AP World History Chapter 28 Flashcards
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| 4166006632 | What two major changes undermined the stability of the world? | -Germany challenged Britain at sea and France at Morocco -The Ottoman Empire grew weaker, leaving a dangerous power vacuum | 0 | |
| 4166006633 | Who were the Young Turks? | a group who conspired to force a constitution on the sultan, advocated centralized rule, and carried out modernizing reforms. The Turks hired a German general to modernize Turkey's armed forces. | 1 | |
| 4166006634 | How was war perceived pre- WW1 | War was viewed as a crusade for liberty or revenge for past injustices | 2 | |
| 4166006635 | What were three major causes of ww1 | -nationalism, made people willing to kill enemies -system of alliances and military plans -Germany's yearning to dominate Europe | 3 | |
| 4166006636 | Who was in the Triple Alliance? | -Austira Hungary -Italy -Germany | 4 | |
| 4166006637 | Who was the Triple Entente | -Britain -France -Russia | 5 | |
| 4166006638 | Who declared war first? | Austria Hungary declared war on Serbia. Eventually everyone did | 6 | |
| 4166006639 | What was the reaction to the outbreak of war in Europe? | they greeted it with parades and flags, expecting a quick victory. both sides thought they'd for sure win | 7 | |
| 4166006640 | Which battle threw back the germans, who were advancing quickly? | the Battle of Marne which France won | 8 | |
| 4166006641 | How did trench warfare effect the war? | It led to a stalemate. Generals on both sides ordered troops to attack only to be bombarded by a round of machine guns. During the 4 years of bloody fighting, the Western front barely moved. | 9 | |
| 4166006642 | What was the western front | A line of trenches and fortification from Switzerland to the North Sea | 10 | |
| 4166006643 | Why did the Germans announce a blockade of Britain by submarines? | in retaliation to the British naval blockade | 11 | |
| 4166006644 | Why did the Germans cease their submarine campaign? | They attacked the "Lusitania" which killed 139 Americans. Amer protested and they stopped to keep America neutral | 12 | |
| 4166006645 | What were some examples of new technology in the war? | -airplanes for dogfights -poison gas -primitive tanks | 13 | |
| 4166006646 | How did the war affect civilians? | -governments imposed rigid controls over all aspects of their economies. Textiles, coal, meat, fats and imported products were rationed -recruitment of Africans, Indians, Chinese, and women into the European labor force -Germans: British naval blockade cut off access to essential food imports. | 14 | |
| 4166006647 | How did the war affect Africans? | -British and French forces overran Germany's African colonies (except for Tanganyika) -The europeans requisitioned foodstuffs, imposed heavy taxes, and forced Africans to grow export crops and sell them at low prices and recruited them as soldiers and porters | 15 | |
| 4166006648 | How did the war affect the US (before they got involved) | they grew rich by supplying France and Britain. Businesses engaging in war production made spectacular profits. | 16 | |
| 4166006649 | What did civilians do in the US in WW1 | they were encouraged to invest in war bonds and grow food in the backyard called, "victory gardens" Employment for AA in the north played a role in migration. | 17 | |
| 4166006650 | What role did the Turks play and how did they become involved with the war? | They signed a secret alliance with Germany in 1914. Turkey engaged in unsuccessful campaigns against Russia, deported the Armenians (causing the deaths of hundred of thousands), and closed the Dardanelles Straits. | 18 | |
| 4166006651 | What was the result of the Arab Revolt? | It didn't affect the struggle in europe but it did contribute to the defeat of the ottoman empire | 19 | |
| 4166006652 | What did Zionists want? | Led by Theodore Herzl, Jes of this nationalist movement wanted to return to their ancestral homeland in Palestine. | 20 | |
| 4166006653 | What was the Balfour Declaration? | Statement favoring the establishment of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine that led to conflicts between Palestinians and Jewish settlers | 21 | |
| 4166006654 | In what ways was Russia's army declining throughout the war? | -It's generals were incompetent, supplies were lacking, and soldiers were poorly trained and equipped -they ran out of ammo and other supplies. soldiers were told to go into battle unarmed and pick up weapons of the fallen enemy. | 22 | |
| 4166006655 | What happened in the Febrary Revolution? | the tsar was overthrown and replaced by a Provisional Government led by Alexander Kerensky. | 23 | |
| 4166006656 | Who was Vladimir Lenin? | the head of the Bolshiviks, who were a small but tightly disciplined group of obedient radicals | 24 | |
| 4166006657 | What was Lenin's plan when he returned to Russia from exile? | extremely popular with soldiers and workers from the war: -immediate peace -all power to the Soeviets -transfers of land to peasants and factories to the workers | 25 | |
| 4166006658 | What happened in the October revolution? | Vladimir Lenin's Bolsheviks staged an uprising in Petrograd and overthrew the Provisional Government. | 26 | |
| 4166006659 | How did Lenin enforce his rule? | Through the Checka, a secret police force with powers to arrest and execute opponents. | 27 | |
| 4166006660 | What did the Treaty of Bret-Litovsk do? | Made peace between Russia and Germany/Austria Hungary -Russia lost territories containing a third of pop and wealth -Poland, Finland, and the Baltic States became independent -Russian colonies in central asia broke away temporarily | 28 | |
| 4166006661 | Why did the US enter the war? | German practiced unrestricted submarine warfare | 29 | |
| 4166006662 | What was Woodrow Wilson's position on entering the war? | he wanted to stay out of Euro conflict but when the german's practiced unrestricted sub warfare he declared war. he presented 14 pts, a peace plan calling for german evacuation. | 30 | |
| 4166006663 | how did the war come to an end | The Germans were able to break through and push within 40 miles of Paris. The arrival of U.S. forces allowed the Allies to counterattack in August 1918. The German soldiers retreated; an armistice was signed on November 11. | 31 | |
| 4166006664 | how many people died in the war | between 8 and 10 million | 32 | |
| 4166006665 | what role did the flu epidemic play following the war | It infected almost everyone on earth and killed 1/40. 20 mil died around world | 33 | |
| 4166006666 | what 3 men dominated the paris peace conference | -U.S. President Wilson -British Prime Minister David Lloyd George -French Premier Georges Clemenceau | 34 | |
| 4166006667 | What was the League of Nations supposed to do? | safeguard peace and foster international cooperation proposed by Wilson. However the US refused to join. | 35 | |
| 4166006668 | The end of the war created four new nations in Europe: | -Czechoslovakia -Yugoslavia -Romania -Poland | 36 | |
| 4166006669 | What were the terms for Germany listed in the Treaty of Versailles? | -forbidden to have an air force -permitted a limited army and navy -gave up eastern territory -humiliated germans with "guilt clause" which blamed everything on them | 37 | |
| 4166006670 | What does USSR stand for? | The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics -Russia and Ukraine | 38 | |
| 4166006671 | What was the New Economic Policy (NEP) | allowed peasants to own their own land and sell their crops, merchants to trade, and private workshops to produce goods and sell them on the free market | 39 | |
| 4166006672 | In order to invest in heavy industry and electrification and create a modern industrial economy without private property the Communists had to make the peasants... | pay for the industrialization of russia. This led to hatred of communists | 40 | |
| 4166006673 | What happened when Lenin died? | his associates struggled for power; the two main contenders were Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin. Stalin filled the bureaucracy with his supporters, expelled Trotsky, and forced him to flee the country. | 41 | |
| 4166006674 | What was the overall consensus of the end of the war? | dissatisfaction among people whose hopes had been raised by the rhetoric of war and dashed by its outcome | 42 | |
| 4166006675 | What happened to postwar Germany | French occupation of the Ruhr and severe inflation brought Germany to the brink of civil war. Currency reform and French withdrawal from the Ruhr marked the beginning of a period of peace and economic growth beginning | 43 | |
| 4166006676 | What was the difference between China and Japan? | China clung much longer than Japan to a traditional social structure and then collapsed into chaos and revolution Japan experienced reform, acquiring military to take advantage of China's weakness -China had good farming while Japan had very little arable land and few natural resources. -China had floods of the Yellow River while Japan had Typhoons and Earthquakes -Japan more vulnerable to swings in world economy while china had worse weather | 44 | |
| 4166006677 | What happened to Chinese population after the war | it rapidly increased and there was an increasingly unfavorable ratio of population to arable land; | 45 | |
| 4166006678 | Why did the educated, young, urban chinese hate the foreigners? | they led luxurious lives | 46 | |
| 4166006679 | Why was Japan more vulnerable to swings in the world economy? | they depended on foreign trade. They exported silk and imported almost all its fuel, raw materials, and machine tools | 47 | |
| 4166006680 | Explain the revolution in China, beginning with Empress Dowager Cixi. | -China's defeat and humiliation in the Boxer affair led many Chinese students to conclude that China needed a revolution to overthrow the Qing and modernize the country. -the Revolutionary Alliance overthrew and took over with Sun Yat Sen as leader -people didn't like Sun Yat Sen so to avoid a civil war, the presidency was turned over to the powerful general Yuan Shikai, who rejected democracy and ruled as an autocrat. -Sun Yat Sen creates the Guomindang -Sun Yat Sen reorganized Guomindang along Leninist lines and welcomed members of Chinese Communist Party -Sun Yat Sen dies and Chiang Kai Shek becomes new leader of Guomindang. He decimated the Communists and established a corrupt military dictatorship | 48 | |
| 4166006681 | Yun Sat-Sen envisioned a China that was | nationalistic and socialistic, yet still incorporated a Confucisn philosophy | 49 | |
| 4166006682 | Why did the Japanese join the Allies in WW1? | to advance it's own opportunities in Asia while Europeans were occupied elsewhere | 50 | |
| 4166006683 | What were the 21 demands | Japan gave these to China, pretty much making it it's own protectorate. The US and Britain convinced them to soften demands but still allowed Japan to keep German coastal enclaves and extracted railroad and mining concessions at China's expense. Led to riots and boycotts in China sparking conflict between the 2 countries for years. | 51 | |
| 4166006684 | what was the mandate system | distributing former German and Ottoman territories among the victorious powers after ww1 to be administered under League of Nation supervision | 52 | |
| 4166006685 | describe the classes of mandates | -Class C Mandates were ruled as colonies -Class B Mandates were to be ruled under League of Nations supervision. -Class A Mandates were the Arab-speaking territories of the former Ottoman Empire (lead the Arabs to believe that they had been promised independence. In practice, Britain took control of Palestine, Iraq, and Trans-Jordan, while France took Syria and Lebanon as its mandates.) | 53 | |
| 4166006686 | Who was Mustafa Kemal? | had a nationalist gov in Central Anatolia and fought the Greece to reconquer Anatolia for Turkey. He won and declared Turkey to be a secular republic; introduced European laws; replaced the Arabic alphabet with the Latin alphabet; and attempted to westernize the Turkish family, the roles of women, and even Turkish clothing and headgear. His reforms spread quickly in the urban areas, but they encountered strong resistance in the countryside, where Islamic traditions remained strong. | 54 | |
| 4166006687 | What name did Kemal take for himself? | Ataturk (father of the turks) | 55 | |
| 4166006688 | How did Arabs view European presence | not as liberation from Ott oppression, but as foreign occupation | 56 | |
| 4166006689 | How did Arab life change? | the population grew by 50 percent, major cities doubled in size, and the urban merchant class adopted western ideas, customs, and lifestyles. | 57 | |
| 4166006690 | Who made up the Maghrib | the French army and by French settlers, who owned the best lands and monopolized government jobs and businesses, while Arabs and Berbers remained poor and suffered discrimination. | 58 | |
| 4166006691 | What did Britain and France do in the middle east postwar? | -The British allowed Iraq to become independent under King Faisal (leader of the Arab revolt) but maintained a significant military and economic influence. -France sent thousands of troops to crush nationalist uprisings in Lebanon and Syria. -Britain declared Egypt to be independent in 1922 but retained control through its alliance with King Farouk. | 59 | |
| 4166006692 | What was the result of the British limiting Jewish immigration in Palistine? | instead, they earned the hatred of both sides by alienating the Jews without appeasing the Arabs | 60 | |
| 4166006693 | What changed in the class systems post war? | -Class distinctions faded after the war as the role of the aristocracy (many of whom had died in battle) declined and displays of wealth came to be regarded as unpatriotic -working class did not expand because new machines allowed for more productivity and without a larger labor force | 61 | |
| 4166006694 | How did women's lives change in the 20s? | women enjoyed more personal freedoms than ever before, and women won the right to vote in some countries between 1915 and 1934 | 62 | |
| 4166006695 | Who was Margaret Sanger? | She fought for birth control rights | 63 | |
| 4166006696 | What are some of the revolutions in Physics? | The discovery of subatomic particles, quanta, Einstein's theory of relativity, and the discovery that light is made up of either waves or particles | 64 | |
| 4166006697 | What are some of the revolutions in Social Sciences? | they challenged Victorian morality, middle-class values, and notions of western superiority. | 65 | |
| 4166006698 | Who was Sigmund Freud? Albert Einstein? Maxq Planck? | -founder of psychoanalysis to probe patients minds' -developed theories of relativity -developed quantum theory | 66 | |
| 4166006699 | How was aviation used? | during the war used for battle, but after for entertainment and to carry passengers. Amelia Earhart, Richard Byrd, and especially Charles Lindbergh were famous flyers | 67 | |
| 4166006700 | how did electricity transform home life? | lighting, electric irons, fans, washing machines radio used during the war for communication, after as entertainment and news | 68 | |
| 4166006701 | how did film transform american life | The introduction of the talking picture in the United States in 1921, combined with the tremendous size of the American market, marked the beginning of the era of Hollywood's domination of film and its role in the diffusion of American culture. | 69 | |
| 4166006702 | how was health transformed? | Advances in medicine, sewage treatment systems, indoor plumbing, and the increased use of soap and home appliances contributed to declines in infant mortality and improvements in health and life expectancy. | 70 | |
| 4166006703 | What two technologies devastated the environment and how? | the skyscraper-Skyscrapers with load-bearing steel frames and passenger elevators were built in American cities. European cities restricted the height of buildings, but led the way in designing simple, easily constructed, inexpensive, functional buildings in what came to be known as the International Style. the automobile-replaced horses in the city streets and led to the construction of far-flung suburban areas like those of Los Angeles. On farms, gasoline-powered tractors began replacing horses in the 1920s, while dams and canals were used to generate electricity and to irrigate dry land. | 71 |
