Flashcards
Flashcards
Flashcards
Flashcards
Flashcards
B12 #9 Hormonal Contraceptives Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 8155155661 | Progestins: MOA? | 1. Thickening cervical mucus to prevent sperm penetration 2. Slowing tubal motility and delaying sperm transport 3. Inducing endometrial atrophy (endometrium may become too thin) 4. Blocking the LH surge, which inhibits ovulation (IM Medroxyprogesterone is very effective) | 0 | |
| 8155201014 | Estrogens: Uses? | 1. Suppress FSH release from the pituitary (which may assist in preventing the LH surge and ovulation) 2. Produces state in endometrium that is not receptive to implantation 3. Stabilize endometrial lining (primary role) 4. Provide cycle control | 1 | |
| 8155229539 | Estrogen contraceptives? | Ethinyl estradiol Mestranol (Estradiol Valerate) | 2 | |
| 8155235962 | Progestin + Estrogen contraceptives? | *Norgestrel (implants)* *Levonorgestrel (IUD)* *Norelgestromin (patch)* *Etonogestrel (vaginal ring)* Norethindrone | 3 | |
| 8155258941 | Progestin-only Preparations? | Medroxyprogesterone (IM injection, lasts 3 months) Etonogestrel (4 cm long implant lasts 3 years) Norethindrone (Mirconor, oral) | 4 | |
| 8155284632 | Monophasic tx? | Fixed amount of estrogen and progestin for 21 days | 5 | |
| 8155291770 | Biphasic & triphasic tx? | Provide 2 or 3 different pills containing varying amounts of active ingredients | 6 | |
| 8155308806 | How do the amount of hormones vary throughout 21-day period for oral contraceptives? | Amount of progestin is increased while estrogen stays the same | 7 | |
| 8158409576 | "Slide 8 is very important" |  | 8 | |
| 8155323831 | Combined Oral Contraceptives: CV side effects- when are they contraindicated? | Women > 35 yoa who smoke > 15 cigarettes/ day | 9 | |
| 8155354767 | Women who is 36 and smokes 16 cigarettes/ day wants to use oral contraceptive. What should you Rx her? | Progestin-only preparations: Medroxyprogesterone (IM injection) Etonogestrel (Implant) Norethindrone (Oral) | 10 | |
| 8155377514 | Oral contraceptives: How do they increase risk of venous thromboembolism? | Estrogen increases hepatic production of factor VII, X, and fibrinogen in coagulation cascade *No risk seen w/ progestin-only preparations! | 11 | |
| 8155413425 | Oral contraceptives: Androgenic activity side effects? | Hirsutism & acne (from norethindrone) Anti-aldosterone & anti-androgenic effects (from Drosperinone) | 12 | |
| 8155452195 | Norethindrone: Side effects? | Hirsutism & acne | 13 | |
| 8155452196 | Oral contraceptive that causes Hirsutism & acne? | Norethindrone | 14 | |
| 8155473824 | Drosperinone: Side effects? | Anti-aldosterone & anti-androgenic effects | 15 | |
| 8155478523 | Oral contraceptive that has anti-aldosterone & anti-androgenic effects? | Drosperinone | 16 | |
| 8155495447 | Oral contraceptive effect on cancer? | 50% decrease in incidence of endometrial cancer due to progestin opposing estrogen-induced proliferation | 17 | |
| 8155503443 | Progestin-only contraceptives: Side effects? | 1. Irregular, unpredictable spotting and bleeding 2. Headache 3. Decreased HDL and increased LDL | 18 | |
| 8158061478 | Type of contraceptives that cause irregular, unpredictable spotting and bleeding? | Progestin-only contraceptives | 19 | |
| 8158080239 | How is tx w/ contraceptives usually begun? | Estrogen (less for lighter women, more for heavier women) *choice is also influenced by specific 19-nor progestin, which may have andronergic activity | 20 | |
| 8158132765 | Transdermal patch: Contains what? | Ethinyl estradiol & norelgestromin | 21 | |
| 8158149381 | Transdermal patch: Why may it result in higher levels of estrogen? | Transdermal system avoids first-pass metabolism *this is effective in pts < 90 kg. | 22 | |
| 8158161511 | Vaginal ring: What does it contain? | Ethinyl estradiol & Etonogestrel | 23 | |
| 8158408392 | Vaginal ring: Common complaints? | Discomfort & expulsion of the ring | 24 | |
| 8154982197 | Which of the following is an estrogen that is used in most combined hormonal contraceptives? (A) Clomiphene (B) Estrone (C) Ethinyl estradiol (D) Diethylstilbestrol (DES) (E) Norgestrel | (C) Ethinyl estradiol | 25 | |
| 8158408393 | Concerns Re: Postpartum Use of Hormonal Contraceptives? | Mother's hypercoagulability & effects on lactation *In first 21 days postpartum (when risk of thrombosis is higher), estrogen-containing hormonal contraceptives should be avoided *Those who are breastfeeding avoid CHCs for first 42 days postpartum in those w/ risk factors for VTE and for 30 days in those w/o risk factors | 26 | |
| 8158408394 | Postcoital contraceptives: Use? | Prevent pregnancy if administered w/in 72 hours after unprotected sex | 27 | |
| 8158408395 | Postcoital contraceptives: Combinations? | 1. Progestin (L-norgestrel) 2. Estrogen 3. Estrogen & progestin | 28 | |
| 8158408396 | Levonorgestrel (Plan B): When should you take it? | First dose = w/in 72 hours of unprotected sex Second dose = 12 hour later | 29 | |
| 8158408397 | What are 2 safe (and effective) emergency contraceptives? | 1. Levonorgestrel 2. Norgestrel | 30 | |
| 8154992966 | 50-year-old woman with a positive mammogram undergoes lumpectomy and a small carcinoma is removed. Biochemical analysis of the cancer reveals the presence of estrogen and progesterone receptors. After this procedure, she will probably receive which of the following drugs? (A) Danazol (B) Flutamide (C) Leuprolide (D) Mifepristone (E) Tamoxifen | (E) Tamoxifen Tamoxifen has proved useful in adjunctive therapy of breast cancer; the drug decreases the rate of recurrence of cancer. | 31 | |
| 8154999237 | A young woman complains of abdominal pain at the time of menstruation. Careful evaluation indicates the presence of significant endometrial deposits on the pelvic peritoneum. Which of the following is the most appropriate medical therapy for this patient? (A) Flutamide, orally (B) Medroxyprogesterone acetate by intramuscular injection (C) Norgestrel as an IUD (D) Oxandrolone by intramuscular injection (E) Raloxifene orally | (B) Medroxyprogesterone acetate by intramuscular injection In endometriosis, suppression of ovarian function and production of gonadal steroids are useful. Intramuscular injection of relatively large doses of medroxyprogesterone provides 3 mo of an ovarian suppressive effect because of inhibition of pituitary production of gonadotropins | 32 | |
| 8155004510 | Which of the following is a unique property of SERMs? (A) Act as agonists in some tissues and antagonists in other tissues (B) Activate a unique plasma membrane-bound receptor (C) Have both estrogenic and progestational agonist activity (D) Inhibit the aromatase enzyme required for estrogen synthesis (E) Produce estrogenic effects without binding to estrogen receptors | (A) Act as agonists in some tissues and antagonists in other tissues | 33 | |
| 8155009397 | A 52-year-old postmenopausal patient has evidence of low bone mineral density. She and her physician are considering therapy with raloxifene or a combination of conjugated estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate. Which of the following patient characteristics is most likely to lead them to select raloxifene? (A) Previous hysterectomy (B) Recurrent vaginitis (C) Rheumatoid arthritis (D) Strong family history of breast cancer (E) Troublesome hot flushes | (D) Strong family history of breast cancer SERMs such as tamoxifen and raloxifene exhibit tissuespecific estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects | 34 | |
| 8155037678 | A recently married 38-year-old woman who recently recovered from a pulmonary embolism is seeking a prescription for contraception. Which of the following would be contraindicated? A) combination (estrogen + progestin) oral contraceptive pills B) depo medroxyprogesterone acetate C) implanon implant D) levonorgestrel releasing IUD E) progestin-only mini pill | A) combination (estrogen + progestin) oral contraceptive pills Contraceptives containing estrogen are contraindicated in patients with a history of thromboembolic disorders. | 35 | |
| 8155048838 | A 38-year-old woman with a 20 year of cigarette smoking (1/2 pack per day) is seeking a prescription for contraception. Which of the following would have the greatest contraindication for use in this patient? A) depo medroxyprogesterone B) implanon implant C) levonorgestrel releasing IUD D) transdermal patch | D) transdermal patch Available transdermal contraceptive patches release both synthetic estrogen and progestin hormones. Estrogen hormones are considered contraindicated for women who smoke due to increased risk for thromboembolism. | 36 | |
| 8155054822 | A 21-year-old recently married woman with a history of cigarette smoking is seeking contraceptive therapy. When discussing her long-term plans, she indicates that she does not wish to become pregnant for at least the next 5 years. After discussing the available therapeutic options, you both decide that the "best choice" for her current needs is a reversible form of contraception that is highly efficacious, and also has a very long duration of action (>1 year). Which therapeutic option for contraception seems most appropriate for this patient? A) combination oral contraceptive pills B) implanon implant C) medroxyprogesterone s.c. injection D) progestin-only mini pills E) transdermal contraceptive patch F) tubal ligation | B) implanon implant These implants contain a progestin, and once implanted provide continuous contraception for up to 3 years. | 37 | |
| 8155066022 | A 23-year-old woman is prescribed a progestin-only mini pill for contraception. Which advice would you consider most appropriate before writing her prescription? A) It is imperative that progestin mini pills be taken at the same time each day B) These pills can help with acne C) These pills are potent suppressors of ovulation, and have a 2 week grace period before pregnancy is likely to occur if a pill is missed. D) Taking these pills for more than a year in duration frequently results in sterility. | A) It is imperative that progestin mini pills be taken at the same time each day A major contributor to the contraceptive efficacy of POPs is their effect to thicken cervical mucus. The change in cervical mucus takes place 2-4 hours after the first dose of POPs. However, after 24 hours, cervical mucus drastically thins, allowing sperm to easily penetrate. Therefore, it is imperative that POPs be taken at the same time each day. | 38 | |
| 8155073296 | A 32-year-old woman with early-stage ER+ breast cancer requires treatment. You elect to start therapy with a selective estrogen receptor modulator that exerts its effect by binding to and inhibiting the estrogen receptor expressed in breast tumor cells. Which medication will you prescribe for this purpose? A) diethylstilbestrol B) finasteride C) mestranol D) mifepristone E) tamoxifen | E) tamoxifen Tomoxifen is a SERM. Due to the presence of different subtypes of estrogen receptors (alpha vs beta) expressed in different tissues, and differerences in signal transduction, the effects of SERMs are highly "tissue dependent". Treatment of her condition is an FDA approved indication for tomoxifen. | 39 | |
| 8155081269 | A 21-year-old woman arrives in your clinic 14 days after being the victim of a sexual assault, and requests treatment to prevent an unwanted pregnancy. After further discussion and lab tests, you agree to write a prescription for a medication that is FDA approved for someone in her situation. Which medication would you write a prescription for? A) clomiphene B) fluoxymesterone C) mefepristone + misoprostol D) raloxifene | C) mefepristone + misoprostol Mifepristone is a receptor antagonist for both glucocorticoid & progesterone receptors that is FDA approved for termination of pregnancy (used in combination with misoprostol) over the first 70 days of pregnancy. | 40 |
AP Literature Unit 7 Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 8159021904 | noisome | disgusting or offensive | 0 | |
| 8159021905 | veritable | authentic or genuine | 1 | |
| 8159021906 | fractious | unruly, disruptive | 2 | |
| 8159022967 | virulent | extremely infectious, poisonous | 3 | |
| 8173059444 | artisan | a skilled craftsman, skilled manual worker | 4 | |
| 8173059445 | phlegmatic | calm and unemotional | 5 | |
| 8173062133 | moiety | a part of, a portion | 6 | |
| 8173062134 | opprobrium | disgrace, or extreme dishonor | 7 | |
| 8187337882 | reciprocate | to give in response to receiving something | 8 | |
| 8187337883 | curmudgeon | a stubborn, ill-tempered person | 9 | |
| 8187339990 | potentate | monarch | 10 | |
| 8187339991 | tenable | rationally defensible | 11 | |
| 8201341799 | indiscernible | impossible to conceive | 12 | |
| 8201343976 | fiduciary | relating to the governing of property or estate on behalf of someone else | 13 | |
| 8201349868 | protege | a person under the guidance or training of another | 14 | |
| 8201352970 | boondoggle | an unnecessary, wasteful project | 15 | |
| 8243925605 | inculcate | to teach by repetition | 16 | |
| 8243942893 | chthonian | dwelling beneath the surface of the earth | 17 | |
| 8243938068 | repugnant | repulsive, offensive | 18 | |
| 8243939114 | autonomy | independence | 19 | |
| 8261669380 | puissance | power or might | 20 | |
| 8261673877 | tutelary | having to do with guardianship | 21 | |
| 8261678797 | malevolent | having evil intent | 22 | |
| 8279291585 | peripatetic | travelling especially by foot | 23 | |
| 8279299996 | prominent | obvious, noticeable | 24 | |
| 8279303823 | extirpate | to destroy completely. | 25 | |
| 8296611138 | misanthrope | one who hates or mistrust mankind | 26 | |
| 8296617632 | supercilious | arrogant; contemptuous | 27 | |
| 8296627882 | appellation | name, title, or designation | 28 | |
| 8311463362 | gustatory | relating to the taste | 29 | |
| 8311463363 | coagulate | to change or be changed from liquid into a thickened or solid mass | 30 | |
| 8311467694 | scion | descendant | 31 |
APES Flashcards
Terms : Hide Images
| 7261257630 | Law of conservation of matter | when a physical or chemical change occurs, no atoms are created or destroyed | 0 | |
| 7261257931 | kinetic energy | energy of movement | 1 | |
| 7261258132 | potential energy | stored energy | 2 | |
| 7261258324 | first law of thermodynamics | when energy is converted from one form to another, no energy is created or destroyed | 3 | |
| 7261258737 | second law of thermodynamics | when energy changes from one form to another, it always becomes lower quality | 4 | |
| 7261259839 | positive feedback loop | causes a system to change further in the same direction | 5 | |
| 7261260230 | negative feedback loop | cause a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving | 6 | |
| 7261260865 | tipping points | the critical point in an evolving situation that leads to irreversible effects, where a negative feedback loop becomes a positive one | 7 | |
| 7261262422 | entropy | a way of measuring the amount of chaos in a system | 8 | |
| 7261262856 | elements | fundamental substances with unique properties | 9 | |
| 7261263192 | isotope | same # of protons, different mass #s | 10 | |
| 7261263366 | ion | different # of electrons, same # of protons | 11 | |
| 7261264363 | 10 | each step of the pH scale is ___ times | 12 | |
| 7261265840 | organic | needs at least 2 carbons, and at least one other element | 13 | |
| 7261266258 | methane | an organic matter, an exception | 14 | |
| 7261266949 | hydrocarbons | have only hydrogen and carbon, like methane or octane | 15 | |
| 7261267811 | chlorinated hydrocarbons | compounds of carbon, hydrogen, chlorine, usually toxic | 16 | |
| 7261271205 | simple carbohydrates | compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms | 17 | |
| 7261272582 | C₆H₁₂O₆ | glucose formula | 18 | |
| 7261274516 | high vs low quality matter | how useful matter is to humans as a resource, based on its availability and concentration | 19 | |
| 7261274819 | environment | the place you live, everything around us, everything that is affecting you whether you know it or not | 20 | |
| 7261276233 | open access | where there is no ownership and resources available for use by anyone | 21 | |
| 7261278357 | natural capital | aspects of nature that support life, natural resources and natural services | 22 | |
| 7261278597 | natural resources | matter and energy in nature valuable to humans (stone, lumber, etc) | 23 | |
| 7261279187 | natural services | functions of nature which support life and human economies (pollination, decomposition, photosynthesis, etc) | 24 | |
| 7261280179 | solar capital | energy from the sun | 25 | |
| 7261280349 | GDP (gross domestic product) | the annual market value of all goods and services produced by everyone and every company in a country | 26 | |
| 7261282263 | Per Capita GDP | GDP divided by the total population at midyear | 27 | |
| 7261283223 | PPP (Purchasing Power Parity) | the exchange rate | 28 | |
| 7261283527 | Per Capita GDP PPP | a measure of the amount of goods and services that a country's average citizen could buy in the US | 29 | |
| 7261285962 | developed countries | countries that have a high degree of industrialization and a high per capita GDP PPP | 30 | |
| 7261288668 | least developed countries | where per capita GDP PPP is declining | 31 | |
| 7261289493 | natural income | the renewable resources provided by natural capital | 32 | |
| 7261290807 | perpetual resource | renewed continuously, like solar caputal | 33 | |
| 7261291693 | sustainable yield | the highest rate a renewable resource can be used indefinitely without reducing its available supply | 34 | |
| 7261294761 | pint sources | single, identifiable sources | 35 | |
| 7261294922 | nonpoint sources | dispersed and hard to identify | 36 | |
| 7261296748 | planetary management worldview | the view that humans are separate from nature, and nature exists to meet our needs | 37 | |
| 7261297713 | stewardship worldview | the view that we can and should manage the earth to our benefit, but we still have an ethical responsibility to care for our planet | 38 | |
| 7261301038 | environmental wisdom worldview | the view that humans are a part of nature, and we should try to act with a land ethic | 39 | |
| 7261303425 | social capital | getting people with different views to talk to and understand each other | 40 | |
| 7261307215 | inductive reasoning | using specific observations and measurements to arrive at a general conclusion or hypothesis | 41 | |
| 7261307828 | deductive reasoning | using logic to arrive at a specific conclusion based on a generalization | 42 | |
| 7261308133 | paradigm shift | occurs when the majority of scientists in a field accept a new paradigm, a framework for theories and laws in a particular field | 43 | |
| 7261310150 | reliable science | consists of data, hypotheses, theories, and laws | 44 | |
| 7261311413 | tentative science | has not been widely tested and accepted by peer review | 45 | |
| 7261312034 | unreliable science | have been discarded as the result of a peer review | 46 | |
| 7261314121 | radioisotopes | unstable isotopes | 47 | |
| 7261314319 | heat | the total kinetic energy of all moving atoms, ions, or molecules within a given substance | 48 | |
| 7261314707 | radiation | the emission of electromagnetic energy | 49 | |
| 7261315248 | conduction | the transfer of kinetic energy between substances in contact with one another | 50 | |
| 7261315869 | electro magnetic radiation | where energy travels in the form of a wave because of changes in electric and magnetic fields | 51 | |
| 7261319348 | energy efficiency | a measure of how much useful work is accomplished by a particular input of energy into a system | 52 | |
| 7270189476 | null hypothesis | a hypothesis that there is 'no effect' or 'no difference' any observed difference being due to sampling or experimental error | 53 |
AP World History Period 1-3 Review Flashcards
From Hunting and Gathering to Civilizations, 2.5 million-1000 B.C.E.: Origins
Terms : Hide Images
| 5762810422 | Hunting and Gathering | Means of obtaining subsistence by humans before the mastery of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of tribal social organization | 0 | |
| 5762810423 | Paleolithic | The Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 B.C.E.; typified by use of evolving stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence | 1 | |
| 5762810424 | Neolithic | The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occurred; domestication of plants and animals accomplished | 2 | |
| 5762810425 | Catal Huyuk | Early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification | 3 | |
| 5762810426 | Mesopotamia | Literally "between the rivers"; the civilization that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys | 4 | |
| 5762810427 | Cuneiform | A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge-shaped stylus and clay tablets | 5 | |
| 5762810428 | City-state | A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilization; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king | 6 | |
| 5762810429 | Hammurabi | The most important Babylonian ruler; responsible for codification of the law | 7 | |
| 5762810430 | Hieroglyphs | Form of writing developed in ancient Egypt; more pictorial than Mesopotamian cuneiform | 8 | |
| 5762810431 | Monotheism | The exclusive worship of one god; introduced by Jews into Middle Eastern civilization | 9 | |
| 5762810432 | Phoenicians | Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean | 10 | |
| 5762810433 | Harappa and Mohenjo Daro | Major urban complexes of Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern | 11 | |
| 5762810434 | Huanghe (Yellow) River Basin | Site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China | 12 | |
| 5762810435 | Ideographic writing | Pictograph characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing | 13 | |
| 5762810436 | Path of migration for humans during Paleolithic era | From Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas | 14 | |
| 5762810437 | Eglitarian | Believing in the equality of all peoples | 15 | |
| 5762810438 | Neolithic Revolution | Global conversion to agriculture over hunter-gatherer lifestyles | 16 | |
| 5762810439 | Patriarchy | Father based | 17 | |
| 5762810440 | identify 6 core foundational civilizations | Mesopotamia in the Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys Egypt in the Nile River Valley Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the Indus River Valley Shang in the Yellow River or Huang He Valley Olmecs in Mesoamerica Chavin in Andean South America | 18 | |
| 5762810441 | Ahura Mazda | In Zoroastrianism, the good god who rules the world. | 19 | |
| 5762810442 | Alexander the Great | Alexander III of Macedon (356-323 B.C.E.), conqueror of the Persian Empire and part of northwest India. | 20 | |
| 5762810443 | Ashoka | The most famous ruler of the Mauryan Empire (r. 268-232 B.C.E.), who converted to Buddhism and tried to rule peacefully and with tolerance. | 21 | |
| 5762810444 | Athenian democracy | A radical form of direct democracy in which much of the free male population of Athens had the franchise and officeholders were chosen by lot. | 22 | |
| 5762810445 | Caesar Augustus | The great-nephew and adopted son of Julius Caesar who emerged as sole ruler of the Roman state at the end of an extended period of civil war (r. 31 B.C.E.-14 C.E.). | 23 | |
| 5762810446 | Cyrus (the Great) | Founder of the Persian Empire (r. 557-530 B.C.E.); a ruler noted for his conquests, religious tolerance, and political moderation. | 24 | |
| 5762810447 | Darius I | Great king of Persia (r. 522-486 B.C.E.) following the upheavals after Cyrus's death; completed the establishment of the Persian Empire. | 25 | |
| 5762810448 | Greco-Persian Wars | Two major Persian invasions of Greece, in 490 B.C.E. and 480 B.C.E., in which the Persians were defeated on both land and sea. | 26 | |
| 5762810449 | Gupta Empire | An empire of India (320-550 C.E.). | 27 | |
| 5762810450 | Han dynasty | Dynasty that ruled China from 206 B.C.E. to 220 C.E., creating a durable state based on Shihuangdi's state-building achievement. | 28 | |
| 5762810451 | Hellenistic era | The period from 323 to 30 B.C.E. in which Greek culture spread widely in Eurasia in the kingdoms ruled by Alexander's political successors. | 29 | |
| 5762810452 | Mandate of Heaven | The ideological underpinning of Chinese emperors, this was the belief that a ruler held authority by command of divine force as long as he ruled morally and benevolently. | 30 | |
| 5762810453 | Mauryan Empire | A major empire (322-185 B.C.E.) that encompassed most of India. | 31 | |
| 5762810454 | Patricians | Wealthy, privileged Romans who dominated early Roman society. | 32 | |
| 5762810455 | Pax Romana | The "Roman peace," a term typically used to denote the stability and prosperity of the early Roman Empire, especially in the first and second centuries C.E. | 33 | |
| 5762810456 | Peloponnesian War | Great war between Athens (and allies) and Sparta (and allies), lasting from 431 to 404 B.C.E. The conflict ended in the defeat of Athens and the closing of Athens's Golden Age. | 34 | |
| 5762810457 | Persepolis | The capital and greatest palace-city of the Persian Empire, destroyed by Alexander the Great. | 35 | |
| 5762810458 | Plebians | Poorer, less privileged Romans who gradually won a role in Roman politics. | 36 | |
| 5762810459 | Qin Dynasty | A short-lived (221-206 B.C.E.) but highly influential Chinese dynasty that succeeded in reuniting China at the end of the Warring States period. | 37 | |
| 5762810460 | Qin Shihuangdi | Literally "first emperor" (r. 221-210 B.C.E.) forcibly reunited China and established a strong and repressive state. | 38 | |
| 5762810461 | Solon | Athenian statesman and lawmaker (fl. 594-560 B.C.E.) whose reforms led the Athenians toward democracy. | 39 | |
| 5762810462 | Wudi | Han emperor (r. 141-86 B.C.E.) who began the Chinese civil service system by establishing an academy to train imperial bureaucrats. | 40 | |
| 5762810463 | Xiongnu | Nomadic peoples to the north of the Great Wall of China who were a frequent threat to the stability of the Chinese state. | 41 | |
| 5762810464 | Yellow Turban Rebellion | A major Chinese peasant revolt that began in 184 C.E. and helped cause the fall of the Han dynasty. | 42 | |
| 5762810465 | Angra Mainyu | In Zoroastrianism, the evil god, engaged in a cosmic struggle with Ahura Mazda. | 43 | |
| 5762810466 | Aristotle | A Greek polymath philosopher (384-322 B.C.E.); student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. | 44 | |
| 5762810467 | Ban Zhao | A major female Confucian author of Han dynasty China (45-116 C.E.) whose works give insight into the implication of Confucian thinking for women. | 45 | |
| 5762810468 | Bhagavad Gita | A great Hindu epic text, part of the much larger Mahabharata, which affirms the performance of caste duties as a path to religious liberation. | 46 | |
| 5762810469 | Buddhism | The cultural/religious tradition first enunciated by Siddhartha Gautama | 47 | |
| 5762810470 | Confucianism | The Chinese philosophy first enunciated by Confucius, advocating the moral example of superiors as the key element of social order. | 48 | |
| 5762810471 | Confucius | The founder of Confucianism (551-479 B.C.E.); an aristocrat of northern China who proved to be the greatest influence on Chinese culture in its history. | 49 | |
| 5762810472 | Constantine | Roman emperor (r. 306-337 C.E.) whose conversion to Christianity paved the way for the triumph of Christianity in Europe. | 50 | |
| 5762810473 | Daoism | A Chinese philosophy/popular religion that advocates simplicity and understanding of the world of nature, founded by the legendary figure Laozi. | 51 | |
| 5762810474 | Filial piety | The honoring of one's ancestors and parents, a key element of Confucianism. | 52 | |
| 5762810475 | Hinduism | A word derived from outsiders to describe the vast diversity of indigenous Indian religious traditions. | 53 | |
| 5762810476 | Laozi | A legendary Chinese philosopher of the sixth century B.C.E.; regarded as the founder of Daoism. | 54 | |
| 5762810477 | Legalism | A Chinese philosophy distinguished by an adherence to clear laws with vigorous punishments. | 55 | |
| 5762810478 | Mahayana | "Great Vehicle," the popular development of Buddhism in the early centuries of the Common Era, which gives a much greater role to supernatural beings and proved to be more popular than original (Theravada) Buddhism. | 56 | |
| 5762810479 | Plato | A disciple of Socrates whose Dialogues convey the teachings of his master while going beyond them to express Plato's own philosophy; lived from 429 to 348 B.C.E. | 57 | |
| 5762810480 | Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha) | The Indian prince turned ascetic (ca. 566-ca. 486 B.C.E.) who founded Buddhism. | 58 | |
| 5762810481 | Socrates | The first great Greek philosopher to turn rationalism toward questions of human existence (469-399 B.C.E.). | 59 | |
| 5762810482 | Theodosius | Roman emperor (r. 379-395 C.E.) who made Christianity the official religion of the Roman state, banning all polytheistic rituals. | 60 | |
| 5762810483 | Upanishads | Indian mystical and philosophical works, written between 800 and 400 B.C.E. | 61 | |
| 5762810484 | Vedas | The earliest religious texts of India, a collection of ancient poems, hymns, and rituals that were transmitted orally before being written down ca. 600 B.C.E. | 62 | |
| 5762810485 | Warring States Period | Period in China from 403 to 221 B.C.E. that was typified by disorder and political chaos. | 63 | |
| 5762810486 | Zarathustra | A Persian prophet, traditionally dated to the sixth or seventh century B.C.E. (but perhaps much older), who founded Zoroastrianism. | 64 | |
| 5762810487 | Zoroastrianism | Persian monotheistic religion founded by the prophet Zarathustra. | 65 | |
| 5762810488 | helots | The dependent, semi-enslaved class of ancient Sparta whose social discontent prompted the militarization of Spartan society. | 66 | |
| 5762810489 | latifundia | Huge estates operated by slave labor that flourished in parts of the Roman Empire | 67 | |
| 5762810490 | scholar-gentry class | A term used to describe members of China's landowning families, reflecting their wealth from the land and the privilege that they derived as government officials. | 68 | |
| 5762810491 | Empress Wu | The only female "emperor" in Chinese history (r. 690-705 C.E.); patronized scholarship, worked to elevate the position of women, and provoked a backlash of Confucian misogynist invective. | 69 | |
| 5762810494 | Mecca | Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam | 70 | |
| 5762810495 | Umayyad | clan of the Quraysh that dominated Mecca; later an Islamic dynasty | 71 | |
| 5762810496 | Muhammad | (570-632); prophet of Allah; originally a merchant of the Quraysh | 72 | |
| 5762810497 | Qur'an | the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam | 73 | |
| 5762810498 | Umma | community of the faithful within Islam | 74 | |
| 5762810499 | Five Pillars | the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca) | 75 | |
| 5762810500 | Caliph | the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community | 76 | |
| 5762810501 | Jihad | Islamic holy war | 77 | |
| 5762810502 | Sunnis | followers of the majority interpretation within Islam; included the Umayyads | 78 | |
| 5762810503 | Shi'a | followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam | 79 | |
| 5762810504 | Abbasids | dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads in 750; their capital was at Baghdad | 80 | |
| 5762810505 | Hadiths | "traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam | 81 | |
| 5762810506 | Sufis | Islamic mystics; spread Islam to many Afro-Asian regions | 82 | |
| 5762810507 | Arabic numerals | Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West | 83 | |
| 5762810508 | Ibn Battuta | Arab traveler throughout the Muslim world | 84 | |
| 5762810509 | Grand Canal | great canal system begun by Yangdi; joined Yellow River region to the Yangtze basin | 85 | |
| 5762810510 | Footbinding | male imposed practice to mutilate women's feet in order to reduce size; produced pain and restricted movement; helped to confine women to the household; seen as beautiful to the elite. | 86 | |
| 5762810511 | Shoguns | military leaders of the bakufu | 87 | |
| 5762810492 | Champa Rice | tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase | 88 | |
| 5762810493 | Tang Dynasty | followed Sui, established tributary states in Vietnam and Korea, influence Japan, Established strong Buddhist and Confucian presence | 89 |
Pages
Need Help?
We hope your visit has been a productive one. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you.
For general help, questions, and suggestions, try our dedicated support forums.
If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web experience team, please use our contact form.
Need Notes?
While we strive to provide the most comprehensive notes for as many high school textbooks as possible, there are certainly going to be some that we miss. Drop us a note and let us know which textbooks you need. Be sure to include which edition of the textbook you are using! If we see enough demand, we'll do whatever we can to get those notes up on the site for you!
