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Acquiring Medical Language Chapter 12 Flashcards

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6876401815	glomerulus	glomerul/o	0
6876401816	kidney	nephr/o, ren/o	1
6876481056	renal pelvis	pyel/o	2
6876481057	urine	ur/o, urin/o	3
6876482758	stone	lith/o	4
6876482759	bladder	cyst/o, vesic/o	5
6876485385	urethra	urethr/o	6
6876485716	ureter	ureter/o	7
6876487641	opening	meat/o	8
6876490876	penis	balan/o	9
6876492508	epididymis	epididym/o	10
6876497339	testicle	orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o, test/o	11
6876498862	prostate	prostat/o	12
6876498863	sperm	sperm/o, spermat/o, sperm/i	13
6876503069	anuria	lack of urination	14
6876520753	cystalgia	pain in the bladder	15
6876520754	cystodynia	pain in the bladder	16
6876524988	cystoplegia	bladder paralysis	17
6876527013	dysuria	painful urination	18
6876527014	enuresis	involuntary urination	19
6876528723	hematuria	bloody urination	20
6876531609	incontinence	inability to control urination	21
6876531610	nephralgia	pain in the kidney	22
6876534060	nocturnal enuresis	nighttime involuntary urination	23
6876536835	nocturia	nighttime urination	24
6876539032	oliguria	low urine output	25
6876541758	polydipsia	excessive thirst	26
6876544077	polyuria	excessive urination	27
6876544078	pyuria	pus in the urine	28
6876546862	ureteralgia	pain in the ureter	29
6876549029	urethrodynia	pain in the urethra	30
6876550954	urethrorrhea	discharge from the urine	31
6876553593	urocyanosis	blue urine	32
6876555322	urodynia	painful urination	33
6876555323	balanorrhea	discharge from the penis	34
6876557967	orchialgia	testicle pain	35
6876559667	orchichorea	involuntary jerking movement of the testicles	36
6876561244	orchidoptosis	downward displacement of a testicle	37
6876564012	orchiodynia	testicle pain	38
6876566822	priapism	persistent and painful erection	39
6876569861	albuminuria	protein in the urine	40
6876569862	azotemia	excess nitrogen in the blood	41
6876572594	azotorrhea	excessive discharge of nitrogen	42
6876574589	azoturia	excess nitrogen in the urine	43
6876577002	cystorrhexis	rupture of the bladder	44
6876577003	dipsogenic	creating thirst	45
6876580235	glucosuria	sugar in the urine	46
6876583718	glycosuria	sugar in the urine	47
6876588207	hyperkalemia	excessive potassium in the blood	48
6876591575	hyponatremia	low sodium in the blood	49
6876591577	ketolysis	breakdown of ketones	50
6876594594	ketonuria	presence of ketones in the urine	51
6876596587	meatal stenosis	downward displacement of a kidney	52
6876599699	nephrosis	kidney condition	53
6876602832	uremia	urine in the blood	54
6876602834	ureterocele	hernia of a ureter	55
6876605769	ureterolithiasis	presence of stones in a ureter	56
6876608759	ureterostenosis	narrowing of a ureter	57
6876610365	urethrospasm	involuntary contraction of the urethra	58
6876616894	urethrostenosis	narrowing of the urethra	59
6876618740	cystogram	image of the bladder	60
6876618741	cystography	process for recording/imaging the bladder	61
6876622690	cystoscopy	process for examining the bladder	62
6876624679	meatoscope	instrument for examining the opening of the urethra	63
6876627343	meatoscopy	process for examining the opening of the urethra	64
6876630921	nephrogram	image of a kidney	65
6876633307	nephrography	procedure for imaging a kidney	66
6876636419	nephroscopy	procedure for examining a kidney	67
6876638949	nephrosonography	procedure for imaging a kidney using sound waves	68
6876641372	pyelogram	image of the renal pelvis	69
6876643941	renal angiogram	image of a kidney blood vessel	70
6876647607	renal angiography	process of imaging a kidney blood vessel	71
6876650150	renal arteriogram	image of a kidney artery	72
6876653167	resectoscope	instrument for examining and cutting (usually the prostate)	73
6876659567	retrograde pyelogram	image of the renal pelvis produced by injecting a contrast dye from the bladder to the kidney	74
6876666223	ultrasonography	imaging procedure using high frequency sound waves	75
6876668402	ureteroscopy	process of examining a ureter	76
6876670803	urethroscope	instrument for examining the urethra	77
6876675478	urethroscopy	process of examining the urethra	78
6876679017	urinalysis	analysis of the urine	79
6876680965	voiding cystourethrogram	imaging procedure of the bladder and urethra produced during urination	80
6876688834	blood urea nitrogen (BUN)	nitrogen in the blood in the form of urea; it is the product of the breakdown of amino acids for energy	81
6876694175	diuresis	excessive urination	82
6876695746	nephrologist	specialist in the kidneys	83
6876698377	nephrology	study of the kidneys	84
6876698378	urologist	specialist in the urinary tract	85
6876700398	urology	study of the urinary tract	86
6876702869	uropoesis	formation of urine	87
6876702870	uroxanthin	substance in urine that makes it yellow	88
6876705694	voiding	another term for urination	89
6876705788	anorchidism	lack of a testicle	90
6876709087	aspermia	condition characterized by lack of sperm	91
6876711144	azoospermia	condition characterized by lack of living sperm	92
6876713800	cryptorchidism	hidden testicle	93
6876720374	hydrocele	fluid-filled mass in a testicle	94
6876722229	hypospadias	birth defect in which the opening of the urethra is on the underside, instead of the end of the penis	95
6876726298	oligospermia	condition characterized by low sperm production	96
6876734573	phimosis	contraction of the foreskin of the penis, preventing it from being retracted	97
6876738461	prostatolith	stone in the prostate	98
6876741842	prostatomegaly	abnormal enlargement of the prostate	99
6876744403	seminoma	type of testicular cancer arising from sperm-forming tissue	100
6876747561	spermatocele	hernia or distention of the epididymis caused by sperm cells	101
6876751662	spermatolysis	destruction of sperm cells	102
6876754306	digital rectal exam	examination of the prostate using a finger inserted into the rectum	103
6876757099	transrectal ultrasonography	procedure using a probe inserted into the rectum using high-frequency sound waves to scan through the rectum to nearby tissue	104
6876769597	urethrogram	image of the urethra	105
6876769598	ejaculation	emission of semen from the urethra	106
6876773089	gonads	pair of organs used for the sexual reproduction; in males, they are the testicles, and in females, the ovaries	107
6876779599	spermatogenesis	creation of sperm	108
6876781859	vas deferens	vessel carrying sperm from the testicles	109
6876791917	cystitis	inflammation of the bladder	110
6876794220	cystocele	hernia of the bladder	111
6876794221	cystolith	stone in the bladder	112
6876796573	cystoma	tumor of the bladder	113
6876798883	cystoptosis	downward displacement of the bladder	114
6876801239	cystospasm	involuntary contraction of the bladder	115
6876804039	cystoureteritis	inflammation of the bladder and urethra	116
6876806425	cystourethrocele	hernia of the bladder and urethra	117
6876811437	glomerulonephritis	inflammation of the kidneys involving primarily the glomeruli	118
6876814081	glomerulopathy	disease of the kidney involving primarily the glomeruli	119
6876818115	glomerulosclerosis	hardening of the glomeruli	120
6876820601	hydronephrosis	kidney condition caused by the obstruction of urine flow	121
6876823837	hypernephroma	another name for renal cell carcinoma	122
6876829748	lithonephritis	inflammation of the kidneys caused by stones	123
6876831614	nephritis	inflammation of the kidney	124
6876834109	nephrocele	hernia of a kidney	125
6876835972	nephrohypertrophy	overdevelopment of the kidney	126
6876836390	nephroma	kidney tumor	127
6876839287	nephromalacia	abnormal softening of a kidney	128
6876844821	nephromegaly	abnormal enlargement of a kidney	129
6876846650	nephropathy	any kidney disease	130
6876849002	nephroptosis	downward displacement of a kidney	131
6876853167	nephrosclerosis	abnormal hardening of a kidney	132
6876855859	polcystic kidney disease	disease characterized by the formation of many fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys	133
6876861295	pyelitis	inflammation of the renal pelvis	134
6876863460	pyeloystitis	inflammation of the renal pelvis and bladder	135
6876869314	pyelocystostomosis	creation of an opening between the renal pelvis and bladder	136
6876871776	pyelonephritis	inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis	137
6876877411	pyelopathy	disease of the renal pelvis	138
6876881645	pyeloureterectasia	dilation of the renal pelvis and ureter	139
6876884609	pyonephritis	inflammation of the kidney caused by pus	140
6876887113	pyonephrolithiasis	presence of pus and stones in the kidney	141
6876888830	pyopyeloectasis	pus in a dilated renal pelvis	142
6876891005	renal cell carcinoma	cancer of the kidneys	143
6876894478	renal failure	kidney failure	144
6876894480	renal ischemia	deficiency of blood in a kidney	145
6876900671	stress urinary incontinence	loss of bladder control caused by the application of external pressure	146
6876902957	ureteritis	inflammation of a ureter	147
6876905749	ureteropyelonephritis	inflammation of a kidney, renal pelvis, and ureter	148
6876909526	urethritis	inflammation of the urethra	149
6876911383	urethrocystitis	inflammation of the urethra and bladder	150
6876917237	urinary tract infection	infection of the urinary tract	151
6876917238	uropathy	disease of the urinary tract	152
6876919821	vesicocele	hernia of the bladder	153
6876922658	vesicoureteral reflux	abnormal flow of urine from the bladder back into the ureters	154
6876925398	ureteropyelitis	inflammation of a ureter and renal pelvis	155
6876928428	balanitis	inflammation of the penis	156
6876931515	benign prostate hyperplasia	noncancerous overdevelopment of the prostate, also known as enlarged prostate	157
6876934809	benign prostate hypertrophy	another term for benign prostate hyperplasia	158
6876938109	epididymitis	inflammation of the epididymis	159
6876939778	epidiymo-orhitis	inflammation of the testicles and epididymis	160
6876942930	gonorrhea	discharge from the gonads	161
6876946819	orchiditis	inflammation of the testicles and epididymis	162
6876949011	orchiepididymitis	inflammation of the testicles and epididymis	163
6876951943	orchiopathy	disease of the testicles	164
6876954621	orchitis	inflammation of the testicles and epididymis	165
6876956698	prostatitis	inflammation of the prostate	166
6876960004	prostatocystitis	inflammation of the prostate and bladder	167
6876963272	prostatovesiculitis	inflammation of the prostate and seminal vesicles	168
6876966337	testicular carcinoma	testicular cancer	169
6876969171	testitis	inflammation of a testicle	170
6876971480	varicocele	overexpansion of the blood vessels of the testicles, leading to a soft tumor	171
6876978475	antispasmodic	drug used to prevent spasms	172
6876978476	cystectomy	surgical removal of the bladder	173
6876980824	cystolithectomy	surgical removal of a stone in the bladder	174
6876984562	cystostomy	creation of an opening in the bladder	175
6876987055	diuretic	agent that causes urination	176
6876992443	extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)	breakdown of kidney stones using sound waves generated outside of the body	177
6876997676	fulguration	use of electric current to destroy tissue	178
6877001284	heminephrectomy	surgical removal of half a kidney	179
6877003108	heminephroureterectomy	surgical removal of half a kidney and ureter	180
6877007972	hemodialysis	procedure for removing waste from the bloodstream	181
6877010982	intracorporeal lithotripsy	breakdown of kidney stones using a device place inside the body	182
6877017228	kidney dialysis	procedure for removing waste from the blood	183
6877019491	laparonephrectomy	surgical removal of a kidney through the abdomen	184
6877023015	lithectomy	surgical removal of a stone	185
6877025004	lithocystotomy	incision into the bladder to remove a stone	186
6877028497	lithonephrotomy	incision into a kidney to remove a stone	187
6877031251	lithotripsy	breakdown of a stone	188
6877033484	meatoplasty	surgical reconstruction of the opening of the urethra	189
6877035647	meatorrhaphy	suture of the opening of the urethra	190
6877037243	meatotomy	incision into the opening of the urethra	191
6877040717	nephrectomy	surgical removal of a kidney through the abdomen	192
6877044293	nephrocystanastomosis	opening of a passageway between a kidney and the bladder	193
6877048579	nephrolithotomy	incision into a kidney to remove a stone	194
6877055026	nephropexy	surgical fixation of a kidney	195
6877057339	nephrorrhaphy	suture of a kidney	196
6877060312	nephrostomy	creation of an opening in a kidney	197
6877060313	nephrotomy	incision into a kidney	198
6877062676	nehprotoxin	agent poisonous to the kidney	199
6877068862	nephroureterectomy	surgical removal of a kidney and ureter	200
6877071052	pyelolithotomy	incision into a renal pelvis to remove a stone	201
6877074854	pyeloplasty	surgical reconstruction of a renal pelvis	202
6877079836	pyelostomy	creation of an opening in a renal pelvis	203
6877084053	pyelotomy	incision into a renal pelvis	204
6877085757	renal angioplasty	surgical reconstruction of a kidney blood vessel	205
6877088508	ureteroileostomy	creation of an opening between a ureter and the ileum	206
6877092325	ureteronephrectomy	surgical removal of a kidney and ureter	207
6877101024	ureteroplasty	surgical reconstruction of a ureter	208
6877101025	ureterorrhaphy	suture of a ureter	209
6877102876	urethrectomy	surgical removal of the urethra	210
6877105774	urethropexy	surgical removal of the urethra	211
6877108519	urethroplasty	surgical reconstruction of the urethra	212
6877115536	urethrotomy	incision into the urethra	213
6877115537	urinary catheterization	insertion of a catheter into the bladder to drain urine	214
6877117745	urostomy	creation of an opening in the urinary tract, normally to divert urine flow away from a diseased bladder	215
6877122613	vesicostomy	creation of an opening in the bladder	216
6877125900	vesicotomy	incision into the bladder	217
6877127930	balanoplasty	surgical reconstruction of the penis	218
6877130078	circumcision	surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis	219
6877131868	epididymectomy	surgical removal of the epididymis	220
6877134177	epididymotomy	incision into the epididymis	221
6877136471	hydrocelectomy	surgical removal of a hydrocele	222
6877138196	orchidectomy	surgical removal of a testicle	223
6877140693	orchidopexy	surgical fixation of a testicle	224
6877144452	orchidotomy	incision into a testicle	225
6877151601	orchiectomy	surgical removal of a testicle	226
6877153583	orchiopexy	surgical fixation of a testicle	227
6877156479	orchioplasty	surgical reconstruction of a testicle	228
6877158768	prostatectomy	surgical removal of the prostate	229
6877162800	prostatolithotomy	incision into the prostate to remove a stone	230
6877165463	prostatovesiculectomy	surgical removal of the prostate and seminal vesicles	231
6877168965	spermicide	agent that kills sperm	232
6877171187	spermolytic	agent that kills sperm	233
6877175717	transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)	procedure of removing all or part of the prostate by the insertion of a resectoscope into the urethra	234
6877180439	vasectomy	surgical removal of the vas deferens	235
6877183494	vasovasostomy	creation of an opening between two vessels; this is the technical term or a vasectomy reversal	236
6877190258	vesiculectomy	surgical removal of the seminal vesicles	237
6877203808	BUN	blood urea nitrogen	238
6877203809	Bx	biopsy	239
6877205742	cath	catheter	240
6877205743	ESWL	extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy	241
6877209459	HD	hemodialysis	242
6877211381	I&O	intake and output	243
6877211382	IVP	intravenous pyelogram	244
6877213333	IVU	intravenous urogram	245
6877215491	KUB	kidneys, ureters, bladder	246
6877215492	OAB	overactive bladder	247
6877219183	PKD	polycystic kidney disease	248
6877221150	RP	retrograde pyelogram	249
6877222700	SUI	stress urinary incontinence	250
6877222701	UA	urinalysis	251
6877224867	UTI	urinary tract infection	252
6877227149	VCUG	voiding cystourethrogram	253
6877227150	VUR	vesicoureteral reflux	254
6877229150	BPH	benign prostate hyperplasia	255
6877231173	DRE	digital rectal exam	256
6877231174	ED	erectile dysfunction	257
6877233198	PSA	prostate-specific antigen	258
6877235515	STD/STI	sexually transmitted disease, sexually transmitted infection	259
6877237562	TURP	transurethral resection of the prostate	260
6877246372	balan/o	penis	261
6877246373	cyst/o	bladder	262
6877246374	epidiym/o	epididymis	263
6877248682	glomerul/o	glomerulus	264
6877251568	lith/o	stone	265
6877251569	meat/o	opening	266
6877253477	nephr/o	kidney	267
6877255271	orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o	testicle	268
6877255272	prostat/o	prostate	269
6877255273	pyel/o	renal pelvis	270
6877257378	ren/o	kidney	271
6877257379	sperm/o, spermat/o	sperm	272
6877259267	test/o	testicle	273
6877259268	ur/o, urin/o	urine	274
6877259269	ureter/o	ureter	275
6877263563	urethr/o	urethra	276
6877263564	vesic/o	bladder	277
6877125666	vesicotomy	incision into the bladder	278
6877125554	vesicotomy	incision into the bladder	279
6877122529	vesicostomy		280
6877114076	urethrotomy	incision into the urethra	281
6877114077	urinary catheterization		282
6877112636	urethrotomy	incision into the urethra	283
6877111890	urethrotomy		284
6877111633	urethrotomy		285
6877111491	urethrotomy		286
6877099181	ureteroplasty	surgical reconstruction of a ureter	287
6877099182	ureterrhaphy		288
6877097523	ureteroplasty	surgical reconstruction of a ureter	289
6877097524	ureterrhaphy		290
6877096923	ureteroplasty	surgical reconstruction of a ureter	291
6877096561	ureteroplasty		292
6877096366	ureteroplasty		293
6877092188	ureteronephrectomy		294
6877083678	pyelotomy	incision into a renal pelvis	295
6877083594	pyelotomy	incision into a renal pelvis	296
6877059840	nephrostomy	creation of an opening in a kidney	297
6877059386	nephrostomy	creation of an opening in a kidney	298
6877043963	nephrocystananstomosis		299
6877043836	nephrocystananstomosis		300
6877037110	meatotomy		301
6877035362	meatorrhaphy		302

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AP World History Mongols Flashcards

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6489011704	Ghengis Khan	The first great unifier and empire-builder of the Mongol people Tiltle bestowed upon him.	0
6489011705	Temujin	which was the Real name of Ghengis Khan 1167-1227	1
6489011706	Hulegu	Il-Khan of Persia and defeater of the Abbasid Dynasty	2
6489011707	Kipchak	Khanate of the Golden Horde (modern day western Russia)	3
6489011708	Yuan Dynasty	Chinese dynasty formed principally from Mongol conquerors	4
6489011709	Ghazan	Ruler of the Persian Khanate who converted to Islam and attempted to undo some of the ecological and relational damage of previous Mongol rulers	5
6489011710	Battle of Ain Jalut (1260)	Battle where the Egyptian Mamluks defeated the expanding Mongols	6
6489011711	Attila the Hun	Leader of the Huns, which might have been an offshoot of the Xiongnu peoples and whose Empire stretched from the Germanic states to the Caspian Sea in the 5th century	7
6489011712	Four	Number of Khanates formed after the death of Ghengis Khan	8
6489011713	Pandemic	(Disease) Prevalent over a large geographical area	9
6489011714	Kaghan	Turkic ruler; later became Sultan after the conversion to Islam	10
6489011715	Steppe	Geographical term for the great pasturelands of the Mongols which, through ill-suited for farming, were perfect for sustaining great herds. This is where Temujin was born	11
6489011716	Ogodai	Khan whose death may have spared Europe--the Mongol leaders were required to return to the East in the midst of European conquest	12
6489011717	Xiongnu	Predecessors to the Mongos (~200BCE-200CE); long troubled the development of China	13
6489011718	Beijing	Modern name for Khanbalik, the capital of the Yuan dynasty	14
6489011719	Bedouin	Desert dwelling Arabs	15
6489011720	Modun	Precursor to Ghengis Khan as unifier of the nomadic peoples north of the Yellow River	16
6489011721	Moscow	The center of Russian power moved here from Kiev under Mongol rule	17
6489011722	Kublai Khan	Khan whose rule of China was expansive and (relatively) enlightened; hosted Marco Polo	18
6489011723	Persia	Area where Mongol rule devastated the ecology; unlike most areas of the Empire, Mongols assimilated here, many converting to Islam	19
6489011724	Han Dynasty	Chinese dynasty most affected by teh Xiongnu	20
6489011725	Karakorum	Original capital of the Mongols	21
6489011726	Kamikaze	Legend of what saved Japan from Mongol invasion	22
6489011727	Almoravid Empire	Muslim empire of Northwest Africa and the Iberian peninsula	23
6489011728	Tolerant	Word which might describe the Mongol attitude towards the diverse religions encountered across their expansive empire	24
6489011729	Ivan the Great	Russian leader who expelled Mongol rule	25
6489011730	Khan	"Leader"	26
6489011731	Pastoral	Peoples most focused on raising of herds, therefore they were often nomadic	27
6489011732	Tengri	Thunder God, God of the sky; most important god of the Mongols' shamanistic religion	28
6489011733	Yurt	What the Mongols lived in	29
6489011734	Yogurt	What the Mongols drank	30
6489011735	The bow	The Mongols' one/major technological contribution/innovation	31
6489011736	Kumiss	Mongol alcoholic drink from animal products by fermenting mare's milk into a potent concociton	32
6489011737	Chaghatai	One of Ghengis Khan's sons; his descendants ruled the khanate of Chaghatai in central Asia also took Korea	33
6489011738	Quriltai	Assembly in Mongolia in which a new khan is elected	34
6489011739	Tumen	Units of 10,000 soldiers	35
6489073645	Yasa	Mongol code of law which regulated: taxes, no private matters, Murder:treason, unity and loyalty.	36
6489236995	Empire of Khwarezm	Led by Ala Al-Din Muhammad Empire which Ghengis Khan obliterated.	37
6489404208	Mongolian Empire	Largest empire in world history.	38

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AP World History Period One Flashcards

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8751102622	Patriarchy	A social system ruled by men	0
8751108379	Matriarchy	Asocial society ruled by women	1
8751123037	Tribe	A group of people who were united by a common culture with social, religious, economic, and family ties	2
8751132657	Clan	A group of people united by a kinship with common ancestors	3
8751194311	Caste System	A religious hierarchy found only in India	4
8751206447	Thocracy	A government that operates by religious authority in the name of God	5
8751216698	Monarchy	A system of government where the head of a government is a single person such as a king or queen	6
8751251254	Big Man	The influential leader of a group of followers	7
8751274780	City-state	A sovereign city with its own government	8
8751282921	Village	A small settlement group of residents smaller than a town	9
8751295873	Hierarchy	A system of social order	10
8751308787	Priestly class	A ruing or powerful class of leaders	11
8752626774	Polytheism	A religious system that favors the belief in multiple gods	12
8752639151	Naturalism	A religious system that believes in multiple gods	13
8752690661	Animism	A religious system that believes in multiple gods	14
8752692477	Monotheism	A religious system that believes that there is one god	15
8752718259	Ancestor Worship	It emphasized the importance of reverence for ancestors	16
8752721901	Mandate of Heaven	The belief stated that the emperor held on to power if he was judged to be righteous by the gods in the afterlife	17
8752721902	Epic of Gilgamesh	An epic poem about the Mesopotamian kingdoms	18
8752844150	Cuneiform	One of the first systems of writing found in the classical world from the Sumerian kingdom in Mesopotamia	19
8752846994	Hieroglyphics	One of the earliest forms of writing	20
8752849503	Pictographs	A form of writing based on pictures	21
8752878315	Paleolithic Age	The "Old Stone Age" of society	22
8752879881	Neolithic Age	The "New Stone Age" of society	23
8752935849	Metallurgy	The process of mixing minerals together to create a new, stronger form of metal	24
8752935898	Iron and bronze	The products of metallurgy used these metals for farming and warefare	25
8753013094	Surpluses of food	The products of sedentary societies	26
8753016344	Trade routes	The early trade routes in the Classical Era included the land-based Silk Roads and the sea-based Indian Ocean	27
8753025414	Cereal grains	Include wheat, barley, sorghum, rye, and millet	28
8753093460	Division of labor	A specialized tasks that led to different jobs for people in society	29

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AP World History: Chapter 3 Flashcards

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4869527499	China is isolated by	Himalaya, Pamir, Tian, Takla Makan, and Gobi Mountains mountains	0
4869527500	East Asia covered with mountains	Makes overland travel and transport difficult	1
4869527501	Great River Systems are	Yellow and Yangzi Rivers and their tributaries facilitate east-west movement	2
4869527502	Xinjiang and Tibet	Lived by herding	3
4869527503	Climate zones of East Asia	-Range from dry, subarctic reaches of Manchuria in the north to lush, subtropical forests of the south -variety of animals and plants	4
4869527504	Monsoons that affect India and Southeast Asia	-Drench southern China with heavy rainfall in the summer, most beneficial time for agriculture -northern China rainfall is more erratic	5
4869527505	Chinese civilization developments	-developed in adverse conditions on northern plains (demanding environment that stimulated technologies and political traditions)	6
4869527506	Third Century C.E.	Gradual flow of population toward the warmer southern lands causing political and intellectual center to move south	7
4869527507	Eastern Valley and North China Plain contains	Timber, stone, scattered deposits of metals and productive land	8
4869527508	Loess	Winds blowing from Central Asia deposit a yelowish-brown dist	9
4869527509	Thick mantle of soil has accumulated that is extremely fertile and soft	Worked with wooden digging sticks	10
4869527510	Agriculture requires...	Coordinated efforts of large numbers of peope	11
4869527511	Earthen dikes	Constructed to protect nearby fields from recurrent floods on the Yellow River	12
4869527512	To cope with periodic droughts...	Reservoirs were dug to store river water and rainfall	13
4869527513	Retaining walls	Partitioned the hillsides into flat arable terraces	14
4869527514	Staple crops in Northern Region	Millet, a grain indigenous to China and wheat, which spread to East Asia from the Middle East	15
4869527515	Cultivation of Rice	Required a great outlay of labor	16
4869527516	Rice paddies (fields where rice is grown)	Must be flat and surrounded by water channels to bring and lead away water according to precise schdeule	17
4869527517	Flooding eliminates...	Weeds and rival planets; supports microscopic organisms that keep the soil fertile	18
4869527518	Cultivation Rice process	1. Crop is ripe 2.Paddy is drained 3.Rice stalks are harvested with a sickle 4.Edible kernels are separated out	19
4869527519	Neolithic population of China grew...	-Millet, raised pigs and chickens and used stone tools -Workers made pottery on a wheel and fired it in high-temperature kilns	20
4869527520	Production of Silk	1.Raising silkworms on the leaves of mulberry trees 2. Unravel their cocoons to produce silk thread	21
4869527521	Built walls of pounded earth by...	Hammering soil inside temporary wooden frames until it becomes cement	22
4869527522	2000 B.C.E	Chinese begun to make bronze	23
4869527523	Yellow Emperor	Ideal and benevolent masters in a tranquil Golden Age	24
4869527524	Yellow Emperor then...	Xia Dynasty who were in turn succeeded by the Shang dynasty	25
4869527525	Shang Period	1766-1045 B.C.E (written documents only appear toward the end of Shang rule)	26
4869527526	Oracle Bones	Shoulder bones of cattle and the bottom shells of turtles employed the Shang rulers to obtain information from ancestral spirits and gods	27
4869527527	Writing on Oracle Bones concerns...	Kings, his court, weather and its impact of agriculture , warfare against enemies and religious practices with some aspects of Shang society (same limitations to treasure-filled tombs of Shang ruling class)	28
4869527528	Earliest Oracle Bone	-date to 13 century B.C.E -sophisticated that some scholars believe writing in China is older	29
4869527529	Shang writing system	Has several hundred characters were originally pictures of objects that become simplified over time with each character represents a one-syllable word for an object (small number of people used in courts)	30
4869527530	Shang writing system	Ancestor of the systems used in China and East Asia today (later Chinese writing developed thousands of more complex characters that provide information about both the meaning of the word and its sound	31
4869527531	Di, supreme god	Resides in the sky and unleashes the power of storms, is distant and unconcerned with the fate of humans and cant be approached directly	32
4869527532	When people die...	Their spirits survive in the same supernatural sphere as Di and other gods of nature	33
4869527533	Ancestral spirits organized in...	Heavenly hierarchy that mirrors the social hierarchy on earth, can intervene in human affairs	34
4869527534	Shang ruler has direct access to...	More recent ancestors, who have access to earlier generations, who can, in turn, intercede with Di	35
4869527535	What is the ruler crucial to?	Ruler is the crucial link between Heaven and earth using his unrivaled access to higher powers to promote agricultural productivity and protect his people from natural and man-made disaster	36
4869527536	Where was the king?	The king was often on the road, traveling to the courts of his subordinates to reinforce loyalty but its uncertain how much territory in the Northern China Plain was ruled under Shang	37
4869527537	Excavation sites show...	Artistic and technological traditions so different that they are probably the products of independent groups	38
4869527538	Both lack of writing and Han-era conception had always been unified....	Obsecure from us the probable ethnic, linguistic and cultural diversity of early China	39
4869527539	Shang elite	Warrior class reveling in warfare, hunting, exchanging gifts, feasting and drinking	40
4869527540	Shang elite	Fought with bronze weapons and rode into battle on horse-drawn chariots	41
4869527541	Frequent military campaigns...	Provided warriors with a theater for brave achievement and yielded considerable plunder (prisoners of war taken and made into slaves and sacrificial victims)	42
4869527542	Excavated tombs of Shang royal and elite families	From the vicinity of Anyang contain large quantities of value objects and musical instruments , jewelry, mirrors weapons and bronze vessels	43
4869527543	Valuable objects made of	metal,jade,bone, ivory, shell and stone	44
4869527544	Bronze vessels	Decorated with stylized depictions of real and imaginary animals, were used to make offerings to ancestral spirits	45
4869527545	Possessions of bronze objexts	Sign of status and authority	46
4869527546	Tombs contained...	Bodies of family members, servants and prisoners of war who were killed at this time of burial	47
4869527547	Served the main occupant of the tomb in afterlife??	Objects and people	48
4869527548	Shang cities not preserved because	Of climate of northern China and building materials used	49
4869527549	Cities construction	Cities were protected by massive walls of ponded earth and building were constructed with wooden posts and dried mud	50
4869527550	Sites appear to have served...	Different centers of political control and religion, with palaces, administrative buildings and storehouses, royal tombs, shrine of gods and ancestors and houses of the nobility	51
4869527551	Common people lived	In agriculture villages outside these centers	52
4869527552	Mandate of Heaven	the institution of monarchy by connecting the religious and political spheres, served as foundation of Chinese political thought for 3000 years	53
4869527553	Zhou Rule (1045-771 B.C.E)	More know of this era because of survival of written texts, above all the BOOK OF DOCUMENTS	54
4869527554	Book of Documents	Collection of decrees, letters and other historical and pseudo-historical records (some written by early emperors of legend)	55
4869527555	Book of Songs	Anthology of 305 poems, ballads, and folk songs that illuminate the lives of rulers, nobles and peasants	56
4869527556	Zhou elite	Recorded their careers and cited honors received from rulers in bronze inscriptions	57
4869527557	King Wu	Distributed territories to his relatives and allies (which administer an profit as long as they stay loya to him) to consolidate power	58
4869527558	Regional rulers	Apportioned pieces of their holding to supporters, creating a pyramid structure of political, social and economic relation (feudal)	59
4869527559	Cheng	Too young to assume full powers after Wu's death, kingdom was ran by uncles (especially the Duke of Zhou)	60
4869527560	Duke of Zhou	One of the most famous figures because the philosopher Confucius later celebrated him as the ideal administrator who selflessly served as regent for his young nephew during delicate time of dynasty then returns power as soon as the lawful ruler came to age	61
4869527561	Zhou rulers	Constructed new capital city and urban centers developed in succeeding centuries (near modern Xi'an)	62
4869527562	How were cities laid out?	Laid out on a grid plan aligned with the north polar star, with gates in the fortification walls opening to the cardinal directions and major building facing south	63
4869527563	Feng Shui (wind and water)	To orient structures so that they would be in a harmonious relationship with the terrain, the forces of wind, water and sunlight and the invisible energy perceived to be flowing through the natural world	64
4869527564	Method of divination	Involving throwing down a handful of long and short stalks of the milfoil or yarrow plant and interpreting patterns they formed	65
4869527565	Book of Changes	Explained in detail the meaning of each of the 64 standard patterns formed by the stalks (later, was practiced and text was used for self-examination and contemplation of workings)	66
4869527566	Book of Songs	Provides glimpses into the lives, activities, and feelings of diverse cross section of early chinese people (elite and common, male and female, urban and rural)	67
4869527567	Books of Songs	Some described men and women choosing each other and engaging in sex outside of marriage	68
4869527568	Book of Songs	Poems tell of arranged marriages in which young woman anxiously leave home and birth family behind and journeys to household of an unknown husband and new family	69
4869527569	Book of Songs	Poem describes the different ways infant boys and girls were welcomed into an aristo family -male was received like a little prince (placed on bed, swaddled in expensive robes and given a jade specter to play with as symbol of future authority -female placed on floor, given weight from weaving loom to indicate future obligations of subservience and household labor	70
4869527570	Eleventh to eighth centuries B.C.E	Zhou monarch eroded because of feudal division of territory and power	71
4869527571	771 B.C.E	Zhou capital was attacked by coalition of enemies and the dynasty withdrew a base to farther east Luoyang	72
4869527572	Eastern Zhou Period 770-221 B.C.E	A long era in which Zhou monarchs remained as figureheads, given only nominal allegiance by the rulers of independent states scattered across northern and central China	73
4869527573	1st Part of Eastern Zhou	Spring and Autumn Period 770-481 B.C.E because of survival of a text the Spring and Autumn Annals, provide historical record of events in small eastern state of Lu	74
4869527574	Spring and Autumn Period	States were frequently odds with one another and employed tactics to protect themselves and advance their interests (diplomatic initiatives, shifting alliances and coups and assassinations and warfare)	75
4869527575	Warfare	Persistent feature of the period and were important transformations in the character and technology of war	76
4869527576	Shang and early Zhou periods	Warfare largely had been conducted by member of elite (rode chariots) treated battle as opportunity to display their skills and courage and adhered to a code of heroic conduct	77
4869527577	Conflicts of Zhou era	Much larger armies made up of conscripted farmers who fought battles, constrained noble etiquette causing some to be slaughtered	78
4869527578	Men undertook the study of war and composed handbooks such as....	Sunzi's Art of War	79
4869527579	Sunzi	Approaches war as a chess game in which the successful general employs deception, intuit the energy potential inherit in the landscape and psychologically manipulates both friend and for	80
4869527580	Technological advances impacted....	Warfare	81
4869527581	Late centuries of Zhou	Chinese learned from Nomadic peoples of northern steppes to put fighters on horseback	82
4869527582	600 B.C.E	Iron began to replace bronze as primary mental for tools and weapons (Ironworking came to china from nomadic peoples of northwest)	83
4869527583	Metalworkers in China	First in the world to forge steel by removing carbon during the iron-smelting process	84
4869527584	Chinese states administered	The development of increasing size and complexity of the governments	85
4869527585	Rulers ordered careful recording of population, the land and its agricultural products	so the government could compel peasants to donate labor for public work projects (digging and maintaining channels and building roads, defensive walls and palaces), conscript them into army and collect taxes.	86
4869527586	Skilled officials supervised...	The expanding bureaucracies of scribes, accountants and surveyors and advised the rulers on various matters	87
4869527587	Class of educated and ambitious men....	Traveled from state to state offering services to the rulers and theories of an ideal government	88
4869527588	Two most influential philosophical systems of Chinese civilization	Confucianism and Daoism	89
4869527589	Kongzi or Confucius	Withdrew from public life after unsuccessful efforts to find employee the as an official and adviser to several rulers of the day	90
4872699213	Confucius attracted students and.....	presented his ideas on morality, conduct and government, his saying were handed down orally by several generations	91
4884663608	Confucius sayings were....	Handed down orally by generations of disciples before being compiled in written form as Analects	92
4884663609	Analects	Believed (probably wrong) to have been edited by Confucius	93
4884663610	Book of Documents, the Book of Songs, the Book of Changes and the Spring and Autumn Annals	Core texts of Confucianism	94
4884663611	Confucius looked back to early Zhou period as a Golden Age of......	Wise rulers Benevolent government	95
4884663612	Confucius places great importance to...	Rituals, form of behavior, that guide people in their daily interactions with one another since they promote harmony in human relations	96
4884663613	Family was fundamental component of society	Family members regulated their conduct in the home preparing them to serve as subjects of the sate	97
4885548433	Each person has their own duties in hierarchical order	Determined by age and gender	98
4885548434	Filiality of children to parents	Obedience, reverence and love, had its analogue i n the devotion of subjects to the ruler analogue in the devotion of subjects to the ruler	99
4885548435	Ren (humaneness)	Feeling between family members and was expanded into a universal ideal of benevolence and compassion that would pervade every activity	100
4885548436	Confucianism placed value on...	Practical task of making society function at every level	101
4885548437	Philosophical and ethical framework for....	Conducting one' s life and understanding one' s place in the world	102
4885548438	Confucius urged respect for gods, ancestors and religious traditions	Felt supernatural matters were unknowable Confucius ideas were little known in is own time	103
4885548439	Confucius ideas were little know in his own time	But teachings were preserved and spread to wider audience	104
4885548440	Mengzi (Mencius in the West, 371-289 B.C.E)	-Did much to popularize Confucian ideas in his age -believed in the essential goodness of all human beings -argued that if people were shown the right way by virtuoso leaders they would voluntarily me compelled to do right things	105
4885548441	Xunzi (ca. 310-210 B.C.E)	-people had to be compelled to make right choices	106
4898131070	Daoism	Withdrawal from the empty formalities, rigid hierarchy and distractions of Chinese society	107
4898131071	Laozi	Originator of Daoism (nothing is known of him) some scholars doubt his extistence	108
4898131072	Laozi is credited with...	Foundational text of Daoism, the Classic of the Way of Virtue	109
4898131073	Classic of the Way of Virtue	A difficult book full of ambiguity and paradox, beautiful poetic images and tantalizing hints of 'truths' that cannot be explained with words	110
4898131074	Classic of the Way of Virtue	Raises question about whether the material world in which we operate is a real kind of dream that blocks us from perceiving a higher reality	111
4898131075	Classic of the Way of Virtue	Argues that education, knowledge, and rational analysis are obstacles to understanding and we are better off cultivating our senses ad trusting our institutions	112
4898131076	Daoist sage strives to...	-lead a tranquil existence by retreating from the stresses and obligations of a chaotic society	113
4898131077	Daoist sage strives to...	-avoid useless struggles	114
4898131078	Daoist sage strives to...	-makes himself soft so forces can flow harmlessly around him	115
4898131079	Daoist sage strives to...	-chooses not to act since action leads to different action desired	116
4898131080	Daoist sage strives to...	-not fear of death since its a transformation to another plane of existence	117
4898131087	All that matters is the individuals understanding of and accommodation of	The Dao	118
4909363418	Dao	Path of nature	119
4909377115	Daoism and Confucianism adapted to changes in Chinese society and incorporating elements of	Traditional religion, mysticism and magic	120
4909384974	How can someone be both practice Daoism and Confucianism	Confucian in their work and public life but Daoist in privacy of their study	121
4909397959	Kinship structures based on the clan gave way to....	Three-generation family of grandparents, parents and children as fundamental social unit	122
4909416746	Fathers have absolute authority over...	Women and children, arranged marriages for offsprings, sell labor for family members	123
4909424264	ONLY MEN can...	Conduct rituals and make offerings to the ancestors (women help maintain household shrines)	124
4909437792	A man whose wife died has a duty to...	Remarry in order to produce male heirs to keep alive cult of ancestors (women were not)	125
4909467899	Yin/Yang	Represented the complementary nature of male and male roles in natural order	126
4909470885	Yang (male)	Equals sun; active, bright and shining	127
4909476057	Yin (female)	Equals moon; passive, shaded and reflective	128
4909497035	Male toughness was balanced by	Female gentleness	129
4909499761	Male action and initiative by	Female endure acne and need for completion	130
4909502360	Male leadership by	Female supportiveness	131
4909515628	Theory of Yin and Yang	Equal and alternately dominant creating balance in the world	132
4953994532	Warring States Period 481-221 B.C.E	Rivalry and warfare between the states accelerated	133
4958260354	Beginning of 3rd century	Only seven states remained	134
4958260355	Each state sought security by	Building walls to protect its border, putting into field largest armies, experimenting with military organizations, tactics and technology and devising new techniques of administration to produce revenue	135
4958260356	Aim of campaigns were to	Increase the territory available for agriculture, since it was source for wealth and power	136
4965279258	Lord Shang believed that	The ruler should trust his own judgement and employ whatever means are necessary to compel obedience and good behavior in his subjects	137
4965279259	Legalista were willing to	Sacrifice individual freedom to guarantee the security and prosperity of the state	138
4965279260	Lord Shang moved to	-Weaken the Qin nobility -sending out centrally appointed district governors -abolishing many of the privileges of the nobility -breaking up large estates by requiring property to be divided equally among sons	139
4965279261	Killed in 338 B.C.E	Lord Shang, involvement in butter intrigue in court	140
4965279262	Nubia	Only continuously inhabited territory connecting sub-Saharan Africa with North Africa	141
4965279263	Nubia served as	Corridor for trade between tropical Africa and Mediterranean	142
4965279264	Nubia was full with	Natural resources: gold, copper, and semiprecious stones	143
4965279265	Nubia' location and natural wealth	Explains early rise of civilization with complex political	144
4958260357	Qin	Most innovated era	145
4958260358	Qin rulers commanded a nation of....	Hardy farmers and employed them in well trained armies	146
4958260359	Qin rulers of 4th and 3rd centuries B.C.E	Took great risks, put to practice the philosophy and methods of Legalistic school of political theorists	147
4958260360	Lord Shang mid-fourth century B.C.E	In charge of Qin government	148
4958260361	Lord Shang maintained	That Confucians were mistaken in looking to idealized past for solutions and naive in thinking that ruler should worry about his subjects' opinions`	149

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Biochemistry Flashcards

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8189823745	acid	A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.	0
8189823746	base	A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.	1
8189823747	covalent bond	A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule	2
8189823748	enzyme	A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing	3
8189823749	glycogen	Extremely branched polymer of glucose.	4
8189823750	isotope	Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons	5
8189823751	molecule	A group of atoms bonded together	6
8189823752	nucleus	Control center of the cell	7
8189823753	polymer	A covalent compound made up of many small, repeating units linked together in a chain.	8
8189823754	starch	storage form of glucose in plants	9
8189823755	active site	A pocket or groove on the surface of the enzyme.	10
8189823756	carbohydrate	A sugar in the form of a monosaccharide, disaccharide or polysaccharide. Broken down to simple sugars	11
8189823757	dehydration synthesis	Condensation reaction where molecules are connected by loss of a water molecule.	12
8189823758	enzyme-substrate complex	A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate molecule(s).	13
8189823759	hydrolysis	Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water	14
8189823760	lipid	A fatty substance that does not dissolve in water	15
8189823761	monosaccharide	A single sugar molecule such as glucose or fructose, the simplest type of sugar.	16
8189823762	organic compound	Compounds that contain carbon	17
8189823763	polysaccharide	Long chains of linked monosaccharides.	18
8189823764	substrate	A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme	19
8189823765	amino acid	Building blocks of protein	20
8189823766	cellulose	A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms	21
8189823767	disaccharide	A carbohydrate compound consisting of two sugar molecules joined together.	22
8189823768	fatty acids	Building Blocks of Lipids	23
8189823769	ion	A charged atom	24
8189823770	metabolism	All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism	25
8189823771	nucleic acid	a long chain of smaller molecules called nucleotides; DNA and RNA	26
8189823772	pH level	Measure of how acidic or basic a substance is	27
8189823773	protein	Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues	28
8189823774	atom	the basic unit of a chemical element.	29
8189823775	compound	A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds	30
8189823776	element	A pure substance made of only one kind of atom	31
8189823777	glycerol	A three-carbon alcohol to which fatty acids are covalently bonded to make fats and oils.	32
8189823778	ionic bond	A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions.	33
8189823779	mixture	A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined	34
8189823780	nucleotide	a molecule made of a nitrogen base, a sugar, and a phosphate group	35
8189823781	peptide bond	The covalent bond between two amino acid units, formed by a dehydration reaction.	36
8189823782	solution	A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another.	37

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AP World History Intro Flashcards

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4724718639	Describe the life styles of the Homosapiens	1.Hunted, gathered, foraged for food 2. Small groups 3. Migrate by foot or boat (East Africa)	0
4724719910	When was the Neolithic Revolution?	8000 BC	1
4724720864	What are benefits of food surplus?	1. Healthier → More people → Specialized labor → Small town → cites	2
4724722923	When did the first cities arose?	3000 BCE	3
4724723448	What did foragers become?	Farmers, Pastoralist, Foragers	4
4724723935	Define Urban Based Complex Societies.	Based on cities and farmland	5
4724724170	When did Period 1 end in history	600 BCE	6
4724724424	Why did Per. 1 end?	Political organizations appeared Foraging Communities Farming/Pastoral Communities Cities and City States Kingdom Empires	7
4724725199	What are foundational civilizations?	societies around rivers	8
4724725615	How did social classes start?	new society→people do more→ specialized task→social classes	9
4724726410	How did culture unify people?	law, language, religion, myths, art	10
4724727024	What are some examples of how culture unified people?	1. Hindu religion 2. Hebrew monotheism 3. Zoroasrrianism	11
4724727674	How did Mesopotamia and the Indus River Interact?	1. trade, travel (peace) 2. military contact, conquest (aggressive)	12
4724728359	What was the effect of the Mesopotamian and Indus contact?	Spread goods, ideas, technology, disease	13
4724728828	Define the Foundations Period.	First signs of patterns in development and interaction	14

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AP World History: The Americas Flashcards

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5740789951	Origins of the Early Americas	1. Migration from Asia by the Beringia land bridge 2.Journey from Asia to rhe Pacific Coast by small boats 3. Louis Leakey: First Humans may have arrived 100,000 years ago (Calico Hills, CA)	0
5740789952	The Precursors	1. Olmecs 2. Zapotecs 3. Toltecs	1
5740789953	The Big Three	1. Maya 2. Aztecs 3. Inca	2
5740789954	Locations of the Maya	located in modern-day Yucatan, Quintana Roo, Campeche, Tabasco, and Chiapas in Mexico	3
5740789955	Location of the Aztec	modern-day Mexico City	4
5740789956	The Olmecs (1200 BCE - 400 BCE)	-based in Meso-America (central Mexico to N. Honduras) -inhospitable climate -hunted, fished, grew corn, beans, traded jade, crops -Ceremonial centers: La Venta, Tres Zapotes, San Lorenzo -Pyramids, monumental sculptures (jaguar motif) -hieroglyphics, not deciphered, & no written records.	5
5740789957	Mysterious Decline of the Olmecs	-Ceremonial centers are destroyed -No evidence of warfare -Revolution? Civil War?	6
5740789958	Mayan Civilization (300 BCE - 900 CE)	-Large cities discovered in the 19th century -Decentralized political structure (city-states) led by god-kings (Pacal, etc.) -Areas was rich in game and building materials (limestone and hardwood), obsidian. -Cacao beans ---hot chocolate drink ---used as currency -Major ceremonial centered at Tikal, Copan, and Palenque -no metal; water supply was uncertain; communication was difficult.	7
5740789959	Mayan Warfare	-Purpose of warfare? To take territory and capture enemy soldiers -Ritual sacrifices of enemies -City-states and small kingdoms engage in constant conflict !!!The Maya conducted warfare and human sacrifices on a smaller scale than the Aztecs)	8
5740789960	Mayan Mathematics and their Ritual Calendar	1. Complex Math ---invention of the "zero" concept ---base 20 system 2. Solar Calendar (17 seconds off of the calendar we use) ---eighteen 20-day months with a separate period of 5 days at end 3. Management of the calendar lends authority to ~priesthood~ ---Need to choose auspicious moments for planting crops, attacking enemies, installing new rulers !!!!!The Mayan calendar is based on careful observations of the planets, sun, and moon.!!!!!	9
5740789961	Mayan Language and Religion	-Hieroglyphic symbols -bark paper books were destroyed by Spanish conquerors, only 3 survived -Popol Vuh: Mayan creation myth -Itzamna: Lizard House (the supreme god) -Bloodletting rituals: removal of fingers, piercing to allow blood flow; self-mutilztion was also used by kings.	10
5740789962	The Mayan Ball Game (Pok-a-tok)	-sacred ritual -high-ranking captives, prisoners of war were contestants -execution of losers immediately after the match -human sacrifices to please the gods	11
5740789963	Post-Classic Mayan Civilization	- Centered on the Yucatan peninsula (9th-12th centuries CE) - Farming is difficult (soil is thin) but water is available from cenotes (sinkholes created by the collapse of underground caverns) - Heavily influenced by the Toltecs of Central Mexico (caused mostly by waves of immigrants from Tula) - Kukulcan ("feathered serpent") - Toltec leader in Chichen Itza - Violent, warlike - Had human sacrifice (see Chac Mool) - Main centers: Chichen Itza and Uxmal	12
5740789964	Theories of the end of the Mayan Civilization	1. Increased warfare among Mayan city-states disrupted trade and caused population to flee to the jungle 2. Agricultural production could not keep up with population growth; therefore people moved away from urban centers 3. Ecological damage from over- farming, etc.? 4. Famine and disease?	13
5740789965	Teohuacan Culture (100 - 700 CE)	- Produced great architectural structures in the highlands of Mexico - Lakes in area of high elevation - Village of Teotihuacan, expands to become America's first metropolis (200,000 inhabitants by 500 C.E.) and important ceremonial center (see Teotihuacan "Street of the Dead") - Creation of chinampas - swampy islands enlarged to become floating gardens - Extensive trade network, influence on surrounding areas - It begins to decline ca 650 C.E.; is sacked in the middle of the 8th century, and its massive library is destroyed	14
5740789966	The Aztecs	-Poor nomadic people who left desert in northern Mexico and emigrated to crowded Valley of Mexico ca 1000 C.E. -Shunned by other peoples because of their practice of human sacrifice -Gained wealth and power by serving as mercenaries -established city of Tenochtitlan on an island ca 1350 C.E. and enlarged it by dredging part of Lake Texcoco (a large salt lake surrounded by freshwater lakes); city connected by causeways -population: +500,000 -Hieroglyphs but no written literature	15
5740789967	Aztec Politics	- Monarch - Confederation of localities - Tribute (gold, maize, cacao beans, cotton, jade, slaves) - Calpulli = kinship groups	16
5740789968	Aztec Religion	- Huitzilopochtli, Quetzalcoatl - Ometeotl = guiding deity - Art and sculpture: see e.g., the Disc of the Fifth Sun (its image is to the left) Destruction: Hernan Cortes and Spaniards defeat Emperor Montezuma II and the Aztecs in 1521 with help from Tlaxcallan	17
5740789969	Andean Societies	- Migration into South America ca 12,000 B.C.E. - Climate improves ca 8,000 B.C.E. - Largely independent from Mesoamerica - Highly individualized due to geography - Remarkable cities, towns despite jungle, mountains (see e.g. Machu Picchu) - Chavin, Moche, Chimu, Huari, Inca	18
5740789970	Chavin Culture 900 - 200 B.C.E.	-Primarily a religious civilization which develops in the central Andes (Peru) -Little is known about the particulars of the religion -Intricate stone mounds/ carvings/ textiles -Probably had shamans - Cf. Nazca peoples in western Peru	19
5740789971	Moche Culture	-Based in the Moche River Valley, it dominated northern Peru -Built impressive irrigation systems for farming -Beautiful jewelry, metalwork, pottery and other treasure survive (see e.g. the Lord of Sipan treasure (ca 400 C.E.); cf. the King Tut archaeological find) -One of many states in region; none of them were able to consolidate their power enough to establish an empire - May have been ended by severe flooding or desertification	20
5740789972	The Incas	- Empire lasted less than 100 years - Started by Pachakuti (r.1438-1471); grew more under Topa Inca Yupanqui (r.1471-1493) through war, diplomacy - Eventually controlled over 2,500 miles of Pacific coastline, Andes Mountains - Highly centralized state, built by forced labor (or mita) - Great road builders - No wheeled vehicles - Split inheritance, custom of worshipping mummified dead rulers - Orejones ("Big Ears") - only one of these 11 noble lineages could inherit throne - Inti = the Sun god - Ayllu = kinship unit - Little private commerce or trade - An early socialist state? - Strictly regulated marriage - No written records (used quipu instead) - Quechua = language - Last emperor, Athahualpa, defeated by Pizarro in 1532 - Incas devastated by civil war, exposure to European disease	21

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AP World History 2017 Flashcards

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7204892252	abate	to lessen in violence or intensity	0
7204892514	absolutism	A system in which a ruler holds total power	1
7204893593	adjacent	near, next to, adjoining	2
7204893733	agrarian	Having to do with farming	3
7204895573	agriculture	Farming	4
7204895902	anthropomorphic	having human characteristics	5
7204895903	aristocracy	A government in which power is in the hands of a hereditary ruling class or nobility	6
7204896453	avarice	a greedy desire, particularly for wealth	7
7204896719	bias	Prejudice or predisposition toward one side of a subject or issue.	8
7204896720	buddhism	a relating founded in ancient India by the religious teacher the Buddha	9
7204897177	bureaucracy	A system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials	10
7204897178	capital	money available for investment	11
7204897318	capitalism	the private ownership of economic resources by individuals rather than by the government	12
7204897319	capitulate	cease to resist an opponent or an unwelcome demand; surrender	13
7204897557	centralized	concentrate (control of an activity or organization) under a single authority	14
7204897558	charlatan	one who pretends to have knowledge in order to swindle others	15
7204897559	chattel	an item of personal, movable property; slave	16
7204897882	chiefdom	a political economy that organizes regional populations through a hierarchy of the chiefs	17
7204897883	christianity	The religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ	18
7204898478	city-state	a city that governs itself and its surrounding territory	19
7204898679	encroach	(v.) to advance beyond the usual or proper limits, trespass	20
7204898680	epidemic	a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time.	21
7204898809	equitable	FAIR; JUST; IMPARTIAL	22
7204898810	ethnocentrism	racial or cultural prejudice	23
7204899051	feudalism	the dominant social system in medieval Europe	24
7204899052	forage	To rummage, scavenge, graze for food	25
7204899262	fundamental	basic; primary; essential	26
7204899263	genocide	The systematic killing of an entire people	27
7204899550	globalization	growth to a global or worldwide scale	28
7204899551	hegemony	leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others.	29
7204899848	hierarchy	system of ranking groups	30
7204899849	hinduism	a major religious and cultural tradition of South Asia, developed from Vedic religion.	31
7204900054	ideology	A consistent set of beliefs by groups/individuals	32
7204900055	imperialism	A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.	33
7204900056	incursion	an invasion or attack, especially a sudden or brief one	34
7204900492	indentured servant	a person bound by contract to work for another for a fixed period of time	35
7204900493	indignant	Angered at something unjust or wrong	36
7204900912	industrial	Of, relating to, or resulting from industry.	37
7204900913	inflation	a general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money.	38
7204901157	institution	an organization founded and united for a specific purpose	39
7204901158	pandemic	A global outbreak of an infectious disease	40
7204901499	papacy	The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head	41
7204901500	parity	equality in amount, status, or value; functional equivalence	42
7204901821	pastoral	1. concerned with the countryside; 2. care given by clergy	43
7204901822	patriarchy	A society ruled by men	44
7204903527	periodization	the division of foundations to make things more manageable	45
7204902034	placate	To appease, soothe, pacify	46
7204903935	plethora	excess; overabundance	47
7204903936	polytheism	Belief in or worship of more than one god.	48
7204904410	prehistoric	The time or period before recorded or written history.	49
7204904411	prevalent	Commonly occurring; widely accepted or practiced	50
7204904574	primary source	an original document containing firsthand information about a subject	51
7204904575	prolific	abundantly productive; abundant, profuse	52
7204904856	protestant	a member of a Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformation	53
7204904857	prowess	Distinguished bravery; superior skill or ability	54
7204904861	rational	based on or in accordance with reason or logic.	55
7204905081	reform	To make changes in order to improve	56
7204905082	regime	(n.) a government in power; a form or system of rule or management; a period of rule	57
7204905301	revolution	a forcible overthrow of a government or social order in favor of a new system.	58
7204905302	rural	Countryside	59
7204907553	civilization	A society with cities, a central government, job specialization, and social classes	60
7204907554	clergy	religious officials, such as priests, given authority to conduct religious services	61
7204907809	coerce	to compel, force	62
7204907810	colonialism	The practice of directly controlling and settling foreign territories	63
7204908243	colony	A group of people in one place who are ruled by a parent country elsewhere.	64
7204908244	communism	economic and political system based on a single-party government ruled by a dictator	65
7204908627	confucianism	a belief system based on the ideas of the Chinese thinker Confucius	66
7204908628	copious	Abundant; plentiful	67
7204908741	culture	The way a group of people live.	68
7204908742	daoism	a Chinese philosophy that emphasizes living in harmony with nature	69
7204909216	deforestation	The removal of trees faster than forests can replace themselves.	70
7204909217	demography	the scientific study of population characteristics	71
7204909773	derive	To take or receive from a source	72
7204909774	diaspora	Scattering of Jews outside of Israel and Judah	73
7204909975	divine	of, from, or like God or a god.	74
7204909976	dynasty	a series of rulers from a single family	75
7204909979	economic	the system in a country that involves making, buying, and selling goods	76
7204910202	edict	a decree or proclamation issued by an authority	77
7204910203	egalitarian	believing in the social and economic equality of all people	78
7204910966	empire	A group of states or territories controlled by one ruler	79
7204910967	intermediary	Acting as a go-between; mediator	80
7204911744	judaism	The religion of the Hebrews	81
7204911745	lambast	verb: to punish harshly	82
7204911752	legitimate	legal	83
7204912513	malfeasance	wrongdoing or misconduct, especially by a public official	84
7204912514	manufacture	To make something, especially on a large scale using machinery.	85
7204912699	maritime	relating to the sea	86
7204912700	matriarchy	society ruled by mother or women	87
7204913044	medieval	Another name for the Middle Ages.	88
7204913045	merchant	someone who buys and sells goods to earn money	89
7204913262	monarchy		90
7204913263	monotheism	The belief in only one God	91
7204913271	munificence	generosity in giving	92
7204914107	myriad	a countless or extremely great number	93
7204914108	nation	a large area of land that is controlled by its own government; also like a country	94
7204914112	negligible	Unimportant; insignificant	95
7204914272	neolithic	New Stone Age, era of farming, cities and the first civilizations.	96
7204914273	nobility	the quality of being noble in character, mind, birth, or rank.	97
7204914274	nomad	wandering from place to place	98
7204914614	pagan	a person holding religious beliefs other than those of the main world religions	99
7204914900	scribe	a person who writes things down	100
7204914901	secondary source	Information gathered by someone who did not take part in or witness an event	101
7204915112	secular	Non-religious	102
7204915113	serf	a member of the peasant class tied to the land and subject to the will of the landowner	103
7204915126	shaman	a person believed to have the power to summon spirits and heal the sick	104
7204915360	slave	African American who is purchased to work for life on a plantation	105
7204915361	state	a nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government.	106
7204915496	stratified	multiple layers	107
7204915497	subjective	based on feelings or opinions rather than facts	108
7204915708	subjugate	to conquer by force, bring under complete control	109
7204915709	surplus	more than needed	110
7204915735	syncretic	The blending traits from two different cultures to form a new trait.	111
7204915942	textile	Cloth or fabric	112
7204915943	theocracy	A government controlled by religious leaders	113
7204916247	tumultuous	disorderly or noisy	114
7204916248	ubiquitous	present, appearing, or found everywhere	115
7204916502	urban	a city area	116
7204916503	veneration	great respect; reverence	117
7204916739	xenophobic	unreasonably fearful of or hating anyone or anything foreign or strange	118

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