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Apes Flashcards

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4154171878EnvironmentAll factors (living and nonliving) that actually affect an individual organism or population at any point in the life cycle. Environment is also sometimes used to denote a certain set of circumstances surrounding a particular occurrence (environments of deposition, for example)0
4154171879EcologyThe science of the study of the relationships between living things and their environment1
4154171880OrganismsAny form of life, such as animals, plants,and cells.2
4154171881Ecosystems-An ecological community and its local, non-biological community -Minimum system that includes and sustains life.3
4154171882SustainabilityManagement of natural resources and environment with the goals of allowing the harvest of resources to remain at or above some specified level, and the ecosystem to retain it's function and structure4
4154171883Natural Capital-World's stock of natural assets which include geology, soil, water, and all living things -From this humans derive a wide range of services, often called ecosystem servives, which make human life possible5
4154171884Natural ResourcesEarth-made materials6
4154171885BioticLiving objects/ organisms7
4154171886AbioticNon-living objects8
4154171888Environmental indicators-Simple measures that tell us what is happening in the environment -Global weather9
4154171889SpeciationFormation of two species from one species. Evolution10
4154171890DevelopmentSustainable: concept that sustainable methods for meeting humans needs and wants are possible11
4154171891SalinationProcess by which water-soluble salts accumulate in the soil12
4154171892PhytoremediationA biological way to treat hazardous wastes that involves using natural or genetically engineered plants to absorb, filter, and remove contaminants from polluted soil and water13
4154171893UpwellingWind-driven motion of dense, cooler, and usually nutrient-rich water towards the ocean surface, replacing the warmer, usually nutrient-depleted surface water -increases fish populations in area due to increased nutrients14
4154171894Relative Dating-Used to arrange geological events, and the eocks they leave behind, in sequence -Method called stratigraphy (layers of rock are called strata)15
4154171895PrecambrianEra of one and multi-celled organism16
4154171896PaleozoicEra of reptiles, insects, amphibians, land plants, and fish. First dinosaurs17
4154171897Tertiary consumerMeat-eater. Usually highest in food chain18
4154171898ThermoclineZone of gradual temperature decrease between warm surface water and colder deep water in a lake, reservoir, or ocean19
4154171899CommensalismOne species benefits and other is unaffected20
4154171900Organic CompoundsA compound of carbon; originally used to refer to compounds found in and formed by living things21
4154171901Tragedy of the Commons-When the ambitions of individuals destroys what is shared. Explotation of shared resources - Written by Garret Hardin in 196822
4154171902Triple Bottom LineStates that we need to take into account 3 factors (economic, environmental, and social) when making decisions about business, economy, and development23
4154171903HolisticParts of a whole (synecdoche)24
4154171904Closed systemA type of system in which there are definite boundaries to factors such as mass and energy such that exchange of these factors with other systems does not occur25
4154171905Overshoot (and collapse)Occurs when growth in one part of a system over time exceeds carrying capacity, resulting in sudden decline in one or both parts of system26
4154171906Environmental justiceThe principle of dealing with environmental problems in such a way as to not discriminate against people based upon socioeconomic status, race, or ethnic group27
4154171907Intrinsic valueValue of an organism, species, ecosystem, or the Earth's biodiversity based on its existence, regardless of whether it has any usefulness to humand28
4154171908Inbreeding depression-Reduced biological fitness in a given population due to inbreeding -Often result of population bottleneck29
4154171909Genetic diversity-A measurement of the differences in DNA composition among individuals within a given species -Total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species30
4154171910EcotourismTourism based on an interest in observation of nature31
4154171911Instrumental Value-Philosophy that components of the environment have value because they have usefulness to humans in form of economic or ecological services -Oppodite of intrinsic value32
4154171912Biological wealth-Natural species of living things that are responsible for the structure and maintence of all ecosystems -Goods and services provided by biodiversity: $38 Trillon per year33
4154171913Invasive speciesSpecies not native to ecosystem, but can thrive and displace native species34
4189232172Umbrella SpeciesA species for which meeting its habitat needs automatically helps meet this of many other species. Pay it forward.35
4189232173Keystone SpeciesSpecies that have a large effect on its community or ecosystem (I.E. Sea Otters)36
4189232174Resource PartitioningWhen species divide a niche to avoid competirion for resources37
4189232175Floodplain-Flat valley floor next to a stream channel -Legal purposes: any low area that has the potential for flooding, including certain coastal areas38
4189232176Drift Net Fishing-Fishing technique where nets hanging vertically in water column without being anchored to the bottom -Gillnets39
4189232177Trickle Irrigation-Drip irrigation -Saves water and fertilizer by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of many different plants40
4189232178XeriscapeLandscaping using native plants, which minimize the need for additional water41
4189232179In SituIn its original place42
4189232180Lacey Act-1900 US law that bans trafficking in illegal wildlife - 2008: Act was amended to include plants and plant products (I.E. timber and paper) -Landmark legislation -World's 1st ban on trade in illegally sourced wood products43
4189232181Species Diversity-Number and variety of species in the world or in a particular region -Abundance44
4189232182RemediationProcess that attempts to clean up damage done to land Correcting environmental problem Two major types of sites that can be remediated: Superfund sites and brownfields45
4189232183NitrificationProcess by which bacteria convert ammonia to nitrities and nitrates °2NH3 + 3O2 -> 2NO2- + 2H+ + 2H2O ° 2NO2- + O2 -> 2NO3-46
4189232184NicheSpecies's role47
4189232185EcotoneTransitional areas between ecosystem48
4190555757Crude Death Rate-The number of deaths yearly -Per thousand people in a population49
4190555758Gray ZoneState of imbalance50
4190555759Generation Time-Average time between two consecutive generations in the lineages of a population -In human populations, a generation typically ranges from 22 to 32 years51
4190555760Igneous Rock-Rocks made of solidified magma. - Extrusive: if crystallize on surface of Earth -Intrusive: if crystallize beneath the surface52
4190555761Sedimentary RockFormed by accumulation of sediments (other rocks, fossils, etc)53
4190555762Metamorphic RockFormed by transformation of existing rock types due to tons of heat and pressure54
4190555763Asthenosphere-Layer below lithosphere. -Layer of solid rock that has so much pressure and heat causing the rocks to flow like liquid55
4190555764Sympatric SpeciationSpecies formation that occurs when populations become reproductively isolated within the same geographic area56
4190555765BioremediationA biological way to treat toxic or hazardous waste in which bacteria and enzymes are used to help destroy toxic or hazardous substances or convert them to harmless compounds57
4221250052EonLargest/ longest division of geological time58
4221266700Aesthenospheremolten layer of Earth59
4221274690Ocean conveyor beltLarge movement of deep water currents in the ocean60
4221283814Influence ocean currents-differences in water temperature -earthquakes -differences in water salinity -gravity61
4221295917Groundwaterwaste water from households or business activities62
4221309471Primary contributors to biodiversity-habitat destruction -human overpopulation -introduced species - pollution63
4221322478Species richnessnumber of species in an area64
4221326325Species evenessRelative abundance of each species in an area65
4221357508Convergent evolution-evolution of species from different taxonomic groups toward a similar form -development of similar characteristics by taxonomically different organisms66
4221363981Examples of convergent evolution-Echolocation in bats and whales -Wings in birds, dinosaurs, and bats67
4221458070Pyroclastic flows-dense rivers of hot ash and rock that flow down the side of a volcano after an eruption -destroys all bio-matter in its path68
42214796803 major components of fertilizerNitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P) Potassium (K)69
4221499244Example of Tragedy of the CommonsCollapse of Atlantic cod stocks (East Coast of Newfoundland) in 199270
4242683030Tectonic cycleCreation and destruction of lithosphere71
4242683031Effects of China's one child per household policy-incidence of female infanticide increased -led to increased number of female children in China's orphanage -Program more successful in urban areas than on rural communities -China experienced a decline in population growth rate72
4242683032Tsunamis are caused byLandslides Earthquake Volcanic activity Calving iceberg73
4242683033Temperature of stratosphereIncreases as you move higher in altitude74
4242683034Determines temperature at or near Earth's surface-Evaporation & condensation -Amount of sunlight absorbed -amount of sunlight reflected -thermal capacity of atmosphere75
4242683035Coriolis EffectCauses hurricanes in Southern hemisphere to spin in the opposite direction as hurricanes in Northern hemisphere76
4242683036AridisolsSoil found in dry area and deserts77
4242683037Least likely of species to be endangered-short lifespan -high reproductive rate78
4242683038Hot spots-significant reservoir of biodiversity -must contain at least >0.5 percent of world's total vascular plants -has to have @ least 70% of original habitat -threatened with destruction -located near equator or in southern hemisphere79
4242683039DiatonicsElements not usually found in nature alone80
4242683040Pelagic fishLive in pelagic waters or lake waters ( neither close to the bottom nor near the shore)81
4242683041Domersal fish-Live on or near the bottom of water -Reef fish82
4242683042World Trade Organization (WTO)-global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations -at its hearts, agreements, are negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world's trading nations and ratified in their parliament -goal is to help business people conduct their business83
4242683043Yellowstone-1st US National Park -established in 187284
4242683044Tree plantationsStand of single tree species typically planted in straight rows85
4242683045Clear cuttingRemoving all trees in a given forested area at one time86
4242683046Selective cuttingRemoving particular trees87
4242683047Consequences of deforestation1. Soil horizon "O" decreases 2. Surface water supplies decreases 3. Increased possibility of desertification 4. Increased runoff into rivers and streams 5. Decreased biodiversity in forest88
4242683048Seed-tree cuttingRemoving all the small trees and leaving large, mature, seed-bearing trees89
4242683049Approach to forest management1. Remove poorly formed and unproductive trees 2. Plant GMO seedlings 3. Fertilize the soil 4. Control pests and disease90
4242683050Pastures-Used for livestock grazing -Has vegetation that has been deliberately planted rather than plants that naturally grow in the area91
4242683051Henry David ThoreauAuthor of Walden (1854)92
4242683052John MuirFounder of Sierra Club93
4242683053How many seconds in a yr?31,536,000 seconds94
4242683054Non-depletable resourcesResources that cannot be used on a human time scale Ex: Solar, wind, hydroelectric, geothermal95
4242683055Potentially renewable resourcesResources that can be sustained on Earth as long as consumption does not outpace growth/ replenishment Ex: biomass96
4242683056BiomassMost common source of energy for heating and cooking97
4242683057Photovoltaic System Solar PV system PV system Photovoltaic Power system Solar ArrayCollection of solar panels mounted together98
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AP LANGUAGE: Examples of rhetoric Flashcards

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7242429755Zeugma"Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears."0
7242430331Understatement"I have to have this operation. It isn't very serious. I have this tiny little tumor on the brain.1
7242430976Tricolon"With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right"2
7242435925Synecdoche"His eye met hers as she sat there paler and whiter than anyone in the vast ocean of anxious faces about her."3
7242437747Syllogism"Who chooseth me shall gain what many men desire."4
7242441077PunWhy was the cat angry? He was in a time MEOWt.5
7242442633Polysyndeton"In years gone by, there were in every community men and women who spoke the language of duty and morality and loyalty and obligation."6
7242444576Parenthesis"And remember that life's A Great Balancing Act. And will you succeed? Yes! You will, indeed! (98 and 3/4 percent guaranteed) KID, YOU'LL MOVE MOUNTAINS!"7
7242446057Parallel structure"While managed wildlife relocation can cause a spreading of invasive species, adopting this approach to environmental conservation will help create a healthier planet, help maintain biodiversity, and help save animals from becoming extinct."8
7242446982ParadoxYou can save money by spending it9
7242448610Oxymoron"Less is more"10
7242451050OnomatopoeiaBoom Crackle POP11
7242454498Mesodiplosis"We are troubled on every side, yet not distressed; we are perplexed, but not in despair; Persecuted, but not forsaken;"12
7242456431Metronomy"The pen is mightier the the sword"13
7242464100Loose sentence"I walked back along the border of the lawn, traversed the gravel softly, and tiptoed up the veranda steps"14
7242467724LitotesTrue, that he is no Prince Charming15
7242469576Juxtaposition"This [guy] graduated at the top of our class / I went to Cheesecake, he was a waiter there"16
7242471413Irony"Upon the murderer I invoke this curse - whether he is one man and all unknown, Or one of many - may he wear out his life in misery to miserable doom!"17
7242475296Inversion"After great pain a formal feeling comes - The nerves sit ceremonious like tombs."18
7242479260HyperboleMy sister was so loud you could hear her from a mile away.19
7242480841EuphemismSadly, last week my dog passed away.20
7242482474Epistrophe"Don't you ever talk about my friends! You don't know any of my friends. You don't look at any of my friends. And you certainly wouldn't condescend to speak to any of my friends."21
7242484930Ellipsis'"All right," I agreed, "I'll be glad to.". . . I was standing beside his bed and he was sitting up between the sheets, clad in his underwear, with a great portfolio in his hands."22
7242486794Colloquial diction"When you're dead, they really fix you up. I hope to hell when I do die somebody has sense enough to just dump me in the river or something. Anything except sticking me in a goddam cemetery."23
7242487933ChiasmusNever let a fool kiss you or a kiss fool you24
7242490787Antithesis"We must learn to live together as brothers or perish together as fools."25
7242492838Asyndeton"...that all negroes lie, that all negroes are immoral, that all negroes are not to be trusted..."26
7242494181Anecdote"Oh, I would never dream of assuming I know all Hogwarts' secrets, Igor. Only this morning, for instance, I took a wrong turn on the way to the bathroom and found myself in a beautifully proportioned room I had never seen before, containing a really rather magnificent collection of chamber pots. When I went back to investigate more closely, I discovered that the room had vanished"27
7242496850Anaphora"It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair..."28
7242499758Analogy"Memory is to love what the saucer is to the cup"29
7242500512Anadiplosis"Fear leads to anger. Anger leads to hate. Hate leads to suffering."30
7242503242Anacoluthon"I will have such revenges on you both, That all the world shall-I will do such things, What they are, yet I know not"31
7242505470Amplification"If a person has ugly thoughts, it begins to show on the face. And when that person has ugly thoughts every day, every week, every year, the face gets uglier and uglier until you can hardly bear to look at it"32
7242506715Allusion"That you were Romeo, you were throwing pebbles/and my daddy said 'Stay away from Juliet'"33
7242507938Alliteration"While I nodded, nearly, napping suddenly there came a tapping..."34
7242509792AllegoryPlato's Cave35
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AP Language Vocabulary Set 2 Flashcards

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8410502710RhetoricThe art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques.0
8410502711PremiseAn argument that is concluded to by a previous statement. ( aka. assumption )1
8410504499Syllogisma conclusion is drawn from the assumed. ( aka deductive reasoning )2
8410504500Inductive reasoningLogical process that uses prediction and forecasting.3
8410505858ClaimAn assertion, usually supported by evidence.4
8410507092Assertionstatement given by someone who strongly believes in it.5
8410536293CounterargumentA set of arguments that oppose another arguments idea or claim.6
8410536294ConcessionReluctant acknowledgement of something that is valid.7
8410536830RefutationThe speaker counteracts the claim given with the arguments and proves it wrong.8
8410537883RebuttalThe speaker undermines the given claim9
8410539599EthosYour appeal to your ethics and distinguish character, sentiment, moral nature, or guiding beliefs of a person, group, or institution.10
8410539600LogosYour appeal to logic11
8410540183PathosYour appeal to emotions.12
8410540184PersonaYour character that is perceived to others in the situation13
8410543234ToneThe speakers attitude toward the subject or audience.14
8410543863BiasPrejudice against one thing over another.15
8410543864PropogandaA way to persuade or encourage to side with influence.16
8410597473Rhetorical TrianglePathos , Logos and Ethos17
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AP Language Literary Terms Flashcards

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9948570865AllegoryThe device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to the literal meaning. In some allegories, for example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction lie hope or freedom. The allegorical meaning usually deals with moral truth or a generalization about human existence. A story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning, typically a moral or political one.0
9948570866AlliterationThe repetition of sounds, especially initial consonants in tow or more neighboring words (as in "she sells sea shells). Although the term is not used frequently in the multiple-choice section, you can look for alliteration in any essay passage. The repetition can reinforce meaning, unify ideas, supply a musical sound, and/or echo the sense of the passage.1
9948570867AllusionA direct or indirect reference to something which is presumably commonly known, such as an event, book, myth, place, or work of art. Allusions can be historical, literary, religious, topical, or mythical. There are many more possibilities, and a work may simultaneously use multiple layers of allusion.2
9948570868Ambiguity (am-bi-gyoo-i-tee)The multiple meanings, either intentional or unintentional, of a word, phrase, sentence, or passage.3
9948570869AnalogyA similarity or comparison between two different things or the relationship between them. An analogy can explain something unfamiliar by associating it with or pointing out its similarity to something more familiar. Analogies can also make writing more vivid, imaginative, or intellectually engaging. Ex. He that voluntarily continues ignorance is guilty of all the crimes which ignorance produces, as to him4
9948570870Anaphora (uh-naf-er-uh)One of the devices of repetition, in which the same expression (word or words) is repeated at the beginning of two or more lines, clauses, or sentences.5
9948570871AnecdoteA short narrative detailing particulars of an interesting episode or event. The term most frequently refers to an incident in the life of a person6
9948570872Antecedent (an-tuh-seed-nt)The word, phrase, or clause referred to by a pronoun. The AP Language exam occasionally asks for the antecedent of a given pronoun in a long, complex sentence or in a group of sentences.7
9948570873Antithesis (an-tih-theh-sis)Figure of balance in which two contrasting ideas are intentionally juxtaposed, usually through parallel structure; a contrasting of opposing ideas in adjacent phrases, clauses, or sentences. Antithesis creates a definite and systematic relationship between ideas.8
9948570874AphorismA terse statement of know authorship which expresses a general truth or a moral principle. (If the authorship is unknown, the statement is generally considered to be a folk proverb.) An aphorism can be a memorable summation of the author's point.9
9948570875ApostropheA figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love. It is an address to someone or something that cannot answer. The effect is to give vent to or display intense emotion, which can no longer be held back:10
9948570876Asyndeton (uh-sin-di-tuhn)consists of omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses. This can give the effect of unpremeditated multiplicity, of an extemporaneous rather than a labored account. Asyndetic lists can be more emphatic than if a final conjunction were used.11
9948570877AtmosphereThe emotional mood created by the entirety of a literary work, established partly by the setting and partly by the author's choice of objects that are described. Even such elements as description of the weather can contribute to the atmosphere. Frequently atmosphere forshadows events. Perhaps it can create a mood.12
9948570878Chiasmus (kahy-az-muhs)(From the Greek word for "criss-cross," a designation baed on the Greek letter "chi," written X). Chiasmus is a figure of speech in which two successive phrases or clauses are parallel in syntax, but reverse the order of the analogous words.13
9948570879Clausea grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb. An independent, or main, clause expresses a complete thought and can sand alone as a sentence. A dependent, or subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause. The point that you want to consider is the question of what or why the author subordinates one element to the other. You should also become aware of making effective use of subordination in your own writing.14
9948570880Colloquial/colloquialism (kuj-loh-kwee-uhl)The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing. Not generally acceptable for formal writing, colloquialisms give a work a conversational, familiar tone. Colloquial expressions in writing include local or regional dialects.15
9948570881CoherenceA principle demanding that the parts of any composition be arranged so that the meaning of the whole may be immediately clear and intelligible. Words, phrases, clauses within the sentence; and sentences, paragraphs, and chpters in larger pieces of writing are the unit that by their progressive and logical arrangement, make for coherence.16
9948570882ConceitA fanciful expression, usually in the form of an extended metaphor or surprising analogy between seemingly dissimilar objects. A conceit displays intellectual cleverness as a result of the unusual comparison being made.17
9948570883Connotation- The nonliteral, associative meaning of a word; the implied, suggested meaning. Connotations may involve ideas, emotions, or attitudes.18
9948570884DenotationThe strict, literal, dictionary definition of a word, devoid of any emotion attitude, or color.19
9948570885Diacoperepetition of a word or phrase after an intervening word or phrase: word/phrase X, . . ., word/phrase X.20
9948570886DictionRelated to style, diction refers to the writer's word choices, especially with regard to their correctness, clearness, or effectiveness. For the AP exam, you should be able to describe an author's diction (for example, formal or informal, ornate or plain) and understand the ways in which diction can complement the author's purpose. Diction, combined with syntax, figurative language, literary devices, etc., creates an author's style.21
9948570887Didactic (dahy-dak-tik)From the Greek, didactic literally means "teaching." Didactic works have the primary aim of teaching or instructing, especially the teaching of moral or ethical principles.22
9948570888EnumeratioFigure of amplification in which a subject is divided into constituent parts or details, and may include a listing of causes, effects, problems, solutions, conditions, and consequences; the listing or detailing of the parts of something.23
9948570889Expletive (ek-spli-tiv)Figure of emphasis in which a single word or short phrase, usually interrupting normal speech, is used to lend emphasis to the words on either side of the expletive.24
9948570890Euphemism (yoo-fuh-miz-uhm)From the Greek for "good speech," euphemisms are a more agreeable or less offensive substitute for a generally unpleasant word or concept. The euphemism may be sued to adhere to standards of social or political correctness or to add humor or ironic understatement.25
9948570891ExpositionIn essays, one of the four chief types of composition, the others being argumentation, description, and narration. The purpose of exposition is to explain something. In drama, the exposition is the introductory material, which creates the tone, gives the setting, and introduces the characters and conflict.26
9948570892Extended metaphorA metaphor developed at great length, occurring frequently in or throughout the work.27
9948570893Figurative language- Writing or speech that is not intended to carry literal meaning and is usually meant to be imaginative and vivid.28
9948570894Figure of speechA device used to produce figurate language. Many compare dissimilar things. Figures of speech include apostrophe, hyperbole, irony, metaphor, metonymy, oxymoron, paradox, personification, simile, synecdoche, and understatement.29
9948570895Generic conventionsThis term describes traditions for each genre. These conventions help to define each genre; for example, they differentiate an essay and journalistic writing or an autobiography and political writing. On the AP language exam, try to distinguish the unique features of a writer's work from those dictated by convention.30
9948570896GenreThe major category into which a literary work fits. The basic divisions of literature are prose, poetry, and drama. However, genre is a flexible term; within these broad boundaries exist many subdivisions that are often called genres themselves. For example, prose can be divided into fiction (novels and short stories) or nonfiction (essays, biographies, autobiographies, etc). Poetry can be divided into lyric, dramatic, narrative, epic, etc. Drama can be divided into tragedy, comedy, melodrama, farce, etc. ON the AP language exam, expect the majority of the passages to be from the following genres: autobiography, biography, diaries, criticism, essays, and journalistic, political, scientific, and nature writing.31
9948570897Homily (hom-uh-lee)This term literally means "sermon," but more informally, it can include any serious talk, speech, or lecture involving moral or spiritual advice.32
9948570898Hyperbole (hahy-pur-buh-lee)A figure of speech using deliberate exaggeration or overstatement. Hyperboles often have a comic effect; however, a serious effect is also possible. Often, hyperbole produces irony.33
9948570899HypophoraFigure of reasoning in which one or more questions is/are asked and then answered, often at length, by one and the same speaker; raising and responding to one's own question(s). A common usage is to ask the question at the beginning of a paragraph and then use the paragraph to answer it. You can use hypophora to raise questions which you think the reader obviously has on his/her mind and would like to see formulated and answered.34
9948570900ImageryThe sensory details or figurative language used to describe, arouse emotion, or represent abstractions. On a physical level, imager y uses terms related to the five senses; we refer to visual, auditory, tactile, gustatory, or olfactory imagery. On a broader and deeper level, however, one image can represent more than one thing. For example, a rose may present visual imagery while also representing the color in a woman's cheeks and/or symbolizing some degree of perfection (It is the highest flower on the Great Chain of Being). An author may use complex imagery while simultaneously employing other figure s of speech, especially metaphor and simile. In addition, this term can apply to the total of all the images in a work. ON the AP exam, pay attention to how an author creates imagery and to the effect of this imagery.35
9948570901Inference/inferTo draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. When a multiple-choice question asks for an inference to be drawn from a passage, the most direct, most reasonable inference is the safest answer choice. If an inference is implausible, it's unlikely to be the correct answer. Note that if the answer choice is directly stated, it is not inferred and is wrong. You must be careful to note the connotation - negative or positive - of the choices.36
9948570902Invectivean emotionally violent, verbal denunciation or attach using strong, abusive language.37
9948570903Irony/ironicThe contrast between what is stated explicitly and what is really meant. The difference between what appears to be and what actually is true. In general, there are three major types of irony used in language; (1) In a verbal irony, the words literally state the opposite of the writer's (or speaker's) true meaning. (2) In situational irony, events turn out the opposite of what was expected. What the characters and the readers think ought to happen. (3) In dramatic irony, facts or events are unknown to a character in a play or piece of fiction, but know to the reader, audience, or other characters in the work. Irony is used for many reasons, but frequently, it's used to create poignancy or humor.38
9948570904Juxtaposition (juhk-stuh-puh-zish-uhn)When two words, phrases, images, ideas are placed close together or side by side for comparison or contrast.39
9948570905Litotes (lahy-toh-teez)From the Greek word "simple" or "plain." Litotes is a figure of thought in which a point is affirmed by negating its opposite. It is a special form of understatement, where the surface denial serves, through ironic contrast, to reinforce the underlying assertion.40
9948570906Loose sentencea type of sentence in which the main idea (independent clause) comes first, followed by wdependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses. If a period were placed at the end of the independent clause, the clause would be a complete sentence. A work containing many loose sentences often seems informal, relaxed, and conversational. Generally loose sentences create loose style.41
9948570907MetaphorA figure of speech using implied comparison of seemingly unlike things or the substitution of one for the other, suggesting some similarity. Metaphorical language makes writing more vivid, imaginative, thought provoking, and meaningful.42
9948570908Metonymy (mi-ton-uh-mee)A term from the Greek meaning "changed label" or "substitute name." Metonymy is a figure of speech in which the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it. A news release that claims "the White House declared" rather that "the President declared" is using metonymy. The substituted term generally carries a more potent emotional response.43
9948570909MoodThis term has two distinct technical meanings in English writing. The first meaning is grammatical and eals with verbal units and a speaker's attitude. The indicative mood is used only for factual sentences. For example, "Joe eats too quickly." The subjective mod is used to express conditions contrary to fact. For example, "If I were you, I'd get another job." The imperative mood is used for commands. For example, "Shut the door!" The second meaning of mood is literary, meaning the prevailing atmosphere or emotional aura of a work. Setting, tone, and events can affect the mood. In this usage, mood is similar to tone and atmosphere.44
9948570910NarrativeThe telling of a story or an account of an event or series of events.45
9948570911Onomatopoeia (on-uh-mat-uh-pee-uh)A figure of speech in which natural sounds are imitated in the sounds of words. Simple examples include such words as buzz, hiss, hum, crack, whinny, and murmur. If you not eexamples of onomatopoeia in an essay passage, note the effect.46
9948570912OxymoronFrom the Greek for "pointedly foolish," an oxymoron is a figure of speech wherein the author groups apparently contradictory terms to suggest a paradox. Simple examples include "jumbo shrimp" and "cruel kindness." This term does not usually appear in the multiple-choice questions, but there is a chance that you might find it in an essay. Take note of the effect which the author achieves with this term.47
9948570913ParadoxA statement that appears to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense but upon closer inspection contains some degree of truth or validity.48
9948570914ParallelismAlso referred to as parallel construction or parallel structure, this term comes from Greek roots meaning "beside one another." It refers to the grammatical or rhetorical framing of words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs to give structural similarity. This can involve, but is not limited to repetition of a grammatical element such as a preposition or verbal phrase. A famous example of parallelism begins Charles Dickens's novel A Tale of Two Cities: "It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity . . ." The effects of parallelism are numerous, but frequently they act as an organizing force to attract the reader's attention, add emphasis and organization, or simply provide a musical rhythm.49
9948570915ParodyA work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. As comedy, parody distorts or exaggerated distinctive features of the original. As ridicule, it mimics the work by repeating and borrowing words, phrases, or characteristics in order to illuminate weaknesses in the original. Well-written parody offers enlightenment about the original, but poorly written parody offers only ineffectual imitation. Usually an audience must grasp literary allusion and understand the work being parodied in order to fully appreciate the nuances of the newer work. Occasionally, however, parodies take on a life of their own and don't require knowledge of the original50
9948570916Pedantic (puh-dan-tik)An adjective that describes words, phrases, or general tone that is overly scholarly, academic, or bookish.51
9948570917Periodic sentenceA sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end. This independent clause is preceded by a phrase or clause that cannot stand alone. For example: "Ecstatic with my AP score, I let out a loud, joyful shout!" The effect of a periodic sentence is to add emphasis and structural variety. It is also a much stronger sentence than the loose sentence.52
9948570918PersonificationA figure of speech in which the author presents or describes concepts, animals, or inanimate objects by endowing them with human attributes or emotions. Personification is used to make these abstractions, animal, or objects appear more vivid to the reader.53
9948570919Polysyndeton (paulee-sin-dih-tawn)Figure of addition and emphasis which intentionally employs a series of conjunctions (FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so) not normally found in successive words, phrases or clauses; the deliberate and excessive use of conjunctions in successive words or clauses. The effect is a feeling of multiplicity, energetic enumeration, and building up - a persistence or intensity.54
9948570920Predicate adjectiveOne type of subject complement is an adjective, group of adjectives, or adjective clause that follows a linking verb. It is an the predicate of the sentence, and modifies, or describes, the subject.55
9948570921Predicate nominativeA second type of subject complement - a noun, group of nouns, or noun clause that names the subject. It, like the predicate adjective, follows a linking verb and is located in the predicate of the sentence.56
9948570922ProseOne of the major divisions of genre, prose refers to fiction and non-fiction, including all its forms. In prose the printer determines the length of the line; in poetry, the poet determines the length of the line57
9948570923RepetitionThe duplication, either exact or approximate, of any element of language, such as a sound, word, phrase, clause, sentence, or grammatical pattern.58
9948570924RhetoricFrom the Greek for "orator," this term describes the principles governing the art of writing effectively, eloquently, and persuasively.59
9948570925Rhetorical modesThis flexible term describes the variety, the conventions, and purposes of the major kinds of writing. The four most common rhetorical modes and their purposes are as follows: (1) The purpose of exposition (or expository writing) is to explain and analyze information by presenting an idea, relevant evidence, and appropriate discussion. The AP language exam essay questions are frequently expository topics. (2) The purpose of argumentation is to prove the validity of an idea, or point of view, by presenting sound reasoning, discussion, and argument that thoroughly convince the reader. Persuasive writing is a type of argumentation having an additional aim of urging some form of action. (3) The purpose of description is to re-create, invent, or visually present a person, place, event or action so that the reader can picture that being described. Sometimes an author engages all five senses in description; good descriptive writing can be sensuous and picturesque. Descriptive writing may be straightforward and objective or highly emotional and subjective. (4) The purpose of narration is to tell a story or narrate an event or series of events. This writing mode frequently uses the tools of descriptive writing. These four modes are sometimes referred to as mode of discourse.60
9948570926Rhetorical Question [erotesis]- differs from hypophora in that it is not answered by the writer because its answer is obvious or obviously desired, and usually just a yes or no answer would suffice. It is used for effect, emphasis, or provocation, or for drawing a conclusionary statement from the fact at hand.61
9948570927SarcasmFrom the Greek meaning "to tear flesh," sarcasm involves bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule someone or something. It may use irony is a device, but not all ironic statements are sarcastic, that is, intended to ridicule. When well done, sarcasm can be witty and insightful; when done poorly, it's simply cruel62
9948570928SatireA work that targets human vices and follies or social institutions and conventions for reform or ridicule. Regardless of whether or not the work aims to reform human behavior, satire is best seen as a style of writing rather than a purpose for writing. It can be recognized by the many devices used effectively the satirist: irony, wit, parody, caricature, hyperbole, understatement, and sarcasm. The effects of satire are varied, depending on the writer's goal, but good satire, often humorous, is thought provoking and insightful about the human condition.63
9948570929SemanticsThe branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words, their historical and psychological development, their connotations, and their relation to one another64
9948570930StyleThe consideration of style has two purposes: (1) An evaluation of the sum of the choices an author makes in blending diction, syntax, figurative language, and other literary devices. Some authors' styles are so idiosyncratic that we can quickly recognize works by the same author (or a writer emulating that author's style)/ Compare, for example, Jonathan's Swift to George Orwell or William Faulkner to Ernest Hemingway. We can analyze and describe an author's personal style and make judgments on how appropriate it is to the author's purpose. Styles can be called flowery, explicit, succinct, rambling, bombastic, commonplace, incisive, or laconic, to name only a few examples. (2) Classification of authors to a group and comparison of an author to similar authors. By means of such classification and comparison, we can see how an author's style reflects and helps to define a historical period, such as the Renaissance of the Victorian period, or a literary movement, such as the romantic, transcendental or realist movement.65
9948570931Subject complementThe word (with any accompanying phrases) or clauses that follows a linking verb and complements, or completes, the subject of the sentence by either (1) renaming it or (2) describing it. The former is the technically a predicate nominative, the latter a predicate adjective. Multiple-choice questions.66
9948570932Subordinate clauseLike all clauses, this word group contains both a subject and a verb (plus any accompanying phrases or modifiers), but unlike the independent clause, the subordinate clause cannot stand alone; it does not express a complete thought. Also called a dependent clause, the subordinate clause depends on a main clause, sometimes called an independent clause, to complete its meaning. Easily recognized key words and phrases usually begin these clauses 0 for example: although, because, unless, if even though, since, as soon as, while who, when , where, how and that.67
9948570933Syllogism (sil- uh-jiz-uhm)From the Greek for "reckoning together, " a syllogism (or syllogistic-reasoning or syllogistic logic is a deductive system of formal logic that presents two premises (the firs one called "major" and the second, "minor") that inevitably lead to a sound conclusion. A frequently cited example proceeds as follows;68
9948570934Symbol/symbolismGenerally, anything that represents itself and stands for something else. Usually a symbol is something concrete - such as object, action, character, or scene - that represents something more abstract. However, symbols, and symbolism can be much more complex. One system classifies symbols in three categories: (1) Natural symbols are objects and occurrences from nature to represent ideas commonly associated with them (dawn symbolizing hope or a new beginning, a rose symbolizing love, a tree symbolizing knowledge). (2) Conventional symbols are those that have been invested with meaning by a group (religious symbols such as a cross or Star of David; national symbols, such as a flag or an eagle; or group symbols, such as a skull an crossbones for pirates or the scales of justice for lawyers). (3) Literary symbols are sometimes also conventional in the sense that they are found in a variety of works and are generally recognized. However, a work's symbols may be more complicated as is the whale in Moby Dick and the jungle in Heart of Darkness. On the AP exam, try to determine what abstraction an object is a symbol for and to what extent it is successful in representing that abstraction.69
9948570935Synecdoche (si-nek-duh-kee)is a type of metaphor in which the part stands for the whole, the whole for a part, the genus for the species, the species for the genus, the material for the thing made, or in short, any portion , section, or main quality for the whole or the thing itself (or vice versa).70
9948570936SyntaxThe way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. Syntax is similar to diction, but you can differentiate them by thinking of syntax as the groups of words, while diction refers to the individual words. In the multiple-choice section, expect to be asked some questions about how an author manipulates syntax. In the essay section, you will need to analyze how syntax produces effects.71
9948570937ThemeThe central idea or message of a work, the insight it offers into life. Usually theme is unstated in fictional works, but in nonfiction, the theme may be directly stated, especially in exposityr or argumentative writing.72
9948570938ThesisIn expository writing, the thesis statement is the sentence or a group of sentences that directly expresses the author's opinion, purpose, meaning, or position. Expository writing is usually judged by analyzing how accurately, effectively, and thoroughly a writer has proved the thesis.73
9948570939ToneSimilar to mood, tone describes the author's attitude toward his material, the audience, or both. Tone is easier to determine in spoken language than in written language. Considering how a work would sound if ti were read aloud can help in identifying an author's tone. Some words describing tone are playful, serious, businesslike, sarcastic, humorous, formal, ornate, sardonic, and somber74
9948570940TransitionA word or phrase that links different ideas. Used especially, although not exclusively, in expository and argumentative writing, transitions effectively signal a shift from one idea to another. A few commonly used transitional words or phrases are furthermore, consequently, nevertheless, for example, in addition, likewise, similarly and on the contrary. More sophisticated writers use more subtle means of transition. We will discuss these methods later.75
9948570941UnderstatementThe ironic minimizing of fact, understatement presents something as less significant than it is. The effect can frequently be humorous and emphatic. Understatement is the opposite of hyperbole.76
9948570942UndertoneAn attitude that may lie under the ostensible tone of the piece. Under a cheery surface, for example, a work may have threatening undertones. William Blake's "The Chimney Sweeper" from the Songs of Innocence has a grim undertone.77
9948570943WitIn modern usage, intellectually amazing language that surprises and delights. A witty statement is humorous, while suggesting the speaker's verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks. Wit usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement. Historically, wit originally meant basic understanding. Its meaning evolved to include speed of understanding, and finally (in the early seventeenth century), it grew to mean quick perception including creative fancy and a quick tongue to articulate an answer that demanded the same quick perception.78
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AP Language and Composition: Precis Flashcards

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6753466186"Homeless"Author: Anna Quindlen Tone: Empathetic Discourse: Definition, Example, Persuasion0
6753483913"Wrong Ism"Author: J.B. Priestly Tone: Analytical Discourse: Description, Example, Definition, Compare and Contrast1
6753499772"The Santa Ana"Author: Joan Didion Tone: Apprehensive, Ominous Discourse: Description2
6753508866"Salvation"Author: Langston Hughes Tone: Reflective, Remorseful, Solemn Discourse: Narration, Description, Process Analysis3
6753532404"Grade A: The Market for a Yale Woman's Eggs"Author: Jessica Cohen Tone: Critical, Clinical Discourse: Narration, Process Analysis, Division Analysis, Cause and Effect4
6753548029"Fish Cheeks"Author: Amy Tan Tone: Poignant, Sincere Discourse: Narration, Description5
6753557250"That's So Mysto: What Makes Slang Stick?"Author: Juliet Lapidos Tone: Analytical, Didactic Discourse: Example6
6753567312"Black Men and Public Space"Author: Brent Staples Tone: Angry, Resigned Discourse: Example, Narration7
6753574694"Is Sex All That Matters?"Author: Joyce Garity Tone: Sardonic, Incensed Discourse: Cause and Effect8
6753582377"When Bright Girls Decide that Math is "A Waste of Time""Author: Susan Jacoby Tone: Critical, Contentious Discourse: Argument, Narration, Example9
6753790488"Size 6: The Western Women's Harem"Author: Fatema Mernissi Tone: Critical, Contemplative, Forthright Discourse: Compare and Contrast, Example, Persuasion10
6753629642"Neat People vs. Sloppy People"Author: Suzanne Brit Tone: Hyperbolistic, Humorous Discourse: Compare and Contrast, Description11
6753639782"Grant and Lee: A Study in Contrasts"Author: Bruce Catton Tone: Reverent Discourse: Compare and Contrast12
6753651680"America: The Multinational Society"Author: Ishmael Reed Tone: Judgmental Discourse: Compare and Contrast13
6753659761"Behind the Formaldehyde Curtain"Author: Jessica Mitford Tone: Sardonic, Detached, Didactic Discourse: Process Analysis, Description, Narration14
6753670383"Freewriting"Author: Peter Elbow Tone: Analytical Discourse: Example15
6753676057"Don't Just Stand There"Author: Diane Cole Tone: Analytical Discourse: Persuasion16
6753682038"How to Poison the Earth"Author: Linnea Saukko Tone: Satirical Discourse: Process Analysis17
6753690980"Jock Culture"Author: Robert Lipsyte Tone: Forthright, Earnest Discourse: Division or Analysis, Compare and Contrast, Definition, Argument18
6753701609"Vampires Never Die"Author: Guillermo del Toro & Chuck Hogan Tone: Clinical, Fanciful Discourse: Division or Analysis, Compare and Contrast19
6753723060"Racism and Sexism in Advertising"Author: Shafeeq Sadiq Tone: Accusatory, Earnest, Indignant Discourse: Division or Analysis, Example, Persuasion20
6753737111"College Classes for Conservatives to Avoid"Author: Ashley Herzog Tone: Caustic, Condescending Discourse: Classification, Example21
6753780466"I Want a Wife"Author: Judy Brady Tone: Caustic Discourse: Definition, Classification22
6753746979"The Ways We Lie"Author: Stephanie Ericsson Tone: Sincere, Analytical Discourse: Classification, Definition, Example23
6753753315"Plata o Plomo: Silver or Lead"Author: Marie Javdani Tone: Judgmental, Analytical Discourse: Cause and Effect, Compare and Contrast, Division or Analysis24
6753771163"Live Free and Starve"Author: Chitra Divakaruni Tone: Critical, Empathetic Discourse: Cause and Effect, Persuasion25
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AP English Language Satire - 2017 Flashcards

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8365950917Satirethe use of humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to expose and criticize people's stupidity0
8365950918Juvenalianany bitter and ironic criticism with personal attacks, angry and moral indignation, and pessimism1
8365950919Horatianmeant to delight and humor using laughter and ridicule in a non-accusatory manner to highlight vice and folly2
8365950920Verbal Ironyin which a person says or writes one thing and means another or uses words to convey a meaning that is the opposite of the literal meaning.3
8365950921Situational Ironyirony involving a situation in which actions have an effect that is opposite from what was intended, so that the outcome to what was expected.4
8365950922Dramatic Ironyirony that is inherent in speeches or a situation of a drama and is understood by the audience but not grasped by the characters in the play.5
8365950923Exaggerationa statement that represents something as better or worse than it really is.6
8365950924Hyperboleexaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.7
8365950925Distortiontwisting or emphasizing some aspect of a condition, individual, or event intends to highlight it. A type of distortion may include the juxtaposition or inappropriate or incongruous ideas or things.8
8365950926Understatementthe presentation of something as being smaller, worse, or less important than it actually is.9
8365950927Innuendoa hint, indirect suggestion, or reference (often in a derogatory sense), a valuable tool for the satirist because it allows him to implicate a target by a completely indirect attack. This is especially useful when the target is dangerous, for it is often possible to deny the insinuation.10
8365950928Invectiveinsulting, abusive, or highly critical language.11
8365950929Diatribea forceful and bitter verbal attack against someone or something.12
8365950930Punmake a joke exploiting the different possible meanings of a word.13
8365950931Malapropismthe mistaken use of a word in place of a similar-sounding one14
8365950932Lampoona speech or text criticizing someone or something in this way.15
8365950933Caricaturea picture, description, or imitation of a person or thing in which certain striking characteristics are exaggerated in order to create a comic or grotesque effect.16
8365950934Farcethe type of a comedy that makes the use of highly exaggerated and funny situations aimed at entertaining the audience.17
8365950935Epigrama pithy saying or remark expressing an idea in a clever and amusing way.18
8365950936sarcasticmarked by or given to using irony in order to mock or convey contempt.19
8365950937sardonicgrimly mocking or cynical.20
8365950938mockingmaking fun of someone or something in a cruel way21
8365950939ridiculingto contemptuous and dismissive language or behavior.22
8365950940facetioustreating serious issues with deliberately inappropriate humor23
8365950941parodyan imitation of the style of a particular writer, artist, or genre with deliberate exaggeration for comic effect.24
8365950942self-deprecatingmodest about or critical of oneself, especially humorously so25
8365950943tongue-in-cheekwith ironic or flippant intent.26
8365950944banteringtalk or exchange remarks in a good-humored teasing way.27
8365950945condescendinghaving or showing a feeling of patronizing superiority.28
8365950946tauntingprovoke or challenge (someone) with insulting remarks.29
8365950947contentiouscausing or likely to cause an argument30
8365950948incisiveintelligently analytical and clear-thinking.31
8365950949indignantfeeling or showing anger or annoyance at what is perceived as unfair treatment.32
8365950950insolentshowing a rude and arrogant lack of respect.33
8365950951lampooningpublicly criticize (someone or something) by using ridicule, irony, or sarcasm.34
8365950952scornfulfeeling or expressing contempt or derision.35
8365950953viceis a a wrongdoing or evil of some sort. Examples of vices used typically in satire: stupidity, gullibility, poor decision making, narrow-mindedness, intolerance/prejudice, vanity, apathy, selfishness, hypocrisy, dishonesty, irresponsibility36
8365950954follyis a lack of good morals or common sense.37
8365950955seven deadly sinsavarice (greed), lust, gluttony( excessive love of comforts), sloth, pride, envy, and anger38
8365950956social satireA work of literature that mocks social conventions, another work of art, or anything its author thinks ridiculous; satire aimed specifically at the general foibles of society rather than an attack on an individual39
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AP World History Chapter 8 Flashcards

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5138580229china extended its borders deep into where?central asia0
5138582464what were the northern nomads considered to the chinese?barbarians1
5138596251nomads posed a military threat and sometimes conquered/ruled parts of china true or falsetrue2
5138606780how many centuries of political fragmentation happened after the collapse of the Han Dynasty (220 CE)three3
5138616220what type of families rose after the collapse of the han dynastyaristocratic families4
5138621696were the aristocratic fams that rose after collapse of han dynasty locally or not locally entrenchedlocally5
5138627621what did the nomads that invaded china after the fall of han dynasty often do?became "Chinese" by marrying chinese women, getting chinese names, learning chinese etc6
5138637517how did the fall of han dynasty affect china's religion?disunity discredited confucianism which helped spread buddhism and daoism7
5138643330where did the migration of chinese people gosouth to yangzi river8
5138646900what happened when chinese people migrated to yangzi river?deforestation and retreat of elephants9
5138654349what three dynasties followed fall of han dynastysui tang song10
5138660778what solidified the spreading unity during sui empirecanals linked north and south china11
5138665106how were the leaders in sui empireruthless12
5138667273what prompted the overthrow of sui dynastyfutile military to conquer korea which exhausted resources and ruthless leaders13
5138678056what dynasty was built on sui foundations and quickly took overtang14
5138685117what dynasty set patterns of chinese life that endures todaytang15
5138690139during what dynasties did the golden age of art and literature occurtang and song16
5138694375what dynasty gave rise to neo-confucianismsong17
5138698168what was neo-confucianismconfucianism with buddhism and daoism18
5138703952what were the six major ministries in tang and song dynastiespersonnel, finance, rites, army, justice, public works19
5138708142what was the censorate ( tang and song)government surveillance that check character of public officials20
5138713377how was bureaucracy staffed (tang and song)exams21
5138718397what majority of people held official jobs (tang and song)sons of privledged even if they didnt pass test22
5138725488what was made to help people study for the exams to be officials (tang and song)colleges23
5138746083what happened when people tried to redistribute land to peasants?Aristocrats said nah24
5138750644in what dynasty was the economic revolutionsong25
5138752816what happened to the pop during songrapid growth26
5138757550what achievements in agricultural production happened in songfast, nondrought rice from vietnam27
5138762500what was the song dynasty capital cityhangzhou28
5138765335how did hangzhou supply foodthru waterway systems provided cheap trans bound country together29
5138773448what industry increased output in songiron30
5138777843what fueled iron increased outputcoal31
5138780676what did coal provide besides increasing coal outputheating, cooking, pollution32
5138786695why did the industrial revolution slow downnomads33
5138789730what technological advancements happened in songprinted books, nav systems, ships, gunpowder34
5138796568how did growing use of paper money contribute to china commercializationstaxes paid in money let farmers sell extra food35
5138820652what dynasty did women have more freedom intang36
5138820653what dynasty did women have less freedomsong37
5138826481what influenced tang to let women have more freedomsteppe nomads38
5138829864what made song dynasty women have less freedomconfucianism from Han dynasty39
5138835863how was masculinity changedinstead of strong stuff calligraphy, scholarship, painting and poetry was more masculine40
5138841462what were feminine qualities in songweak, delicate, distraction to man's pursuit of introspective life, remarriage of widows shameful, foot binding41
5138849467describe foot bindingenhance marriage prospects, distinguish chinese women from barbarians, elite from commoners, rite of passage, small kink42
5138861110how did women lose economic status in songfactories run by men, took over women jobs of textiles and silk making43
5138868532what jobs besides silk making did women have in songrestaurant owners, food sellers, maids, cooks, dressmakers, concubines, whores, entertainers44
5138879423what did the increase of concubines create in songhousehold drama45
5138884087what women rights expanded in songproperty rights46
5138887089why were women urged to get education songto better raise sons to provide for fam47
5138891670how did the nomads and china need each otherchina needed horses for military nomads needed agricultural products and luxury goods48
5138901454nomads lived in tribes and sometimes larger states true or falsetrue49
5138903763why did nomads need agricultural products from chinakept moving so no time to farm, land where they lived unable to produce crops50
5138913334what did the nomads focus on raising instead of cropslivestock and horses51
5138915940who controlled much of silk roadnomads52
5138918339china thought of as ______ kingdommiddle53
5138920123how did chinese people view nomads and whybarbarians cuz they thought they were center of world and superior54
5138926995how did nomads view china and whyinvaders cuz often send army to nomad land, great wall of china build, china made trading hard55
5138932649what did china representcivilization56
5138937013why did some people think they didnt need the nomadsthey just wanted chinas wealth and wisdom57
5138940832what is the tribute systemforeigners acknowledge china superiority. to trade with china they preform kowtow and give tribute58
5138947153what is kowtowritual bowing and lying on the ground59
5138952403with who did china use tribute system withnorthern nomads, korea, vietnam, tibet, japan60
5138959452were foreigners willing to cooperate with the tribute systemyes61
5138961811what type of nomads was china often faced withnomadic empires able to compete with china62
5138968697who were the xiongnu during what timenomadic empire in han dynasty63
5138970660what did xiongnu do to china and make them dodevastating raids made china negotiate with them to stop raids64
5138978719what must china do to stop xiongnu from destroying everythingconsider nomads equals, give "gifts" of agriculture and luxury goods65
5139016570who are the uighurs and what did they dogroup in turkic empire that rescued tang dynasty from internal revolts66
5139030170how did nomads find it more profitable to extort goodsthru working chinese government thru raids instead of ruling it67
5139037576what did the nomads do after the collaps of the han and tang dynastiesconquer many parts of china68
5139057565what people controlled parts of north china and required chinese song dynasty to give annual giftskhitan and jurchen69
5139065765what gifts were given to xiongnu and turkic nomads to stop raidswives and goods70
5139072049"bestowing gifts on barbarians" was a part of tribute system that allowed china to whatimagine that they were in control71
5139581460with what people was "becoming chinese" most popularjurchen72
5139585844what pastoral communities retained culture and which ones were absorbed into chinanorth nomads retained, south nomads absorbed into china73
5139591388how did nomads influence chinafounders of sui and tang mix of nomads and chinese74
5139597935what turkic infulence on tang and song courts and militarytroops led in turkic style75
5139604549what dynasty had many foreign visitors from asia bringing tribute exotic goods and religionstang76
5139607431in what dynasty was culture of "western barbarians" fashionable to elitestang77
5139614168why didnt south china people (legacy to han) like the north peoplefor allowing women freedom, drinking yogurt and not tea and listening to western music (barbarian influence)78
5139626422what states that had tributary relationship with china were thoroughly agricultural and sedentarykorea, vietnam and japan79
5139641384who retained distinctive identities resisted chinese from politically dominating and appreciated chinese culturejapan, korea, vietnam80
5139645222what did the borrowing of chinese culture in japan, korea and vietnam resemble and howdeveloping countries of afro-asian societies that embraced modern stuff and western culture while maintaining political and cultural independence81
5139659626what was a major chinese influence did korea takebuddhism82
5139661298early korean states were friends or rivalsrivals83
5139664168on what exception did koreans resist chinese political controlwhen it was advantageous to join against local enemy84
5139669793what did the silla do with the tang dynasty in the seventh centuryallied with tang to bring unity to peninsula85
5139674533what did the silla and tang alliance provoke in koreasharp military resistance86
5139677945what was the result of the silla and tang alliancewithdrawal of chinese forces and tributary relationship with politically independent korea87
5139687998what did korea want to turn their state intosimilar version of tang dynasty88
5139696366pros of korean tributary missions to china?legitimacy to korean rulers, knowledge of chinese court, administrative techniques, trade (mostly luxury), confucian/buddhist texts, art89
5139711874what is the capital city of silla and what was it modeled afterkimsong modeled after chinese capital chang'an90
5139715193what did korean students sent to china studymostly confucianism91
5139718312what did schools established in korea teach and what did they useconfucianism using chinese texts92
5139721307who supported more confucian society in koreacourt93
5139724664what changed in womens rights in confucian korea and whywomen not allowed to raise children in parents home cuz woman belonged to husbands family, no remarriage of widows, no burial of husband in wifes family plot, no female inheritance94
5139736911in korea why did men legally have to have a distinct primary wife. what problems did this causethey got privileges and status. tensions within families95
5139744899korean restrictions on women later were stronger than chinas true or falsetrue96
5139754403was there little chinese cultural influence (except buddhism) beyond elites?yes97
5139759000how often was the examination system for gov officials used. what did answer allownot often. aristocrats to maintain control of bureaucratic positions98
5139765319what is the korean alphabet called and who resisted ithangul. conservative confucian men99
5139769839didthe korean alphabet gradually take holdyes100
5139779209vietnam was politically dependent/independent, a part/not a part of the tribute system, and borrowed heavily/lightly from chinaindependant, part of, heavily101
5139784673what part of vietnam was controlled by chinese for over thousand yrsheartland aka red river valley102
5139788042how were vietnamese viewed by chinasouthern barbarians103
5139794783what did china do to enforce mandatory cultural assimilation in vietnamchinese irrigation, confucian schools, chinese language, chinese clothing and hair mandatory104
5139802858why did chinese flood to "pacified south"escape internal conflicts in china105
5139807084how did the chinese who flooded to "pacified south" feel about localsdespised them106
5139812629vietnam was a southern _____ of the universal world (china)extension107
5139825956who led periodic rebellions in vietnamwomen108
5139825957what did china make elite children dolearn chinese culture109
5139830425how did vietnam separate from tang dynastyweakening of tang dynasty allowed rebellion110
5139835278did vietnam maintain tributary role with china after independenceyes111
5139841558how did vietnam view chinese methods of ruling. what did vietnamese do because of answeruseful. styled rulers as emperors, used mandate of heaven, used chinese court rituals112
5139848092did the examination system take root in vietnamyes113
5139850985what did the use of the examination system in vietnam do to the establish aristocracyundermined them114
5139855802the examination system in vietnam gave way to ________ for commonerssocial mobility115
5139859861what south east asia practices remained with vietnamseperate language cockfighting betel nuts116
5139864610women in vietnam had a greater/lower role in social and economic lifegreater117
5139868855there were no female deities because of confucianism spreading in elite vietnamfalse118
5139872473women were/were not allowed to choose hubby and were/were not allowed to live in parents household in vietnamwere, were119
5139876802did confucian gender practices enforced by northern officials work in vietnamno120
5139876803birth of girl/boy preferred in vietnamgirl121
5139886594vietnamese writing used by_____educated women122
5139891070what allowed japan to have voluntary and selective borrowing from chinathere was no threat cuz they were separated by ocean123
5139894902was japan ever successfully invaded or conquered by chinano124
5139897323what did unified japanese state emerge fromaristocratic chiefdoms125
5139902410what did japanese aristocratic chiefdoms set out to transform japan intocentralized bureaucratic state like tang dynasty china126
5139903952who was shotoku taishi. what did he doprominent aristocrat from one of major clans. sent ppl to china and brought back practices, made japanese rulers as chinese style emperor (seventeen article constitution) and encouraged buddhism and confucianism127
5139933684what did shotolu taishi emphasizemoral quality of rulers128
5139936946what chinese features were adopted in japancourt rituals, rankings, calander, taxes, laws, govt ministries, provincial administration129
5139942956japanese capital cities of nara and heian-kyo based on what chinese capital citychang'an130
5139949824china liked/disliked japanliked131
5139952371schools of chinese buddhism/confucianism took rootbuddhism132
5139955601art architecture education views of afterlife etc reflected ______ culture in japanbuddhist133
5139957300what social class was chinese writing system usedelites134
5139960147when did missions to absorb more chinese cultural elements stop10th century135
5139963589what did japan do with what they got from china and their own traditionscombine them136
5139967374did japan ever succeed in making a centralized bureaucratic state like chinano137
5139971681did the emperor have any real power in japanno138
5139971682who held the power in japanaristocratic families139
5139976305who did chinese style universities trainsons of court aristocrats140
5139992465what social class did the decentralized japanese state createsamurai141
5139996606because japan was decentralized what did local authorities docreate own military forces with samurais142
5139999840describe samurai warrior classcurved blades, value bravery loyalty etc, death over surrender (bushido)143
5140004635how did samurai contrast with chinas masculinitysamurai is military virtue china virtued intellectual and political achievements144
5140010276what was shintonative japanese religion145
5140014120what is kamisacred spirits associated with human ancestors and natural phenomena146
5140016082what did kami do to leadersgave legitimacy (descendants of sun goddess)147
5140027762what did kami lackphilosophy/ritual148
5140030971did kami conflict with buddhismno149
5140034193did kami assimilate into japanese buddhism as deities of principalsyes150
5140039305japanese writing system has chinese________characters and phonetic symbols151
5140040903whats tankastylized japanese poetic form152
5140048400what period was tanka most usedheian153
5140050642tanka written in _______ script by __________________japanese aristocratic women154
5140052274where does most knowledge about tanka come fromwomen diaries and novels155
5140059399what did elite japanese men write inclassical chinese156
5140063140how did influence of tang dynasty influence women in japanhad more freedom157
5140067898women could/couldnt inherit property, could/couldnt live with their parents or away from husbands, could/couldnt marry and break marriages easily in tang influenced japancould could could158
5140070135did japan correspond with confucian valuesno159
5140070136when did women lose status in japanwhen samurai/master alliance replaced marriage as political strategy160
5140080204elite women influence in political life was reduced because of internal japanese affair/chinese influenceinternal japanese affair161
5140084195chinas economic revolution lay in __________ innovationstechnology162
5140086302what salt techniques came from china. where did it spread toby evaporation. islam and Christian europe163
5140089617since when did china know how to make paper. where did it spread tohan dynasty. korea, vietnam, japan, india, islamic world, spain, france, germany, england164
5140098959where did printing spread tokorea (movable type developed) and japan165
5140102646what influenced printing development and whybuddhism bc invented to print sacred text166
5140104038who resisted printing and whyislamic world cuz value calligraphy167
5140106255why was printing delayed in europebc absense of paper168
5140111568what did the invention of gunpowder trigger in europeinvention of cannons169
5140113116who led the gunpowder revolutioneurope170
5140114935who was the compass used byeveruone171
5140117081prosperity in __________ dynasty stimulated _______ based behaviorsong market172
5140121210silk, porcelain found ready market from ______ to east ________ and everywhere inbetweenjapan africa173
5140126459particular chinese technique/product stimulated innovations based onlocal needs174
5140130432where did china learn cotton and sugar processing fromindia175
5140136985didall farmers who moved to south china move voluntairilyno176
5140229979where did china get windmills frompersia177
5140232092what was first printed book. woodblock printingdiamon sutra178
5140240558indian ocean trade brought buddhist, hindu, and muslim temples to what costal city of chinaquanzhaou179
5140242431did tensions of cultures erupt into violence sometimesyes180
5140245625what type of state did indian ocean trade transform china intoone more based on producing for exporting instead of substinence economy181
5140249943what did merchants socially recieve not known beforeacceptanced182
5140252592where did buddhism come fromindia183
5140256492was buddhism the only large scale cultural borrowing in chinas history till marxism in 20 centuryyes184
5140258086what did buddhism provide an element of in chinacommonality185
5140260885where did buddhism enter china fromsilk road186
5140264671in 1-2 century han dynasty new relegion had little/lots appeal. whylittle cuz barbarian foreign187
5140266716how did buddhism values contrast confuciansecluded monks and nuns vs confucian family values. individual salvation selfish to confucians. buddhism abstractness vs. confucain natural/sciency (infinite eons vs finite dynastic cycles)188
5140279663what did buddhism provide in the face of collapsing societycomfort189
5140281498what did buddhist monasteries providerefuge from violence, charity, medicine, reading education190
5140287454monastaries had magic to win battles, rain in droughts cured diseases and relief from guild true or falsetrue191
5140291231what were important things that changed when hindu tryna translate religion (dharma) to chinese termsdao=the way, morality = submission and obedience, husband supports wife = husband controls wife192
5140298512broader, took hold in china, numerous deities, respect relics, many heavans/hells, bodhisattvas to aid believermahayana193
5140304131psychological individualistic buddhismtheravada194
5140308408what did faithfully repeating name of earlier buddha (amitabha) doensure rebirth in heavan (pure land)195
5140313170salvation without intensive meditation/study was appealing/unappealingappealing196
5140316927sui emperor wendi supported/didnt support buddhist monasteriessupported197
5140318580what happened with buddhist monasteries in the westgot rich, exempt from taxes, ran businesses, water mills, gold, art, millions of employees, etc198
5140323576buddhism never achieved independence from state like Christian church did true or falsetrue199
5140325998how were monks hiredexams200
5140325999who supervised exams to hire monksstate201
5140331838what did education in monasteries require students to studyconfucian classics202
5140333566what did some people have a problem with buddhismstate within state challenging imperial authority, resentment of wealth, environmental impact of monasteries, celibacy of monks against confucian, when state poor look to monasteries203
5140341240lushan rebellion revolted against ______ dynasty because hated _______tang, foreign culture204
5140343887what did the imperial decrees against buddhism doordered monks to go back to being tax payers, monasteries etc public use, confiscate money, no more gold, silver etc to make images205
5140350892did buddhism vanish after imperial decrees against it?nah206
5140355156buddhism played role in reformulation of confucian thinking (song)true207
5140356174village people kept/didnt keep buddhismkept208
5140360475unlike europe where foreign religion took control buddhism was assimilated into chinese culture and other traditions209
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