating conjunctions are used in succession in order to achieve an artistic effect.24
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AP Human Language Terms Flashcards

Language

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8043827728AccentA distinctive mode of pronunciation of a language, especially one associated with a particular nation, locality, or social class.0
8043827729DialectA regional variation of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation, particular to a specific region or social group.1
8043827730Extinct LanguageA language that no longer has any speakers, or that is no longer in current use.2
8043827731IdeogramA written character symbolizing the idea of a thing without indicating the sounds used to say it. Used in Mandarin (Chinese)3
8043827732IsoglossA geographic boundary line delimiting the area in which a given linguistic feature occurs.4
8043827733Isolated LanguageA natural language with no demonstrable genealogical (or "genetic") relationship with other languages or language families; that is, one that has not been demonstrated to descend from an ancestor common with any other language. i.e A language family with only one language. (Basque)5
8043827734Language BranchA Subsection of a Language Family. Differences are not as extensive or old as with language families. i.e The Romance "-------" of the Indo-European language family.6
8043827735LanguageThe method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.7
8043827736Language GroupA Collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary. An individual language, including all dialects (I.e. Italian, German, English)8
8043827737Language FamilyA collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history. The trunk of the language tree, from which language branches come from.9
8043827738Lingua FrancaA Language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages (currently English worldwide).10
8043827739Literary TraditionA Language that is written as well as spoken.11
8043827740Monolingual StateA country in which only one language is spoken (i.e. Japan, Korea)12
8043827741BilingualThe ability to speak two languages.13
8043827742Multilingual StateA country in which more than one language is in use (India, Nigeria, Belgium, Switzerland)14
8043827743Official LanguageThe language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents, a language that is given special legal status.15
8043827744OrthographyThe conventional spelling system of a language (it's alphabet).16
8043827745Pidgin LanguageA Form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.17
8043827746Standard LanguageThe specific form of a language that is most widely accepted. Arises when a certain dialect begins to be used in written form. The ways in which this language is used—e.g., in administrative matters, literature, and economic life—lead to the minimization of linguistic variation.18
8043827747ToponymThe name of a place, often reflecting that place's history and culture.19
8043827748CreoleA language that results from the mixing of a colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated. Developed out of an earlier pidgin stage.20
8043827749DenglishThe term is used in all German-speaking countries to refer to the increasingly strong influx of English or pseudo-English vocabulary into German.21
8043827750FranglaisA form of French using many words and idioms borrowed from English.22
8043827751EbonicsA dialect of English spoken by some African Americans.23
8043827752SpanglishA hybrid language combining words and idioms from both Spanish and English, especially Spanish speech that uses many English words and expressions.24
8043827753FrancophonePlaces and countries where French is spoken around the world. (Quebec in Canada, Vietnam, Haiti, Sub-Saharan Africa, Belgium, Switzerland, France).25
8043827754British Received Pronunciation (BRP)The dialect of English associated with upper class Britons living in the London area now considered the standard form of British speech.26
8043827755Language DivergenceWhen a lack of spatial interaction (isolation) among speakers of a language breaks the language into dialects and then new languages.27
8043827756Language ConvergenceWhen peoples with different languages have consistent spatial interaction and their languages collapse into one (i.e. pidgin and creole).28
8043827757GlobalizationThe process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence and operate on an international scale.29
8043827758slanginformal word usage by a segment of the population30
8043827759linguista scientist who studies languages31
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Vocab for AP English Language Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
4433504550alliterationrepetition of one or more initial consonants in a group of words or lines in a poem0
4433505830allusionreference to a person, place, or event meant to create an effect or enhance an idea1
4433511047analogya comparison that points out similarities between two dissimilar things2
4433513595annotationbrief explanation, summary, or evaluation of a text3
4433516555antecedenta word to which a pronoun refers4
4433518367antithesisa rhetorical opposition or contrast of ideas by means of a grammatical arrangement of words, clauses, or sentences; i.e. "not...but"5
4433522863aphorismshort, pithy statement of a generally accepted truth6
4433525140Apollonianrefers to godlike qualities of human nature (antonym: Dionysian)7
4433527695apostropheaddresses a person or personified thing not present8
4433529089archclever, sly, saucy, playful, irreverent9
4433530799archetypeperfectly typical example; original model or form; abstract or ideal conception of a type10
4433533960assonancerepetition of vowel sounds11
4433535301bathosoverdone sentimentality12
4433537820burlesquelanguage meant to ridicule a subject; grotesque imitation13
4433540831classic/classical (for tone)implies formality, objectivity, simplicity, and restraint14
4433545784independent clausescould stand on their own as complete sentences15
4433545785dependent/subordinate clausescannot stand on their own as complete sentences; when they function as adjectives, nouns, or adverbs they are known, respectively, as adjective, noun, and adverbial clauses16
4433554326conceita witty or ingenious thought; highly fanciful idea stated in figurative language17
4433558642consonancerepetition of consonant sounds18
4433560235deductive reasoninggeneral premises --> specific conclusion19
4433563455denouementresolution occurring at the end of a narrative or drama20
4433565694didactichaving an instructive purpose; dry, pompous manner21
4433568805elegypoem or prose lamenting death of someone/something or value22
4433572515elliptical constructionsentence containing a deliberate omission of words23
4433581488epigramconcise but witty and thoughtful statement24
4433583552eponymoustitle character of a work of literature25
4433583553ethosan author or speaker's credibility on a topic26
4433586102euphonypleasing, harmonious sounds (ant: cacophony)27
4433592314expositionbackground and events leading to the presentation of the main idea/purpose of a piece of writing28
4433599237hyperboleoverstatement for dramatic effect29
4433601237inductive reasoningspecific examples --> general conclusion30
4433602971inferenceconclusion arrived at by considering facts or observations31
4433604455invectivedirect verbal assault32
4433605748ironyintended meaning is the opposite of what is stated; subtle sarcasm33
4433607398litotesunderstatement in which the negative of the contrary is used to achieve emphasis or intensity34
4433611564logoslogic used by a writer/speaker to support a claim35
4433615310loose sentencemain idea of sentence is presented first and then followed by subordinate clauses36
4433618626malapropismreplacing an appropriate word with one with a similar sound but inappropriate meaning37
4433623396metonymyuses the name of one thing to represent something else with which it is associated38
4433630568moodemotional tone or prevailing atmosphere in a work of literature or other discourse39
4433633402indicative moodused for statements of fact40
4433633403subjunctive moodused to express doubt or a conditional attitude41
4433635931imperative moodused to give commands42
4433641482naturalismrealism; view of experience that is generally characterized as bleak and pessimistic43
4433647356onomatopeiawords whose sounds suggest their meaning44
4433652207oxymoroncontradictory elements juxtaposed to create a paradoxical effect45
4433655479paradoxa statement that seems self-contradictory but is nevertheless true46
4433662038pathoselement in literature that stimulates pity or sorrow; emotional appeal47
4433664370periodic sentencemain thought expressed at the end of the sentence48
4433668842personificationfigure of speech in which objects and animals are given human characteristics49
4433674038predicatepart of a sentence that is not the grammatical subject, usually says something about the subject (predicate nominative: Lynn is the *president*; predicate adjective: Harold is *courageous*)50
4433678469realismdepiction of people, things, and events as they really are, without idealization or exaggeration for effect51
4433682062rebuttal/refutationpart of discourse in which opposing arguments are anticipated and answered52
4433688586mode of expositionto explain, analyze, or discuss an idea53
4433690113mode of argumentationto prove a point or to persuade54
4433693680mode of descriptionto recreate or present with details55
4433695572mode of narrationto relate an anecdote or story56
4433698996romanceextended narrative about improbable events and extraordinary people in exotic places57
4433701144sarcasmsharp, caustic attitude conveyed in words through jibes, taunts, or other remarks; less subtle than irony58
4433703865satireliterary style used to ridicule an idea, often for the purpose of inducing change59
4433706530simple sentenceone subject and one verb60
4433708354compound sentencetwo or more independent clauses joined by a conjunction61
4433711225complex sentenceindependent clause plus one or more dependent clauses62
4433718834stylistic devicesgeneral term referring to diction, syntax, tone, figurative language, and other elements contributing to "style"63
4433723098subject complementgrammatical unit comprised of predicate nominatives and predicate adjectives64
4433733154subjectiverelating to private and personal feelings and attitudes as opposed to facts and reality65
4433736045syllogismform of deductive reasoning (All men are mortal --> Mike is a man --> Therefore, Mike is mortal)66
4433740094synecdochefigure of speech in which a part signifies the whole or the whole signifies the part67
4433749088toneauthor's attitude toward his/her subject68
4433750935tropegeneric name for a figure of speech such as image, symbol, simile, and metaphor69
4433753667verbal ironydiscrepancy between the true meaning of a situation and the literal meaning of the written or spoken words70
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AP Psych: Language and Thought Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
3530953587deductive reasoningbody of info broken down to one solution0
3530960897inductive reasoningstarts with solution and think of possibilities that would reach solution1
3530969138cognative psychologylanguage problem solving reasoning decision making memory2
3530972093languagesign and spoken language3
3530975728generativecombine letters and symbols to make infinite meanings4
3530979078symbolicthe alphabet ! ?5
3530986093structuralhyrogliphics6
3530992221phonemes100 sounds english 407
3530995498morphemessmallest meaning8
3530999795syntaxwhere things are placed9
3531002438holophraseuse one word to convey an entire thought10
3531005651receptive vocabwords you hear but can't say11
3531008282productive vocabularyunderstand what's said but can't respond12
3531011786fast mappingretained and could use the word the first time they hear it13
3531015700overextensionuse a name to refer to a whole class14
3531018453underextensiononly calling that teddy bear a bear15
3531025710telographic speechstage of speech that uses few words and bad grammar16
3531033396overregulizationuse improper grammar17
3531037805skinnerlearn language by modeling and conditioning18
3531040024Noam Chumskynativist language acquisition device19
3531045500LADborn with ability to learn language20
3531049315interactionistcombination of both21
3531054221linguistic relativitylanguage determines thought22
3531062042irrelavent informationcreates interference in the brain23
3531064720functional fixednesstenancy to only see things in how they're used24
3531070920mental setstuck into thinking one was the the only way25
3531073717unnecessary contrainsnot thinking outside of the box26
3531082290algorithmsstep by step27
3531085027heuristicsbased on probability something will happen28
3531089447decision makingadditive/ eliminate29
3531115259availability heuristicmaking decisions based on available info30
3531118099representative heuristicmake decisions based on things we know31
3531121803gamblers fallacytaking a test and put b because it hasn't shown up in a while32
3531126248confirmation biasmake decisions based on assumption33
3531129598framinghow one says something and how it affects peoples decision making34
3531135927loss aversiondo everything in their power to not lose anything35
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