| CourseNotes

AP World History: Periods 1-3 Flashcards

First set of words in the AP World History book by the Princeton Review.

8339892072	Agriculture	The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.	0
8339892073	Agrarian	pertaining to land or its cultivation; Ex. agrarian reform, agrarian society	1
8339892074	Bands/ Clans	extended family groups that generally lived together	2
8339892075	Civilization	a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations)	3
8339892076	City-States	different sections of land owned by the same country but ruled by different rulers (e.g. Greece)	4
8339892077	Domestication	process of changing plants or animals to make them more useful to humans	5
8339892078	Economy	system by which goods and services are produced and distributed to meet people's needs	6
8339892079	Egalitarian	a person who believes in the equality of all people	7
8339892080	Foraging	the process of scavenging for food	8
8339892081	Hierarchy	a series of ordered groupings of people or things within a system	9
8339892082	Hunter-Gatherer	A hunter-gatherer society is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild, foraging and hunting without significant recourse to the domestication of either plants nor animals	10
8339892083	Irrigation	supplying dry land with water by means of ditches, sprinklers, etc.	11
8339892084	Monarchy	a government in which power is in the hands of a single person who usually inherits their power	12
8339892085	Monotheism	belief in a single God	13
8339892086	Neolithic	The New Stone Age from circa 8500 to 4500 BCE: The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution(s)	14
8339892087	Nomadic	(of groups of people) tending to travel and change settlements frequently	15
8339892088	Pastoral	relating to shepherds or herdsmen or devoted to raising sheep or cattle (e.g. pastoral peoples)	16
8339892089	Paleolithic	The Old Stone Age from circa 750,00 to 500,000 years BCE to 8,500 years BCE: The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans and the development of minor tools	17
8339892090	Philosophy	the rational investigation of questions about existence, knowledge, and ethics	18
8339892091	Polytheism	belief in multiple Gods	19
8339892092	River Valley	the fertile land surrounding a river- the first civilizations arose near them	20
8339892093	Sedentary	remaining in one place	21
8339892094	Subsistence	the necessities of life, the resources of survival	22
8339892095	Surplus	a quantity much larger than is needed	23
8339892096	Theocracy	government run by religious leaders	24
8339892097	Urbanization	the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban	25
8339892098	Bronze Age	a period between the Stone and Iron ages, characterized by the manufacture and use of bronze tools and weapons	26
8339892099	Code of Hammurabi	the set of laws drawn up by Babylonian king Hammurabi dating to the 18th century BC, the earliest legal code known in its entirety	27
8339892100	Cuneiform	One of the first written languages known: A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia.	28
8339892101	Democracy	a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them	29
8339892102	Iron Age	the period following the Bronze Age; characterized by rapid spread of iron tools and weapons	30
8339892103	Pyramids	Huge stone tombs with four triangle-shaped walls that met in a point on top	31
8339892104	Shang Civilization	China's first dynasty almost 2000 BCE	32
8339892105	Ziggurats	a temple or tomb of the ancient Assyrians, Sumerians, or Babylonians, having the form of a terraced pyramid of successively receding stories	33
8339892106	Trans Saharan	route across the sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading	34
8339892107	Monsoons	Major winds in the Indian Ocean that blew into India for half the year, and blew away from India for the other half. Helped facilitate trade in the Indian Ocean.	35
8339892108	Sumerians	people who dominated Southern Mesopotamia through the end of the 3rd Millennium BCE. Responsible for the creation of irrigation technology, cuneiform, and religious conceptions.	36
8339892109	Indo-Europeans	Groups of people who came from the area north of the Caucasus mountains, which are between the Black and Caspian seas. Herded multiple animals. Rode into battle on chariots. The Indo-European language of Sanskrit, by the Aryans, are the basis of many languages today. Often accepted and adapted aspects of technology, religions, and social order of those with whom they came in contact.	37
8339892110	Before agriculture, men and women are believed to have a greater degree of equality. But after the rise of agriculture, most human societies became ________ as a result of greater male strength.	Patriarchal	38
8339892111	caste system	a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society, there was virtually no social mobility	39
8339892112	Paleolithic	(Old Stone Age) a long period of human development before the development of agriculture	40
8339892113	Carthage	This city has existed for nearly 3,000 years, developing from a Phoenician colony of the 1st millennium BC into the capital of the Carthaginian Empire. Controlled commerce in the Mediterranean prior to the rise of Roman Power. The expanding Roman Republic took control of many of its outposts after the two Punic Wars.	41
8339892114	North America		42
8339892115	Caribbean		43
8339892116	Latin America		44
8339892117	Central Africa		45
8339892118	East Africa		46
8339892119	East Asia		47
8339892120	Eastern Europe		48
8339892121	Middle East (Southwest Asia)		49
8339892122	South Africa		50
8339892123	South Asia		51
8339892124	Southeast Asia		52
8339892125	West Africa		53
8339892126	Western Europe		54
8339892127	Norte Chico	A region along the coast of Peru that possessed a highly-developed urban culture as early as 2500 B.C.E. Characterized by massive stepped pyramids and extensive use of cotton.	55
8339892128	Indus Valley	3rd millennium BC, Elaborately planned cities, standardized measures, irrigated agriculture, written language, no temples kings etc., had a lot of land, no political hierarchy, was abandoned because of mass deforestation, low crop yields, famine, environmental deterioration, etc. their influence continued even to this day (i.e. yoga). Important because it shows how we developed in our cities and economy.	56
8339892129	Olmec Civilization	earliest known American civilization, located in southern Mexico and known for its pyramids and huge stone heads	57
8339892130	Mohenjo-Daro / Harappa	the two main cities of india, know as twin capitals and both 3 miles in circumference	58
8339892131	Code of Hammurabi	A collection of 282 laws which were enforced under Hammurabi's Rule. One of the first examples of written law in the ancient civilizations.	59
8339892132	Egypt: "the gift of the Nile"	provided annual and predictable flooding that benefited and provided a sustainable lifestyle for this civilization, also gave them a stable and positive worldview, proved unty and independence and security	60
8339892133	Venus Figurines	Paleolithic carvings of the female form, often with exaggerated breasts, buttocks, hips, and stomachs, which may have had religious significance	61
8339892134	Clovis Culture	The earliest widespread and distinctive culture of North America; named from the Clovis point, a particular kind of projectile point	62
8339892135	Austronesian Migrations	The last phase of the great human migration that established a human presence in every habitable region of the earth. Austronesian-speaking people settled the Pacific island and Madagascar in a series of seaborne migrations that began around 3,500 years ago	63
8339892136	shamans	In many early societies, a person believed to have the ability to act as a leasion between living humans and supernatural forces, often by means of trances induced by psychoactive drugs	64
8339892137	Gobekli Tepe	oldest religious structure. made by hunter gathers. Indicates that religion came before organization of labor, settlement and agriculture	65
8339892138	Fertile Crescent	A geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates	66
8339892139	Teosinte	a wild grass found in the highlands of Mexico, is the wild ancestor of maize	67
8339892140	Diffusion	Is the process by which a characterictic spreads	68
8339892141	Bantu Migrations	(1500BCE to 500CE) As the Bantu people migrated, they spread the Bantu family of languages and culture. The Bantu also spread the use of iron, which improved farming techniques and agricultural efficiency, the greater food supply sparked economic development and population growth. The changes instigated by the Bantu migration increased the vitality of sub-Saharan Africa.	69
8339892142	Pastoral Societies	Based on the domestication of animals and use their products as main source of food. Groups move where there is foods but they are more settlers than nomads. Independent and warlike.	70
8339892143	Catalhuyuk	Good example of agricultural village society. Social structure, buried dead, many people, well built houses, specialization.	71
8339892144	Chiefdoms	A society that is led by a ruler of decent, but seldom used force to lead their people. They relied on generosity, charisma, and leadership to rule.	72
8339892145	Paleolithic Rock Art	The hundreds of Paleolithic painting discovered in Spain and France, dating to about 20,000 years ago; these paintings depict a range of animals, although human figures and abstract designs are also found.	73
8339892146	Neanderthals	Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, a European varient of Homo sapiens that died out about 25,000 years ago	74
8339892147	Agrarian	relating to cultivated land or the cultivation of land	75
8339892148	Mesopotamia	the name for the area of the Tigris-Euphrates river system, in modern days roughly corresponding to most of Iraq plus Kuwait, the eastern parts of Syria	76
8339892149	Phoenicians	dominant traders and merchants who created purple dye and established Carthage.	77
8339892150	Israelites	a member of the ancient Hebrew nation, especially in the period from the Exodus to the Babylonian Captivity	78
8339892151	Characteristics of a Civilization	cities, government, trade, social structure, writing and art	79
8339892152	Hebrews	a member of an ancient people living in what is now Israel and Palestine and, according to biblical tradition, descended from the patriarch Jacob, grandson of Abraham.	80
8339892153	Mandate of Heaven	is an ancient Chinese belief/theory and philosophical idea that tiān (heaven) granted emperors the right to rule based on their ability to govern well, appropriately and fairly.	81
8339892154	Horse-drawn chariots	humanities first form of personal transport, used as a technological advancement in warfare and conquest.	82
8339892155	Babylon	an ancient city of SW Asia, on the Euphrates River, famed for its magnificence and culture: capital of Babylonia and later of the Chaldean empire.	83
8339892156	Assyrians	an ancient empire in SW Asia: greatest extent from about 750 to 612 b.c. the Capital: Nineveh.	84
8339892157	Caste System	a class structure that is determined by birth. Loosely, it means that in some societies, if your parents are poor, you're going to be poor, too. Same goes for being rich	85
8339892158	Patriarchy	A male dominated society	86
8339892159	Matriarchal	A female dominated society	87
8339892160	Silk Road	an ancient network of trade and cultural transmission routes that were central to cultural interaction through regions of the Asian continent connecting the West and East by merchants, pilgrims, monks, soldiers, nomads, and urban dwellers from China and India to the Mediterranean Sea	88
8339892161	Social Heirarchy	how individuals and groups are arranged in a relatively linear ladder	89
8339892162	Reincarnation	the rebirth of a soul in a new body.	90
8339892163	Assimilation	The process by which a person or persons acquire the social and psychological characteristics of a group	91
8339892164	Monotheistic	The belief in only one god	92
8339892165	Eightfold Path	the path to nirvana, comprising eight aspects in which an aspirant must become practiced: right views, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness, and concentration.	93
8339892166	Zoroanstrianism	one of the world's oldest monotheistic religions. It was founded by the Prophet Zoroaster in ancient Iran approximately 3500 years ago.	94
8339892167	Greek Philosophy	the rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and ethics	95
8339892168	Polytheistic	The belief in many gods	96
8339892169	Legalism	strict adherence, or the principle of strict adherence, to law or prescription, especially to the letter rather than the spirit.	97
8339892170	Confucianism	a system of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by Confucius and developed by Mencius.	98
8339892171	Buddhism	is a nontheistic religion or philosophy (Sanskrit: dharma; Pali: धम्म dhamma) that encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on teachings attributed to Gautama Buddha, commonly known as the Buddha ("the awakened one").	99
8339892172	Islam	the religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad as the Prophet of Allah.	100
8339892173	Judaism	an ancient monotheistic religion, with the Torah as its foundational text (part of the larger text known as the Tanakh or Hebrew Bible), and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash and the Talmud.	101
8339892174	Christianity	the religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, or its beliefs and practices.	102
8339892175	Daoism	a philosophical, ethical or religious tradition of Chinese origin, or faith of Chinese exemplification, that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao.	103
8339892176	Han Dynasty	an empire in ancient China, that lasted from 206 b.c.e- 24 c.e.	104
8339892177	Persia	an empire located in modern day Iran but stretched as far as Egypt and Iraq.	105
8339892178	Gupta	an empire located in northern India that lasted from 320-550 c.e.	106
8339892179	Ancient Egypt	an empire that lasted for 3000 years	107
8339892180	Roman empire	located in modern day Italy but expanded to outlying countries throughout its reign, it lasted from 201 b.c.e- 476 c.e.	108
8339892181	Maya	located in modern day central america, it lasted from 1800 b.c.e- 250 c.e.	109
8339892182	Empire	an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority.	110
8339892183	Hebrew Scriptures	Torah, Old Testament	111
8339892184	Assyrian Empire	this empire covered much of what is now Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and Anatolia; its height was during the seventh and eighth centuries BCE.	112
8339892185	Babylonian Empire	Empire in Mesopotamia which was formed by Hammurabi, the sixth ruler of the invading Amorites.	113
8339892186	Roman Empire	Existed from 27 BCE to about 400 CE. Conquiered entire Mediterranean coast and most of Europe. Ruled by an emperor. Eventually oversaw the rise and spread of Christianity.	114
8339892187	Vedic Religions	Core beliefs in sanskrit scriptures; Hinduism; influence of Indo-European traditions in the development of the social and political roles of a caste system; importance of multiple manifestations of Brahma to promote teachings about reincarnation.	115
8339892188	Hinduism	A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms	116
8339892189	Mauryan Empire	(321-185 BCE) This was the first centralized empire of India whose founder was Chandragupta Maurya.	117
8339892190	Ashoka	Leader of the Mauryan dynasty of India who conquered most of India but eventually gave up violence and converted to Buddhism.	118
8339892191	Siddhartha Gautama (The Buddha)	Means "Enlightened One." He is said to have renounced his worldly possessions and taught of a way to overcome suffering.	119
8339892192	Emperor Constantine	Founded Constantinople; best known for being the first Christian Roman Emperor; issued the Edit of Milan in 313, granting religious toleration throughout the empire.	120
8339892193	Buddha		121
8339892194	Alexander the Great		122
8339892195	Parthenon		123
8339892196	Gupta Empire	(320-550 CE) The decentralized empire that emerged after the Mauryan Empire, and whose founder is Chandra Gupta.	124
8339892197	Roman Columns		125
8339892198	Aqueduct		126
8339892199	Colosseum		127
8339892200	Indian Ocean Maritime System		128
8339892201	Silk Road		129
8339892202	Trans-Saharan Trade Route		130
8339892203	filial piety	In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.	131
8339892204	monasticism	A way of life in which men and women withdraw from the rest of the world in order to devote themselves to their faith	132
8339892205	animism	Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.	133
8339892206	ancestor veneration	Veneration of the dead or ancestor reverence is based on the beliefs that the dead have a continued existence, and may possess the ability to influence the fortune of the living, the worship of deceased ancestors	134
8339892207	syncretic religion	Combines two religious traditions into something distinctly new, while containing traits of both	135
8339892208	Persian Empire	Greatest empire in the world up to 500 BCE. Spoke an Indo-European language. A multi-ethnic and multi-religious empire. Fell to Alexander the Great.	136
8339892209	Qin Dynasty	the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall	137
8339892210	Han Dynasty	(202 BC - 220 AD) dynasty started by Lui Bang; a great and long-lasting rule, it discarded the harsh policies of the Qin dynasty and adopted Confucian principles; rulers chose officials who passed the civil service exams rather than birth; it was a time of prosperity	138
8339892211	Hellenistic	Of or influenced by the Greek Empire. A type of culture typically referred to after the conquests of Alexander the Great.	139
8339892212	Teotihuacan	A large central city in the Mesoamerican region. Located about 25 miles Northeast of present day Mexico City. Exhibited city planning and unprecedented size for its time. Reached its peak around the year 450.	140
8339892213	Moche	civilization of north coast of Peru (200-700 C.E.). An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples.	141
8339892214	Chaco	An urban center established by Anasazi located in southern New Mexico. There, they built a walled city with dozens of three-story adobe houses with timbered roofs. Community religious functions were carried out in two large circular chambers called kivas.	142
8339892215	Cahokia	an ancient settlement of southern Indians, located near present day St. Louis, it served as a trading center for 40,000 at its peak in A.D. 1200.	143
8339892216	Persepolis	A complex of palaces, reception halls, and treasury buildings erected by the Persian kings Darius I and Xerxes in the Persian homeland. It is believed that the New Year's festival was celebrated here, as well as the coronations, weddings, and funerals of the Persian kings, who were buried in cliff-tombs nearby.	144
8339892217	Chang'an	Capital of Tang dynasty; population of 2 million, larger than any other city in the world at that time.	145
8339892218	Pataliputra	The captial of both Muryan and Gupta empires	146
8339892219	Athens	A democratic Greek polis who accomplished many cultural achievements, and who were constantly at war with Sparta.	147
8339892220	Carthage	City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by the expanding Roman Republic in the third century B.C.E.	148
8339892221	Alexandria	City on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt founded by Alexander. It became the capital of the Hellenistic kingdom of Ptolemy. It contained the famous Library and the Museum and was a center for leading scientific and literary figures in the classical and postclassical eras.	149
8339892222	Constantinople	A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul	150
8339892223	Trans-Saharan Caravan Route	Islamic trade in West Africa was conducted by caravans of camels. According to Ibn Battuta, the explorer who accompanied one of the caravans, the average size was a thousand camels per caravan, with some being as large as 12,000.	151
8339892224	Indian Ocean Sea Lanes	lanes throughout the Indian Ocean connecting East Africa, southern Arabia, the Persian Gulf, India, Southeast Asia, and southern China	152
8339892225	Mediterranean Sea Lanes	Trade routes that connected the Mediterranean civilizations together. The need for a sea rout for trade in the region. Trade increased and diffusion of cultures occurred	153
8339892226	Qanat System	a traditional system of gravity-fed irrigation that uses gently sloping tunnels to capture groundwater and direct it to low-lying fields	154
8339892227	Shaduf	a mechanical device that consists of a long pole balanced on a crossbeam. It has a rope and bucket on one end and a weighted balance on the other. It is used for transferring water from the river to the fields.	155
8339892228	Jesus of Nazareth	a teacher and prophet born in Bethlehem and active in Nazareth; his life and sermons form the basis for Christianity.	156
8339892229	Greco-Roman Philosophy	Ideas that emphasized logic, empirical observation, and nature of political power and hierarchy.	157
8339892230	Zoroastrianism	What religion?	158
8339892231	corvee labor	unpaid forced labor usually by lower classes, forced upon them by the government	159
8339892232	tribute	Money paid by one country to another in return for protection	160
8339892233	Black Death	Another name for the plague. Decimated much of Eurasia and North Africa, spreading from east to west, in the fourteenth century. Spread by fleas on rats. Killed from 1/3 to 2/3 of people in Europe, helped to topple Yuan dynasty in China.	161
8339892234	Indian Ocean trading network	Stretched from Southern China to Eastern Africa, carried some luxury goods (gold, ivory, porcelain, spices, etc.) and, unlike the Silk Road, bulk and staple goods (textiles, pepper, rice, timber, sugar, wheat) because of the ability of ships to carry more cargo. Depended on monsoons. Trade occurred between cities rather than nations.	162
8339892235	Srivijaya	Malay kingdom, dominated the critical choke point of Indian Ocean trade (the Malay peninsula/Coast of Sumatra) from 670 to 1025. State had a plentiful supply of gold, access to spices, and levied taxes on trade; from this drew supporters, funded bureaucracy, and created a navy. Imported Indian political ideas and Buddhism	163
8339892236	Borobudur	Mountain shaped structure of ten levels, depicting the Buddhist journey from ignorance to enlightenment, located in the Sailendra Kingdom (Java). Largest Buddhist monument in the world. Represents the blending of Javanese culture with Buddhism, and the penetration of Indian culture in the region.	164
8339892237	Swahili civilization	East African civilization, in 8th century took the shape of a set of commercial city states stretching along the East African coast. Growth stimulated by Indian ocean trade, extremely urban, language influenced by Arabic traders, became Islamic.	165
8339892238	Great Zimbabwe	Located in African interior, grew up on gold trade (esp. with Somalia), and reached its peak between 1250 and 1350. Built imposing walls.	166
8339892239	Sand Roads	Took of with the introduction of the camel in the 1st century, connected North and West Africa, salt exchanged for gold and slaves, spread Islam, by 4th century regular trans-Saharan trade established. Gold sought most highly.	167
8339892240	Ghana, Mali, Songhay	Construction stimulated by Sand Road trade. All monarchies with court lives and varying degrees of bureaucracy and military strength, and drew wealth from taxing trans-Saharan trade	168
8339892241	trans-Saharan slave trade	Mostly non-Islamic peoples without a state, held a variety of jobs (normally servants to Islamic people's in North Africa). Between 1100 and 1400 thousands of slaves were transported across the Sahara each year.	169
8339892242	American web	Less connected than Eurasian societies (absence of domesticated animals/North-South Direction). Loose contact from Great Lakes to Mississippi to Andes, spread maize and some culture. Most active between Mesoamerica and the Andes; civilizations in that region had trading networks. Inca state built roads.	170
8339892243	Sui Dynasty	Ruled 589-618. Reunite China after the fall on the Han in 220.	171
8339892244	Tang Dynasty	8th Century Dynasty. Helped begin the Golden Age of China, along with the Song, with the reintroduction if the examination system, and the establishment of schools.	172
8339892245	Foot binding	Emerged during the Song Dynasty (which created a reemergence of patriarchy and restrictions on women). Forced women to conform to a certain aesthetic ideal and restricted their movement.	173
8339892246	Tribute system	China sees itself as "Middle Kingdom", extracts tribute from neighbors and nomads in exchange for not making war and acknowledging Chinese superiority. Foreigners submits o this in exchange for trade rights. Chinese sometimes had to pay tribute to nomads.	174
8339892247	Xiongnu	"Barbarian" Empire that took over pieces of China and demanded tribute. Nomads.	175
8339892248	bushido	Japanese, way of the warrior (samurai).	176
8339892249	Chinese Buddhism	Came from India via the Silk Road, blended with Chinese culture (esp. Confucianism), with texts translated to reflect more Chinese values (dharma becomes dao). After the collapse of the Han dynasty Buddhist monasteries provided some social services, revived modest state support. After 800, xenophobia (b/c of foreign born revolution) against Buddhism increased; sharply criticized by upper class, Chinese state tried to destroy it (still remainder popular).	177
8339892250	Byzantine Empire	Started 330, continuation of Roman Empire. Included Egypt, Greece, Syria, and Anatolia; wealthier, more urbanized, and more cosmopolitan than the Western Empire. Kept the roads, tax system, imperial court, laws, and Christian court of the Roman Empire. Considered themselves Romans.	178
8339892251	Justinian	Emperor of Byzantine Empire (r. 527-565). Attempted to reconquer the Mediterranean basin.	179
8339892252	caesaropapism	The close relationship between Church and State in Byzantium. The Emperor took on the role of "Caesar", head of state, and pope (he appointed the leader of the Orthodox Church).	180
8339892253	Eastern Orthodox Christianity	Huge impact on Byzantine life. Created by the Schism of 1054, didn't want to recognize the Pope's authority, its priests can marry, and wanted to prohibit the use of icons, as well as other theological disputes.	181
8339892254	icons	Popular paintings of saints and biblical scenes, usually on small wooden panels.	182
8339892255	Kievan Rus	Modest state, named after its largest city, Kiev, emerged in the 9th century b/c of trade. Led by princes, stratified society. Religiously diverse, in 10th century, Prince Vladimir of Kiev allied the state with Eastern Orthodox Christianity (so as to unite his people).	183
8339892256	Charlemagne	Charles the Great (r. 768-814). Extended Frankish control through Spain and Italy. Symbolic of the post imperial age, he was barely literate, speaking some Latin and a little Greek, had facility with Theologians, and was the strongest ruler of his lifetime. Aechen was his capital, delegated power to Counts. On Chrustmas Day, 800 he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo (this anger Byzantine Empire).	184
8339892257	Holy Roman Empire	Encompassed much of Germany, made up of small principalities.	185
8339892258	1453	Fall of Byzantine Empire	186
8339892259	Roman Catholic Church	Latin half of the Christian Church, headed by the Pope. Record keeper of Europe.	187
8339892260	Western Christendom	For much of the period occupied the fringes of world history, only after 1500 did it fr come geographically central to world trade. Organized into competing states, feudalism and manorialism emerge. Roman Catholic Church fills power vacuum left by Roman Empire.	188
8339892261	Crusades	Started when Emperor Alexios asked Pope Urban II for help in recapturing the holy land from Muslims, dominated by French and Norman nobles, alternative to poor life in Europe. 1st a Crusade starts 1095, 4th Crusade (1202-4) is the most famous. 9 crusades total, briefly recapture holy land (1099), then it us taken again by Muslims (1187).	189
8339892262	Aristotle and Classical Greek learning	Universities established, literate churchmen debate these ideas and apply them first to theology, then to other disciplines. Sought texts from Byzantium and Arab world. Aristo ties writings become basis for university education.	190
8339892263	Quran	The sacred scripture of Islam, given to Mohamed as a series off revelations from the angel Gabriel that began in 610 and continued for the next 22 years. Radically monotheistic, challenged the social inequalities and tribalism of Arab society.	191
8339892264	umma	The worldwide Muslim community, the community of all believers.	192
8339892265	Pillars of Islam	The five requirements for believers: 1. No God but Allah, Muhammad is his messenger 2. Prayer (Pray five times a day facing Mecca 3. Almsgiving (Believers must support the poor) 4. Month of Fasting During Ramadan (No food, drink, or sex from dawn till sundown 5. Hajj (Pilgrimage to Mecca) *6. Jihad (Holy War against Infidels)	193
8339892266	Jizya	"People of the Book" (Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians) had to pay the Jizya tax in order to freely practice their religion.	194
8339892267	Ulama	Religious scholars, Sunni Muslims believe that religious authority emerges from them.	195
8339892268	Umayyad Caliphate	(r. 661-750) Arab rule expanded, caliph became hereditary position, and the capital moved to Damascus. Disliked by Shia and non-Muslims, lived very luxuriously. Overthrown by Abbasids in 750.	196
8339892269	Abbasid caliphate	Capital in Baghdad, oversaw flourishing civilization in which non-Arabs gained new prominence. Heavy Persian influence. Began fracturing into sultanate sin the 9th century, officially ended in 1258 with Mongol conquest.	197
8339892270	Sikhism	A blend of Islam (esp. Monotheism) and Hinduism (karma, rebirth), founded by Guru Nanak (1469-1539).	198
8339892271	Anatolia	(Turkey). At first, ruled by Byzantines and largely Greek speaking Christians. Invaded by Turkic peoples, by 1500 90% Muslim and largely Turkic speaking. Unlike India, huge cultural change. Heartland of Ottoman Empire.	199
8339892272	Ibn Battuta	14th Century Arab Moroccan traveler, disapproved of Anatolia's freer Islamic women, same in West Afruca.	200
8339892273	Timbuktu	By 16th century, became a center of Islamic learning, with mosques, schools, higher education, and libraries.	201
8339892274	Sharia	Islamic law, which is considered the one law for both secular and religious matters. Regulated every aspect of life. Developed primarily in 8th and 9th century by Ulama. Different schools of Sharia thought emerged.	202
8339892275	Pastoralism	Lived in areas where farming was difficult, instead focused their economies on the raising of livestock. Emerged only in the Afro-Eurasian world. Less productive economies, smaller populations, kin based group organization, better status for women, and more egalitarian than agricultural societies. Mobile. Connected to, and dependent on, agricultural neighbors. Hard to organize into states.	203
8339892276	Turks	From Mongolia and Northern Siberia, migrated westward and created a series of empires between 552-965. Alliance of tribes headed by single leader. Allied, traded with, exacted tribute, and raided China, Persia, and Byzantium. Converted to Islam, moved to Middle East, first skates to Abbasid, later took military power themselves. Created Seljuk Turk empire in 11th and 12th centuries, became sultans. Brought Islam and Turkic culture to Anatolia and the Ottoman Empire.	204
8339892277	Temujin/Chinggis Khan	(1162-1227) Father murdered, family held together by mother. Built up a small band of followers, allied with powerful tribal leaders, and rose to power from complex tribal politics. In 1206 Mongol tribal assembly recognized him as supreme leader of Mongol nation. To keep tribe together decided to attack China, first assault launched 1209.	205
8339892278	Khubilai Khan	Khan's grandson, Mongol leader of China from 1271 to 1294, gave ancestors Chinese names, improved roads, built canals, lowered taxes, patronized the arts, limited the death penalty, supported farmers, and stopped Mongols from grazing on peasant land. Adopted some religious practices, still harsh.	206
8339892279	Hulegu	Grandson of Khan, led the attack on Persia and Iraq (1251-1258), toppled Abbasid Caliphate, and massacred more than 200,000 people. Disaster for agricultural land and heavily taxed peasants.	207
8339892280	Kipchak Khanate/Golden Horde	Mongol conquest of Russia, never really occupied cities, grazed herds on steppes, and collected tribute from Russian princes, whom they appointed. Russian Orthodox Church grew. No direct rule=Little assimilation. State centered in Moscow. Mongols forced out by 15th century.	208
8339892281	Black Death/Plague	Another name for the plague. Decimated much of Eurasia and North Africa, spreading from east to west, in the fourteenth century. Spread by fleas on rats. Killed from 1/3 to 2/3 of people in Europe, helped to topple Yuan dynasty in China. Spread on Silk Road, cut off much trade. Originated in Central Asia. Reached Europe/Middle East by 1347. Better working pay for laborers, more opportunities for women. Europeans take to the sea.	209
8339892282	Ming dynasty China	China was taken back to the traditions of Tang/Song Dynasties. Time of recultivation, rebuilding, and reforesting occurred.	210
8339892283	Zheng He	Muslim sailor who led expeditions for China in the Pacific	211
8339892284	European Renaissance	A time of rebirth of culture in Europe in the fifteenth century. Helped to bridge the time between the middle ages and modern history.	212
8339892285	Ottoman Empire	a former Turkish empire that was founded about 1300 by Osman and reached its greatest territorial extent under Suleiman in the 16th century; collapsed after World War I. Capital: Constantinople.	213
8339892286	Seizure of Constantinople (1453)	The siege of the capital of the Byzantine Empire and one of the most heavily fortified cities in the world, took place in 1453. Sultan Mehmed II, ruler of the Ottoman Turks, led the assault.	214
8339892287	Aztec Empire	A member of a people of central Mexico whose civilization was at its height at the time of the Spanish conquest in the early 16th century. They practiced human sacrifice.	215
8339892288	Inca Empire	A member of the group of Quechuan peoples of highland Peru who established an empire from northern Ecuador to central Chile before the Spanish conquest. The empire encompassed the Andes Mountains.	216
8339892289	Pope Urban II	French pope from 1088 to 1099 whose sermons called for the First Crusade	217
8339892290	Yuan Dynasty	Dynasty governing China in the 13th and 14th century, Mongol Dynasty	218
8339892291	Excommunicate	officially exclude (someone) from participation in the sacraments and services of the Christian Church.	219
8339892292	Hundred Year's War	A war between France and England that lasted from the middle of the fourteenth century to the middle of the fifteenth. The kings of England invaded France, trying to claim the throne.	220
8339892293	Mansa Musa	was an emperor (mansa) of the Mali Empire during the 14th century. He became emperor in 1307. He was the first African ruler to be widely known throughout Europe and the Middle East.	221
8339892294	Ilkhanate	was established as a khanate that formed the southwestern sector of the Mongol Empire, ruled by the Mongol House of Hulagu.	222
8339892295	Humanism	an outlook or system of thought attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters.	223
8339892296	Vikings	any of the Scandinavian seafaring pirates and traders who raided and settled in many parts of northwestern Europe in the 8th-11th centuries.	224

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AP World History Chapter 31 Flashcards

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10193979526	Cold War	the worldwide rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union No physical fighting U.S and USSR on opposite sides Communism v Capitalism USA promoted democracy and USSR on communism U.S "Red Scare" Distrust, hostility, proxy battles-when U.S supplies support a country that is in a war with a country USSR supported Stalin became "new dictator" thought he was going to spread ideas	0
10194009540	Containment	The American policy of limiting Communism and preventing expansion Any countries looking to lean towards Communism would be sent a lot of money to prevent democracy	1
10194014884	Truman Doctrine	President Truman's promise to help nations struggling against communist movements Any nation that was struggling to keep communism out would be provided economic aid and become democratic nations Targeted towards Greece and Turkey	2
10194021887	Marshall Plan	A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952) "Rebuild Postwar Europe"	3
10194033930	North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)	A military alliance among democratic countries in Europe and North Africa Split down middle of communism vs capitalism U.S, UK, Canada , France, Italy, Greece, etc	4
10194047429	Warsaw Pact	The military organization formed by the Soviets and Eastern Bloc nations to rival NATO Hungary, East Germany, Soviet Union, Poland, etc Direct response to NATO	5
10194055270	United Nations	an organization of independent states formed in 1945 to promote international peace and security Also to settle disputes between member countries. China, France, U.S, etc... Replaced League of Nations Stronger and more organized	6
10194069530	Yalta Conference	1945 strategy meeting between Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin A peace conference to determine how the countries would divide up Germany's territories after WWII	7
10194076314	What did Germany look like post WWII	4 allied occupation zones Eastern part of country given to SOVIET UNION Western Part given to US and UK Small part was given to France	8
10194085714	Berlin Blockade	Soviet blocking of Berlin from allies; Causing the Berlin Airlift. France, GB, and the US each had a blockade of Berlin A lot of people living there were cut off from allies and supplies The first major clash of the Cold War 1948	9
10194099069	Berlin Airlift	program in which U.S. and British pilots flew supplies to West Berlin during a Soviet blockade	10
10194106210	Iron Curtain	Term coined by Winston Churchill that referred to the divide between democratic/western Europe form communist/totalitarian Eastern Europe	11
10194119972	Additional Information	USA prospered during WWII Able to promise countries aid Opened a new international monetary fund	12
10194127839	U.S and Communist regional clashes	Proxy Wars (Vietnam and Korean) Berlin Airlift and Blockade Iron Curtain concept NATO and Warsaw Pact are good examples Truman Doctrine and Marshall plan	13
10194127840	Proxy Wars	wars in which the belligerents (pawns) were substitutes for the United States and the Soviet Union ("chess game")	14
10194145371	Domino Theory	The US theory that stated, if one country would fall to Communism then they all would. If one country falls to communism, the other nations around them would fall to communism Bent on giving other countries aid	15
10194154821	Korean War	1950 to 1953 USSR and US both occupied North and South Korea North Korea: Soviet backed South Korea: U.S backed Each country had their specific zone North Korea invaded South Korea First Military action of Cold War American troops entered war on South Korea's behalf In end the conflict wasn't resolved and there was a stalemate between the two countries just like before End was same as beginning No formal peace treaty or treaty to end it "Truce" Showed U.S was willing to fight to contain communism	16
10194189541	Vietnam War	The Communist government of North Vietnam versus democracy in South Vietnam which was allied in the U.S Communist forces ended the War by seising South Vietnam and turning the country into a socialist republic Two competing groups that wanted their government a certain way The U.S saw that and saw a good opportunity to squash Vietnam Protests in the U.S about Vietnam War	17
10194207849	Nuclear Arms Race	Cold War competition between U.S. and Soviet Union to develop the most advanced and destructive nuclear weapons. The Soviet Union was the first one to test an atomic bomb. Shock to the U.S The U.S tested a hydrogen bomb, which is 1,000 times atomic bomb ICBM develomped by both countries Intercontinental ballistic missles Weren't firing them, but testing them to prove their own power	18
10194221951	Brinkmanship	Threatening to use nuclear weapons and willingness to go to the brink of war Threatened to use any destructive materials to fire back at them	19
10194227113	Mutually Assured Destruction	A doctrine that stated if two opposing sides used Nuclear weapons, they would both be destroyed. If one side fired a missile, the other would also fire a missile	20
10194232408	Space Race	A competition of space exploration between the United States and the Soviet Union. USSR launched Sputnik The U.S shocked and thought they were way behind U.S created NASA USSR launched the first man into space President Kenedy gave speech saying he was commited to having the first man onthe moon. Apollo 11 proved this	21
10244249298	Cuban Revolution	1959 revolt that resulted in Castro forming a communist government in Cuba. Heightened tensions between Cuba and the U.S. Cuba allied with the Soviets	22
10244258161	Suez Crisis	crisis in which Britain and France and Israel attempted to seize control of the Suez canal from Egypt 1956 Occurred after nationalization by Egypt of the Suez Canal Reacted to this by military invasion U.S allied with the Soviets in order to avoid ME conflict	23
10244268871	Berlin Wall	set up in Berlin after the failure of the Berlin Airlift; recognized as an "iron curtain" of sorts Built 1961 to separate East and West Berlin Built by Soviets	24
10244275291	Cuban Missle Crisis	1962 October Stalin was replaced by Nikkita Khrushchev Attempted to install nuclear weapons in Cuba Made U.S nervous: Two countries that U.S were hesitant towards Missles so close to the U.S Naval Blockade formed around Cuba Gave message that U.S was prepared to use military force if necessary People feared war was on brink of nuclear war Brinkmanship: both parties are prepared to go to lengths to keep the safety of their own country USSR leaders promised to withdraw missles if US did not invade Cuba made people very nervous One of the biggest cold war confrontations "Proxy Wars"	25
10244309585	Military Industrial Complex	The close association of the federal government, the military, and defense industries. President Eisenhower feared the military industrial complex because of its high cost to the U.S economy People thought money should by going elsewhere Both sides would never target each other directly Thought it was a waste Anti-nuclear movement People protested how much the government spended on nuclear weapons	26
10244325707	Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty	Lyndon B Johnson limited # of nuclear weapons from the US, USSR, GB, F, Ch The goal was to limit the spread of nuclear technology around the world	27
10244339964	Describe the state of the Cold War between 1969-1979	Détente: relaxation period Tensions cooled between USSR and US Strategic Arms limitations treaty Briefly joined forces in space during a mission in 1975 Shows how quickly things can go: hot to nothing happening at all.	28
10244356570	During the late 1900s, how were relations between India and Pakistan	Bangladesh secedes from Pakistan in 1991 Leftover tensions from the split between India and Pakistan Pakistan defined themselves from religion India inherited a larger share of resources	29
10244365968	During the late 1900s, what were some examples of decolonization?	Colonies not having a mother country anymore Independence of Indonesia -Netherlands(1945) and the Phillipines (1946) U.S Algeria independence from France (1962) Ghana - 1957 from Britain 1963 Kenya from Britain	30
10244394333	Non-alignment	Resistance to side with one nation/force. Ex: India did not take a side during the Cold War.	31
10244400024	Third World	A term applied to a group of developing countries who professed nonalignment during the Cold War and banded together with each other.	32
10244405519	Mikhail Gorbachev	Soviet leader of the 1980s who worked with Reagan to end the Cold War. Last leader of the USSR before it dissolved.	33
10244411782	What event marked the end of the Cold War	Fall of the Berlin Wall Hastened the end of the cold war	34
10244416418	When did the Soviet Union collapse?	1991	35
10244430763	Arab/Israel conflict	1948-49 1956-1967 73-82 Faught after Israel proclaimed statehood Example of longstanding ME conflict Faught over land and religion	36
10244443367	Mao-Zedong	Implemented radical transformation of society Pressed quickly for modernization of China with the great leap forward - a plan for industrializing China very quickly collectivization of agriculture Led to a famine - unorganized Cultural Revolution: Goal was to instill revolutionary purity within Chinese culture Used sensors implemented young communist activists Wreaked havoc on the country Re-education School system was overturned and new ideas were implemented	37

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AP World History - Period 3 Flashcards

The Post-Classical World, 500-1450

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8048205779	Bedouin	nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats	0
8048205780	Mecca	Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam	1
8048205781	Medina	town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar	2
8048205782	Umayyad	clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty	3
8048205783	Muhammad	(570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh	4
8048205784	Qur'an	the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam	5
8048205785	Umma	community of the faithful within Islam	6
8048205786	Five Pillars	the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)	7
8048205787	Caliph	the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community	8
8048205788	Ali	cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism	9
8048205789	Abu Bakr	succeeded Muhammad as the first caliph	10
8048205790	Jihad	Islamic holy war	11
8048205791	Sunnis	followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads	12
8048205792	Shi'a	followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam	13
8048205793	Mawali	non-Arab converts to Islam	14
8048205794	Dhimmis	"the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus	15
8048205795	Abbasids	dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad	16
8048205796	Hadiths	"traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam	17
8048205797	Wazir	chief administrative official under the Abbasids	18
8048205798	Dhows	Arab sailing vessels; equipped with lateen sails; used by Arab merchants	19
8048205799	Seljuk Turks	nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids	20
8048205800	Crusades	invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291	21
8048205801	Ulama	Islamic religious scholars; pressed for a more conservative and restrictive theology; opposed to non-Islamic thinking	22
8048205802	Sufis	Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions	23
8048205803	Mongols	central Asian nomadic peoples; captured Baghdad in 1258 and killed the last Abbasid caliph	24
8048205804	Chinggis Khan	(1162-1227); Mongol ruler; defeated the Turkish Persian kingdoms	25
8048205805	Mamluks	Rulers of Egypt; descended from Turkish slaves	26
8048205806	Arabic numerals	Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West	27
8048205807	Shrivijaya	trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam	28
8048205808	Malacca	flourishing trading city in Malaya; established a trading empire after the fall of Shrivijaya	29
8048205809	Mali	state of the Malinke people centered between the Senegal and Niger rivers	30
8048205810	Mansa	title of the ruler of Mali	31
8048205811	Ibn Battuta	Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world	32
8048205812	Sundiata	created a unified state that became the Mali empire; died in 1260	33
8048205813	Songhay	successor state to Mali; dominated middle reaches of the Niger valley; capital at Gao	34
8048205814	East African trading ports	urbanized commercial centers mixing African and Arab cultures; included Mogadishu, Mombasa, Malindi, Kilwas, Pate, and Zanzibar	35
8048205815	Great Zimbabwe	with massive stone buildings and walls, incorporates the greatest early buildings in sub-Saharan Africa	36
8048205816	Icons	images of religious figures venerated by Byzantine Christians	37
8048205817	Iconoclasm	the breaking of images; religious controversy of the 8th c; Byzantine emperor attempted, but failed, to suppress icon veneration	38
8048205818	Manzikert	Seljuk Turk victory in 1071 over Byzantium; resulted in loss of the empire's rich Anatolian territory	39
8048205819	Cyril and Methodius	Byzantine missionaries sent to convert eastern Europe and Balkans; responsible for creation of Slavic written script called Cyrillic	40
8048205820	Kiev	commercial city in Ukraine established by Scandinavians in 9th c; became the center for a kingdom that flourished until 12th c	41
8048205821	Vladmir I	ruler of Kiev (980-1015); converted kingdom to Orthodox Christianity	42
8048205822	Russian Orthodoxy	Russian form of Christianity brought from Byzantine Empire	43
8048205823	Tatars	Mongols who conquered Russian cities during the 13th c; left Russian church and aristocracy intact	44
8048205824	Middle Ages	the period in western European history between the fall of Roman Empire and the 15th c	45
8048205825	Gothic	an architectural style developed during the 13th and 14th c in western Europe; featured pointed arches and flying buttresses as external support on main walls	46
8048205826	Vikings	seagoing Scandinavian raiders who disrupted coastal areas of Europe from the 8th to 11th c; pushed across the Atlantic to Iceland, Greenland, and North America; formed permanent territories in Normandy and Sicily	47
8048205827	Manorialism	rural system of reciprocal relations between landlords and their peasant laborers during the Middle Ages; peasants exchanged labor for use of land and protection	48
8048205828	Serfs	peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system	49
8048205829	Three-field system	practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure	50
8048205830	Clovis	King of the Franks; converted to Christianity circa 496	51
8048205831	Carolingians	royal house of Franks from 8th c to 10th c	52
8048205832	Charles Martel	first Carolingian king of the Franks; defeated Muslims at Tours in 732	53
8048205833	Charlemagne	Carolingian monarch who established large empire in France and Germany circa 800	54
8048205834	Holy Roman Emperors	political heirs to Charlemagne's empire in northern Italy and Germany; claimed title of emperor but failed to develop centralized monarchy	55
8048205835	Feudalism	personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service	56
8048205836	Vassals	members of the military elite who received land or a benefice from a lord in return for military service and loyalty	57
8048205837	William the Conqueror	invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England	58
8048205838	Magna Carta	Great charter issued by King John of England in 1215; represented principle of mutual limits and obligations between rulers and feudal aristocracy, and the supremacy of law	59
8048205839	Parliaments	bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects	60
8048205840	Hundred Years War	conflict between England and France over territory (1337-1453) Established a slice of Nationalism with each country. Joan of Arc united the French and promoted French patriotism.	61
8048205841	Pope Urban II	organized the first Crusade in 1095; appealed to Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim control	62
8048205842	Investiture	the practice of appointment of bishops; Pope Gregory attempted to stop lay investiture, leading to a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV	63
8048205843	Gregory VII	11th c pope who attempted to free church from secular control; quarreled with Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV over practice of lay investiture of bishops	64
8048205844	Thomas Aquinas	creator of one of the great syntheses of medieval learning; taught at University of Paris; author of Summas; believed that through reason it was possible to know much about natural order, moral law, and nature of God	65
8048205845	Scholasticism	dominant medieval philosophical approach; so-called because of its base in the schools or universities; based on use of logic to resolve theological problems	66
8048205846	Hanseatic League	an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance	67
8048205847	Guilds	associations of workers in the same occupation in a single city; stressed security and mutual control; limited membership, regulated apprenticeships, guaranteed good workmanship; held a privileged place in cities	68
8048205848	Black Death	bubonic plague that struck Europe in the 14th c; significantly reduced Europe's population; affected social structure; decimated populations in Asia	69
8048205849	Period of the Six Dynasties	era of continuous warfare (220-589) among the many kingdoms that followed the fall of the Han	70
8048205850	Jinshi	title given students who passed the most difficult examinations; became eligible for high office	71
8048205851	Mahayana (Pure Land) Buddhism	emphasized salvationist aspects of Chinese Buddhism; popular among the masses in East Asia	72
8048205852	Wuzong	Tang emperor (841-847); persecuted Buddhist monasteries and reduced influence of Buddhism in favor of Confucianism	73
8048205853	Southern Song	smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.	74
8048205854	Grand Canal	great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin	75
8048205855	Junks	Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula	76
8048205856	Flying money	Chinese credit instrument that provided vouchers to merchants to be redeemed at the end of a venture; reduced danger of robbery; an early form of currency	77
8048205857	Footbinding	male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen a beautiful to the elite.	78
8048205858	Taika reforms	attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor; included attempts to create professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army	79
8048205859	Bushi	regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies	80
8048205860	Samurai	mounted troops of the bushi; loyal to local lords, not the emperor	81
8048205861	Seppuku	ritual suicide in Japan; also known as hari-kiri; demonstrated courage and was a means to restore family honor	82
8048205862	Bakufu	military government established by the Minamoto following Gempei wars; centered at Kamakura; retained emperor, but real power resided in military government and samurai	83
8048205863	Shoguns	military leaders of the bakufu	84
8048205864	Daimyos	warlord rulers of small states following Onin war and disruption of Ashikaga shogunate; holding consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states	85
8048205865	Sinification	extensive adaptation of Chinese culture in other regions	86
8048205866	Yi	dynasty (1392-1910); succeeded Koryo dynasty after Mongol invasions; restored aristocratic dominance and Chinese influence	87
8048205867	Khmers and Chams	Indianized Vietnamese peoples defeated by northern government at Hanoi	88
8048205868	Nguyen	southern Vietnamese dynasty with capital at Hue that challenged northern Trinh dynasty with center at Hanoi	89
8048205869	Chinggis Khan	born in 1170s; elected supreme Mongol ruler (khagan) in 1206; began the Mongols rise to world power; died 1227	90
8048205870	Shamanistic religion	Mongol beliefs focused on nature spirits	91
8048205871	Golden Horde	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c	92
8048205872	Ilkhan khanate	one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol empire after the death of Chinggis Khan; eventually included much of Abbasid empire	93
8048205873	Hulegu	grandson of Chinggis Khan and rule of Ilkhan khanate; captured and destroyed Abbasid Baghdad	94
8048205874	Mamluks	Muslim slave warriors; established dynasty in Egypt; led by Baibars defeated Mongols in 1260	95
8048205875	Kubilai Khan	grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271	96
8048205876	Ottoman Empire	Turkish empire established in Asia Minor and eventually extending through the Middle East and the Balkans; conquered Constantinople in 1453 and ended Byzantine Empire	97
8048205877	Ming Dynasty	replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China	98
8048205878	Ethnocentrism	judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history	99
8048205880	Muhammad's primary historical achievement	spread of Islam	100
8048205881	Silk Road Trade system		101
8048205882	Kingdom of Mali		102
8048205883	Inca and Rome both had	extensive road systems	103
8048205884	Important continuity in social structure of states and empires 600-1450	land holding aristocracies, patriarchies, peasant systems still in place	104
8048205885	Champa Rice	tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase	105
8048205886	Diasporic communities	merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas	106
8048205887	Trans Saharan trade	Dominated my Muslims in 13th century after rise of Islamic caliphates..	107
8048205888	Effect of Muslim conquests	collapse of other empires, mass conversion	108
8048205889	Tang Dynasty	followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence	109
8048205890	Black Death	plague that originated with Mongols, led to mass population decrease in Europe, later weakened faith in Christian church and increased the power of serfs/peasants. Led partly to fall of Feudal structures in Europe.	110
8048205891	Indian Ocean Maritime Trade		111
8048205892	Cities that rose during this time due to increased trade	Novgorod, Constantinople, Timbuktu	112
8048205893	Timbuktu	trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people	113
8048205894	New forms of monetization	Checks, Bills of Exchange	114
8048205895	Bantu Migrations		115
8048205896	footbinding	began during Tang/Song era, demonstrates objectification and oppression of women, abolished during Yuan and brought back during Ming	116
8048205897	Marco Polo	traveler/merchant from Europe who spend 17 years at court of Kublai Khan	117

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AP World History Period 2 Flashcards

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6302498006	Ahura Mazda	In Zoroastrianism, the good god who rules the world.	0
6302498007	Alexander the Great	Alexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India.	1
6302498008	Aryans	Indo-European pastoralists who moved into India about the time of the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization; their role in causing this collapse is still debated by historians.	2
6302498009	Ashoka	The most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance.	3
6302498010	Athenian democracy	A radical form of direct democracy in which much of the free male population of Athens had the franchise and officeholders were chosen by lot.	4
6302498011	Caesar Augustus	The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.).	5
6302498012	Cyrus (the Great)	Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation.	6
6302498013	Darius I	Great king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire.	7
6302498014	Greco-Persian Wars	Two major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea.	8
6302498015	Gupta Empire	An empire of India (320-550 C.E.).	9
6302498016	Han dynasty	Dynasty that ruled China from 206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E., creating a durable state based on Shihuangdi's state-building achievement.	10
6302498017	Hellenistic era	The period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors.	11
6302498018	Herodotus	Greek historian known as the "father of history" (ca. 484-ca. 425 B.C.E.). His Histories enunciated the Greek view of a fundamental divide between East and West, culminating in the Greco-Persian Wars of 490-480 B.C.E.	12
6302498020	Ionia	The territory of Greek settlements on the coast of Anatolia; the main bone of contention between the Greeks and the Persian Empire.	13
6302498021	Mandate of Heaven	The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently.	14
6302498023	Mauryan Empire	A major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India.	15
6302498024	Olympic Games	Greek religious festival and athletic competition in honor of Zeus; founded in 776B.C.E. and celebrated every four years.	16
6302498025	Patricians	Wealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society.	17
6302498026	Pax Romana	The "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E.	18
6302498028	Persepolis	The capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great.	19
6302498029	Persian Empire	A major empire that expanded from the Iranian plateau to incorporate the Middle East from Egypt to India; flourished from around 550 to 330 B.C.E.	20
6302498030	Plebians	Poorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics.	21
6302498032	Qin Dynasty	A short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period.	22
6302498033	Qin Shihuangdi	Literally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state.	23
6302498035	Civil Service Exam	Han emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) began this Chinese system establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats.	24
6302498036	Xiongnu	Nomadic peoples to the north of the Great Wall of China who were a frequent threat to the stability of the Chinese state.	25
6302498037	Yellow Turban Rebellion	A major Chinese peasant revolt that began in 184 C.E. and helped cause the fall of the Han dynasty.	26
6302498041	Ban Zhao	A major female Confucian author of Han dynasty China (45-116 C.E.) whose works give insight into the implication of Confucian thinking for women.	27
6302498043	bhakti movement	An immensely popular development in Hinduism, advocating intense devotion toward a particular deity.	28
6302498045	Brahmins	The priestly caste of India.	29
6302498046	Buddhism	The cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama	30
6302498047	Confucianism	The Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order.	31
6302498049	Constantine	Roman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe.	32
6302498050	Daodejing	The central text of Daoism; translated as The Way and Its Power.	33
6302498051	Daoism	A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi.	34
6302498052	Filial piety	The honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism.	35
6302498053	Greek rationalism	A secularizing system of scientific and philosophic thought that developed in classical Greece in the period 600 to 300 B.C.E.; it emphasized the power of education and human reason to understand the world in nonreligious terms.	36
6302498054	Hinduism	A word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions.	37
6302498057	Jesus of Nazareth	The prophet/god of Christianity(ca. 4 B.C.E.-ca. 30 C.E.).	38
6302498058	Yahweh	The monotheistic religion developed by the Hebrews, emphasizing a sole personal god (Yahweh) with concerns for social justice.	39
6302498059	Karma	In Hinduism, the determining factor of the level at which the individual is reincarnated, based on purity of action and fulfillment of duty in the prior existence.	40
6302498060	Laozi	A legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism.	41
6302498061	Legalism	A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments.	42
6302498063	Moksha	In Hindu belief, liberation from separate existence and union with Brahman.	43
6302498064	Nirvana	The end goal of Buddhism, in which individual identity is "extinguished" into a state of serenity and great compassion.	44
6302498067	Saint Paul	The first great popularizer of Christianity (10-65 C.E.).	45
6302498068	Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)	The Indian prince turned ascetic (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism.	46
6302498069	Socrates	The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.).	47
6302498073	Vedas	The earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E.	48
6302498074	Warring States Period	Period in China from 403 to 221 B.C.E. that was typified by disorder and political chaos.	49
6302498075	Yin and Yang	Expression of the Chinese belief in the unity of opposites.	50
6302498077	Zoroastrianism	Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra.	51
6302498078	caste as varna and jati	The system of social organization in India that has evolved over millennia; it is based on an original division of the populace into four inherited classes, with the addition of thousands of social distinctions based on occupation, which became the main cell of social life in India.	52
6302498079	dharma	In Indian belief, performance of the duties appropriate to an individual's caste; good performance will lead to rebirth in a higher caste.	53
6302498081	karma	In Indian belief, the force generated by one's behavior in a previous life that decides the level at which an individual will be reborn.	54
6302498086	scholar-gentry class	A term used to describe members of China's landowning families, reflecting their wealth from the land and the privilege that they derived as government officials.	55
6302498089	Untouchables	An Indian social class that emerged below the Sudras and whose members performed the most unclean and polluting work.	56
6302498092	Empress Wu	The only female "emperor" in Chinese history (r. 690-705 C.E.); patronized scholarship, worked to elevate the position of women, and provoked a backlash of Confucian misogynist invective.	57
6302498095	Bantu expansion	Gradual migration of peoples from their homeland in what is now southern Nigeria and the Cameroons into most of eastern and southern Africa, a process that began around 3000 B.C.E. and continued for several millennia. The agricultural techniques and ironworking technology of thesefarmers gave them an advantage over the gathering and hunting peoples they encountered.	58
6302498099	Chavin	Andean town that was the center of a large Peruvian religious movement from around 900 to 200 B.C.E.	59
6302498100	Coptic Christianity	The Egyptian variety of Christianity, distinctive in its belief that Christ has only a single, divine nature.	60
6302498101	Hopewell Culture	Named from its most important site (in present-day Ohio), this is the most elaborate and widespread of the North American mound building cultures; flourished from 200 B.C.E. to 400 C.E.	61
6302498103	Maya	The major classical civilization of Mesoamerica; flourished from 250 to 900 C.E.	62
6302498104	Moche	An important regional civilization of Peru, governed by warrior-priests; flourished from around 100 to 800 C.E.	63
6302498105	Mound Builders	Members of any of a number of cultures that developed east of the Mississippi River in what is now the United States and that are distinguished by their large earthen mounds, built during the period 2000 B.C.E.-1250 C.E.	64
6302498106	Nazca	A civilization of southern coastal Peru, the Nazca became famous for their underground irrigation channels and their gigantic and mysterious lines in the desert in the form of monkeys, birds, spiders, and other designs.	65
6302498110	Teotihuacán	The largest city of pre-Columbian America, with a population between 100,000 and 200,000; seemingly built to a plan in the Valley of Mexico, flourished between 300 and 600 C.E., during which time it governed or influenced much of the surrounding region. The name is an Aztec term meaning "city of the gods."	66
6302498111	Tikal	Major Maya city, with a population of perhaps 50,000 people.	67

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Chapter 1 AP Language Vocabulary Flashcards

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7265428666	audience	The listener, viewer, or reader of a text. Most texts are likely to have multiple audiences.	0
7265430745	concession	An acknowledgment that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. In a strong argument, a it is usually accompanied by a refutation challenging the validity of the opposing argument.	1
7265431273	connotation	Meanings or associations that readers have with a word beyond its dictionary definition, or denotation; are usually positive or negative, and they can greatly affect the author's tone.	2
7265432436	context	The circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text.	3
7265432979	counterargument	An opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward. Rather than ignoring a it, a strong writer will usually address it through the process of concession and refutation.	4
7265433502	ethos	Greek for "character." Speakers appeal to it to demonstrate that they are credible and trustworthy to speak on a given topic. It is established by both who you are and what you say.	5
7265433956	logos	Greek for "embodied thought." Speakers appeal to it, or reason, by offering clear, rational ideas and using specific details, examples, facts, statistics, or expert testimony to back them up.	6
7265434491	occasion	The time and place a speech is given or a piece is written.	7
7265435404	pathos	Greek for "suffering" or "experience." Speakers appeal to it to emotionally motivate their audience. More specific appeals to it might play on the audience's values, desires, and hopes, on the one hand, or fears and prejudices, on the other.	8
7265435872	persona	Greek for "mask." The face or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience.	9
7265436465	polemic	Greek for "hostile." An aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion over all others. They generally do not concede that opposing opinions have any merit.	10
7265436918	propaganda	The spread of ideas and information to further a cause. In its negative sense, it is the use of rumors, lies, disinformation, and scare tactics in order to damage or promote a cause.	11
7265437450	purpose	The goal the speaker wants to achieve.	12
7265438286	refutation	A denial of the validity of an opposing argument. In order to sound reasonable, they often follow a concession that acknowledges that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable.	13
7265438912	rhetoric	As Aristotle defined the term, "the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion." In other words, it is the art of finding ways to persuade an audience.	14
7265439700	rhetorical appeals	Rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The three major ones are ethos (character), logos (reason), and pathos (emotion).	15
7265441133	rhetorical triangle (Aristotelian triangle)	A diagram that illustrates the interrelationship among the speaker, audience, and subject in determining a text.	16
7265441592	SOAPS	A mnemonic device that stands for Subject, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, and Speaker. It is a handy way to remember the various elements that make up the rhetorical situation.	17
7265442478	speaker	The person or group who creates a text. This might be a politician who delivers a speech, a commentator who writes an article, an artist who draws a political cartoon, or even a company that commissions an advertisement.	18
7265441706	subject	The topic of a text. What the text is about.	19
7265443915	text	While this term generally means the written word, in the humanities it has come to mean any cultural product that can be "read" — meaning not just consumed and comprehended, but investigated. This includes fiction, nonfiction, poetry, political cartoons, fine art, photography, performances, fashion, cultural trends, and much more.	20

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AP World History Period 5 Flashcards

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8459467143	abolitionist movement	An international movement that between approximately 1780 and 1890 succeeded in condemning slavery as morally repugnant and abolishing it in much of the world; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States.	0
8459467145	Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen	Document drawn up by the French National Assembly in 1789 that proclaimed the equal rights of all men; the declaration ideologically launched the French Revolution.	1
8459467147	Estates-General	French representative assembly called into session by Louis XVI to address pressing problems and out of which the French Revolution emerged; the three estates were the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners.	2
8459467149	French Revolution	Massive dislocation of French society (1789-1815) that overthrew the monarchy, destroyed most of the French aristocracy, and launched radical reforms of society that were lost again, though only in part, under Napoleon's imperial rule and after the restoration of the monarchy.	3
8459467152	Haitian Revolution	The only fully successful slave rebellion in world history; the uprising in the French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue (later renamed Haiti) was sparked by the French Revolution and led to the establishment of an independent state after a long and bloody war (1791-1804).	4
8459467154	Latin American Revolutions	Series of risings in the Spanish colonies of Latin America (1810-1826) that established the independence of new states from Spanish rule but that for the most part retained the privileges of the elites despite efforts at more radical social rebellion by the lower classes.	5
8459467157	Nation	A group of people who have a sense of common identity and destiny, thanks to ties of blood, culture, language, or common experience.	6
8459467158	Nationalism	The focusing of citizens' loyalty on the notion that they are part of a "nation" with a unique culture, territory, and destiny; first became a prominent element of political culture in the nineteenth century.	7
8459467159	American Revolution	Successful rebellion conducted by the colonists of parts of North America (not Canada) against British rule (1775-1787); a conservative revolution whose success assured property rights but established republican government in place of monarchy.	8
8459467166	Bourgeoisie	Term that Karl Marx used to describe the owners of industrial capital; originally meant "townspeople."	9
8459467168	Crimean War	Major international conflict (1854-1856) in which British and French forces defeated Russia; the defeat prompted reforms within Russia.	10
8459467169	Sigmund Freud	Austrian doctor and the father of modern psychoanalysis (1856-1939); his theories about the operation of the human mind and emotions remain influential today	11
8459467171	Karl Marx	German expatriate in England who advocated working-class revolution as the key to creating an ideal communist future.	12
8459467172	Middle class values	Belief system that developed in Britain in the nineteenth century; it emphasized thrift, hard work, rigid moral behavior, cleanliness, and "respectability."	13
8459467176	Proletariat	Term that Karl Marx used to describe the industrial working class; originally used in ancient Rome to describe the poorest part of the urban population.	14
8459467177	Steam engine	Mechanical device in which the steam from heated water builds up pressure to drive a piston, rather than relying on human or animal muscle power; the introduction of this item allowed a hitherto unimagined increase in productivity and made the Industrial Revolution possible.	15
8459467178	Boxer Rebellion	Rising of Chinese militia organizations in 1900 in which large numbers of Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed	16
8459467179	Daimyo	Feudal lords of Japan who retained substantial autonomy under the Tokugawa shogunate and only lost their social preeminence in the Meiji restoration.	17
8459467180	Meiji Restoration	The overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan in 1868, restoring power at long last to the emperor	18
8459467181	Matthew Perry	U.S. navy commodore who in 1853 presented the ultimatum that led Japan to open itself to more normal relations with the outside world.	19
8459467182	Opium Wars	Two wars fought between Western powers and China (1839-1842 and 1856-1858) after China tried to restrict the importation of foreign goods; China lost both wars and was forced to make major concessions.	20
8459467183	Russo-Japanese War	Ending in a Japanese victory, this war established Japan as a formidable military competitor in East Asia and precipitated the Russian Revolution of 1905.	21
8459467185	Self-strengthening Movement	China's program of internal reform in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the West.	22
8459467186	The Sick Man of Europe	Western Europe's unkind nickname for the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a name based on the sultans' inability to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal problems; it fails to recognize serious reform efforts in the Ottoman state during this period.	23
8459467187	Social Darwinism	An application of the concept of "survival of the fittest" to human history in the nineteenth century.	24
8459467188	Taiping Uprising	Massive Chinese rebellion that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864; it was based on the millenarian teachings of Hong Xiuquan.	25
8459467189	Tanzimat Reforms	Important reform measures undertaken in the Ottoman Empire beginning in 1839; the term means "reorganization."	26
8459467190	Tokugawa Shogunate	Rulers of Japan from 1600 to 1868.	27
8459467191	Unequal treaties	Series of nineteenth-century treaties in which China made major concessions to Western powers.	28
8459467192	Young Ottomans	Group of would-be reformers in the mid-nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire that included lower-level officials, military officers, and writers; they urged the extension of Westernizing reforms to the political system.	29
8459467193	Young Turks	Movement of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed ca. 1900, eventually bringing down the Ottoman Empire	30
8459467194	Apartheid	Afrikaans term for the system that developed in South Africa of strictly limiting the social and political integration of whites and blacks.	31
8459467195	Cash crop agriculture	Agricultural production, often on a large scale, of crops for sale in the market, rather than for consumption by the farmers themselves.	32
8459467196	Leopold II	his rule as private owner of the Congo Free State during much of that time is typically held up as the worst abuse of Europe's second wave of colonization, resulting as it did in millions of deaths.	33
8459467198	Indian Rebellion/Sepoy Rebellion	Massive uprising of much of India against British rule; rebellion first broke out among Indian troops in British employ.	34
8459467199	Scramble for Africa	Name used for the process of the European countries' partition of the continent of Africa between themselves in the period 1875-1900.	35
8459467201	Mass Production	The manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small simple tasks.	36
8459467203	mercantilism	A set of economic principles based on policies which stress government regulation of economic activities to benefit the home country	37
8459467204	Capitalism	(1776) , an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations.	38
8459467205	Simon Bolivar	The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America; born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.	39
8459467211	Janissary	a soldier in the elite guard of the Ottoman Turks	40
8459467213	Tanzimat	'Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureaucracy more efficient.	41
8459467214	Extraterritoriality	Foreign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country. 19th/Early 20th Centuries: European and US nationals in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right.	42
8459467215	Canton System	The Canton System (1757-1842) served as a means for China to control trade with the west within its own country by focusing all trade on the southern port of Canton (now Guangzhou).	43
8459467220	Separate Spheres	Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics	44
8459467221	Universal Male Suffrage	The extension of the right to vote to all males regardless of social standing or race, whose movement had begun in the early-mid 1800's	45

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AP World History - Period 4 Flashcards

Hello, welcome to the ultimate study guide for the AP World History exam. Have fun, and good luck. This is basically a compilation of every notecard term in the unit.

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6983174016	Early Modern Period	the time period of 1450 - 1750 (it is called this because events occurring in this time directly shape regional/political units of todays world)	0
6983174017	Catholic Reformation	the church's actions to revive their reputation and membership roles in 1545 (regained control of most of southern Europe, Austria, Poland, and much of Hungary)	1
6983174018	Jesuits	a religious order converting people to return to the church (went to Asia + Americas in 1500's)	2
6983174019	Thirty Years War	War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia	3
6983174020	Treaty of Westphalia	Ended the 30 years war, allowing principalities and cities to choose their own religion, creating a patchwork of religious affiliations through England.	4
6983174021	English Civil War	This was the revolution as a result of whether the sovereignty would remain with the king or with the Parliament. Eventually, the kingship was abolished.	5
6983174022	Scientific Revolution	a new vision of science developed during the renaissance in the 17th + 18th century	6
6983174023	Scholasticism	Scholars based their inquiry on the principles established by the church, which sometimes resulted in clases between science and religion	7
6983174024	Brahe & Kepler	developed a more complex theory from Copernicus in 1610	8
6983174025	Galileo	used the first telescope during the Renaissance in 1609, where he made many large discoveries in the solar system, until he was put under house arrest for spreading conflicting ideas	9
6983174026	Isaac Newton	discovered the basic principles of motion + gravity, where he captured the vision of a entire universe in simple laws	10
6983174027	Humanism	interest in the capabilities and accomplishments of individuals	11
6983174028	Patrons	supporters of the arts, with payment and such, they found talented artists, often when they were young	12
6983174029	Medici	was a powerful family of Florence in the mid to late 1400s that sponsored artists as a rich merchant family	13
6983174030	Erasmus	a humanist Dutch priest that published the first edition of the New Testament in Greek in 1516	14
6983174031	Johan Gutenberg	a German goldsmith and printer, who created the printing press, in 1454	15
6983174032	Nicolo Machiavelli	a Renaissance writer who wrote, "The Prince" which was a famous philosophical view of the ideal political leader in the 16th century, in Italian city states	16
6983174033	Protestant Reformation	a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches	17
6983174034	Indulgences	The Catholic Church's grants of salvation for money in the 1500s, and was part of the growing corruption of the church.	18
6983174035	John Calvin	A protestant who established a variation of his beliefs on a stern and vengeful God.	19
6983174036	Anglican Church	A form of Christianity established by Henry VIII that was not decided on the grounds of religious belief, but because the pope would not allow him to divorce his wife.	20
6983174037	Nicholas Copernicus	a Polish monk who based tables on those by Nasir Al-Din, an Islamic scholar, to correct inaccurate calendars.	21
6983174038	Edict of Nantes	The granting of tolerance to Protestants through this, which was later revoked by King Louis XIV	22
6983174039	Martin Luther	a German monk who wrote the 95 theses in 1517, which were 95 propositions that criticized the Catholic Church	23
6983174040	Renaissance Man	Title of a person who was smart and genius in the Renaissance Era.	24
6983174041	Deism	God built the universe and let it run. Clockmaker theory.	25
6983174042	Land-based Powers	A shift in land based powers where governments controlled lands by building armies, bureaucracies, road, canals, and walls that unified and protected	26
6983174043	Sea-based Powers	Sea people built their power by controlling water routes, developing technology to cross the seas, and gaining wealth from trade and land claims.	27
6983174044	Renaissance	A heightened intellectual and artistic advance from about 1450s, that changed Europe forever	28
6983174045	Adam Smith	He analyzed the natural law of supply and demand that governed economies in his classic book, "The Wealth of Nations"	29
6983174046	New Monarchies	Monarchies that emerged that differed from their medieval predecessors in having greater centralization of power, more regional boundaries, and stronger representative institutions	30
6983174047	Constitutional Monarchy	States where rulers shared power with a parliament, a body of representatives selected by the nobility and urban citizens	31
6983174048	Gentry	the most powerful members of a society, and landowners that affected the style of the old aristocracy	32
6983174049	Enlightenment	the emphasis on human abilities and accomplishments and the importance of independent and rational thought	33
6983174050	John Locke	sought to understand the impact of the "laws of nature" on human liberties	34
6983174051	Thomas Hobbes	English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)	35
6983174052	Montesquieu	admired the British Parliament that had successfully gained power at the expense of the king, who also advocated a three-branch government with three branches that shared political power	36
6983174053	Voltaire	wrote witty criticisms of the French monarchy and the Roman Catholic Church. He believed both institutions to be despotic and intolerant, limiting freedoms	37
6983174054	Rosseau	the most radical of the common philosophers, he proclaimed in his social context that "Man is born free: and everywhere he is in chains". Since society had "Corrupted" human nature, he advocated a return to nature in a small, co-op community	38
6983174055	Hapsburg	A powerful family with land claims all over Europe from Spain to Italy to the Netherlands to Hungary, as all the Holy Roman Emperor's had been Hapsburg since 1273	39
6983174056	Holy Roman Empire	a place/time where religion remained very important, and religious issues continued to fragment, and strong kings emerged in the 16th century	40
6983174057	Reconquest	the retaking of land in Iberia by Spain and Portugal in a religious crusade to expand. This conquest advanced in waves over several centuries.	41
6983174058	Phillip II	ruled Spain at the height of its power in the 15th century	42
6983174059	Divine Right	with God's blessing of the king's authority, the legitimacy of royalty across Europe was enhanced, and occurred under the reign of Louis XIV during the 17th and 18th centuries	43
6983174060	Louis XIV	Understood the importance of a "theatre state", by building a magnificent palace at Versailles, and the apex of absolutism occurred under him	44
6983174061	Absolute Monarchies vs. limited monarchies	absolute monarchies held complete control over their kingdom vs. the limited power.	45
6983174062	Capitalism	an economic system based on private ownership of property and business that provide goods to be bough and sold in a free manner	46
6983174063	Mercantilism	the responsibility of government to promote the states economy to improve the revenues and limit imports to prevent profits from going to outsiders (allows industry to develop their own business)	47
6983174064	Joint-stock Companies	these companies organized commercial ventures on a large scale by allowing investors to buy and sell shares. The new capitalist system largely replaced the old guild system of the middle ages.	48
6983174065	Putting out system	the concept of producing goods in the countryside outside the guilds control by delivering raw materials to their homes, where they are transformed into finished products to be used up later	49
6983174066	Bourgeoise	middle class; factory owners who put long hours and much of their profits into their businesses	50
6983174067	Balance of Power	states forming a temporary alliance to prevent the state form being too powerful. (Russia emerged as a major power in Europe after its mediterranean armies got Sweden in the GNW)	51
6983174068	Versailles	a place where Louis' palace was built symbolizing the French's triumph over the traditional rights of the nobility and clergy. This kept nobles away from plotting rebellions, and 'distracted europe'.	52
6983174069	Zheng He	led expiditions in Chinese junks across the atlantic ocean, with one goal being to assert Chinas power after the demise of the Yuan dynasty.	53
6983174070	Yongle	something of a renegade who supported a series of seven maritimes expeditions. Chinese vessels started to take tribute from those they encountered.	54
6983174071	Henry the Navigator	the third son of the portuguese king; devoted his life to navigation, creating a navigation school, which became a magnet for the cartographers of the world	55
6983174072	Caravel	a new ship developed by the portuguese, which was much smaller than the junk, but size allowed for exploration of shallower coastal areas	56
6983174073	Vasco da Gama	set out to find the tip of Africa and connect it to the Indian Ocean, and discovered the fastest and safest ways to travel to Portugal	57
6983174074	Christopher Columbus	A Genoese mariner who convinced Isabella and Ferdinand to sponsor a voyage across the Atlantic after he was turned down by the Genoese and Portugal. He believed he could reach east Asia by sailing West.	58
6983174075	Treaty of Tordesillas "Tortillas"	a treaty making Spain and Portugal land claim boundary. Portugal pushes its explorations to India and beyond.	59
6983174076	Magellan	had a ship that was first to circumnavigate the glove, even though Magellan himself died in the phillipines	60
6983174077	Conquistadors	went to search for gold and convert the natives to Christianity in the interior of Mexico	61
6983174078	Cortes	sought to find the Aztec capital, and took over the Aztec land - with help of Amerindians, disease, and technology	62
6983174079	Moctezuma	the Aztec emperor, who welcome the Spaniards at Tenochtitlan, seeing them as god-like. This was a mistake, as this allowed everyone to conquer him.	63
6983174080	Francisco Pizzaro	led a group of soldiers to the Andes to find the Inca. The Incas were weak; Pizzaro conquered and got gold.	64
6983174081	Atahualpa	the leader of the Incas, who was seized by Pizzaro and gave gold to him, first baptized as a Christian, than strangled	65
6983174082	Ethnocentrism	the term that describes the tendency of human beings to view their own culture as superior	66
6983174083	De La Casas	a conquistador priest who dedicated himself to protecting Amerindian rights	67
6983174084	Franciscans	peoples who converted new world people to christianity, and took care of the poor.	68
6983174085	Encomenderos	Spanish settlers who were in charge of the natives working on the encomiendas	69
6983174086	Peninsularies	a fading social class in the new world, composed of the people born in the old world	70
6983174087	Mestizos	composed of European and Amerindian children, part of the castas	71
6983174088	Mulattoes	composed of European and African children, also part of the castas	72
6983174089	Council of Indies	supervised all government and commercial activity in the Spanish colonies	73
6983174090	Bartholomew Dias	set out to find the tip of Africa and connect beyond it to the Indian Ocean, as well as discovering the fastest and safest ways back to Portugal	74
6983174091	Encomienda	the system in which conquistadors had forced natives to do work for them	75
6983174092	Creoles	composed of those born in the new world; a quickly growing class	76
6983174093	Castas	a middle-level status between Europeans at the top; and Amerindians and blacks at the bottom	77
6983174094	Protestant work ethic	a work ethic of the protestants that encouraged individual endeavors towards gaining wealth	78
6983174095	Dutch East India Company	a joint stock company that specialized in the spice and luxury trade of the East Indies and quickly gained control of Dutch Trading in the Pacific	79
6983174096	Lost Colony	The colony of Walter Raleigh, as well as the first venture to North America by the British on the Carolina Coast.	80
6983174097	Mercantilism	a system in which the government is constantly intervened in the market, with the understanding the goal of economic gain and to benefit the mother country	81
6983174098	Indentured Servitude	a system which was usually ethnically the same as a free settler, but he or she was bound by an "indenture" (contract) to work for a person for four to seven years, in exchange for payment of the new world voyage	82
6983174099	Columbian exchange	the global diffusion of crops, other plants, human beings, animals, and distance that took place after the European exploring voyages of the New World	83
6983174100	Atlantic Circuit	a clockwise network of sea routs in the Atlantic Ocean	84
6983174101	Middle Passage	the first leg of the atlantic circuit, where ships took slaves to the new world	85
6983174102	Manila Galleons	ships that traveled across the pacific ocean picking up and trading goods, like Asian luxury goods, and silver	86
6983174103	House of Burgesses	the elected assembly in the colonies that initiated a form of democratic representation	87
6983174104	Pilgrims	settled first in New England, and wanted to break away completely from the Church of England, sought to pursue spiritual ends in new lands	88
6983174105	Puritans	wanted to purify Church of England, not break with it	89
6983174106	Iroquois Confederacy	Dutch merchants established trading relationships with these guys	90
6983174107	Plantocracy	a small number of rich men owns most of the slaves and land, as well as had all the power	91
6983174108	Seasoning	a period of adjustment to a new environment, like with the slaves	92
6983174109	Manumission	legal grant of freedom to an individual slave	93
6983174110	Maroons	runaway slaves in the Carribean	94
6983174111	Kongo	Christian missionaries went to this kingdom just south of the Congo River, where Christian Missionaries converted its inhabitants to Christianity	95
6983174112	African Diaspora	The spreading of Africans to many other parts of the world, especially the Americas. This is one of the most important demographic changes during 1450 - 1750	96
6983174113	Asante	Produced insignificant amounts of gold and Kola nuts, they rose in West Africa on the Gold Coast.	97
6983174114	Benin	Not really a significant player in the slave trade - relied on traditional products, such as ivory, textiles, and their unique bronze castings	98
6983174115	Dahomey	a kingdom that used firearms to create its powerbase, in Contrast to the Asante, the Dahomey leaders were authoritarian, and often brutal in forcing compliance to the royal court	99
6983174116	Cape Colony	one of the two beachland colonies established by the Europeans in the 16th century, functioned as a major coastal for travelers.	100
6983174117	Hidden Imam	the 12th descendant of Muhammad, who in the end disappeared as a child	101
6983174118	Shah Abbas I	brought the Safavids to the peak of the power, slave infantrymen	102
6983174119	Devshirme	a system that required Christian's of the area to contribute young boys to be the sultans slaves	103
6983174120	Qizilbash	fought against Janissaries in a great religious conflict. (Chaldiran)	104
6983174121	Battle of Chaldrian	The Shi'ite versus Sunni conflict at Chaldrian over religious differences, that set the limits for Shi'ite expansion	105
6983174122	Isfahan vs. Istanbul	These two places differed in the sense the first was far from cosmopolitan, Shi'ite, and have international trade, while the latter had more numerous, and guilds organized merchants	106
6983174123	Gunpowder Empires	an age of time where almost all powerful states used guns to build control/attack (included Russia, Ming and Qing, Japan, the Ottoman Empire, the Safavid and the Mughal empire)	107
6983174124	Suleiman the Magnificent	ruled the Ottomans as the empire reached the height of its power. The Ottomans controlled much of the water traffic between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean sea	108
6983174125	Janissaries	Checked the military power of the sultan, being an elite military group	109
6983174126	Vizier	head of the imperial administration in the Ottoman empire who took care of the day to day work of the empire, aiding the Sultan	110
6983174127	Ottoman Lake	the Mediterranean Sea controlled by the empire with this name	111
6983174128	Battle at Lepanto	a famous sea battle with the Ottomans vs Philip II. Ottomans and their Muslim allies lost control of many ports in this war.	112
6983174129	Safavid Empire	an empire that grew from a turkish nomadic group, that were Shi'ite muslims	113
6983174130	Imams	heirs of Muhammad according to Shi'ite muslims	114
6983174131	Ismail	a person who united a large area south of the caspian sea and of the Ottoman empire. An army emerged under him, as well as declared Twelver shi'ism for his new Safavid realm	115
6983174132	Twelver shi'ism	a religion based on Muslim beliefs, as well as the 'hidden Imam'	116
6983174133	Mansabs	certain ranks in government by Akbar, which entitled their holder to revenue assignments	117
6983174134	Babur	founded the Mughal empire, claimed to be a descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan (1526)	118
6983174135	Purdah	a woman's seclusion from society in India, which was more enforced for upper class women, who did not leave home unescorted	119
6983174136	Akbar	the grandson of Babur, who brought the height of the Mughal empire. Also expanded his empire to control much of the subcontinent.	120
6983174137	Taj Mahal	a building of beauty built as a tomb for Mumtaz Mahal's wife.	121
6983174138	Sati	the ritual suicide of widows by jumping into their husbands pyres, representing the low status of women	122
6983174139	Divine Faith	a combination religion consisting of Muslim, Zorastriam, Christian, Sikh beliefs, with the catch being cementing loyalty to the empreror	123
6983174140	Mughal Empire	an empire that that was a mixture of Mongol and Turkish peoples from Central Asia, which dominated India until the early 1700s	124
6983174141	Sikhism	started by Nanuk, who became the first Guru of Sikhism. Sikhism was a following of people who formed a community free of caste divisions	125
6983174142	Army of the Pure	an army led to challenge the Mughal army and to assert Sikh beliefs aggressively; combined with other upheavel of the 18th century to seriously weaken the Mughal empire	126
6983174143	Fetehpur Silkri	Akbar's entirely new capital city, showing the Mughal love for magnificent architecture.	127
6983174144	Rajputs	Hindu warriors from the north, who made up 15 percent of Mansabars	128
6983174145	Ivan IV	Ivan the Terrible (his nickname) reflected problems that tsars faced as power increased	129
6983174146	Great Northern War	War that was long and costly which came from Peter's modernized armies breaking Swedish control of the Baltic Sea, forcing Europe to see Russia as a major power	130
6983174147	Kabuki	a form of drama that consisted of several acts and separate skits with singing, dancing, and elaborate staging. (Actors became well known starts)	131
6983174148	Ivan III	declared himself as "tsar" (means Caesar) with the claim he was establishing the "Third Rome"	132
6983174149	Cossacks	Peasants, who Ivan III consolidated land hold by recruiting them	133
6983174150	Boyars	The nobility of the Russia feudal based economic system. They also had military responsibilities to overlords, including the tsar	134
6983174151	Time of Trouble	The time of following Ivan's rule. Ivan executed his oldest son, touching off competition among Boyars for the throne.	135
6983174152	Peter the Great	The tsar of Russia in 1682 to 1724, who was most responsible for transforming Russia into a great world power. He understood how things worked globally, and expanded water ports	136
6983174153	St. Petersburg	The "Window to the West" established by Peter the Great, which was a capital built on the shoes of the newly accessed Baltic Sea (a port for the new navy + allowed closer access to western countries)	137
6983174154	Table of Ranks	A system by Peter the Great that allowed officials to attain gov't posistions based on merit, not on aristocracy status (reorganization of Bureaucracy)	138
6983174155	Tsar	a derivative of "Caesar", establishing a "3rd rome". This was a major propaganda for Russia	139
6983174156	Daimyo	power territorial lords, who held local control of areas. Some Daimyos had more influence than others, but each maintained his own governments and had his own samurai	140
6983174157	Toyotomi Hideyoshi	a competent, Daimyo general who broke the power of warring daimyos and eventually unified Japan under his own authority. His ambitions stretched far, and he sparked the Unification of Japan	141
6983174158	Tokigawa legasu	led the meetings of Daimyos after Hideyoshi's death, by the Togugawa shogunate	142
6983174159	Tokugawa Shogunate	a centralized government established in 1603 in present day Tokyo. Also called "Ba***u", was a tent government, which was temporary	143
6983174160	Alternate attendance	Required Daimyos to spend every other year at the Tokugawa court, keeping their power in check. Weakened in two ways: their wealth was affected by having two households, and their ability to establish separate power bases was impaired	144
6983174161	Floating Worlds	Settings for the Kabuki plays, which consisted of an urban jumble of buildings, allowing people to escape from the rigid public decorum in outside society	145
6983174162	Banraku	a pupper theater with a team of 3 that told a story through puppets in Japan	146
6983174163	Queue	a Manchu style patch of hair gathered long and uncut in the back, showing submission to the Qing dynasty	147
6983174164	Kangxi	one of the rulers of the Manchu dynasty, helped to create a prosperous, powerful, and culturally rich empire. A sophisticated confucian scholar as well. His reign brought an empire that grew dramatically.	148
6983174165	Macartney Mission	the dispatch of Lord Macartney with other people to China, showing Britain's great interest in the Qing empire, as well the d Macartney esire to reuse the trade system	149
6983174166	Matteo Ricci	A Jesuit missionary who helped to try and convert emperor Wudi. Though failed at primary goal, they did open the country to European influence, primarily through their gadgets and technology	150
6983174167	Qing Dynasty	The name of the empire after the Ming; seized China from the emperors who could no longer defend their borders from the Manchu	151
6983174168	Forbidden City	was the home of the emperor and his family, which expanded service people to 20,000; as the government returned to Beijing from Manjing	152
6983174169	Kowtow	a special, often deep bow to the Chinese emperor. In the Qing dynasty, those who came to see the emperor had to do a special bow consisting of 3 separate kneeling	153
6983174170	Qianlong	a ruler of the Manchu dynasty who helped to create a prosperous, powerful, and culturally rich empire. He brought much prosperity that he cancelled taxes 4 times	154

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Chapter 1: Cellular Biology Flashcards

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10337670966	Prokaryotes	-No distinct nucleus (single, circular chromosomes) -Lack histones, organelles -Cyanobacteria, bacteria and rickettsiae	0
10337670967	Eukaryotes	-complex cellular organization -membrane-bound organelles -well-defined nucleus with several chromosomes -higher animals, plants, fungi, protozoa and algae	1
10337670968	Nucleus	home of DNA including replication, repair and transcription	2
10337670969	histone proteins	DNA-binding, involved in the coiling of chromosomes	3
10337670970	cytoplasm	A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended; a place for proteins to be made and stored	4
10337670971	cytoplasmic matrix	Surrounding the nucleus, made up of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments creating a skeleton	5
10337670972	cytosol	The soluble portion of the cytoplasm, which includes molecules and small particles, such as ribosomes, but not the organelles covered with membranes.	6
10337670973	Ribosomes	work with messenger and transfer RNA to appropriately synthesize proteins, genes, DNA	7
10337670974	Endoplasmicreticulum	site of protein synthesis and transport of protein and lipid components of most organelles	8
10337670975	Golgi Complex	process and package proteins (from endoplasmic reticulum) into secretory vesicles that break away and migrate to various intra and extra cellular destinations (including plasma membrane)	9
10337670976	cisternae	the name of the chambers inside the endoplasmic reticulum that stores lymph and other fluids	10
10337670977	lysosomes	originate from the golgi; catalyze proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and carbohydrates (autodigestion)	11
10337670978	peroxisomes	contain oxidative exnymes that break substance down into harmless products	12
10337670979	mitochondria	surround by a double lipid-bilayer membrane that participates in oxidative phosphorylation	13
10337670980	oxidative phosphorylation	When energy is released at each step of the chain is stored in a form the mitochondrion can use to make ATP	14
10337670981	cytoskeleteon	"bones and muscles" of the cell that maintains the cell's shape and internal organization. This permits movement of substances within the cell and movement of external projections (cilia and flagella)	15
10337670982	caveolae	capture and transport material into cell	16
10337670983	vaults	cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins, shaped like octagonal barrels; cellular trucks - move molecules from nucleus to elsewhere in the cell	17
10337670984	Plasma Membrane	A flexible selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells; controls the composition of a space or compartment they enclose	18
10337671044	protein transport channel		19
10337671045	cell surface receptor		20
10337671046	cell surface markers		21
10337671047	cell adhesion protein		22
10337671048	attachment of cytoskeleton		23
10337670985	cellular receptors	protein molecules on the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus that can bin with specific smaller molecules	24
10337670986	How are cells held togehter?	1) plasma membrane 2) extracellular matrix 3) specialized cell junctions	25
10337670987	Extracellular matric	fibrous proteins in gel substance produced by fibroblast and diffuse water and nutrients made of collagen, elastin, and fibronectin	26
10337670988	Desmosomes	Anchoring junctions that prevents cells subjected to mechanical stress from being pulled apart; button like thickenings of adjacent plasma membranes connected by fine protein filaments	27
10337670989	Tight junctions	Membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid (found in blood-brain barrier)	28
10337670990	Gap Junctions	allow small ions and molecules to pass directly from the inside of one cell to the inside of another = coordinate activities of adjacent cells (ie heart muscle cells); contact signalling	29
10337670991	Gating	process by which permeability of a cell is controlled - increased Ca+ causes decreased permeability at junctional complex = allows uninjured cells to protect themselves from inured neighbors (injured cells release Ca+)	30
10337670992	Paracine	cell-to-cell communication	31
10337670993	Autocrine	Cell-to-itself communication	32
10337670994	Hormonal	through blood stream communication	33
10337670995	Neurohormonal	from brain through bloodstream and neurons	34
10337670996	contact signaling by plasma membrane-bound receptors	plasma membrane-bound receptors	35
10337670997	remote signaling by secreted molecule	secreted molecule	36
10337670998	contact signaling via gap junctions	gap junction	37
10337670999	extracellular messengers (ligands)	convey instructions to the cell's interior via plasma protein receptor on target cell	38
10337671000	Metabolism	chemical tasks of maintian essential cellular functions	39
10337671001	Anabolism	Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy.	40
10337671002	Catabolism	Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.	41
10337671003	Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)	created from the chemical energy contained within organic molecules; used in synthesis of organic molecules, muscle contraction and active transport; stores and transfers energy	42
10337671004	digestion	extracellular breakdown of proteins, fats, polysaccarides to subunits	43
10337671005	glycolysis	intracellular breakdown of subunits to pyruvate, then to acetyl CoA (anaerobic & limited ATP production)	44
10337671006	Krebs cycle	Also know as citric acid cycle; production of ATP via oxidative phosphorylation	45
10337671007	Oxidative Phosphorylation	occurs in the mitochondria; mechanism producing energy from fats, CHO, proteins; involves the removal of electrons from various intermediates via a co-enzyme such as nictinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to transfer electrons	46
10337671008	Anaerobic glycolysis	if oxygen is not available, CHO is converted to pyruvic acid (pyruvate) in cytoplasm with production of two ATP molecules which is insufficient for energy needs; pyruvate is then converted to lactic acid (when oxygen is available lactic acid is converted back to either pyruvic acid or glucose which enters citric acid cycle)	47
10337671009	Electrolytes	A substance that is dissolved in solution and some of its molecules split or dissociate into electrically charged atoms or ions; make up 95% of solutes	48
10337671010	cations	positively charged and migrate toward the negative pole	49
10337671011	Anions	negatively charged and migrate toward the positive pole	50
10337671012	Measurement of Electrolytes	milliequivalents per liter (mEq/L)	51
10337671013	monovalent	one charge	52
10337671014	divalent	2 charges	53
10337671015	Passive transport	Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient	54
10337671016	Osmolarity	A measure of the total solute concentration per liter of solution	55
10337671017	Osmolatity	A measure of the amount of solids dissolved in a solution	56
10337671018	Isotonic	Having the same solute concentration as another solution.	57
10337671019	Hypertonic	Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution.	58
10337671020	Hypotonic	Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution	59
10337671021	Active transport	Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference	60
10337671022	Endocytosis	A process in which a cell engulfs extracellular material through an inward folding of its plasma membrane.	61
10337671023	Pinocytosis	A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes. (drinking)	62
10337671024	Phagocytosis	A type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells (eating)	63
10337671025	Receptor mediated Transport	binding to receptors triggers vesicle formation	64
10337671026	Caveolae	Fine endocytotic vesicles through which calcium is shuttled into muscle. It is then sequestered by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which lines the cells.	65
10337671027	Exocytosis	Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material	66
10337671028	Action potential	Depolarization - threshold potential - repolarization - refractory period	67
10337671029	Hyperpolarized	An electrical state where the inside of the excitable cell is made more negative compared with the outside of the cell and the electric potential of the membrane increases (gets more negative)	68
10337671030	Hypopolarized	When membrane potential is more positive than normal (in a more excitable state)	69
10337671031	Absolute refractory period	The minimum length of time after an action potential during which another action potential cannot begin.	70
10337671032	Relative Refractory period	a period after firing when a neuron is returning to its normal polarize state and will only fire again if the incoming message open parentheses impulse) is stronger than usual; returning to arresting state	71
10337671033	Mitosis	the dividing of all of the cell's contents (making a duplicate)	72
10337671034	Cytokinesis	dividing the cytoplasm (almost equally into the two new cells)	73
10337671035	Prophase	Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms	74
10337671036	Metaphase	Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell	75
10337671037	Anaphase	Centromeres divide	76
10337671038	Telophase	After the chromosome separates, the cell seals off	77
10337671039	Cellular division rates	depend on protein growth factors and genes (different cells grow at different rates)	78
10337671040	Nerve Tissue	a body tissue that carries messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body	79
10337671041	Epithelial Tissue	A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out	80
10337671042	Connective Tissue	A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts	81
10337671043	Muscle Tissue	A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move.	82
10337671049	Simple Squamous		83
10337671050	Stratified Squamous		84
10337671051	Transitional		85
10337671052	Cuboidal		86
10337671053	Simple columnar		87
10337671054	stratified columnar		88
10337671055	Pseudostratified ciliated		89
10337671056	Dense regular		90
10337671057	Dense irregular		91
10337671058	Fibers		92
10337671059	Loose connective tissue		93
10337671060	dense connective tissue		94
10337671061	elastic connective		95
10337671062	reticular connective		96
10337671063	cartilage		97
10337671064	adipose		98
10337671065	smooth		99
10337671066	striated		100
10337671067	cardiac		101