AP Notes, Outlines, Study Guides, Vocabulary, Practice Exams and more!

AP Human Geography Agriculture Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
6573569196AgribusinessSystem of food production involving everything from the development of the seeds to the marketing and sale of food products at the market.0
6573569197Cash CropsPlanting large amounts of profitable crops for mass production and sell.1
6573569198Commercial AgricultureAgriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.2
6573569199Double CroppingPlanting and harvesting a crop on a field more than once a year.3
6573569200GMOsFoods that\have their genes altered in a laboratory for specific purposes, such as disease resistant, increased productivity, or nutrients value4
6573569201Intensive Subsistence FarmingA form of subsistence agriculture in which farmers must expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum feasible yield from a parcel of land.5
6573569202MonocultureDependence on a single agricultural commodity.6
6573569203MechanizationIn agriculture, the replacement of human labor with technology or machines.7
6573569204Primary EconomyAny economic activity pertaining to the collecting, harvesting, and obtaining of raw materials.8
6573569205Plantation AgricultureRaising a large amount of a 'cash crop' for local sale or export.9
6573569206TranshumanceMovement of animal herd to cooler highland areas in the summer to warmer lowland areas in the winter.10
6573569207Von Thunen ModelTheory that a commercial farmer wull decide which crops to grow and which livestock to raise depending on the proximity to market.11
6573569208Green RevolutionAn outgrowth of the 3rd agricultural revolution, this effort began in the 1940s and developed new strains of hybrid seeds and fertilizers that dramatically increased the crop output possible from each farm.12
6573569209Examples of Primary Economic ActivitiesRaising livestock Mining Quarrying Crude oil extraction Lumbering Wheat growing Cotton13
6573569210Examples of Secondary Economic ActivitiesMilk, Cheese Diamonds Petroleum Furniture Bread, Beer Textiles14
6573569211Examples of Tertiary Economic ActivitiesCorporation Doctors Attorneys Tourism Scientist15
6573569212NomadismDry Areas Same climate as livestock ranching(commercial farms in MDCs) Marginalized land16
6573569213Mixed livestock and grainRaise domesticated animals and growing feed17
6573569214Commercial Grain FarmingWheat belt Bread-basket US Corn belt18
6573569215Mediterranean AgricultureAn agricultural system practiced in the Mediterranean-style climates of Western Europe, California, and portions of Chile and Australia, in which diverse specialty crops such as grapes, avocados,19
6573569216Double croppingHarvesting twice in one year Employ crop rotation20
6573569217Truck FarmsFarm where farmers produce fruits for the market Use mechanization to produce large quantities of fruits and veggies21
6573569218Agrarianrelating to land; relating to the management or farming of land22
6573569219Agricultural IndustrializationThe use of machinery in agriculture, like tractors etc. - makes it easier for farmers to have higher crop yields.23
6573569220Agricultural LandscapeThe land that we farm on and what we choose to put were on our fields.24
6573569221Agricultural Location ModelAn attempt to explain the pattern of agricultural land use in terms of accessibility, costs, distance, and prices.25
6573569222BiotechnologyA form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes.26
6573569223Cultivation RegionsRegions were there is agricultural activity. Know these specifically! (ie. Southwestern US is cattle ranching, Mediterranean is crop trees).27
6573569224Dairy Farmsspecialized in dairy products, N. America, Europe, NOT Africa, South America, Asia28
6573569225DesertificationDegradation of land, especially in semiarid areas, primarily because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting.29
6573569226Extensive Commercial AgricultureA crop or livestock system in which land quality or extent is more important than capital or labor inputs in determining output30
6573569227Feedlota plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market31
6573569228Food DesertAn area in a developed country where healthy food is difficult to obtain32
6573569229Food ManufacturingThe processes that are used to convert raw materials into finished food products33
6573569230Growing SeasonThe season in which crops grow best. Growing season can vary by location, societies rely on their growing season to which crops they can or can't grow at their latitude.34
6573569231Hunting and Gatheringthe killing of wild animals and fish as well as the gathering of fruits, roots, nuts, and other plants for sustenance35
6573569232Intensive Commercial AgricultureIntensive farming in a commercial economy, crops have high yields and market value36
6573569233Livestock Ranchingan extensive commercial agricultural activity that involves the raising of livestock over vast geographic spaces typically located in semi-arid climates like the American West37
6573569234Long-Lot Survey SystemA distinct regional approach to land surveying whereby land is divided into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals38
6573569235Luxury CropsNon-subsistence crops such as tea, cacao, coffee, and tobacco39
6573569236Metes and Bounds Systema system of land surveying east of the Appalachian Mountains. The system relies on descriptions of land ownership and natural features such as streams or trees.40
6573569237PastoralismA type of agricultural activity based on nomadic animal husbandry or the raising of livestock to provide food, clothing, and shelter.41
6573569238Organic AgricultureApproach to farming and ranching that avoids the use of herbicides, pesticides, growth hormones, and other similar synthetic inputs.42
6573569239PesticidesChemicals used on plants that do not harm the plants, but kill pests and have negative repercussions on other species who ingest the chemicals.43
6573569240Planned Economya system of production of goods and services, usually consumed or distributed by a governmental agency, in quantities, at prices, and in locations determined by governmental program44
6573569241Plant Domesticationgenetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention45
6573569242Primogenitureright of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son46
6573569243Quaternary Economic Activitiesservice sector industries concerned with the collection, processing, and manipulation of information and capital. Examples include finance, administration, insurance, and legal services.47
6573569244Quinary Economic Activitiesservice sector industries that require a high level of specialized knowledge or technical skill. Examples include scientific research and high-level management.48
6573569245Rectangular Survey SystemA system used to divide public domain lands in the United States in which land is divided into 6-mile square townships and subdivided into sections, portions of sections, or irregular lots.49
6573569246Root Cropscrop that is reproduced by cultivating the roots of or the cuttings from the plants50
6573569247Carl SauerDefined the concept of cultural landscape as the fundamental unit of geographical analysis.51
65735692482nd Agriculture RevolutionInnovations led to agricultural surpluses, food surpluses, let people move from farms to factories, growth of cities increased.52
6573569249Secondary Economic Activityeconomic activity involving the processing of raw materials and their transformation into finished industrial products; the manufacturing sector53
6573569250Seed Cropscrop that is reproduced by cultivating the seeds of the plants. crop that is reproduced by cultivating the seeds of the plants.54
6573569251SpecializationThe concentration of the productive efforts of individuals and firms on a limited number of activities55
6573569252Slash and Burn Agriculturea farming technique in which trees are cut down and burned to clear and fertilize the land56
6573569253Tertiary Economic Activityeconomic activity associated with the provision of services--such transportation, banking, retailing, education, and routine office-based jobs.57
6573569254Township and Range SystemA rectangular land division scheme designed by Thomas Jefferson to disperse settlers evenly across farmlands of the U.S. interior.58
6573569255Third Agriculture Revolution'green revolution' rapid diffusion of new ag techniques between 1970's and 1980's, especially new high-yield seeds and fertilizers59
6573569256Soil Erosionthe wearing away and removal of rock and soil particles from exposed surfaces by agents such as moving water, wind, or ice60
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP World History Period 4 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
9331898543absolutismconcept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during the 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliament's, appointed professionalized armies and bureaucracies, established state churches, imposed state economic policies - eg. Louis XIV of France0
9331898544divine rightthe idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God1
9331898545Parliamentary monarchyoriginated in England and the Netherlands in the 17th century. Kings are partially checked by significant legislative powers in parliaments2
9331898546ethnocentrismregarding one's own race or cultural group as superior to others3
9331898547conquistadorthe Spanish soldiers, explorers, and fortune hunters who took part in the conquest of the Americas in the 16th century4
9331898548colonialismcontrol by one power over a dependent area or people5
9331898549Viceroymember of the nobility appointed to rule a country or province as the deputy of the sovereign - means in place of the king6
9331898550Columbian Exchangeglobal transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas7
9331898551JanissariesOttoman infantry divisions that dominated Ottoman armies - had a great deal of political influence after 15th century8
9331898552Devshirmein the Ottoman Empire, the policy of taking children from conquered Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers9
9331898553ShahKing, title of the Mughal and Safavid emperors10
9331898554Vizierhead of the Ottoman bureaucracy, after the 15th century often more powerful than the sultan11
9331898555Sultanthe ruler of a Muslim country (especially of the former Ottoman Empire)12
9331898556Haremthe women in a Muslin household, including the mother, sisters, wives, concubines, daughters, entertainers, and servants - the Ottoman Sultans had large harems13
9331898557tsar, czarRussian emperor (from the Roman title Caesar)14
9331898558Cossackspeasants recruited to migrate to lands in the southern parts of Russia, combined agriculture with military conquests15
9331898559Westernizationto influence with ideas, customs, practices, etc. of western Europe16
9331898560mercantilisman economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than were purchased. Often led to the hoarding of wealth, for because it could be needed unexpectedly for war.17
9331898561Joint-Stock CompanyA commercial venture that spurred exploration by bringing together many investors and merchants in order to minimize the risks and costs of the investment. Started by the Dutch East Indian Trading Co. A significant part of mercantilism, in bringing raw materials from colonies.18
9331898562encomiendaa grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it. Established a framework for relations based on economic dominance19
9331898563Mita (aka repartimiento)forced labor system replacing Indian slaves and encomienda workers; used to mobilize labor for mines and other projects. European adaptation of the Inca system that required all able-bodied subjects to work for the state a certain numbers of days each year20
9331898564Silver in Colonial Latin Americamining in Mexico and Peru. The Spanish coerced (forced) natives to work in the mines. Spain became very wealthly and powerful from silver profits, using it to trade around the world, especially in China.21
9331898565haciendasrural agricultural and herding estates; produced for consumers in America; basis for wealth and power of the local aristocracy22
9331898566plantations/plantation systemsa large estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country, where cash crops such as cotton, tobacco, coffee, sugarcane are cultivated, using a form of coercive labor (usually slavery)23
9331898567peninsularesSpanish-born residents of the New World. (Born on the Iberian Peninsula.)24
9331898568creoles/criollosin Spanish colonial society, colonists who were born in Latin America to Spanish parents25
9331898569mestizomixed Spanish and Native American ancestry26
9331898570mulattoesmixed Spanish and African ancestry27
9331898571zambosthose of mixed indigenous and African ancestry28
9331898572galleonslarge, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from the New World Colonies to Spain; basis of convoy system utilized for transportation of silver bullion29
9331898573triangular tradethe transatlantic trading network along which slaves and other goods were carried between Africa, England, Europe, the West Indies, and the colonies in North America30
9331898574middle passagethe voyage that brought captured Africans to the West Indies, and later to North and South America, to be sold as slaves -- so called because it was considered the middle leg of the triangular trade31
9331898575Chattel slaveryconcept of believing that slaves were merely objects, not humans32
9331898576Secularconcerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters33
9331898577Protestanta member of the Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformation34
9331898578indulgencesa pardon releasing a person from punishments due for a sin, sold by the Catholic Church to help raise $$35
9331898579Bartolomeu DiasPortuguese explorer who sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488 and discovered the Cape of Good Hope36
9331898580Christopher Columbusexplorer and navigator who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean opened up the Americas to European exploration. Sailed for the Spanish crown in an attempt to find a new trade route to the East Indies37
9331898581Martin Lutherwrote the 95 Theses as a critique of the Catholic Church while serving as a monk in Germany and is credited with starting the Protestant Reformation38
9331898582Hernan CortesSpanish conquistador who led an expedition into the Aztec Empire and later caused the fall of the empire39
9331898583Francisco PizarroSpanish conquistador in South America who conquered the Incan Empire40
9331898584Vasco de GamaPortuguese explorer. Commanded the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India41
9331898585Ferdinand MagellanPortuguese navigator in the service of Spain, First to circumnavigate the globe.42
9331898586AkbarRuler of the Mughals known for having a liberal outlook on all faiths and beliefs. He expanded the empire.43
9331898587Shah JahanAkbar's Grandson and king. ruled 1628-1658, built the Taj Majhal44
9331898588AtahualpaLast Inca emperor before the Spanish conquest; was in the middle of a civil war with his brother when Francisco Pizarro arrived.45
9331898589Montezuma IIAztec ruler during the Spanish conquest of modern day Mexico. Expanded the empire's boundaries and was killed during an attack on the capital city, Tenochtitlan46
9331898590Elizabeth Ilast monarch of the Tudor dynasty. Her reign was called the "Golden Age of England," known for the flourishing of English drama and the skilled adventurers47
9331898591Louis XIVAKA Sun King. Consolidated a system of absolute monarchical rule in France and was mimicked by many other rulers during this time period. Built the Palace of Versailles and relocated the French court out there.48
9331898592Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible)Grand Prince of Moscow - first ruler to be crowned as Czar of all the Russias and managed many changes that allowed Russia to become an empire49
9331898593Peter the GreatRussian tsar who presided over the Westernization of the empire. He moved the capital to St. Petersburg and changed the social and political systems of Russia into more modern, scientific and European-oriented systems50
9331898594King Nzinga/Afonso Iruler of the Kingdom of the Kongo during the height of the Portuguese slave trade in the region. Converted to Christianity and adopted some European ideas during his reign51
9331898595Tokugawa Ieyasulast of the three great unifiers of Japan and founder of the Tokugawa shogunate, which lasted until the mid-19th century. Presided over the beginning of Japanese isolationism52
9331898596Shah Ismail Ifounder of the Safavid dynasty, Persia, modern-day Iran.53
9331898597AurangzebMughal emperor. He expanded the empire, but abandoned the policies of religious toleration set in place by his predecessors54
9331898598Suleyman the MagnificentOttoman ruler known for his reconstruction of the Ottoman legal system, which gave him the nickname "the Lawgiver." Presided over the apex of Ottoman military, political, and economic power55
9331898599John Calvinpastor during the Protestant Reformation who preached the idea of predestination56
9331898600Scientific Revolutiona series of events that led to the birth of modern science; it lasted from about 1540 to 1700. Renaissance -> Scientific Revolution -> Enlightenment.57
9331898601Galileo GalileiItalian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. Was put on trial by the Catholic Church for defending Copernicus' heliocentric theory.58
9331898602Nicolaus CopernicusRenaissance mathematician and astronomer - discovered the heliocentric theory of the universe but waited until he was on his deathbed to publish his findings. His theory was rejected by the Catholic Church59
9331898603Sir Issac Newtoncombined Galileo's laws of terrestrial motion and Johannes Kepler's laws of planetary motion to publish a work on gravitational force called Principia60
9331898604Thomas HobbesEnglish philosopher who lived during the English Civil War. He was a champion of absolutism for the sovereign and the idea of "social contract" - the people give up their rights to the absolute authority of the government61
9331898605King Henry VIIIRuled 1509-1547. Major figure of the Protestant reformation who married women to try and have a male heir to succeed him62
9331898606Anglican ChurchChurch of England (Protestant Church established by Henry VIII)63
9331898607maritime empiresempires based on sea travel64
9331898608Prince Henry the Navigatorthe first in a series of European royalty to sponsor seafaring expeditions, searching for an all-water route to the east as well as for African gold65
9331898609caravela small, three-masted sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the fifteenth century. Allowed sailors to survive storms at sea better than earlier-designed ships66
9331898610Hispaniolathe name Columbus gave to the island now occupied by Haiti and the Dominican Republic67
9331898611Treaty of TordesillasSpain and Portugal divided the Americas between them, Spain reserving all land to the west of a meridian and Portugal reserving all land to the east of that meridian68
9331898612Sikhismblended Islamic and Hindu beliefs. a monotheistic religion founded in Punjab in the 15th century by Guru Nanak.69
9331898613Little Ice Age300-year mini-ice age from 1550 to 1850. Led to mass starvation and peasant rebellions in Ming Dynasty China.70
9331898614Ming Dynasty1368-1644, Dynasty who sent Zheng He on a series of naval voyages. Built the majority of the parts of the Great Wall that still exists.71
9331898615Zheng He• Chinese admiral and diplomat during Ming dynasty • explored as far as Africa • traded & collected tribute72
9331898616Qing DynastyAKA Manchus (ethnic group). TAfricanhe last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries73
9331898617AstrolabeA navigational instrument used to determine latitude by measuring the position of the stars74
9331898618African DiasporaName given to the spread of African peoples across the Atlantic via the Trans-Atlantic trade.75
9331898619Printing Press1440. invented by Guttenberg; led to more literacy and spread of ideas76
9331898620Tokugawa Period1603-1867 period of rule during which the Tokugawa family held power as Shoguns. Pax Tokugawa. Generally isolationist, but traded with the Portuguese, who brought the first guns to Japan.77
9331898621Songhay Empire1464-1591. Became the dominate kingdom in West Africa after Mail collapsed around 1500; this empire controlled Timbuktu. Islamic.78
9331898622Kingdom of KongoCentral African kingdom that converted to Christianity via trade with the Portuguese.79
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Psychology: History and Approaches Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
5770383524BiopsychologicalPerspective that attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body, such as genetic influences, hormones and the activity of the nervous system.0
5770383525BehaviorismThe science of behavior that focuses on only observable behavior. John Watson is considered the "father" of this approach and conditioning is the main technique used.1
5770383526Cognitive PerspectiveModern perspective that focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving, and learning.2
5770383528Case StudyIn depth, detailed study of one individual or a small group. Usually done on rare/new conditions.3
5770383529CorrelationA measure of the relationship between two variables. It DOES NOT show cause and effect.4
5770383530Correlation CoefficientA number derived from the formula for measuring a correlation and indicating the strength and direction of correlation. The range is -1 to +15
5770383531Control GroupSubjects in an experiment who are not subjected to the independent variable and who may receive a placebo treatment.6
5770383533Double- Blind StudyStudy in which neither the experimenter nor the subjects know it the subjects are in the experimental or control group. This is done to reduce bias.7
5770383534Dependent VariableVariable in a experiment that represents the measurable response or behavior of the subjects in the experiment. It "depends" on/is a function of the independent variable8
5770383535Evolutionary PerspectivePerspective that focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share. Charles Darwin was a main thinker of this perspective.9
5770383536ExperimentA deliberate manipulation of a variable of a variable to see if corresponding changes in behavior result, allowing the determination of cause-and-effect relationships. It is the ONLY method that can show cause-effect.10
5770383537Experimental GroupSubjects in a experiment who are subjected to the independent variable.11
5770383538Experimenter EffectTendency of the experimenter's expectations for a study to unintentionally influence the results of the study.12
5770383539FunctionalismEarly perspective in psychology associated with William James, in which the focus of study is how the mind allows people to adapt, live, work, and play.13
5770383540Gestalt PsychologyEarly perspective in psychology focusing on perception and sensation, particularly the perception of patterns and whole figures.14
5770383541HypothesisTentative explanation of a phenomenon based on observations.15
5770383542Independent VariableVariable in a experiment that is manipulated by the experimenter. What the experimental group receives and the control group doesn't receive.16
5770383543Objective IntrospectionThe process of examining and measuring one's own thoughts and mental activities. Part of the school of structuralism.17
5770383544Operational DefinitionDefinition of a variable of interest that allows it to be directly measured. Essential for the replication of experiment.18
5770383545Observer BiasTendency of observers to see what they expect to see.19
5770383546Observer EffectTendency of people or animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being observed.20
5770383547PsychologyThe scientific study of behavior and mental processes.21
5770383548PsychoanalysisThe theory and therapy based on the work of Sigmund Freud. Goal is to make the unconscious conscious.22
5770383549Psychodynamic PerspectiveModern version of psychoanalysis that is more focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of other unconscious motivations behind a person's behavior than sexual motivations.23
5770383550Placebo EffectThe phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior.24
5770383551PsychiatristA medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of the psychological disorders and can proscribe medication.25
5770383552PsychoanalystEither a psychiatrist or a psychologist who has a special training in the theories of Sigmund Freud and his method of psychoanalysis.26
5770383553Psychiatric Social WorkerA social worker with some training in therapy methods who focuses on the environmental conditions that can have an impact on mental disorders, such as poverty, overcrowding, stress, and drug abuse.27
5770383554PsychologistA professional with a PhD and specialized training in one or more areas of psychology. Cannot prescribe medication.28
5770383555Participant ObservationA naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed.29
5770383556PopulationThe entire group of people or animals in which the researcher is interested.30
5770383558Representative SampleRandomly selected sample of subjects from a larger population of subjects.31
5770383559Random AssignmentProcess of assigning subjects to the experimental or control groups randomly, so that each subject has an equal chance of being in either group. Can be done by choosing from a hat, or rolling dice.32
5770383560ReplicateIn research, repeating a study or experiment to see if the same results will be obtained in an effort to demonstrate reliability of results.33
5770383561Single- Blind StudyStudy in which only he subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group.34
5770383562Scientific MethodSystem of gathering data so that bias and error in measurement are reduced.35
5770383563Sociocultural PerspectivePerspective that focuses on the influence of social psychology (groups, social roles, social relationships) and culture (cultural norms, values and expectations)36
5770383564StructuralismEarly perspective in psychology associated with Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener, in which the focus of study is the structure or basic elements of the mind. They believed every experience could be broken down into individual emotions and sensations through introspection.37
5770462975HumanismApproach to psychology that believes humans have free will to choose their own destiny and reach self actualization. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow were "fathers" of this approach.38
5770465462Biopsychosocial PerspectiveNewest approach that focuses on the interplay of biology (for example genetics) psychology (for example though processes) and social interactions can shape behavior.39
5770474476Positive CorrelationWhen one variable rises, the other tends to rise. When one variable falls, the other tends to fall. This does not show cause-effect.40
5770477254Negative CorrelationWhen one variable rises, the other tends to fall. When one variable falls, the other tends to rise. This does not show cause-effect.41
5770484656Random Selection42
5770484657Descriptive StatisticsOrganizing and summarizing data so they can be understood. Central tendency, measures of variability, frequency distributions are examples43
5770485145Inferential StatisticsAllow researchers to make conclusions about the results of research. Determine if the results are statistically significant and if they can be generalized to the larger population.44
5770486122Statistical Significanceif results are statistically significant, it means they were not likely due to chance; that the IV likely caused the DV. Inferential statistics are used to determine this. If p< .05, then the results are statistically significant.45
5770486980Central TendencyGives a score that seems typical of the sample. Mean, median, and mode are the three measures of central tendency.46
5770488102Positive SkewWhen scores are concentrated in the low end of the curve. The tail is pointing to the right. The test was impossible.47
5770489529Negative SkewWhen scores are concentrated in the high end of the curve. The tail is pointing to the left. The test was easy.48
5770489530Extraneous VariableAny variable that is not the independent variable but that may influence the results. For instance, participants showing a color preference in a blind taste test of sodas.49
5770490134Control VariableVariables that might impact the results of the experiment but are not what is being examined so they are held constant. Temperature, directions, time given to complete the task are examples.50
5770490135Ethical ViolationWhen one or more of the following doesn't happen: Informed Consent obtained, potential for harm is minimized, people come first, research second, deception must be justified, participants may withdraw at any time, participants must be informed of any risks, data must remain confidential, participants must be debriefed and told of any deception and about the expected results.51
5770500116Design FlawMeans that the experiment was poorly designed and the results may not be valid or generalize as a result. Examples include presence of extraneous variables, lack of control, lack of random selection, lack of random assignment.52
5772754430Generalizemeans it can be assumed that the wider population would experience the same results as the smaller, specific sample that participated in the research. Results can generalize only when there is random assignment.53
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP Statistics: Hypothesis Testing Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
6543879893Test of HypothesisA decision procedure for evaluating the validity of a null hypothesis based on examining the value of a test statistic computed from a sample0
6543879894Null HypothesisThe hypothesis of no difference, no change, and no association; usually written in the form Ho: parameter = hypothesized value.1
6543879895Alternate HypothesisThe statement you will adopt in the situation in which the evidence (data) is so strong that you reject the null hypothesis.2
6543879896Type I ErrorRejecting a null hypothesis when it is in fact true; often results in a false positive3
6543879897Type II ErrorFailing to reject a null hypothesis when it is in fact false; often results in a false negative4
6543879898Probability of a Type I ErrorThe level of significance (or the α-level); the acceptable α-level is set by the researcher based on the context of the problem5
6543879899Probability of a Type II ErrorIncreases when the variability of the sampling distribution increases; decreases as alpha increases or as the actual population parameter varies more substantially from the hypothesized value6
6543879900PowerThe probability of a hypothesis test correctly rejecting the null hypothesis; increases as alpha increases7
6543879901Level of SignificanceThe level at which the researcher believes that the study results most likely represent a non-chance event; also the probability of making a type I error.8
6543879902Test StatisticA measure of how much the sample differs from the null hypothesis; for z and t, measured in the number of standard deviations (or standard errors) from the hypothesized mean9
6543879903Observed Significance LevelThe probability, on the supposition that Ho is true, of obtaining a result at least as contrary to Ho as the result actually observed in the sample data; aka a p-value.10
6543879904Rejection RegionIdentifies the unlikely values of the test statistic for which the null hypothesis will be rejected at the alpha level of significance11
6543879905p-valueThe probability of observing a test statistic at least as extreme as the statistic obtained from a sample, given that the null hypothesis is true.12
6543879906statistical significanceA statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance13
6543879907Reject HoHypothesis decision based on higher values for test statistic and lower p-values that yields statistically significant results14
6543879908Fail to Reject HoHypothesis decision based on lower values for the test statistic and higher p-values that indicates a lack of statistically significant results15
Powered by Quizlet.com

Chapter 3 AP Vocabulary Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
7137369968The coefficient of determination, r²A statistic: It is the proportion of the variation in the y-variable that is accounted for by the linear regression line.0
7137388872Correlation, rA statistic: It measures the direction and strength of a linear relationship between two quantitative variables.1
7140517363Description of a scatterplotIt addresses the direction, form and strength of an association between two quantitative variables.2
7140530392Explanatory variableIt is the variable that is used to predict or explain changes in the response variable.3
7140532124ExtrapolationIt is a prediction for the response variable, based on the regression line and an explanatory variable value that is outside the observed range of explanatory variable values.4
7140543940Influential observationIt is an observation that has a strong effect on the regression line, especially on the slope of the regression line.5
7140549825Least-squares regression lineIt is the line that makes the sum of the squared residuals (vertical distances from the data to the line) as small as possible.6
7140554408Negative associationIt occurs when above-average values of one variable tend to accompany below-average values of the other, and vice versa.7
7140559764Outlier in regressionIt is an observation that lies outside the overall pattern of the other observations in a scatterplot. They may or may not have large regression residuals, and they may or may not be influential.8
7140567113Positive associationIt occurs when above-average values of one variable tend to accompany or occur together with above-average values of the other.9
7140572135Predicted valueIt is the response value (y-value) that is computed by substituting an explanatory value (x-value) into the regression equation. Referred to as yhat.10
7140582631ResidualIt is the difference between an actual y-value and the y-value predicted by the regression line. It can be positive or negative.11
7140592316Residual plotIt is a scatterplot of the regression residuals against the explanatory variable values. It helps analyze the form of a relationship, and whether a linear model is appropriate.12
7140597777ScatterplotIt is a plot of two variables, each one measured on an x- or y-axis. Each data point represents an (x,y) pair of numbers.13
7140608598SlopeIt is the amount by which the response variable changes for a one unit increase in the explanatory variable along a regression line.14
7140617170Standard deviation of the residualsIt is the approximate size of a typical prediction error. It is the estimate of the typical vertical distance between the regression line and the actual data points.15
7140623159y-interceptIt is the predicted y-value when x=0 is substituted into a linear regression model.16
Powered by Quizlet.com

The Total Package - AP Literature Terms 2017 Flashcards

Terms : Hide Images
6255979970ambiguityA literary technique in which a word, statement, or literary work is deliberately endowed with multiple meanings0
6255979971aphorismA statement of truth, moral, or philosophical principles expressed in a concise, witty, ans somewhat terse manner1
6255979972epic poemLong narrative poem that includes heroic deeds2
6255979973flashbackNarrative interruptions in which past events are inserted in the story line in order to provide background information or context that helps readers to interpret current events in a different light3
6255979974syntaxThe way in which words and phrases are placed together in sentences to convey a certain meaning4
6255979975pasticheArtistic work in a style that imitates a wide mixture of themes, characters, and concepts from different literary texts5
6255979976motifRecurring symbol, image, theme, or other narrative detail that becomes a unifying element in the literary work6
6255979977analogyA technique in which two things that are very different are compared to one another in order to reveal surprising truths about one or both of the elements7
6255979978bildungsromanA coming of age story8
6255979979foreshadowingA literary technique in which a writer gives hints as warnings or indications of future events that will occur in the narrative9
6255979980monologueDramatic speech delivered by a single character in a play10
6255979981symbolismThe use of an object, person, situation, or word to represent or suggest an idea or belief11
6255979982frame narrativeLiterary technique in which an introductory story is presented for the purpose of setting the stage for a second narrative: a story within a story12
6255979983euphemismThe use of a word that is less harsh in place of one that may be perceived to be blunt or offensive13
6255979984juxtapositionPlacing two or more things side by side for the purpose of comparing or contrasting them14
6255979985eponymThe use of a real or fictional person's name as a descriptive term15
6255979986neoclassicalA revival of a classical (Greek/Roman) style or treatment in art literature, architecture, or music16
6255979987chiasmusa reversal in the word order of words in two otherwise parallel sentences17
6255979988metaphorfigurative language that describes something as though it actually were something else18
6255979989metonymythe substitution of one term for another that is generally associated with it. (ex. the crown declared that the man would be executed.)19
6255979990onomatopoeiathe use of words that imitate the sounds they represent20
6255979991paradoxa statement or expression so surprisingly self-contradictory but ends up being true on some level21
6255979992parallelismthe use of similar grammatical structures or word order.22
6255979993point of viewthe perspective that a narrator takes toward the events it describes23
6255979994puna witty word-play which reveals that words with different meanings have similar or even identical sounds24
6255979995polysyndetonA literary technique in which conjunctions are used repeatedly in quick succession for an artistic or stylistic effect - often slows the speed of reading and emphasizes each item in the list25
6255979996asyndetonPurposely leaving out conjunctions while maintaining the grammatical construction of a phrase. Used to build rhythm, speed, and momentum in writing26
6255979997archetypea symbol found in many cultures27
6255979998dramatic ironya situation where the audience knows something that the characters on stage are not aware of28
6255979999allusiona reference to a piece of literature, character, historical figure that the author assumes the reader will recognize29
6255980000dictionthe word choices made by a writer30
6255980001didactichaving the primary purpose of teaching or instructing31
6255980002expositionthe beginning portion of Freytag's pyramid where the background information, characters and setting are introduced32
6255980003inciting incidentthe spark or complication that "gets the action going" in the play the event that sets the plot into motion33
6255980004denouement (catastrophe)The final outcome of the main dramatic complication in a literary work or the outcome of a complicated sequence of events34
6255980005omniscient narratora narrator who is able to know, see, and tell all, including the inner thoughts and feelings of the characters35
6255980006themeCentral idea of a work of literature/ Meaning of the work as a whole / Lesson about the human condition.36
6255980007toneA writer's attitude toward his or her subject matter revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization.37
6255980008deus ex machinaan unexpected power or event saving a seemingly hopeless situation, especially as a contrived plot device in a play or novel38
6255980009allegorya piece of writing in which abstract ideas are represented by characters and events. Usually political or moral in nature39
6255980010alliterationbeginning of same letter or sound in closely connected words40
6255980011anaphorarepetition in first part of a sentence , to have an artistic meaning41
6255980012antagonista hostile person who is opposed to another character42
6255980013apostrophefigure of speech used to adresss an imaginary character43
6255980014asidewhen a character's dialogue is spoken but not heard by other actors on the stage44
6255980015assonancerepetition of vowel sounds45
6255980016blank versepoetry written in meter without an ending rhyme46
6255980017cacophonyblend of unharmonious sounds47
6255980018caesurapause in the middle of a line48
6255980019catharsisthe release of emotions through art (emotional cleanse)49
6255980020flat characterstory character who has no depth; usually has one personality or characteristic50
6255980021round charactercharacter who has complex and perhaps contradictory personality traits51
6255980022dynamic characterchanges throughout the story, through major conflict52
6255980023static characterperson who doesn't change throughout story; keeps same personality53
6255980024characterizationprocess of revealing characters personality54
6255980025climaxpoint where conflict hits its highest point; the turning point toward resolution of conflict55
6255980026comedydrama that is amusing or funny56
6255980027conflictstruggle between opposing forces57
6255980028connotationsecondary meaning to a word58
6255980029consonancerepetition of same consonant in words close together59
6255980030couplettwo rhyming lines in a verse60
6255980031denotationthe literal meaning of a word61
6255980032denouementfinal outcome of the story62
6255980033direct characterizationauthor telling the reader how a character is and what actions it will do further in the story63
6255980034end rhymerhymes occurring at the end of line64
6255980035end stopped lineline ending in regular punctuation65
6255980036English sonneta sonnet rhyming abab cdcd eded gg (4+4+4+2=14)66
6255980037epiphanywhen a character receives a spiritual insight into they life67
6255980038euphonysmooth choice and arrangement of sounds68
6255980039extended metaphorA comparison sustained or developed through a considerable number of lines or through a whole poem.69
6255980040falling actionEvents after the climax, leading to the resolution70
6255980041feminine rhymelines rhymed by their final two syllables71
6255980042figurative languageLanguage that cannot be taken literally since it was written to create a special effect or feeling.72
6255980043figure of speecha way of saying something other than the ordinary way73
6255980044footbasic unit in the scansion or measurement of verse , stressed and un stressed syllables74
6255980045formexternal pattern or shape of a poem75
6255980046free versePoetry that does not have a regular meter or rhyme scheme76
6255980047hamartiatragic flaw which causes a character's downfall77
6255980048imageryDescription that appeals to the senses (sight, sound, smell, touch, taste)78
6255980049indirect presentation of characterthe personality of a character is revealed by what he or she does or says rather than by what is directly stated79
6255980050internal rhymeA word inside a line rhymes with another word on the same line80
6255980051ironyA contrast between expectation and reality81
6255980052verbal ironyA figure of speech in which what is said is the opposite of what is meant82
6255980053situational ironyrefers to an occurrence that is contrary to what is expected or intended83
6255980054italian sonnetA sonnet consisting of an octave with the rhyme pattern abbaabba, followed by a sestet with the rhyme pattern cdecde or cdcdcd (8+6=14)84
6255980055masculine rhymeA rhyme ending on the final stressed syllable85
6255980056melodramaa play based upon a dramatic plot and developed sensationally86
6255980057meterA regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry87
6255980058motivationA need or desire that energizes and directs behavior88
6255980059narratorPerson telling the story89
6255980060octave8 line stanza90
6255980061hyperboleA figure of speech that uses exaggeration to express strong emotion, make a point, or evoke humor91
6255980062oxymoronA figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.92
6255980063paraphraseA restatement of a text or passage in your own words.93
6255980064personificationA figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes94
6255980065plotSequence of events in a story95
6255980066omniscient point of viewThe point of view where the narrator knows everything about the characters and their problems - told in the 3rd person.96
6255980067third person limited point of viewnarrator tells the story from only one character's pov97
6255980068first person point of viewa character in the story is actually telling the story himself/herself98
6255980069objective point of viewa narrator who is totally impersonal and objective tells the story, with no comment on any characters or events.99
6255980070protagonistMain character100
6255980071quatrainA four line stanza101
6255980072rhythmA regularly recurring sequence of events or actions.102
6255980073rhyme schemeA regular pattern of rhyming words in a poem103
6255980074rising actionEvents leading up to the climax104
6255980075sarcasmthe use of irony to mock or convey contempt105
6255980076satireA literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies.106
6255980077scansionAnalysis of verse into metrical patterns107
6255980078sestet6 line stanza108
6255980079settingThe context in time and place in which the action of a story occurs.109
6255980080simileA comparison using "like" or "as"110
6255980081soliloquyA long speech expressing the thoughts of a character alone on stage111
6255980082sonnet14 line poem112
6255980083stanzaA group of lines in a poem113
6255980084stream of consciousnessprivate thoughts of a character without commentary114
6255980085syllabic verseVerse measured by the number of syllables rather than the number of feet per line.115
6255980086symbolA thing that represents or stands for something else116
6255980087synecdochea figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa117
6255980088synesthesiadescribing one kind of sensation in terms of another ("a loud color", "a sweet sound")118
6255980089tercet3 line stanza119
6255980090terza rimaa verse form with a rhyme scheme: aba bcb cdc, etc.120
6255980091tragedyA serious form of drama dealing with the downfall of a heroic or noble character121
6255980092truncationThe shortening of a line of poetry that interferes with an otherwise metrical rhythm.122
6255980093understatementthe deliberate representation of something as lesser in magnitude than it actually is; a deliberate under-emphasis123
6255980094verseA single line of poetry writing arranged with a metrical rhythm, typically having a rhyme124
6255980095vilanellea nineteen-line poem with two rhymes throughout, consisting of five tercets and a quatrain, with the first and third lines of the opening tercet recurring alternately at the end of the other tercets and with both repeated at the close of the concluding quatrain.125
6255980096foila character who contrasts with another character (usually the protagonist) in order to highlight qualities of the other character by opposition126
6255980097in media resthe narrative technique of beginning a story in the middle of the action without preamble or background information127
6255980098Juvenalian satireBitter, angry and ironic criticism of people or society.128
6255980099Horatian satireSatire in which the voice is tolerant, amused, and witty.129
6255980100innuendoan indirect suggestion; a hint130
6255980101litotesironic understatement using the negative to express its opposite. Example: "she's not ugly" to mean "she's pretty"131
Powered by Quizlet.com

AP World History Chapter 26 Flashcards

Chapter 26

Terms : Hide Images
4078904024Where was the largest railway network?United States0
4078904025What was the shipping line?A company for ships that offered fast, punctual, and reliable service on a fixed schedule1
4078904026What are submarine telegraphic cables?Insulated copper cables laid along the bottom of a sea or ocean for telegraphic communication2
4078904027Who discovered that air forced through molten pig iron by powerful pumps turned iron into steel without additional fuel, and who improved this method?William Kelly; Henry Bessemer3
4078904028Who created the first synthetic dye, aniline purple?William Perkin4
4078904029By the end of the 19th century, who was the leading producer of dyes, drugs, synthetic fertilizers, ammonia, and nitrates?Germany5
4078904030In 1831, who showed that the motion of a copper wire through a magnetic field induced an electric current in the wire?Michael Faraday6
4078904031Which economies were prey to sudden swings in the business cycle?Capitalist7
4078904032What was the one of the main causes of growing interdependence of the global economy?Financial power of Great Britain8
4078904033In the late 1870s and early 1880s, how did the United States, Germany, and other late-industrializing Western nations protect their industries from British competition?Raised tariffs9
4078904034To what did the Irish famine, persecution of Jews in Russia, poverty and population growth in Italy, Spain, Poland, and Scandinavia, and cultural ties between Great Britain and English-Speaking countries overseas contribute?Mass migrations10
4078904035How did Asians migrate in large numbers during this period?They came often as indentured laborers11
4078904036In 1851, who became the first nation with a majority of its population living in towns and cities?Britain12
4078904037What was the most important technological change within urban life?Installation of pipes to bring in clean water and carry away sewage13
4078904038What did lower population densities and better transportation do to cities?Divided them into industrial, commercial, and residential zones occupied by different social classes14
4078904039How did the new middle class exhibit its wealth?Fine houses with servants and elegant entertainment15
4078904040How did air quality worsen in urban environments, and what helped alleviate some of these problems?Burning coal, horse waste; Electricity, power plants built at distance from city16
4078904041To whom did Victorian morality best fit?Upper- and middle-class European families17
4078904042What was the most important duty of middle-class women?Raising children18
4078904043What was the first profession open to women?Teaching19
4078904044In what two work areas did women form a majority?Textile industries and domestic service20
4078904045What was socialism?Ideology developed by radical thinkers who questioned the sanctity of private property and argued in support of industrial workers against their employers21
4078904046What are known as organizations formed by industrial workers to defend their interests in negotiations with employers?Labor unions22
4078904047What did socialism begin as, and who is the best-known socialist?An intellectual movement; Karl Marx23
4078904048What served to persuade workers to become part of the existing political system instead of seeking to overthrow it?Electoral politics24
4078904049In pursuit of electoral success, what did the Social Democratic Party of Germany become?More reformist and less radical25
4078904050What was usually the crucial element in creating a feeling of national unity?Language26
4078904051What is a political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property?Liberalism27
4078904052Who was the most famous nationalist of the early 19th century?Giuseppe Mazzinni28
4078904053How did a new generation of conservative political leaders learn to preserve the social status quo?Public education, universal military service, colonial conquests29
4078904054Who saw the rivalry between France and Austria as an opportunity to unify Italy?Count Camillo Benso di Cavour30
4078904055Which Italian nationalist and revolutionary conquered Sicily and Naples and added them to a unified Italy in 1860?Giuseppe Garibaldi31
4078904056What two advantages did the Prussian state possess?Newly developed industries of the Rhineland, and the first European army to make use of railroads, telegraphs, other products of modern industry32
4078904057Who was determined to use Prussian industry and German nationalism to make his state the dominant power in Germany?Otto von Bismarck33
4078904058In 1866, when Prussia attacked and defeated Austria, what did they do instead of taking territory?Formed the North German Confederation34
4078904059What two things made politicians of all parties appeal to public opinion?Nationalism and parliamentary elections35
4078904060Why did international relations revolve around a united Germany?Germany was located in the center of Europe and had the most powerful army on the European continent36
4078904061How did Wilhelm II try to gain respect?Bullying tactics37
4078904062What were two major weaknesses of the French republic?Scarcely growing population, slow growth of French industry38
4078904063Who was Captain Alfred Dreyfus?Jewish officer falsely convicted of spying for the Germans in 189439
4078904064What were major problems the British faced as time went on?Irish resentment of English rule, their economy, preoccupation with their growing empire40
4078904065What did the forces of nationalism do to Russia and Austria-Hungary?Weakened41
4078904066Where was nationalism most divisive?South-central Europe42
4078904067What contributed to the instability of imperial Russia?Ethnic diversity43
4078904068In 1861, what did the moderate conservative Tsar Alexander II do?Emancipated peasants from serfdom44
4078904069Who continued to dominate the Russian court and administration and succeeded in blocking most reforms?Wealthy landowning aristocrats45
4078904070How did Japan and China react to the influence of Western powers?China resisted and became weaker, while Japan transformed itself into a major industrial and military power46
4078904071How did the French and British take advantage of China's weakness?Demanding treaty ports where they could trade at will47
4078904072In 1853, who arrived off the coast of Japan with a fleet of steam-powered warships demanding that Japan open its ports to trade?American Commodore Matthew C. Perry48
4078904073In 1868, who overthrew the Tokugawa Shogunate and declared the young emperor Mutsuhito "restored"?Provincial rebels49
4078904074What did the Meiji oligarchs encourage?Their country's transformation into "a rich country with a strong army" with world-class industries50
4078904075Which government structure did the Meiji leaders try to copy?Imperial Germany51
4078904076Who founded the Toyoda Loom Works in 1906?Toyoda Sakichi52
4078904077What did Yamagata Aritoma believe?Japan must sustain a vigorous program of military industrialization to protect the "sphere of influence"53
4078904078What is known as a series of anti-foreign riots encouraged by Chinese officials around the Empress Dowager Cixi?Boxer Uprising54
Powered by Quizlet.com

Pages

Subscribe to CourseNotes RSS

Need Help?

We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.

For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.

If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.

Need Notes?

While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!