Flashcards
Flashcards
ap Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 5115376561 | alacrity | eagerness; enthusiasm; quickness | 0 | |
| 5115376562 | alchemy | medieval chemistry; attempt to change base metal into gold | 1 | |
| 5115376563 | alibi | an excuse that shows someone was not at a crime scene | 2 | |
| 5115376564 | allay | to lessen | 3 | |
| 5115376565 | burgeon | grow; flourish; put forth new shoots | 4 | |
| 5115376566 | burnish | polish | 5 | |
| 5115376567 | buttress | strengthen; support | 6 | |
| 5115376568 | byline | the line that tells you who wrote an article | 7 | |
| 5115376569 | deleterious | harmful | 8 | |
| 5115376570 | deliverate | to think over deeply | 9 | |
| 5115376571 | delineation | demarcation; explanation; definition; outlining | 10 | |
| 5115376572 | demur | hesitate; refuse | 11 | |
| 5115421654 | euphemism | a polite phrase to cover something unpleasant | 12 | |
| 5115421655 | euphony | pleasant sounds | 13 | |
| 5115421656 | evacuate | vacate; empty; abandon | 14 | |
| 5115421657 | exacerbate | make worse | 15 | |
| 5115421658 | hypocritical | insincere | 16 | |
| 5115421659 | iconoclast | person who opposes orthodoxy | 17 | |
| 5115421660 | idiosyncrasy | a personal peculiarity; something unique to an individual | 18 | |
| 5115421661 | ignomininious | shameful | 19 | |
| 5115421662 | lethargic | tired; w/o energy | 20 | |
| 5115421663 | levity | flippancy; joking about serious matters | 21 | |
| 5115421664 | libertarian | someone who opposes tyranny | 22 | |
| 5115421665 | liniment | soothing location | 23 | |
| 5115421666 | ogle | stare at ; observe in an obvious manner | 24 | |
| 5115421667 | olfactory | about the sense of smell | 25 | |
| 5115421668 | ominous | threatening | 26 | |
| 5115421669 | omnipotent | all-powerful | 27 | |
| 5115421670 | postulate | hypothesize; propose | 28 | |
| 5115421671 | potable | suitable for drinking | 29 | |
| 5115421672 | potent | powerful; compelling; strong | 30 | |
| 5115421673 | pragmatic | practical | 31 | |
| 5115421674 | robust | strong; healthy; tough | 32 | |
| 5115421675 | rotund | round | 33 | |
| 5115421676 | ruminate | think over something; ponder | 34 | |
| 5115421677 | ruse | trick; stratagem | 35 | |
| 5115421678 | tractable | obedient; dutiful; polite | 36 | |
| 5115421679 | tranquil | peaceful | 37 | |
| 5115421680 | transcribe | copy | 38 | |
| 5115421681 | transgress | go astray; disobey; commit a sin | 39 |
AP US History Chapter 12 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 8092603481 | coastal trade | The domestic slave trade with routes along the Atlantic coast that sent thousands of slaves to sugar plantations in Louisiana and cotton plantations in the Mississippi Valley. | 0 | |
| 8092603482 | inland system | The slave trade system in the interior of the country that fed slaves to the Cotton South. Less visible than the coastal trade but more extensive | 1 | |
| 8092603483 | Chattel principle | A system of bondage in which a slave has the legal status of property and so can be bought and sold. | 2 | |
| 8092603484 | benevolent masters | Slave owners who considered themselves committed to the welfare of their slaves. | 3 | |
| 8092603485 | republican aristocracy | The Old South gentry that built impressive mansions, adopted the manners and values of the English landed gentry, and feared federal government interference with their slave property. | 4 | |
| 8092603486 | "positive good" | An argument in the 1830's that institution of slavery was a "positive good" because it subsidized an elegant lifestyle for the white elite and provided tutelage for genetically inferior Africans. | 5 | |
| 8092603487 | gang-labor system | A system of work discipline used on southern cotton plantations in the mid-nineteenth century in which white overseers or black drivers supervised gangs of enslaved laborers to achieve greater productivity. Now masters with 20 or more slaves organize disciplined team, or gangs, supervised by black drivers and white overseer. They instructed the supervisors to work the gangs at a steady pace, clearing and plowing land or hoeing and picking cotton. Because slaves in gangs finished tasks in 35 minutes that took a white yeoman planters and hour to complete, gang labor became ever more prevalent | 6 | |
| 8092603488 | slave society | A society in which the institution of slavery affects all aspects of life. | 7 | |
| 8092603489 | Alamo | The mission in San Antonio where in 1836 Mexican forces under Santa Anna besieged and massacred American rebels who were fighting to make Texas independent of Mexico. American adventurers flocked to Texas to join the rebel forces. |  | 8 |
| 8092603490 | secret ballot | Form of voting that allows the voter to enter a choice in privacy without having to submit a recognizable ballot or to voice the choice out loud to others. |  | 9 |
| 8092603491 | black Protestantism | A form of Protestantism that was devised by Christian slaves in the Chesapeake and spread to the Cotton South as result of the domestic slave trade. It emphasized the evangelical message of emotional conversion, ritual baptism, communal spirituality, and the idea that blacks were "children of God" and should be treated accordingly. | 10 | |
| 8092603492 | task system | A system of labor common in the rice-growing regions of South Carolina in which a slave was assigned a daily task to complete and allowed to do as he wished upon its completion. | 11 | |
| 8092603493 | Harriet Jacobs | Slave whose fear of sexual abuse from her master compelled her to hide in an attic where she could glimpse her children for seven years before she escaped to freedom in the north; wrote "Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl". |  | 12 |
| 8092603494 | James Henry Hammond | A senator and slave owner form South Carolina who believed in the necessity of slaves in society and that blacks were inferior to the superior whites Built a Greek Revival mansion with a center hall of 53 feet by 20 feet |  | 13 |
| 8092603495 | Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna | Mexican president who resented American encroachment on Texas lands and refused to grant independence to the American settlers in Texas; led brutal attack on the Alamo and then captured Goliad, killing about350 prisoner of war |  | 14 |
| 8092603496 | Stephen F. Austin | this man led 300 American families to settle in the Texas territory on land that his father had acquired Led the "peace party" |  | 15 |
| 8092603497 | Sam Houston | United States politician and military leader who fought to gain independence for Texas from Mexico and to make it a part of the United States (1793-1863) |  | 16 |
AP Statistics: Confidence Intervals Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 8726981200 | Point Estimate | a sample statistic that an unbiased estimate for a single number approximating the population parameter |  | 0 |
| 8726981201 | Unbiased Estimate | A statistic that is no more likely to overestimate than to underestimate the population parameter |  | 1 |
| 8726981202 | Margin of Error (general definition) | The maximum expected difference between a population parameter and a point estimate of a statistic obtained from a random sample |  | 2 |
| 8726981203 | Confidence Interval (CI) | A range of estimated values for a population parameter; the point estimate plus/minus the margin of error | 3 | |
| 8726981204 | Margin of Error for Population Mean | The critical value (t*) times the standard error of the sampling distribution of the sample mean |  | 4 |
| 8726981205 | Margin of Error for Population Proportion | The critical value (z*) times the standard error of the sampling distribution of the sample proportion |  | 5 |
| 8726981206 | Critical Value (Z* or T*) | The value of the test statistic that cuts off the most extreme values of a distribution; denoted with a * |  | 6 |
| 8726981207 | Confidence Level | The percentage of all possible samples of a given size that will generate a confidence interval that contains the true population parameter |  | 7 |
| 8726981208 | Increasing the sample size | If all other factors remain constant, the width of a confidence interval can be decreased by... |  | 8 |
| 8726981209 | Increase the confidence level | If all other factors remain constant, the width of a confidence interval must increase to... |  | 9 |
| 8726981210 | Standard error | An estimate of the standard deviation of a sampling distribution often used with confidence intervals since the population parameters are rarely known |  | 10 |
| 8726981211 | Standard error of the sample mean | Used when sigma is unknown and must be estimated by the sample standard deviation; requires the use of a t-distribution |  | 11 |
| 8726981212 | Standard error of the sample proportion | Used when the population proportion is unknown and must be estimated by the sample proportion; a z distribution is still used |  | 12 |
| 8726981215 | t-distribution | A family of unimodal, symmetric distributions with more variability (therefore higher tail probabilities) than a normal distribution; graphically a z-distribution with fat tails |  | 13 |
| 8726981216 | degrees of freedom | A statistic that describes the amount of variability in a distribution; larger values indicate smaller tail probabilities |  | 14 |
Flashcards
AP World History Time Period 2 Flashcards
The study of the classical civilizations, these include the following:
- Quin Dynasty
- Han Dynasty
- Greece
- Rome
- Persia /Achaemenid Empire
- Guptan Empire
- Mauryan Empire
Terms : Hide Images
| 6589832004 | Classical Civilization that was located in modern day Iran and spread throughout "Greater Mesopotamia". Give both of its names. | Persian / Achaemenid Empie | 0 | |
| 6589832005 | What was a satrap in the Persian Empire? What was their role? | Governor, to collect tribute, keep order, and provide soldiers and a system of courts. | 1 | |
| 6589832006 | Maintained Political organization, which allowed for conquered territories to retain their own laws. (Person) | Cyrus | 2 | |
| 6589832007 | Build the "Royal Road" where iron technology, art, and philosophy spread and long distance thrived. | Cyrus | 3 | |
| 6589832008 | Where did Darius get the idea of uniform currency (coins)? | The Lydians | 4 | |
| 6589832009 | belief system based on a system of rewards and punishments in afterlife. | Zochastianism | 5 | |
| 6589832010 | What classical civilization was known for tolerance of local customs of its conquered peoples? | Persia / Achaemenid Empire | 6 | |
| 6589832011 | Order of what succession? Cyrus --> Darius --> Xerxes | Persian succession of rules | 7 | |
| 6589832012 | What was the reason for Persia's collapse? | - Wars with Greece - Conquered peoples began to Rebel - Conquered by Alexander the Great (300 BC) | 8 | |
| 6589832013 | What Persian emperor related himself with Ahuramazda? | Darius | 9 | |
| 6589832014 | What were the Chinese warring states? | (400 BC - 221 BC) Time period when noble families fought for the control of China after the Zhou Dynasty collapsed. | 10 | |
| 6589832015 | Why did the Zhou Dynasty collapse? | - Failed to control iron production - Nomadic invasions - Rising armies from with in - Warring States | 11 | |
| 6589832016 | What three major systems emerged as the result of the collapse of Zhou Empire? | Confucianism Daoism Legalism | 12 | |
| 6589832017 | What are the majors belief in Confucianism? | -defined proper conduct for people and govts - people are naturaly good and should concentrate in improving their behavior (li) and doing what they know is right - Five Key Relationships - for society to be strong, rulers must model virtue | 13 | |
| 6589832018 | What are the major beliefs in Daoism? | - a philosophy that teaches that people gain peace and happiness by becoming one with the Dao (the way) - Dao is a universal "force" connected to nature - People are part of nature - yin yang (opposing forces in nature) | 14 | |
| 6589832019 | What are the major beliefs in Legalism? | - all people are bad - philoshophy - strong society because of laws with clear punsihments and rewards. - trust no one | 15 | |
| 6589832020 | What was the succession of power in classical China? | Zhoue --> Qin --> Han --> Xin --> Han --> FALL | 16 | |
| 6589832021 | Who brought stability to China post- the Warring States? | Qin | 17 | |
| 6589832022 | What style did Qin Shihuangdi establish in Chine after the Warring States? | Legalism | 18 | |
| 6589832023 | What were some Qin achievements? | - iron weapons / brought stability to end the Warring States in China - GREAT WALL OF CHINA - Terra Cotta Warriors (Emperors tomb with clay soldiers) - Standardized currency , weights and measures. - Standardized writing - Centralized rule | 19 | |
| 6589832024 | Why did the Qin collapse? | (1 year after his death) - harsh policies - buried Confucian scholars or burned them | 20 | |
| 6589832025 | What allowed the Han to take over? | - He was a methodical planner - Had brilliant advisors - Loyal Troops | 21 | |
| 6589832026 | Who established "civil service" exams and what where they? | - Han Wudi - C.S exams allowed for all men to take a test and become burreucrats if they passed it. . | 22 | |
| 6589832027 | What were some accomplishments by the Han? | - Made the Silk Road - Imperial monopolies of Iron and Salt - Expanded borders east - Invented paper | 23 | |
| 6589832028 | What influenced the Han's Collapse? | - Social Tensions (gap between rich and poor, debt slavery, no land reform) - Challenged and defeated by the Xin and then taken over by the Xiongnu | 24 | |
| 6589832029 | What was the Han Society like? | - Patriarchal - Women subordinate - Buddism expanded into chine - Confuncianism | 25 | |
| 6589832030 | What the Ancient Chinese grow? | Rice and Millet | 26 | |
| 6589832031 | What the Chinese trade? | Paper Silk | 27 | |
| 6589832032 | What are the five basic relationships in Confucianism? | - ruler and subect - parent and child - husband and wife - older brother and younger brother - friend and friend (equal) | 28 | |
| 6589832033 | What was the succession of empires in classical India? | Mauryan --> Guptan | 29 | |
| 6589832034 | What were some of the Gupta's advanced in math? | Pi, Zero, "Arabic" Numerals | 30 | |
| 6589832035 | Where did the "Arabic" Numbers originally come from? | India (Gupta) | 31 | |
| 6589832036 | What did the Guptan's trade? | Wheat, Rice, cotton and spices in exchange for: Horses and gold ivory. | 32 | |
| 6589832037 | Why did the Gupta collapse? | Invaded by the White Huns | 33 | |
| 6589832038 | Who were the Dasas? | Conquered, darker people. | 34 | |
| 6589832039 | What did the Aryans and Indus religions combine to form? | Hinduism | 35 | |
| 6589832040 | What are the 5 major beliefs in Hinduism? | - Brahman (ultimate god) - Polytheism (multiple gods) - Dharma (sacrad duty, promotes peace) - Karma (good and bad actions affect the future) - Samsara (continues cycle of birth, death, and rebirth) The goal in life was to achieve MOKSHA | 36 | |
| 6589832041 | What were the Varna and Caste system | Caste: social system where you were born into a Varna (class / color) and could not change your Varna. Varna: the different class levels in the caste system. | 37 | |
| 6589832042 | What did aesthetics do? | Went into the forest , attempted yoga, meditation, and fasting to achieve moksha | 38 | |
| 6589832043 | Who were janists? | People who believed in salvation through starvation, inquiry, and they often practiced nudity. | 39 | |
| 6589832044 | Who were the three most important Hindu gods? And wish god was said to be made of everything, or everything is part of that god. | - Shiva, Brahman, & Vishnu - Brahman | 40 | |
| 6589832045 | Who founded Buddhism and what was his story? | Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha "enlightened one"). He was born as a prince, rich. He became an aesthetic and searched for an end to human suffering. He was enlightened with the "Four Noble Truths" | 41 | |
| 6589832046 | What are the Four Noble Truths, who founded them, and what religion is it part of? | 4 Noble Truths: - All people suffer - We suffer because of our desires - end desir = end suffering - can end suffering by following the eight for path Founder: Siddhartha Gautma Religion: Buddhism | 42 | |
| 6589832047 | What is the Eightfold Path? (Not the who list, just the meaning) | Used to end suffering, its basicly a group of moral to live by. | 43 | |
| 6589832048 | What is the goal of Buddhism? | Nirvana - release from suffering and the cycle of rebirth (can happen in one life). | 44 | |
| 6589832049 | Upon whose ideas were the Persian techniques of administration based? | Mesopotamia | 45 | |
| 6589832050 | Who succeeded Alexander in ruling Persia? | Selucid | 46 | |
| 6589832051 | Who were the Parthians? | Lords of Iran, no central gout, skillful warriors, federation. | 47 | |
| 6589832052 | Who took over the Parthians and recreated much of the Achaemenid Empire? | Sasanids | 48 | |
| 6589832053 | What are qanats and who build them? | underground canals, the Persians | 49 | |
| 6589832054 | Who is Ahura Maza? | Supreme god in Zoroastrian beliefs | 50 | |
| 6589832055 | Who is Sima Quian? | Historian who is responsible for most information of imperial china. He was castrated. | 51 | |
| 6589832056 | Who were Eunuchs? | appointed officials who were not from a distinguished birth, they castrated themselves for credibility to the rich | 52 | |
| 6589832057 | Who is Ban Zhao? | author of "Lessons for Women", she was the most famous woman in Chinese History. Argued that girls should receive an education, yet that women' virtues were what the Chinese believes. | 53 | |
| 6589832058 | What are guilds? | corporate body that supervised prices and wages in a give industry. | 54 | |
| 6589832059 | What is Jati? | Sub-castes based on occupation | 55 | |
| 6589832060 | What is Ahisma? | way to undergo purification by non-violence. | 56 | |
| 6589832061 | What new political class began to undermine the position of warrior-elites in the classical civilizations? | Bureaucrats | 57 | |
| 6589832062 | Persian Imperial survival depended on what type of literate bureaucrats? | Translators | 58 | |
| 6589832063 | Who made up the bulk in Persian society? | non-privileged free people like craftsmen, merchants, ext. | 59 | |
| 6589832064 | What was the economic foundation for all classical civilazations? | Agriculture | 60 | |
| 6589832065 | What religions did Zoroastrianism influence later on? | Judaism, Christianity, and Islam | 61 | |
| 6589832066 | What are some Zoroastrianism beliefs? | - Good prevails or evil - People will be judges - Supreme god (Ahura Mazda) - heaven or hell | 62 | |
| 6589832067 | Legalism | Chinese philosophy that believed humans need strict punishments; liked farmers and soldiers. | 63 | |
| 6589832068 | Confucianism | Chinese philosophy that believed that following the rules of different relationships was the basis for social harmony. | 64 | |
| 6589832069 | Daoism | Chinese philosophy that believed that humans should reject public life and go to observe nature. | 65 | |
| 6589832070 | Vedas | Earliest Hindu stories; from Ayran societies. | 66 | |
| 6589832071 | Judaism | Monotheistic Hebrew religion that believed in Yahweh and used the Torah; no missionary urges | 67 | |
| 6589832072 | Abraham | Founder of the Jewish religion. | 68 | |
| 6589832073 | Hinduism | Believes in many manifestations of the Great Soul of the Universe; endorses caste system; reincarnation. | 69 | |
| 6589832074 | karma | social position = sign of good deeds/bad deeds in previous life. | 70 | |
| 6589832075 | Caste System | Brahma, Kshatriya, Vaisyas, Sudras, untouchable | 71 | |
| 6589832076 | Buddhism | Founded by Siddhartha Gautama; kept reincarnation and rejected caste; goal to reach nirvana by following the Eightfold Path | 72 | |
| 6589832077 | Christianity | Founded by Jesus, monotheistic; salvation through doing good deeds and believing in Jesus | 73 | |
| 6589832078 | Buddhism and Christianity | - both spread by missionaries - both taught social equality - both promoted monasticism | 74 | |
| 6589832079 | Mahayana Buddhism | Saw Buddha as a savior and worshipped him as someone who could bring eternal life. | 75 | |
| 6589832080 | Theraveda Buddhism | Saw Buddha as a wise teacher, closer to the original forms of the religion | 76 | |
| 6589832081 | Christianity in Rome | - initially seen as disloyal to the emperor - adopted as official religion - spread by Paul, missionaries, merchants - when Rome collapsed, brought comfort to the sad Romans | 77 | |
| 6589832082 | The Analects | Confucius' writings about rules to follow and how to maintain political and social order. | 78 | |
| 6589832083 | Filial Piety | utmost loyalty for parents, elders and the government | 79 | |
| 6589832084 | Gospels | Stories about the life of Jesus. Written after his death. | 80 | |
| 6589832085 | Women in Rome | widows could own property; upperclass women could read/somewhat educated; allowed to leave house | 81 | |
| 6589832086 | Women in Greece | Athens: treated like slavery Sparta: treated well because had to raise soldiers | 82 | |
| 6589832087 | Women in China | Seen as only mothers; sometimes could have power through men; later dynasties increased their rights | 83 | |
| 6589832088 | Women in India | Could not read; could not own property; if their husband died they had to throw themselves on the fire (sati) | 84 | |
| 6589832089 | Social Classes in Classical China | Scholar Gentry Landowners Peasants Merchants | 85 | |
| 6589832090 | varna/jati | social classes based on Aryan classes/guilds based on occupation | 86 | |
| 6589832091 | Hellenistic | merging of Greek, Persian, Indian and Egyptian culture under Alexander the Great and his successors | 87 | |
| 6589832092 | Zoroastrianism | earliest monotheistic religion; believed in battle between good and evil and salvation | 88 | |
| 6589832093 | Afterlife Focused Religions | - Hinduisim - Christianity - Judaism | 89 | |
| 6589832094 | Five Relationships | basis of social harmony in Confucianism | 90 | |
| 6589832095 | Eightfold Path | way to end suffering and achieve Nirvana in Buddhism | 91 | |
| 6589832096 | Siddhartha Gautama | Founded of Buddhism, prince! Did not believe he was divine. | 92 | |
| 6589832097 | Israel | Land between the eastern shore of the Mediterranean and the Jordan river, occupied by Israelites. | 93 | |
| 6589832098 | Hebrew Bible | Also known as the Old Testament. Several collections of materials that originated with different groups, employed distinctive vocabularies, and advocated particular interpretations of past events. | 94 | |
| 6589832099 | Abraham | Born in the city of Ur in Southern Mesopotamia. His grandsons Isaac and Jacob succeeded him as a leader of the wandering group he had established. Left his city of birth because he was disgusted by the idol worship, and he and his animals moved to Israel where he supposedly was promised to he and his disciples by a covenant with the god Yahweh. He and his followers were nomadic. | 95 | |
| 6589832100 | Jewish Diaspora | When Jews spread from Israel to western Asia and Mediterranean lands in antiquity, and can still be found there today. The synagogue was built/created during this time. | 96 | |
| 6589832101 | Phoenicia | -In present day Lebanon -Developed small city states that revolved around commerce. -Invented the first alphabet -City of Carthage near Tunis, Hannibal was great military leader of Punic Wars -Religion was Polytheistic. | 97 | |
| 6589832102 | Carthage | A city located in present day Tunisia, founded by the Phoenicians. Major commercial center and naval power in the Western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century BCE. | 98 | |
| 6589832103 | Zoroastrianism | A religion originating in ancient Iran with the prophet Zoroaster. Centered on single benevolent deity-Ahuramazda, who engaged in a twelve thousand year struggle with demonic forces before prevailing and restoring a pristine world. Emphasis on truth telling, purity, and reverence for nature. Choose sides in the struggle between good and evil. Rewarded in afterlife by doing good things for Ahuramazda. | 99 | |
| 6589832104 | Polis | Greek term for "city-state". An urban center and the agricultural territory under it's control. Characteristic form of political organization in souther and central Greece in the Archaic and Classical periods. Some polis' were oligarchic, others were democratic. | 100 | |
| 6589832105 | Hoplites | A heavily armored Greek infantryman of the Archaic and Classical periods who fought in the close-packed phalanx formation. Superior to all military forces for awhile, made up of middle and upper class citizens supplying their own equipment. | 101 | |
| 6589832106 | Democracy | A system of government in which all citizens have equal political and legal rights, privileges, and protections, as in the Greek city-state Athens in the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. | 102 | |
| 6589832107 | Republic | A state in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated president rather than a monarch. | 103 | |
| 6589832108 | Tyrant | A Greek term used to describe someone who seized and held power in violation of the normal procedures and traditions of the community. Appeared in Greek city-states and often took advantage of the disaffection of the emerging middle class and, by weakening the old elite, unwittingly contribution of democracy. | 104 | |
| 6589832109 | Sacrifice | A gift given to a deity, often with the aim of creating a relationship and gaining favor, and obligating the god to provide some benefit to the sacrificer, sometimes in order to sustain the deity and thereby guarantee the continuing vitality of the natural world. | 105 | |
| 6589832110 | Herodotus | Heir to the technique investigation developed by the Greeks in the late Archaic period. He came from a Greek community in Anatolia and traveled extensively, collecting information in western Asia and the Mediterranean lands. Chronicled the Persian Wars between the Greek city-states and the Persian empire. | 106 | |
| 6589832111 | Persian Wars | Conflicts between the Greek city-states and the Persian empire, ranging from the Ionian Revolt through Darius' punitive expedition that failed at Marathon and the defeat of Xerxes' massive invasion of Greece by the Spartan-ed Hellenic League. Herodotus chronicles these events. | 107 | |
| 6589832112 | Xerxes | Son of Darius, ruler of Persia. Was defeated by the Greeks. | 108 | |
| 6589832113 | Trireme | Greek and Phoenician warship of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.E. It was sleek and light, powered by 170 oars arranged in three vertical tiers. Manned by skilled sailors, it was capable of short bursts of speed and complex maneuvers. | 109 | |
| 6589832114 | Socrates | Athenian philosopher who shifted the emphasis of philosophical investigation from questions of natural science to ethics and human behavior. Made enemies by revealing the ignorance and pretensions of others, culminating in his trial and execution by the Athenian state. | 110 | |
| 6589832115 | Peloponnesian War | A protracted and costly conflict between the Athenian and Spartan alliance systems that convulsed most of the Greek world. The war was largely a consequence of Athenian imperialism. Possession of a naval empire allowed Athens to fight a war of attrition. Sparta prevailed because of Athenian errors and Persian financial support. | 111 | |
| 6589832116 | Alexander the Great | King of Macedonia in northern Greece. He conquered the Persian Empire, reached the Indus valley, founded many Greek-style cities, and spread the Greek culture around the Middle East. | 112 | |
| 6589832117 | Hellenistic Age | The age in which Greek culture spread across western Asia and northeastern Africa after the conquests of Alexander the Great. The period ended with the fall of the last major Hellenistic kingdom to Rome, but Greek cultural influence persisted until the spread of Islam in the seventh century C.E. | 113 | |
| 6589832118 | Roman Republic | The period from 507-31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate. | 114 | |
| 6589832119 | Paul | A Jew from the Greek city of Tarsus in Anatolia, he initially persecuted the followers of Jesus but after receiving a revelation on the road to Syrian Damascus he became Christian. Traveled preaching his religion and establishing churches. Began the process of separating Christianity and Judaism. | 115 | |
| 6589832120 | Aqueducts | A conduit, either elevated or under ground, using gravity to carry water from a source to a location-usually a city that needed it. The Romans built many of these in a period of substantial urbanization. | 116 | |
| 6589832121 | Constantine | A Roman emperor. After reuniting the Roman Empire, he moved the capital to Constantinople and made Christianity the favored religion. | 117 | |
| 6589832122 | Qin Dynasty | In the Wei Valley of eastern China. The ruler was Shi Huangdi. They had a totalitarian structure and forced the individual to support the state. Ignored Confucianisms non-violent ideas and embraced legalism. Abolished passing on land to the eldest son (primogeniture). Abolished slavery, created a unified China with standards like weights, measures, coinage, and laws. Lots of roads to help move the army. Very oppressive labor projects led to a rebellion and brought the Qin down. | 118 | |
| 6589832123 | Shi Huangdi | Founder of the short lived Qin dynasty and creator of the Chinese Empire. Remembered for his ruthless conquests of rival states. | 119 | |
| 6589832124 | Han Dynasty | Took over the Qin Dynasty. Followed the mandate of heaven. Set the stage for imperial China that exists today. Agriculture was big and was used to pay taxes. Human labor was common, built canals between the Yellow and Yangzi river. All able bodied men donate a month to public works. Most important export was silk. Capital was Chang'an. Decline was due to lack of border maintenance, nomads taking over. | 120 | |
| 6589832125 | Gentry | The class of prosperous families in China, next in wealth below the rural aristocrats, from which the emperors drew their administrative personnel. Respected for their education and expertise. | 121 | |
| 6589832126 | Great Wall of China | Built to protect the borders of the Chinese empire. | 122 | |
| 6589832127 | Moche | Civilization of north coast of Peru. An important Andean civilization that built extensive irrigation networks as well as impressive urban centers dominated by brick temples. | 123 | |
| 6589832128 | Maya | Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucantan peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a singe empire. Major contributions in mathematics, astronomy, and the development of the calendar. | 124 | |
| 6589832129 | Teotihucan | A powerful city-state in Central Mexico. It's population was about 150,000 at it's peak in 600 C.E. | 125 | |
| 6589832130 | Swidden Agriculture | Farming system where farmers move on from one place to another when the land becomes exhausted. | 126 | |
| 6589832131 | Vedas | Early Indian sacred knowledge-long preserved and communicated orally by Brahmin priests and eventually written down. Religious texts that include the thousand poetic hymns to various deities. | 127 | |
| 6589832132 | Varna System | Based on skin color and evolved into the caste system: -Brahmin, Kshatriya (warrior), Vaishya (merchants), Shundra Peasants, and the Untouchables. Reincarnation through immortal essence=atman. | 128 | |
| 6589832133 | Karma | In Indian tradition, the residue of deeds performed in past and present lives that adheres to a spirit and determines what form it will assume in it's next cycle of life. | 129 | |
| 6589832134 | Moksha | The Hindu concept of the spirit's liberation from the endless cycle of rebirths. There are various avenues, such as physical disciplines, meditation, and acts of devotion to the gods. | 130 | |
| 6589832135 | Siddhartha Gautama | Founder of Buddhism. Preached the middle path, and the 4 noble truths. 1. Life is suffering 2. Suffering arises from desire. 3. The solution to suffering lies in curbing desire. 4. Desire can be controlled through the eightfold path. | 131 | |
| 6589832136 | Mahayana Buddhism | One of the two branches of Buddhism. The focus is on the reverence of Buddha. Enlightened persons who have postponed nirvana to help others attain enlightenment. | 132 | |
| 6589832137 | Theravada Buddhism | One of two branches of Buddhism. Downplays the importance of gods and emphasizes austerity and the individuals search for enlightenment. | 133 | |
| 6589832138 | Mauryan Empire | The first centralized empire in India. Collected 25% agricultural taxes. Had a very large army, and also had coinage. Had Hindu rulers, one by the name of Ashoka. After this empire collapses, there was no central government in India for 500 years. | 134 | |
| 6589832139 | Gupta Empire | Ruled North and Central India, but NOT the South. Considered the Golden Age of India. A "theatre state". Hinduism dominated, and the collapse was due to the huns. | 135 | |
| 6589832140 | Ashoka (Asoka) | The third ruler of the Mauryan Empire in India. He converted to Buddhism and broadcast his precepts on inscribed stones and pillars, the earliest surviving Indian writing. | 136 | |
| 6589832141 | Bhagavad-Gita | The most important work of Indian sacred literature, a dialogue between the great warrior Arjuna and the god Krishna on duty and the fate of the spirit. | 137 | |
| 6589832142 | "Theater State" | Term historians use for a state that aquires prestige and power by developing attractive cultural forms and staging elaborate public ceremonies to attract and bind subjects to the center. | 138 | |
| 6589832143 | Islam | Religion expounded by the Prophet Muhammad on the basis of his reception of divine revelations, which were collected after his deaeth into the Quran. Islam calls on all people to recognize one creator god- Allah- who rewards or punishes believers after death according to how they led theirs lives. | 139 | |
| 6589832144 | Muslim | An adherent of the Islamic religion; a person who subits to the will of God. | 140 | |
| 6589832145 | Muhammad | Arab prophet; founder of religion of Islam. | 141 | |
| 6589832146 | Mecca | City in western Arabia; birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, a ritual center of the Islamic religion. | 142 | |
| 6589832147 | Umma | The community of all Muslims. A major innovation agaisnt the background of seventh-century Arabia, where traditionally kinship rather than faith had determined membership in a community. | 143 | |
| 6589832148 | Caliphate | Office established in succesion to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic Empire; also the name of that Empire. | 144 | |
| 6589832149 | Quran | Book composed of divine revelations made to the Prophet Muhammad between ca.610 and his death in 632; the sacred text is of the religion of Islam. | 145 | |
| 6589832150 | Ulama | Muslim religious scholars. From the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies. | 146 | |
| 6589832151 | Sunni | Muslims belonging to branch of Islam believing that the community should select its own leadership. The majority religion in most Islamic countries. | 147 | |
| 6589832152 | Shi'ite | Muslims belonging to the branch of Islam believing that God vests leadership of the community in a descendant of Muhammad's son-in-law Ali. Shi'ism is the state religion of Iran. | 148 | |
| 6589832153 | Sufi | Mystic fraternities in Islam. The spread of the doctrines and rituals of certain Sufis from city to city gave rise to the first geographical extensive Islamic religious organizations. | 149 | |
| 6589832154 | Papacy | The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head. | 150 | |
| 6589832155 | Schism | A formal split within a religious organization; any division or separation of a group or organization into hostile factions | 151 | |
| 6589832156 | Holy Roman Empire | Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806. | 152 | |
| 6589832157 | Investiture Controversy | Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands. | 153 | |
| 6589832158 | Monasticism | Living in a religious community apart from secular society and adhering to a rule stipulating chastity, obedience, and poverty. It was a prominent element of medieval Christianity and Buddhism. Monasteries were the primary centers of learning and literacy in medieval Europe. | 154 | |
| 6589832159 | Hagia Sophia | Lasting importance from the time of Justinian and his influential wife the empress Theodora is the architectural tradition represented by Hagia Sophia, the great domed cathedral of Constantinople. | 155 | |
| 6589832160 | Horse Collar | Harnessing method that increased the efficiency of horses by shifting the point of traction from the animal's neck to the shoulders; its adoption favors the spread of horse-drawn plows and vehicles. | 156 | |
| 6589832161 | The Crusades | When the Christians tried to take back land from the Muslims through a series of wars and battles. | 157 | |
| 6589832162 | Pilgrimage | Journey to a sacred shrine by Christians seeking to show their piety, fulfill vows, or gain absolution for sins. Other religions also have pilgrimage traditions, such as the Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca and the pilgrimages made by early Chines Buddhists to India in search of sacred Buddhist writings. | 158 | |
| 6589832163 | Secular | Concerned with non-religious subjects. | 159 | |
| 6589832164 | Ethics | A system of moral principal. | 160 | |
| 6589832165 | Ideologies | The body of a doctrine, myth or belief that guides and individual or social movement, institution, class, or large group. | 161 | |
| 6589832166 | Bureaucracies | Government by many bureaus, administrators and petty officials. | 162 | |
| 6589832167 | Rationalism | The principle or habit of accepting reason as the supreme authority in matters of opinion, belief, or conduct. | 163 | |
| 6589832168 | Humanism | A variety of ethical theory and practice that emphasizes reason, scientific inquiry, and human fulfillment in the natural world and often rejects the importance of belief in God. | 164 | |
| 6589832169 | The Twelve Tables | The earliest written collection of Roman laws, drawn up by patricians about 450 B.C. that became the foundation of Roman law. | 165 | |
| 6589832170 | Hinduism | A general term for a wide variety of beliefs and ritual practices that have developed in the indian subcontinent since antiquity. Hinduism has roots in ancient Vedic, Buddhist, and south Indian religious concepts and practices. It spread along the trade routes to Southeast Asia. | 166 | |
| 6589832171 | Brahma | "The Creator," the first member of the Trimurti, with Vishnu the Preserver and Shiva the Destroyer. Related with Hinduism. | 167 | |
| 6589832172 | Buddhism | A religion, originated in India by Buddha (Gautama) and later spreading to China, Burma, Japan, Tibet, and parts of southeast Asia, holding that life is full of suffering caused by desire and that the way to end this suffering is through enlightenment that enables one to halt the endless sequence of births and deaths to which one is otherwise subject. | 168 | |
| 6589832173 | Qanat | Ancient type of water-supply system developed and still used in arid regions of the world. A qanat taps underground mountain water sources trapped in and beneath the upper reaches of alluvial fans and channels the water downhill through a series of tunnels, often several kilometres long, to the places where it is needed for irrigation and domestic use. The development of qanats probably began about 2,500 years ago in Iran, their technology then spreading eastward to Afghanistan and westward to Egypt. | 169 | |
| 6589832174 | Satrap | The governor of a province in the Achaemenid Persian Empire, often a relative of the king. He was responsible for protection of the province and for forwarding tribute to the central administration. Satraps in outlying provinces enjoyed considerable autonomy. | 170 | |
| 6589832175 | Dualistic | The theory that the universe has been ruled from its origins by two conflicting powers, one good and one evil, both existing as equally ultimate first causes | 171 | |
| 6589832176 | Totalitarian | Characterized by a government in which the political authority exercises absolute and centralized control | 172 | |
| 6589832177 | Primogeniture | Right of inheritance belongs exclusively to the eldest son | 173 | |
| 6589832178 | Imperial | Relating to or associated with an empire | 174 | |
| 6589832179 | Rig Veda | A collections of 1, 017 Sanskrit hymns composed about 1500BC earlier; Hinduism's oldest text. | 175 | |
| 6589832180 | Jainism | Religion founded in the 6th century BC as a revolt against Hinduism | 176 | |
| 6589832181 | Aristocracy | The most powerful members of a society | 177 | |
| 6589832182 | Despotism | A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.) | 178 | |
| 6589832183 | Empire | A group of countries under a single authority | 179 | |
| 6589832184 | Monarchy | An autocracy governed by a monarch who usually inherits the authority | 180 | |
| 6589832185 | Republic | A political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them | 181 | |
| 6589832186 | Achaemenid | 558- 333B.C.E, first Persian Empire, founded by Cyrus who capitalized on weakening Syrian and Babylonian empires. Peak was under Darius | 182 |
Flashcards
AP World History Period 5 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 8420058333 | abolitionist movement | An international movement that between approximately 1780 and 1890 succeeded in condemning slavery as morally repugnant and abolishing it in much of the world; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States. |  | 0 |
| 8420058334 | Creoles | Native-born elites in the Spanish colonies. |  | 1 |
| 8420058335 | Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen | Document drawn up by the French National Assembly in 1789 that proclaimed the equal rights of all men; the declaration ideologically launched the French Revolution. |  | 2 |
| 8420058336 | Declaration of the Rights of Woman | Short work written by the French feminist Olympe de Gouges in 1791 that was modeled on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and that made the argument that the equality proclaimed by the French revolutionaries must also include women. | 3 | |
| 8420058337 | Estates-General | French representative assembly called into session by Louis XVI to address pressing problems and out of which the French Revolution emerged; the three estates were the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners. | 4 | |
| 8420058338 | Freetown | West African settlement in what is now Sierra Leone at which British naval commanders freed Africans they rescued from illegal slave ships. | 5 | |
| 8420058339 | French Revolution | Massive dislocation of French society (1789-1815) that overthrew the monarchy, destroyed most of the French aristocracy, and launched radical reforms of society that were lost again, though only in part, under Napoleon's imperial rule and after the restoration of the monarchy. |  | 6 |
| 8420058340 | gens de couleur libres | Literally, "free people of color"; term used to describe freed slaves and people of mixed racial background in Saint Domingue on the eve of the Haitian Revolution. | 7 | |
| 8420058341 | Haiti | Name that revolutionaries gave to the former French colony of Saint Domingue; the term means "mountainous" or "rugged" in the Taino language. |  | 8 |
| 8420058342 | Haitian Revolution | The only fully successful slave rebellion in world history; the uprising in the French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue (later renamed Haiti) was sparked by the French Revolution and led to the establishment of an independent state after a long and bloody war (1791-1804). | 9 | |
| 8420058343 | Hidalgo-Morelos Revolution | Socially radical peasant insurrection that began in Mexico in 1810 and that was led by the priests | 10 | |
| 8420058344 | Latin American Revolutions | Series of risings in the Spanish colonies of Latin America (1810-1826) that established the independence of new states from Spanish rule but that for the most part retained the privileges of the elites despite efforts at more radical social rebellion by the lower classes. | 11 | |
| 8420058345 | Toussaint L'Ouverture | First leader of the Haitian Revolution, a former slave (1743-1803) who wrote the first constitution of Haiti and served as the first governor of the newly independent state. |  | 12 |
| 8420058346 | Napoleon Bonaparte | French head of state from 1799 until his abdication in 1814 (and again briefly in 1815); preserved much of the French Revolution under an autocratic system and was responsible for the spread of revolutionary ideals through his conquest of much of Europe. |  | 13 |
| 8420058347 | Nation | A group of people who have a sense of common identity and destiny, thanks to ties of blood, culture, language, or common experience. | 14 | |
| 8420058348 | Nationalism | The focusing of citizens' loyalty on the notion that they are part of a "nation" with a unique culture, territory, and destiny; first became a prominent element of political culture in the nineteenth century. | 15 | |
| 8420058349 | American Revolution | Successful rebellion conducted by the colonists of parts of North America (not Canada) against British rule (1775-1787); a conservative revolution whose success assured property rights but established republican government in place of monarchy. | 16 | |
| 8420058350 | Petit Blancs | The "little" (or poor) white population of Saint Domingue, which played a significant role in the Haitian Revolution. | 17 | |
| 8420058351 | Seneca Falls Conference | The first organized women's rights conference | 18 | |
| 8420058352 | Elizabeth Cady Stanton | Leading figure of the early women's rights movement in the United States (1815-1902). | 19 | |
| 8420058353 | the Reign of Terror | Term used to describe the revolutionary violence in France in 1793-1794, when radicals under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre executed tens of thousands of people deemed enemies of the revolution. |  | 20 |
| 8420058354 | Third Estate | In prerevolutionary France, the term used for the 98 percent of the population that was neither clerical nor noble, and for their representatives at the Estates General; in 1789, it declared itself a National Assembly and launched the French Revolution. | 21 | |
| 8420058355 | Tupac Amaru | The last Inca emperor; in the 1780s, a Native American rebellion against Spanish control of Peru took place in his name. | 22 | |
| 8420058356 | Bourgeoisie | Term that Karl Marx used to describe the owners of industrial capital; originally meant "townspeople." |  | 23 |
| 8420058357 | British Royal Society | Association of scientists established in England in 1660 that was dedicated to the promotion of "useful knowledge." | 24 | |
| 8420058358 | Crimean War | Major international conflict (1854-1856) in which British and French forces defeated Russia; the defeat prompted reforms within Russia. |  | 25 |
| 8420058359 | Sigmund Freud | Austrian doctor and the father of modern psychoanalysis (1856-1939); his theories about the operation of the human mind and emotions remain influential today |  | 26 |
| 8420058360 | Labour Party | British working-class political party established in the 1890s and dedicated to reforms and a peaceful transition to socialism, in time providing a viable alternative to the revolutionary emphasis of Marxism. | 27 | |
| 8420058361 | Karl Marx | German expatriate in England who advocated working-class revolution as the key to creating an ideal communist future. | 28 | |
| 8420058362 | Middle class values | Belief system that developed in Britain in the nineteenth century; it emphasized thrift, hard work, rigid moral behavior, cleanliness, and "respectability." | 29 | |
| 8420058363 | Robert Owens | Socialist thinker and wealthy mill owner (1771-1858) who created an ideal industrial community at New Lanark, Scotland. | 30 | |
| 8420058364 | Peter the Great | Tsar of Russia (r. 1689-1725) who attempted a massive reform of Russian society in an effort to catch up with the states of Western Europe. | 31 | |
| 8420058365 | Populism | Late-nineteenth-century American political movement that denounced corporate interests of all kinds. | 32 | |
| 8420058366 | Proletariat | Term that Karl Marx used to describe the industrial working class; originally used in ancient Rome to describe the poorest part of the urban population. | 33 | |
| 8420058367 | Steam engine | Mechanical device in which the steam from heated water builds up pressure to drive a piston, rather than relying on human or animal muscle power; the introduction of this item allowed a hitherto unimagined increase in productivity and made the Industrial Revolution possible. |  | 34 |
| 8420058368 | Boxer Rebellion | Rising of Chinese militia organizations in 1900 in which large numbers of Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed |  | 35 |
| 8420058369 | Daimyo | Feudal lords of Japan who retained substantial autonomy under the Tokugawa shogunate and only lost their social preeminence in the Meiji restoration. |  | 36 |
| 8420058370 | Meiji Restoration | The overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan in 1868, restoring power at long last to the emperor |  | 37 |
| 8420058371 | Matthew Perry | U.S. navy commodore who in 1853 presented the ultimatum that led Japan to open itself to more normal relations with the outside world. |  | 38 |
| 8420058372 | Opium Wars | Two wars fought between Western powers and China (1839-1842 and 1856-1858) after China tried to restrict the importation of foreign goods; China lost both wars and was forced to make major concessions. |  | 39 |
| 8420058373 | Russo-Japanese War | Ending in a Japanese victory, this war established Japan as a formidable military competitor in East Asia and precipitated the Russian Revolution of 1905. |  | 40 |
| 8420058374 | Samurai | Armed retainers of the Japanese feudal lords, famed for their martial skills and loyalty; in the Tokugawa shogunate, they gradually became an administrative elite, but they did not lose their special privileges until the Meiji restoration. |  | 41 |
| 8420058375 | Self-strengthening Movement | China's program of internal reform in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the West. | 42 | |
| 8420058376 | The Sick Man of Europe | Western Europe's unkind nickname for the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a name based on the sultans' inability to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal problems; it fails to recognize serious reform efforts in the Ottoman state during this period. |  | 43 |
| 8420058377 | Social Darwinism | An application of the concept of "survival of the fittest" to human history in the nineteenth century. |  | 44 |
| 8420058378 | Taiping Uprising | Massive Chinese rebellion that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864; it was based on the millenarian teachings of Hong Xiuquan. |  | 45 |
| 8420058379 | Tanzimat Reforms | Important reform measures undertaken in the Ottoman Empire beginning in 1839; the term means "reorganization." |  | 46 |
| 8420058380 | Tokugawa Shogunate | Rulers of Japan from 1600 to 1868. |  | 47 |
| 8420058381 | Unequal treaties | Series of nineteenth-century treaties in which China made major concessions to Western powers. | 48 | |
| 8420058382 | Young Ottomans | Group of would-be reformers in the mid-nineteenth-century Ottoman Empire that included lower-level officials, military officers, and writers; they urged the extension of Westernizing reforms to the political system. | 49 | |
| 8420058383 | Young Turks | Movement of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed ca. 1900, eventually bringing down the Ottoman Empire |  | 50 |
| 8420058384 | Apartheid | Afrikaans term for the system that developed in South Africa of strictly limiting the social and political integration of whites and blacks. |  | 51 |
| 8420058385 | Cash crop agriculture | Agricultural production, often on a large scale, of crops for sale in the market, rather than for consumption by the farmers themselves. |  | 52 |
| 8420058386 | Leopold II | his rule as private owner of the Congo Free State during much of that time is typically held up as the worst abuse of Europe's second wave of colonization, resulting as it did in millions of deaths. |  | 53 |
| 8420058387 | Cultivation System | System of forced labor used in the Netherlands East Indies in the nineteenth century; peasants were required to cultivate at least 20 percent of their land in cash crops such as sugar or coffee for sale at low and fixed prices to government contractors, who then earned enormous profits from further sale of the crops. | 54 | |
| 8420058388 | Indian Rebellion of 1857-1858 | Massive uprising of much of India against British rule; also called the Indian Mutiny or the Sepoy Mutiny from the fact that the rebellion first broke out among Indian troops in British employ. |  | 55 |
| 8420058389 | Scramble for Africa | Name used for the process of the European countries' partition of the continent of Africa between themselves in the period 1875-1900. |  | 56 |
| 8420058390 | Guillotine | defined the reign of terror, its fast-falling blade extinguished life immediately, introduced as a more humane way of beheading (vs. an ax) |  | 57 |
| 8420058391 | Mass Production | The manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small simple tasks. |  | 58 |
| 8420058392 | Steam Ships | technological innovation allowed Europeans to reach distant Asian and African ports quickly and predictably |  | 59 |
| 8420058393 | mercantilism | A set of economic principles based on policies which stress government regulation of economic activities to benefit the home country | 60 | |
| 8420058394 | Capitalism | (1776) , an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations. | 61 | |
| 8420058395 | Simon Bolivar | The most important military leader in the struggle for independence in South America; born in Venezuela, he led military forces there and in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. |  | 62 |
| 8420058396 | Garibaldi | Leader of the Italian Nationalist Army. He was a bold and visionary leader. He united Southern Italy, also captured Sicily in the 1860's. |  | 63 |
| 8420058397 | Mazzini | Giuseppe Mazzini was the first person that tried to unify all of Italy. He preached a centralized democratic republic based on universal male suffrage and the will of the people. His brand of democratic republicanism seemed too radical for the people. Austria smashed Mazzini's republicanism in 1848. |  | 64 |
| 8420058398 | Count Cavour | Italian statesman from Sardinia who used diplomacy to help achieve unification of Italy. |  | 65 |
| 8420058399 | Pedro I | Son and successor of Joao VI in Brazil, aided in the declaration of Brazilian independence from Portugal in 1822, became constitutional emperor of Brazil |  | 66 |
| 8420058400 | William Wilberforce | He was a highly religious man and a member of the English Parliament who worked tirelessly for the abolition of slavery |  | 67 |
| 8420058401 | Janissary | a soldier in the elite guard of the Ottoman Turks |  | 68 |
| 8420058402 | Muhammad Ali | Albanian soldier in the service of Turkey who was made viceroy of Egypt and took control away from the Ottoman Empire and established Egypt as a modern state (1769-1849). |  | 69 |
| 8420058403 | Tanzimat | 'Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureaucracy more efficient. | 70 | |
| 8420058404 | Extraterritoriality | Foreign residents in a country living under the laws of their native country, disregarding the laws of the host country. 19th/Early 20th Centuries: European and US nationals in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities were granted this right. | 71 | |
| 8420058405 | Canton System | The Canton System (1757-1842) served as a means for China to control trade with the west within its own country by focusing all trade on the southern port of Canton (now Guangzhou). | 72 | |
| 8420058406 | Empress Dowager Cixi | Empress of China and mother of Emperor Guangxi. She put her son under house arrest, supported anti-foreign movements like the so-called Boxers, and resisted reforms of the Chinese government and armed forces. |  | 73 |
| 8420058407 | Palm Oil | A West African tropical product often used to make soap; the British encouraged its cultivation as an alternative to the slave trade. |  | 74 |
| 8420058408 | Emmeline Pankhurst | (1858-1928) British suffragette and founder of the Woman's Social and Political Union. |  | 75 |
| 8420058409 | Emily Davison | Threw herself under the Kings horse at the Derby to draw attention to the women's movement and was killed. | 76 | |
| 8420058410 | Separate Spheres | Nineteenth-century idea in Western societies that men and women, especially of the middle class, should have different roles in society: women as wives, mothers, and homemakers; men as breadwinners and participants in business and politics |  | 77 |
| 8420058411 | Universal Male Suffrage | The extension of the right to vote to all males regardless of social standing or race, whose movement had begun in the early-mid 1800's | 78 | |
| 8420058412 | Ems Telegram | A telegram which the French gave to the Germans in anger over the Succession of the Throne in Spain, but the Germans altered it to look like the French were rude and evil. The French declared war. |  | 79 |
| 8420058413 | free trade imperialism | Economic dominance of a weaker country by a more powerful one, while maintaining the legal independence of a weaker state. In the late 19th cent, this characterized the relationships between Latin American republics and GB/US | 80 |
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