| 5738545085 | After the fall of Rome, European political life flourished in ___. Western Europe experienced decentralization during the ___. Nations took further shape in the ___. Finally, the Renaissance replenished civilization in the ___. | eastern Byzantium; Early Middle Ages (500-1000); High Middle Ages (1000-1300); Late Middle Ages (1300-1500) | | 0 |
| 5738545086 | After Rome's fall, small ___ arose. They were weakened by decentralization, as their rulers lacked ___. They also faced constant threat from ___. | kingdoms; resources; barbarians & Muslim invaders | | 1 |
| 5738545087 | By the 700s, ___ emerged in Europe, in which monarchs awarded land to ___. They in turn promised their ___ would be protected and cared for. Those who received the largest land parcels evolved into Europe's ___. | feudalism; vassals (followers); fiefs (land); noble/aristocratic class | | 2 |
| 5738545088 | A key originator in feudalism was ___, who successfully defeated the Muslims in the ___ in 732, and stopped them from invading Spain. | Charles Martel; Battle of Tours (Poitiers) | | 3 |
| 5738545089 | Feudalism in Europe was ___, unlike in other countries like Japan. Vassals fought as ___, elite armored cavalry. The ___ was meant to ensure they fought fairly as Christian warriors, however it was often broken. | contractual; knights; code of chivalry | | 4 |
| 5738545090 | Feudalism was tied to ___, who were peasants tied to their vassal's land. They could not leave without permission. | serfs | | 5 |
| 5738545091 | Centralization in Europe was motivated by ___. Frankish king ___ defeated many of these invading groups and created the ___. He sponsored education and also created a network of administrators. | foreign invasions; Charlemagne; Holy Roman Empire | | 6 |
| 5738545092 | Charlemagne's Tactics During the Medieval Period | 1) Legitimate one's rule through association with the Catholic Church
2) Aspire to the Roman model of empire | | 7 |
| 5738545093 | Tension grew during Europe's High and Late Middle Ages. Monarchs preferred ___ while the aristocracy preferred ___. There was also a power relationship between the monarchs and the ___. | centralization; feudalism; Catholic papacy | | 8 |
| 5738545094 | The ___ of 1066 helped to intertwine France and England, and brought feudalism to England. England was unique because it was centralized yet restricted the power of the king. The ___ of 1215 guaranteed the nobility certain rights. They also later won the right to a ___, and practiced ___. | Norman Conquest; Magna Carta; Parliament; common law | | 9 |
| 5738545095 | The final example of French-English conflict was the ___. The ___ ultimately won, partly due to the warrior maid ___. | Hundred Years' War; French; Joan of Arc | | 10 |
| 5738545096 | The emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and the pope often ___. The emperor's powers were weak because his position was not ___, and the empire was not uniform. | clashed; hereditary | | 11 |
| 5738545097 | The ___ gained control over the imperial throne in the Holy Roman Empire in 1438. At this time, ___ remained very decentralized, yet urbanized as well. It was controlled by various different groups. Its place in the Mediterranean trade network allowed it to serve as the host to the ___ in the late 1200s. | Hapsburg Family; Italy; Renaissance | | 12 |
| 5738545098 | During the 700s, the ___ came to invade Spain and Portugal. They established ___ in Southern Spain and also revived ___ which spread throughout Europe. Spain and Portugal began the ___ against Moorish armies in the early 1000s. | Moors (Muslims); al-Andalus; Greek philosophy; Reconquista | | 13 |
| 5738545099 | The most advanced state in medieval Europe was Byzantium. Its capital was ___. It profited from Mediterranean trade, Silk Road Commerce, and indirectly the ___ network. The emperor used ___ to legitimize his rule, and centralized the empire with a large bureaucrat. | Constantinople; Indian Ocean; Eastern Orthodox Christianity | | 14 |
| 5738545100 | Byzantium originally used the ___ to protect their borders, in which they gave soldiers land for serving in frontier zones. In 1071, the Seljuk Turks defeated Byzantium in the ___. Using gunpowder weaponry, the ___ were able to officially seize Constantinople and end the empire in 1453. | theme system; Battle of Manzikert; Ottoman Turks | | 15 |
| 5738545101 | The emperor had far more powerful in ___ faith, as he was given supreme command. The Catholic Church promoted the ___, arguing Europe was joined by Christianity, and justifying the pope's absolute power. | Eastern Orthodox; ideal of Christendom | | 16 |
| 5738545102 | The Catholic Church could determine what was ___ and perform ___. In 1231, they established the ___, a set of courts designed to punish non-conformity. They could even declare the ___. | heresy; excommunication; Holy Inquisition; crusades | | 17 |
| 5738545103 | Islam expanded in the 600s-700s, destroying ___ and threatening Byzantium. Islamic theology divided the world into two spheres: ___ where Sharia law was dominant and Muslims were guaranteed to worship freely and ___ where Islam was not established. Muslim authorities felt compelled to expand, but rarely practiced ___, making them more tolerant than medieval Christians. | Persia; Dar al-Islam ("house of peace"); Dar al-Harb ("house of war"); forced conversion | | 18 |
| 5738545104 | The Muslim world was governed by a ___. Islamic society adhered to the ___, where the ruler gave justice to the people, the people payed taxes to the treasury, the treasury payed the army, the army protected the ruler, who repeated the the cycle. | caliph; circle of justice | | 19 |
| 5738545105 | A civil war in 656-661 led to the ___. Power then passed to the ___, who governed from ___. They continued expansion, made Arabic the official language, and imposed ___. | Sunni-Shiite split; Umayyad; Damascus; jizya (non-Muslim tax) | | 20 |
| 5738545106 | The ___ followed the Umayyad regime, and ruled from ___. They constituted the "___" of Islamic culture, and constructed many ___, or centers of learning. | Abbasid caliphate; Baghdad; Golden Age; madrasas | | 21 |
| 5738545107 | The Abbasids halted the westward expansion of Tang China in the ___. Then they quickly became friends, and trade flourished between them via the ___. | Battle of Talas; Silk Road | | 22 |
| 5738545108 | Reasons for the Abbasid Caliphate's Collapse | •Geographic overextension
•Ethnic/cultural tensions (Enhanced by the Sunni-Shiite split)
•Nomadic movements in N Africa & the Middle East | | 23 |
| 5738545109 | The ___ eventually overtook the city of Baghdad, but left the Abbasid Caliph in place as a figurehead. The empire eventually ended after ___ invasion. However, they were stopped when a ___ defeated then in the ___. | Seljuk Turks; Mongol; Malmuk cavalry; Battle of Ain Jalut | | 24 |
| 5738545110 | The richest states in Africa all adopted ___. Some force was involved, but others were merely influenced by the ___. Conversion in West Africa was also carried out by the nomadic ___. | Islam; Trans-Saharan Trade Routes; Berbers | | 25 |
| 5738545111 | Ghana emerged as a power between the 800s-1000s thanks to its ___ and role in Saharan trade. Ghana welcomed ___ who converted many in the local area. The state then suffered an invasion from ___ for not officially converting. | gold deposits; Muslim traders; Almoravid Berbers | | 26 |
| 5738545112 | The Kingdom of Mali was well-positioned in the ___. It was blessed with gold deposits, but also traded in ___. It was founded as a strong state by the conquering ___. | Niger River basin; salt, ivory, & slaves; Sundiata | | 27 |
| 5738545113 | The chief commercial hub in Mali was ___. It was also known for being a center of ___. Its most powerful ruler was ___ in 1312, who gained fame for being a wealthy monarch. He brought incredible amounts of gold to the Middle East during his ___. | Timbuktu; Islamic scholarship; Mansa Musa; hajj | | 28 |
| 5738545114 | The Kingdom of Mali weakened and its territory shrank due to ___ in 1400s-1500s. | foreign attacks | | 29 |
| 5738545115 | Swahili city-states flourished in ___ between 1000-1500. All were involved in ___. Key ports were ___. | East Africa; Indian Ocean trade; Mombasa & Zanzibar | | 30 |
| 5738545116 | Sub-Saharan Africa had almost 2000 languages, encouraging ___ to form. ___ also limited the growth of states in this region. One example of a city here is ___. | small tribes; Diseases and environment; Great Zimbabwe | | 31 |
| 5738545117 | The first dynasty to emerge after the Han Dynasty fell was the ___.The unified China again and expanded its borders. Even stronger was the ___ that followed. They successfully implemented a ___. | Sui Dynasty; Tang Dynasty; tributary system | | 32 |
| 5738545118 | The Tang Dynasty expanded the ___, which connected the Yellow & Yangzi rivers.The elite in this dynasty loved luxury goods, causing uprisings like the ___. | Grand Canal; An Shi Rebellion | | 33 |
| 5738545119 | After the Tang Dynasty fell, China fragmented into different states. The ___ dominated East-Central China. In the 1120s, defeat by the ___ caused the Song to have to relocate to a smaller Southern state. They relied heavily on the use of ___ to legitimize their rule. | Song Empire; Jurchens; Neo-Confucianism | | 34 |
| 5738545120 | ___ conquered the Song Empire in the 1270s. In its place, he established the ___. He made ___ the official language of the court, and adapted to local ways. He was the first to unify China in decades, and greatly repaired the bureaucracy. ___ even visited him and the state in the late 1200s. | Kublai Khan; Yuan Empire; Mandarin Chinese; Marco Polo | | 35 |
| 5738545121 | During the 1300s, China experienced the ____. A final rebellion the 1340s ended the ___. The rebel who overthrew the empire named himself ___, and established the ___. | black death; Yuan Empire; Hongwu; Ming Dynasty | | 36 |
| 5738545122 | Hongwu's son, ___, repaired damage from the wars and rebuilding the administrative system. He transformed Beijing into the ___. The admiral ___ during this time made several voyages. However, distracted by ___, they lost interest in his voyages after his death. | Yongle; Forbidden City; Zheng He; Northern nomads | | 37 |
| 5738545123 | The ___ of the mid-600s in Japan imported Chinese bureaucratic principles. In the late 700s, the emperors shifted their capital to ___ and initiated the ___, Japan's classical era. | Taika Reforms; Heian (Kyoto); Heian Period | | 38 |
| 5738545124 | The emperor during the Heian period was a figurehead, who lost his power to the ___ who was supposed to serve/protect the emperor. In the mid-800s, the ___ gained control over the chancellorship. | chancellor (kwampaku); Fujiwara clan | | 39 |
| 5738545125 | The Fujiwara were too obsessed with politics, and relegated military affairs to warrior clans. Quarreling in the 1100s resulted in the ___. The ___ won, and established a new form of government: the ___. | Taira-Minamoto War; Minamoto; shogunate | | 40 |
| 5738545126 | The shogunate was Japan's version of ___. The shogun shared power with warlords called ___, who controlled parcels of land called ___. Both the shogun and daimyo belonged to the ___, who had to obey the ___ code. | feudalism; daimyo; shoen; samurai; Bushido | | 41 |
| 5738545127 | After the Gupta Empire collapsed, small states ruled over India. In 1206, Muslim invaders captured Delhi and created the ___. They introduced Islam ___, and it remained in India for many years after their rule. In 1398, the Central Asian warlord ___ attacked Delhi and plundered it for a year. The sultanate survived, and then succumbed to ___. | Delhi Sultanate; harshly; Timur; invaders | | 42 |
| 5738545128 | Indian culture strongly influenced Southeast Asia. The ___ created the Angkor Wat, a fusion of ___ architecture. | Khmer Empire; Hindu & Buddhist | | 43 |
| 5738545129 | The Crusades were against the Muslims of the Middle East and Africa between 1095-1291. The First Crusade was sparked by ___. They besieged the city of ___. | Byzantine request for aid against the Seljuk Turks; Jerusalem | | 44 |
| 5738545130 | The Kurdish general ___ recaptured Jerusalem in 1187 and held back the ___. After 1200, the Crusades lost their focus. The ___ turned into a Venetian-backed trade war against ___. | Saladin; Third Crusade; Fourth Crusade; Constantinople | | 45 |
| 5738545131 | The Mongols were led by ___ in the 1210s. They experienced the ___ in the 1200s due to their semi-unification of Eurasia. | Ghengis Khan; pax Mongolica | | 46 |
| 5738545132 | The Mongols skillfully organized their armies into ___. They adopted their writing from the ___. | small units; Turkic Uighurs | | 47 |
| 5738545133 | ___ ruled over Mongolia and Yuan China after Ghengis's death. The ___ ruled over Russia. The ___ had control of the Middle East. The ___ ruled over Central Asia as well. | Kublai Khan; Golden Horde; Ilkhan; Djagatai | | 48 |
| 5738545134 | The Jagatai khan ___ attempted to repeat the triumphs of Ghengis Khan. He failed, but was still notable. | Timur (AKA Tamerlane) | | 49 |
| 5738545135 | The Southwest US became home to the ___, who inhabited from 400-1300. They lived in ___. The Mississippi River Valley became home to ___ civilizations like ___. | Anasazi; pueblos; mound-building; Cahokia | | 50 |
| 5738545136 | The ___ came to rule over Mexico after the 800s CE. The ___ came to rule in the 1200s-1500s. Their chief city was ___. They were even more ___ than the Toltecs. They conquered a huge empire, and implemented a ___. | Toltecs; Aztecs; Tenochtitlán; warlike; tributary system | | 51 |
| 5738545137 | The ___ arose in the Andes in 200 CE. Andes civilizations came to feature a reliance on ___ and raised irrigation rows with water beds called ___ agriculture. The domestication of ___ was crucial as well. | Moche; terrace farming; waru waru; llamas | | 52 |
| 5738545138 | Civilizations in the Andes had hierarchical social systems in which clans called ___, cooperated to fulfill the stringent mit'a system. These features persisted when the ___ came to rule the area in the 1300s. | allyu; Incas | | 53 |
| 5738545139 | ___ originated from the Song Empire in China in the 1000s. It revolutionized the field, however European languages had less characters, and it had even more impact there. ___ created the first version of it in Europe. | Movable-type printing; Johannes Gutenberg | | 54 |
| 5738545140 | Examples of Lingua Francas | •Latin in Europe
•Arabic in the Islamic World
•Swahili in Sub-Saharan Africa | | 55 |
| 5738545141 | In the mid-600s CE, Chinese monk ___ traveled to India to learn more about Buddhism. He returned with wagon loads of Buddhist culture, having a profound effect on the religion. He wrote a book about his journey called ___. However, another book written about him in the Ming Dynasty called ___ was more famous. | Xuanzang; Great Tang Records on the Western Regions; Journey to the West | | 56 |
| 5738545142 | ___ traveled from Venice to Asia via the Silk Road. The Islamic equivalent was ___, from ___. | Marco Polo; Ibn Battuta; Morocco | | 57 |
| 5738545143 | European culture during the Middle Ages was made possibly by the ___. They preserved manuscripts, promoted Latin, and espoused the ___. The Church split in the ___. | Christian Church; ideal of Christendom; Great Schism of 1054 | | 58 |
| 5738545144 | The dominant philosophy of the Middle Ages was ___, combining Greco-Roman learning with Christian teachings. | scholasticism | | 59 |
| 5738545145 | Islam arose in the Arabian Peninsula when in 610, ___ had a vision that Allah's word was delivered to him. With the help of his wife ___, he formed a new religious community. In 622, he was forced to flee to Medina, called the ___. | Mohammed; Aisha; Hegira | | 60 |
| 5738545146 | Mohammed told his followers to respect other prophets and teachers within Abrahamic religions, which he called "___". | people of the book | | 61 |
| 5738545147 | Five Pillars of Islam | 1) Confess one's faith
2) Pray 5 times a day, facing Mecca
3) Fast during the month of Ramadan
4) Give alms to the poor
5) Take the pilgrimage (hajj) to Mecca | | 62 |
| 5738545148 | During the Song period in China, they invented ___ and popularized the use of ___. They also created the ___ and improved ___. | gunpowder; paper currency; compass; printing | | 63 |
| 5738545149 | Oceania was populated from 600-1450 by ___ peoples. They migrated throughout the Pacific with their ___. They create a polytheistic religion focused on the ___. The ___ religion became a popular form of animism in Australia. | Polynesian; outrigger canoes; avoidance of taboos; dreamtime | | 64 |
| 5738545150 | Trade routes tended to follow ___, as it was easier than land. The Silk Road operated from ___, and then was disrupted again until the ___. It was successful until the ___. | water; 100 BCE to 800 CE; 1200s; fall of Constantinople (1453) | | 65 |
| 5738545151 | Mediterranean sea trade was important, but was disrupted during political disturbances like the ___. Commerce depended upon the ___, for coastal navigation. | fall of the Roman Empire; oared galley | | 66 |
| 5738545152 | Trade along the Trans-Saharan caravan routes increased greatly. It was aided by the expansion of ___. The herding of the ___ was a crucial part. African states began to provide one new commodity: ___. The ___ also caught on, with some 10 million Africans being removed. | Islam; camel; gold; Arab slave trade | | 67 |
| 5738545153 | Technology Improving Trade | •Astrolabe - Used on land, now on sea
•Magnetic Compass - From the Chinese
•Chinese junks, Indian dhows, and Viking longboats helping with open-water navigation
•European galleys for coastal navigation | | 68 |
| 5738545154 | After 1300, the ___ made it harder for certain urban centers to survive than during the ___. | Little Ice Age; medieval climactic optimum (800s-1200s) | | 69 |
| 5738545155 | Wealthy aristocratic classes gained their wealth from their ___. Commoners at this time may have begun a few ___ jobs, however it required literacy. Merchants in Europe were the ___, however they were the ___ in China. | ownership of land; professional; middle class; lowest class | | 70 |
| 5738545156 | Most working conditions were poor, but people were free. Within urban settings, artisans and craftsmen banded together in ___. Slavery also grew, such as the ___. The Mongols had military slaves called ___, who had to obey the code of ___, which was both training and behavior. | guilds; Arab slave trade; mamluks; furuslyya | | 71 |
| 5738545157 | The Ottoman Turks devised the ___ system, which took young men from non-Muslim families and made them slaves. Some could even be promoted to the elite army called the ___. | devshirme; janissaries | | 72 |
| 5738545158 | Serfdom accompanied feudalism in Europe. They were ___, and could change jobs without permission. Often they were forced to spend time on ___, or were the first to be conscripted. This was similar to the ___ in the Americas, where the allyu completed work owed to warrior-priest elites. | legally free; corvée labor projects; mit'a system | | 73 |
| 5738545159 | The first labor dispute in European history was the ___ in Florence, when unskilled workers complained of having no guild to protect themselves. Peasant uprisings were also common, usually during times of ___. Byzantium had a revolt led by ___ in the early 900s, and China had the ___. | Wool Carders' Revolt (1378); disaster; Basil the Copper Hand; An Shi Rebellion | | 74 |
| 5738545160 | The Red Turban Revolt in Yuan China was caused by ___ and ___. Europe experienced peasant revolts due to the strain of the ___. | the lack of relief for peasants after disaster; a rise in taxes for peasants; Hundred Years' War | | 75 |
| 5738545161 | Women generally had no ___, and if they did it was indirectly. Women generally had control over their ___. A ___ could give some women economic security. The ___ were perhaps the most respectful of women. Japan was respectful of women during the ___, before feudalism. | political power; property; dowry; Mongols; Heian period | | 76 |
| 5738545162 | In India, the arrival of ___ freed many women from the caste system and gave them more rights. The popularity of ___ in China limited women more. Japan's moved towards a ___ also restricted women, especially those of the upper class. | Islam; Neo-Confucianism; shogunate government | | 77 |
